CHRESTOV LIKE(1095–1291), low military campaigns against the Near Skhid, lived in by Western European Christians in order to conquer the Holy Land from the Muslims. Christening campaigns have become the most important stage in the history of the Middle Ages. The stench of all the social versts of the Western European society was littered: kings and commoners, most of the feudal nobility and clergy, faces and servants. People, who accepted the christian christianity, had different motives: some strayed from wealth, others were caused by hunger for good, others were ruomy and religiously motivated. The cross-bearers sewed red breast crosses on the robes; when turning from a campaign, the signs of the cross were sewn on the back.

The stars of the legends of the cross are like bules, sharpened by the halo of romance and greatness, the spirit of the face and spirit. However, the roses about the gallant faces-chrest-bearers are cleared up by more than ever before the world. In addition, they do not take into account that “insignificant” historical fact, that, regardless of the valor and heroism shown by the cross-bearers, as well as the savagery and probation of the popes of Rome and the reverence for the rightness of their own, the Christians did not far away from the Holy Land. The crusades of Christ brought only to the point that the Muslims became the unparalleled Volodar of Palestine.

Causes of crossroads

The cob of cross-border campaigns by the popes, as nominally vvazhalis by the bats of all such undertakings. Papi and other natkhnennikov Rukh venerated the heavenly and earthly rewards for all those who inflict their lives on the safety of the saints. The campaign from the educated volunteers turned out to be especially successful for the religious zazyattyu, as it was in Europe. If there were no special motives for participation (and in rich spirits they played an important role), the warriors of Christ were inspired by the fact that they are fighting for the right to the right.

The conquest of the Seljuk Turks . The uninterrupted reason for the cross-country campaigns was the growth of power of the state of the Seljuk Turks and their conquest from the 1070th anniversary of the Close Descent and Asia Minor. Departure from Central Asia, on the cob of a century, the Seljuks penetrated into the region under the control of the Arabs, and on the cob they victorious like the Naimanci. Step by step, however, the stench became more and more independent, conquering Iran in the 1040s, and Baghdad in 1055. Then the Seljuks began to widen the borders of their volodin on the way, leading the Byzantine Empire as the head rank. Virishal defeat of the Byzantines at Manzikert in 1071 allowed the Seljuks to reach the shores of the Aegean Sea, take Syria and Palestine and in 1078 (specify other dates) take Jerusalem.

The threat of Muslims forced the Byzantine emperor to turn for help to the Western Christians. The fall of Jerusalem was overwhelmingly turbulent by the Christian world.

Religious motives . The conquests of the Turkic-Seljuks fell within an hour from the deep religious awakenings in Western Europe in 10–11 centuries. The priests of the Zusillas are low to the abbots, as if they blatantly called out to the purification of the church that spiritual transformation of the Christian world, the abbey became a more powerful force in the spiritual life of Europe. One hour about 11 tbsp. the number of pilgrimages to the Holy Land grew.

The “infidel Turk” was portrayed as a defiler of shrines, a pagan barbarian, whose presence in the Holy Land is intolerable to God and people. In addition, the Seljuks created an immediate threat to the Christian Byzantine Empire.

Economic incentives . Rich to the kings and barons Close Skhіd bv the world of the widest livings. Lands, income, power and prestige - all the same, they respected the stench, being a city for the permission of the Holy Land. In connection with the expansion of practice, the decline on the basis of primogeniture of the richly young blue feudal lords, especially on the pivnochi of France, could not be risked for the fate of the roses of the fatherland. Having taken a part in the cross-roads, the stench could already spodіvatisya on the pribynnya of the earth and the camp in the suspіlstvі, like a little of their elders, more happy brothers.

The peasants were crossed, they gave them the opportunity to wander around the fortifications. Like servants and cooks, the villagers set up a convoy of Christian cross-bearers.

For daily economical motives, European places were clogged in cross-country campaigns. For a long time, the Italian cities of Amalfi, Pisa, Genoa and Venice fought with the Muslims for panuvannya over the western and central Mediterranean. Until 1087, the Italians brought Muslims from Pivdenny Italy and Sicily, settled the settlers in Pivnichniy Afritsiya and took control of the Western waters of the Mediterranean Sea. The stench fought the sea and land invasions on the Muslim territories of Pivnichnoy Africa, forcibly gaining trade privileges from the inhabitants of the city. For these Italian places of crossroads, the hikes meant no more transferring the Viyskian ones from the Western Mediterranean to Skhidny.

Historians of the whole world are talking about those who have achieved such cross-border results, such results were achieved by their participants. Irrespective of those who have already passed more than 900 years since the day of the first pilgrimage, no one can give an opinion - why stink, want some sense? For the sake of statistics, you know about the number of cross-country campaigns and their results. Based on what you have read, you can judge the validity of such campaigns.

Causes of crossroads

For example, in the tenth century, the religious boom in Europe reached its apogee. The Roman popes were virulent to turn such mass moods of people into melancholy. The stench called out to the hulks to vikonate with their bindings and break the Near Skhid, to call the Holy Land from the Muslims. To all those who wish to enter into the death of the blessings of heaven and earthly blessings, about like a simple mortal moment is less than a dream. Bagatioh calmed the city itself, but basically all the people were inspired to go and fight for the right to the right. They called them the soldiers of Christ, and they wore red breastplates on their clothes. For tse їх i they called the crossbearers. Religious motives played a great role - Muslims were painted like defilers of shrines, and it was marked on the faithful Europeans.

One of the main goals of the Christian campaigns was to enrich that conquest of lands. Economic incentives made their contribution. It was impossible for the young blue feudal lords to lay claim to the batkiv lands. He had to independently find ways to find the territories he needed. Bagatiy Close Skhid beckoning them with his great lands and inexhaustible brown resources. For the sake of this stench, they took the corrals and went to fight against the Muslims. The villagers also took advantage of such campaigns for themselves - they were taken out of their houses.

The cob of the crusades

Formerly, Pope Urban II stated about the need to spread war against non-Muslims. In front of a rich and thousands of natovpom vіn talking about the excesses that were done in Palestine, calling the Turks at the attack on the pilgrims, about the threat that hung over their Byzantine brothers. Vіn calling out to the clergy and the nobility zgurtuvatisya in іm'ya charitable, do it and inflict all the strife. In the city of wines, it was not less than the conquest of the land, but the release of all sins. Natovp having accepted the call, and the kіlka tysyach immediately confirmed their namіr to underestimate the Arabs and the Turks in silence. Deus vult!”, which in translation meant “God wants it!”.

First Christians

At the order of Tata, the call was spread throughout Western Europe. The ministers of the church campaigned for their parathians, and the preachers took care of the villagers. Quite often the stench led to such miraculous results that they threw everything at the religious ecstasy - work, gospodarіv, sim'їі and straight through the Balkans to Constantinople. The history of cross-country campaigns on the very cob of the cob is tainted with the blood of ordinary people. Thousands of villagers rushed to battle, not thinking about those who are difficult to check on them at a long time. The stench was not small enough for the old Russian recruits, but they were convinced that God would not let them perish, and the Christian brothers would help with provisions. Ale on them was a coin of gіrke rozcharuvannya - the people with cold and znevago were put up to the hordes of mandrivniki. The participants of the crusades realized that it was not for them, and started shukati other ways.

The villagers, frightened, began to rob their brothers. This led to even greater respite from those right battles. Having gone far from Constantinople, the stench did not know the living room reception there. Emperor Oleksiy punished the villagers for the boundary of the place and yaknaishvidshe transported to Asia. And there, on the first Christian bearers, the reprisal of the warrior Turks was already minted.

First crossroad trip

In 1096, the armies violated the clearing of the Close Crossing by three routes. The commander-in-chief led their corrals by sea and dry land. The baron-feudal lords of that army ignored the pope's instructions and worked by their own methods. With their Byzantine brothers, the stench did not stand on ceremony - for the river of the stench they caught robbing the sprat of the city. They regularly blamed the essences of women. The emperor and the inhabitants of Constantinople were afraid of fear, as 30,000 troops arrived at their place. Christ-bearers especially did not stand on ceremony with the mystic population and conflicts arose. The fighters for the holy right ceased to trust the Byzantine guides, who were often blamed on the shepherds for their guilt.

The Europeans did not realize that their opponents were in power to attack their army. The good fortune-telling of the kinnota, like a tuft of hair, rushed in and caught up to hide before, like a cavalry in important possessions, started a persecution. In addition, all were demoralized by the marriage of provisions and water. The Muslims cheerfully cut off all the wells. Unfortunatly, the military force endured such hardships, but not without reason the fighting spirit of the zmіtsnіv - the bula was won, and Antioch was taken. The first chrestovy pokhіd buv rewarding the znakhodzhennyam of the great shrine - write off, like a Roman piercing the bik of Jesus. Tsya znahidka suffocated the Christians so much that they took Jerusalem through the river of stench. The majority of the inhabitants were killed - both Muslims and Jews. The result of the first crusade was the establishment of three new powers - the county of Edessk, the princedom of Antioch and the kingdom of Jerusalem.

Emperor Oleksiy tezh, having taken the fate of the conquered and zmіg, defeated the army of Kilich-Arslan I and took Nicea. The dissatisfied crusaders began to protest, even though the stench itself weakened the enemy. The emperor of turmoil buv dilitisya zdobichchu. Gottfried Bouillonsky, who had conquered the Kingdom of Jerusalem, having taken off the proud title of "Protection of the Holy Sepulcher". The victory of that new land gave everyone the idea that such cross-beasts would be sighted from rich sides. It was quiet for ten years.

Another Christian walk. Under the protection of the church

The first was a reminder of the strengthening of the position of the Catholic Church. For 45 years the Christians lived on the conquered lands and developed their powers. But in 1144 Mosul, having occupied the county of Edessa, it became clear that the rulers had come to take away their territories. A bit of a short distance to Western Europe. The German Emperor Conrad III and the French King Ludovik VII are violating another godsend. What is the solution to the viklikane, it dawned on everyone, it was possible not only to turn around, but to acquire new territories.

The only official sign of the campaign was the official bull – Pope Eugen III, guaranteeing the defenders of the church to the us participants. Zagal gathered a majestic army - 140 thousand. osib. No one dared to think over a plan and develop a strategy. Viysk was struck by a blow in all directions. The three fates of the cross-bearers struggled to fight, the blows under Damascus and Ascalon lost their fighting spirit. The French and the Germans were embarrassed to turn back home for nothing, and the couple changed their minds.

3rd cross trip. Under the pillars of the great vatazhkiv

In front of the Christian military commanders, as they regularly ruled the superwomen among themselves, the Muslims began to unite. Nezabar stench made one power, scho stretching from Baghdad to Egypt. Sultan Salah-ad-Din tried to turn Jerusalem and destroy the Christian settlements. Europe began to get ready for the third crusade. How such a trip could end, the stench already knew, but it didn’t sound like their pragni. Richard I Levin Serce, Philip II August and Friedrich I Barbarossa were stunned. First, having died, the German emperor crossed the river for an hour. Less than a small number of warriors could reach the Holy Land. The Roman emperor, having suffered sickness, to turn back home, and without the English king, choose to go to new Normandy.

Richard I Levin Sertsa, having taken on himself all the care of the campaign. Regardless of such a distant beginning of a cross-country campaign, the result was the slaughter of the Muslims of Acre and Jaffa. The king has made a chimalo feat, by which he glorified his name forever in legends. Youmu navit far away lay an agreement with the Sultan about the uninterrupted pilgrimage of the Holy Mist. The greatest achievement was the conquest of Cyprus.

4th Khrestovy trip. Completion in the name of the Lord

The roles of that participants changed, and the Roman popes were left behind with ideological spirits, as before. Innokenty III blessed the French and the Venetians on the Chergovі zveshennya in the name of the Lord. It was clear that the army had less than 30 thousand. osib. The Venetians took wine bindings to ferry the French to the coast of the Holy Land. Krim tsgogo, the stench is to blame, they will provide them with provisions. The warriors arrived in a quantity of 12 thousand. osіb i could not pay for the prepared stock. The Venetians urged them to take the fate of the war for the place of Zadar from the Ugrian people. Papa stopped the French from getting into other people's squabbles, but the stench did not heed. As a result, all the participants in the crusade march were seen in the church.

The Venetians, in a spirit of victory over the Ugrian people, propagandized to zahopit and Constantinople. In the city, it was about a good wine city, and outside it was safe for an hour of the whole campaign. Having spat papi on the fence, the French turned the throne to Isaac II Angel. However, after the rebellion, the emperor was overthrown, and the public fence of the war was not beaten. The disillusionment of the cross-bearers once again sacked Constantinople, and for 13 days they mercilessly ransacked cultural values ​​and robbed the population. The Byzantine Empire was reduced, and a new place appeared - Latin. Dad changed anger to mercy. So, without reaching Egypt, the army turned back home. The Venetians were celebrating Christmas - they were most spared in this campaign.

Children's Christian walk

Tsіlі, participants and the results of this campaign do not hesitate to shake. What were the villagers thinking about when they blessed their children on the right? Thousands of pidlіtkіv were convinced that innocence and that faith would help them to turn the Holy Land. The fathers could not achieve this defence, but the stench will go to the mouth for a word of help. Varto signify that dad buv is categorically against such a campaign. Ale, parafial priests smashed their right - an army of children under the wire of the shepherdess Etienne arrived to Marseilles.

Zvіdti on seven ships vin mav distatisya egypt. Two drowned, and the reshta five boules were safely buried. The shipowners quickly sold the children into slavery. 2 yew German children were encouraged to go to Italy. Vіv їх decimal Nicholas. In the Alps, two-thirds of children perished in the minds of unbearable cold and hunger. Reshta was removed to Rome, but the government ruled them back. By the way, they all perished back.

The current version. The French children were taken to Paris, where they asked the king to provide them with the necessary supplies for the campaign. Tom was far away from the sight of their windings, and they all rose back home. The German children immediately went to Mainz, they were also persuaded to leave the winding. Only a part of them went to Rome; As a result, most of the children simply disappeared without a trace. Look and take your root story about the Gammel boy. Narazі _historians put p_d sumn_v the scale of that campaign and warehouse of participants.

5th Khrestovy Pokhіd

In 1215, Innokenty III denounced the cherd campaign. In 1217, the king of John of Briensky, the nominal king of Jerusalem, choked the black god's death. At the same time, there were battles near Palestine, and the help of the Europeans overtook at once. The stench swept away the Egyptian place Damietta. Sultan mittevo vіdreaguvav i zaproponuvav exchange - vіn vіddaє Єrusalim, and natomіst otrimu Damiyetta. Ale tato thought about such a proposition, for the legendary “King David” could not come up. In 1221, having been marked by a nearby assault on Cahir, the Christian bearers gave Damietta in exchange for the opportunity to enter without cost.

6th Christian march. no casualties

Crimean peasants, thousands of great feudal lords perished at the crossroads. Krіm tsyogo, tsіlі rodi went bankrupt through the Borg. In hopes for a future booth, loans were taken and pledged mine. Having hijacked the authority of the church. The first ones, without a trace, made faith in the popes of Rome, and after the fourth, it became clear to everyone that it was possible to destroy the fence without spending money. In them, it was possible to vilify orders, and it significantly lowered the authority of the pope in the eyes of believers.

Previously, it was important that goddamn events caused the Renaissance in Europe. None of the historians are smart enough to respect historical changes. Literature was enriched with impersonal legends, poetic creations and admonitions. Richard Levine Sertsa became the hero of the "History of the Holy War". The legacy of cross-country campaigns can be called sumnivnymi. As if to guess, how many people perished, and how many koshtiv were stained for the whole campaign.

Khrestovi like Russia

About this historical fact, it is necessary to speak clearly. Irrespective of those who had already founded Christianity in Russia for two centuries, in the middle of the 30th century the Lebanese Order, for the help of allies-Swedes, voted for the christian death. The Christian bearers knew that their enemy was in a difficult situation - the power was fragmented and overcome by the Mongols-Tatars. The arrival of the Christ-bearers instantly died signifi- cantly and so an important camp. The Germans and the Swedes benevolently chanted their help at the war with the yoke. Ale natomist Russia is small to accept Catholicism.

Novgorod princedom divided into two parties. Persha stood for the Nimtsiv, and miraculously realized to her friend that the Lebanese faces could not win over the Mongols. Natomist stink can occupy Russian lands and axes, spreading Catholicism. It seemed that everyone, the Crimean Rus, was winning in this situation. The other party prevailed, and it was wrought to give the biy cross-bearers that remembrance in the planting of someone else's faith. Having asked for help from the Suzdal prince. The stinks blasted the right crock. Molodiy Oleksandr Yaroslavovich, having defeated the Swedes on the Neva, and once again won the prize "Nevsky".

The Christ-bearers chanted one more test. Two years later the stench turned and could take Yam, Pskov and Kopor'e. All the same pronimetska party helped them, as in this gallery there is a small great infusion of that vag. The people happened again to ask for help from Oleksandr Nevsky. The prince again stood on the Russian land of defense and his spivgromadyans - the famous Lloyd battle on Lake Peipsi ended with the defeat of the yogo army.

But the problem did not arise after such recent innovations. Standing before Oleksandr was an important choice - to pay Danin to the Mongols and accept the zahіdnі rules. From one side, the pagans impressed you - the stench did not try to impose their faith, and they did not come before the colonization of Russia. Ale stinks cut off Yogo dad. From the other side - Zahid and naslіdki. The wise prince of roses, that Europeans quickly colonize the lands and plant their faith, the docks cannot reach their own. After important thoughts, I take a decision on the melancholy of the Mongols. Yakby todі vіn schilsya at the bіk Sunset, then the Orthodox Russians at once would be under great nourishment. For the great deeds of Oleksandr Yaroslavovich, he was recognized as a saint and canonized.

The rebels of the church-bearers tried to expand their influx at 1268 roci. Tsgogo times vіdsіch їm having already given the son of Alexander Nevsky - Dmitro. The battle was baked and ended in a win, but across the river the Teutonic Order turned to lay siege to Pskov. After 10 days, the cross-bearers realized the nature of their deeds and entered. Christ's march on Russia ended.

Change of statistics

CHRESTOV LIKE(1095-1270), European-colonial campaigns of Europeans to the Near Exodus (to Palestine, Syria, Egypt, Tunis) for example 11-13 centuries. in the form of pilgrimage with the method of the Holy Land (Palestine) and the Holy Sepulcher (in Jerusalem) of the “unbelievers” (Muslims). Flying to Palestine, their participants sewed red crosses on their chests, turning around, sewed yoga on their backs; zvіdsi name "chrest-bearers".

Causes of crossroads

At the heart of the crusades lies a whole complex of demographic, socio-economic, political, religious and psychological motives, which were always confirmed by their participants.

Rozpochavsya 11 century. in Europe, demographic growth has been driven by the exchange of resources, land, and land as the main cause of cultivation (low productivity and productivity). The demographic pressure was at the link with the progress of commodity-penny vodnosin, which made people more fallow in the market conjuncture, like an economical camp - less stable. The vain of the Nadlice of the Popular Superior, the Yaki Mig Boti forgetting at the Swords of the Social Democratic Systems of the Masterdaruvannya: Vin was inhibited by the pre -Heades of the young cinema feudaliz (near the Nizhotsya Krayanoval, the right of the Fatherland, the fiber of the elder Behind the words of J. Le Goff, “Christian marches were taken as a cleansing zasіb in the face of overpopulation Zakhod”. Strengthening the evidence of unknown wealth Immediately gave birth to the conquest of native overseas lands and the supply of belongings (gold, silver, expensive stone, vishukanih fabrics).

For the Italian trading cities of the republics of Venice, Genoa, and Pizi, the expansion on Skhid was the continuation of the current struggle with the Arabs for panuvannya on the Mediterranean Sea. The spring of the cross-bearing rhu was about to be established on the shores of the Levant and put under control of the main trade routes to Mesopotamia, Arabia and India.

The demographic pressure has taken on an increasing political strain. The permanent rice of the European life became inter-society, feudal warfare, peasant slaughter. Christian campaigns gave the opportunity to channel the aggressive energy of the frustrated groups of the feudal supremacy for a just war against the "infidels" and to ensure the consolidation of the Christian world.

For example, in the 1080s - on the cob of the 1090s, social and economic and political difficulties were overcome by low natural dashing (suvori winters, povenі) and epidemics (foremost "fever" and plague), which hit us in front of Nimechchina, the Rhineland regions and Schidna France. . It gave rise to a wide breadth in all versions of the middle-class suspension of religious exaltation, asceticism, and idleness. The need for a religious feat and inspire self-sacrifice, which will secure the purchase of sin and the attainment of eternal glory, knew its adequate expression in the idea of ​​a special pilgrimage to the Holy Land for the sake of the Holy Sepulcher.

At the psychological plan of the pragnennya, the richness of wealth More expensive at the unknown gave the opportunity to virvati zvichnogo odnomanіtnogo svіtu that posbutisya pov'yazanih tyagarіv those dashing with him. The minting of sweaty bliss was chimerically intertwined with the sound of earthly paradise.

The papacy became the initiator and the main organizer of the crucifixion, which essentially marked its position in the other half of the 11th century. As a result of the Kluny Rukh () and the reforms of Gregory VII (1073-1085), the authority of the Catholic Church was significantly increased, and she could again claim the role of the leader of the Christian world.

The beginning of crossroads.

Skhodi camp.

With the collapse of the caliphate of the Abbasids, for example, 10 tbsp. Palestine stooped under the dominion of Egypt of Fatimid; the soothsaying of Muslims to Christians has grown stronger. The situation became more tense after the sacking of Jerusalem by the Seljuk Turks (1078). Europe was roared by reports about the atrocities of Muslims about Christian shrines and zhorstok recitations of believers. In 1071-1081, the Seljuks took over from the Byzantine Empire and Asia Minor. On the cob of the 1090s, the Byzantine emperor Oleksiy I Komnin (1081–1118), who embossed the Turks, the Pechenigs and the Normans, turned back to Sunset with a cry for help.

Clermont Cathedral.

Having succumbed to the beasts of Oleksiy I, the papacy took the initiative from the creation of the sacred battle of the Sepulcher of the Lord. On November 27, 1095, at the Clermont Cathedral (France), Pope Urban II (1088–1099) spoke from a sermon before the nobility and the clergy, calling on the Europeans to take the mischief and transgression on the cross, admitting Palestine, denouncing the participants in it. Mova tata bula was enthusiastically embraced by the rich NATO, which, repeating like a conjuration of the words "So God wills," became the extinguishing of the cross-bearers.

Peasant Khrestovy trip.

Numerous preachers spread the cry of Urban II for Western Europe. Persons and villagers sold their clothes, in order to get the necessary military equipment, they sewed red crosses on their robes. In the middle of the year 1096, the NATO villagers (about 60–70 thousand people), mainly from the Rhineland Niemechchina and Pivnichno-Skhidnoy France, on the choli with the ascetic preacher Peter Pustinnik, were destroyed in the fall, not chekayuchi, until the faces were taken. The stench passed through the valleys of the Rhine and the Danube, crossed the Ugrian region and the influx 1096 reached between the Byzantine Empire; їhnіy way buv vіdznacheny robberies and violence against mіstsevim populyam and Jewish pogroms. In order to save atrocities, Oleksiy I, vimahav in them, did not tarry any more for three days; the territory of the Empire, the stench followed under the unwavering gaze of the Byzantine troops. At the Lipnya, the militia of the peasant-chrest-bearers went as far as Constantinople. The Byzantines quickly transported yoga across the Bosphorus to the town of Tsibotus. In spite of the delights of Peter Pustelnik, the village corrals were demolished on Nikea, the capital of the Seljuk state. 21 years of stink were consumed in ambush, ruled by Sultan Kilich-Arslan I at the narrow desert valley between Nikey and the settlement of the Dragon, and were vshchenny destroyed; most of the Christian-bearing villagers perished (about 25 thousand people).

Pershozhersky Khrestovy Pokhid, who was growing up in the Serpni 1096. They took a fate of the face of the face of the Duke of Gottfrid IV Buliensky, with the central franziye, the Roberts of the Norman, Iv, Iv, the soil of Stephane, Stepanno, Stephane Stephane Stephane, Stepanni ) in choli with Prince Boemund of Tarentia; the spiritual guide of the campaign was Bishop Ademar of Pyuy. The way of the Lorraine faces and the Danube, the Provencal and Pivnichno-French ones - through Dalmatia, the Norman ones - by the Mediterranean Sea. 3 kintsya 1096 r. stench began to rise in Constantinople. Незважаючи на напружені стосунки хрестоносців з місцевим населенням, що іноді виливалися в криваві зіткнення, візантійській дипломатії вдалося (березень-квітень 1097) домогтися від них складання присяги Олексію I і зобов'язання повернути Імперії всі її колишні володіння в Малій Азії, захоплені турками. Before early May, the cross-bearing corrals crossed the Bosphorus and in the middle of the month, jointly with the Byzantines, they took Nicaea as a tax. The people were in charge of the defeat of the army of Kilich-Arslan I under the walls of the city, the proteo garrison was given not to him, but to the Byzantines (19 chervnya); in order to calm down the bearers, Oleksiy I saw part of the vidobutka for them.

Like black faces, they stepped out at the march to Antioch. 1 lime stink vshchent defeated the Seljuks under Dorilei I, forcibly passing through the inner regions of Asia Minor (the Turks victorious tactics of the scorched earth), in the middle of the sickle they reached Iconium. Having defeated the attack of the Seljuks in Heracles, the cross-bearers entered as far as Kіlіkії and near Zhovtnі, having crossed the Antitaurus ridge, they entered Syria. On the 21st of the stink, they took Antioch into the oblog, the prote of the oblog was dragged on. On the cob 1098 the fate of the faces of the people was buried in Edessa; їхній gang Balduyn Bouillonsky having fallen asleep here the first power of the bearers - the county of Edessk. Antioch the Christ-bearers could take only 2 worms in 1098. On the 28th, the stink of the worm caused the defeat of the army of the emir of Mosul, who came to the rescue. At the spring of 1098, for the sake of the leaders of the Christians, Antioch was handed over to Boemund Tarensky from Volodin; in such a rank, the other power of the Christian bearers blamed - Antioch princedom.

After the fall of Antioch, the bands of the cross-bearing army took up the root of the Syrian forts, which called out the displeasure of the cross-border warriors, as if they wanted to continue the march. In 1098/1099, the stench raised a rebellion at Maari and tempted their leaders to destroy the curtains of 1099 on Jerusalem, which at that time had passed from the hands of the Seljuks under the rule of the Egyptian sultan. On 7 chervnya 1099 the stench took the place in a trap, and on 15 lime they took it by storm, blaming all the non-Christian population. Peremozhtsy created the kingdom of Jerusalem, as if choking Gottfried of Bulyonsky with the title of "protecting the Holy Sepulcher." On the 12th sickle, Gottfried defeated the army of Fatimides under Ascalon, and ended their siege near Palestine.

In the first quarter, 12 st. the Volodinnya of the Christian bearers continued to expand. In 1101, Tripoli and Caesarea were buried, and in 1104, Acre. In 1109 the county of Tripoli was created, the ruler of which became Bertrand, son of Raymond IV of Toulouse. Beirut and Sidon fell in 1110, Tyre in 1124.

Powers of the Christians.

The Rusalim king was the supreme suzerain of the Palestinian and Syrian lands, who fell under the rule of the Christians; Count Edesi, Prince Antioch and Count Tripoli were known to be near the vassal and lennoi fallowlands. The skin power was organized according to the Western-European feudal model: the won was divided into baronies, and the baronies were divided into feudal feuds. Vasali buli goobov'yazanі on the overlord's call, whether it's time to bear fate military service. Direct vassals of the rulers sat at the radium (in the Kingdom of Jerusalem - the Assis of the Supreme Court). Legal vodnosiny were regulated by the ship's officer - Jerusalem asises. At the ports, the Italian merchants (Genoese, Venetians, Pisants) played a role; stinks were small and wide privileges and small powerful fortified quarters, were ruled by elected consuls, The villagers of the pilgrimage and slaves (importantly full) became the inhabitants of the fallow land.

At the church's end, the cross-bearing lands established the Russian Patriarchate, which was divided into fourteen bishops. The Catholic church is small, great wealth and chimal political power. In Syria and Palestine, the system of monasteries was laid out.

In the cross-bearing powers, special spiritual and litaristic orders were created, the task of which included the struggle against the “infidels” and the provision of minds for the pilgrimage of Christians to the Holy Land (the protection of roads and shrines, the power of doctors and wondrous houses). Their members were at once chentsi (they brought cloisters of sensibility, vigilance and obedience) and facemen (they could take up to the hands of the armor for the zahist viri). Orders looked like grand masters and capitules, as if without a doubt they bowed to the Pope of Rome. The first such order in Palestine was the Order of John, or Spitalier (the Order of St. John the Merciful; from 1522 the Order of Malta), which was constituted in 1113; Yogo members wore red cloaks with a white cross. In 1128, the Order of the Knights Templar (Order of the Temple of Solomon) took shape; the stench dressed up at the white cloak with a red cross. In 1190/1191, the Germans fell asleep the Teutonic Order (Order of St. Mary); a white cloak with a black cross.

Step on the cross.

After that, in 1144, the emir of Mosul Imad ad-Din Zengi sacked Edessa in 1144, and in 1145, Pope Eugen III (1145–1153) called to a new crusade. The semi-lunatic preacher Abat Bernard of Clairvaux reconquered the king of France Louis VII (1137–1180) and the German emperor Conrad III (1138–1152). In 1147, the German army rushed to Asia along the Danube way through the Ugorshchina; two months later the French followed her; the total number of two armies was 140 thousand. Cholovik. Emperor of Byzantium Manuil I (1143-1180) did not pressure him seriously material support and hastened to ferry them across the Bosphorus. Not having reached the French, the Germans straightened up to Asia Minor. Naprikintsі Zhovtnya 1147 r. the stench recognized the defeats of the Seljuk Turks near Dorilei, set foot as far as Constantinople, and then Acre went by sea; the last German death of the slaughter near Pamphylia in the fierce fate of 1148.

The French army, having reached Constantinople, crossed the Bosporus and rushed to Syria along the main road (through Lydia). At the battle of Laodicea on the day of the bunk. The meander of Louis VII recognized the misfortune, having stepped up to Pamphylia and from Attalia, and having reached the Holy Land.

At the birch 1148 p. Germans and French troops arrived to Palestine. At once, from the corrals of the Rusalim king Baldwin III, the stench made two trips to Damascus and Ascalon, which ended in another failure. By Spring 1148 Conrad III evacuated his army from Palestine; Nezabar yoga butt inherited by Louis VII.

At the beginning of the 1150s, the camp of the cross-bearing powers near Palestine was slightly improved: in 1153, Ascalon was far away. Prote in the mid-1170s, the stench stumbled with a new threat: in 1176, the new Egyptian sultan Salah ad-Din (Saladin) ordered Syria, and the cross-bearers stumbled at the kiltsy yogo volodin. In 1187, one of the largest feudal lords of the Rusalim kingdom, Reno Shatiyonsky, sacked a caravan from his sister Salah ad-Din, which provoked the Sultan's attack on the cross-bearing powers. Chervni 1187 r. The Egyptians gave the faces a number of strikes near the Lake of Gennesaret, and 5 lindens defeated their main forces at Hattin, taking King Guy de Lusignan, Grand Master of the Order of the Templars, Renaud Shatyonsky and a large number of faces into captivity. On the 19th of spring, Salah ad-Din overlaid Jerusalem and 2 zhutn, having drank yoga to the building. Let's drink wine Ascalon, Acre, Tiberias and Beirut, part of the county of Tripoli and the princedom of Antioch.

Following the call of Pope Clement III (1187–1191), the organization of the third cross-country death, which was chosen by the German emperor Frederick I Barbarossa (1152–1190), the French king Philip II Augustus (1180–1223) and the English king1). The first were the Germans (end of April 1189). Having formed an alliance with the Ugric king Biloy III (1173-1196) and the Seljuk sultan Kilich-Arslan II, Frederick I led his army along the Danube way. Vіn without crossing the reach of the cordons of Byzantium, ale, leaning on the її territorії, zіtknuvsya with the fortune-telling of Emperor Isaac II Angel (1185-1195). Tim is no less, he was far away from home with the Byzantines, as they allowed the German army to winter in Adrianople. In spring 1190, Frederick I crossed the Hellespont at Asia Minor and reached Syria through Lydia, Phrygia and Psidia. The Nimtzians buried the Icon, crossed the Taurus and entered Isabri; On 10 chervnya 1190 the fate of Frederick I drowned during the hour of bathing in the river Kalikadnі (Salef) near Seleucus. Duke Friedrich of Swabia has choked the army; passed through Cilicia and Syria, reached Palestine and laid siege to Acre.

In 1190, Philip II Augustus and Richard I settled their army in Messina (Sicily). Ale, the conflict, which, after spalling between them, calling to the depths of the forces of the cross-bearers. At the birch of 1191, the French left Sicily and came to the Germans without a hitch, and they took Acre in the tax. Behind them came the English, as if on the way they plundered Cyprus, which was lying to the Byzantine dynast Isaac Komnin; 1191 the red stench hung down near Acre. The fort fell through the sprat of tizhniv. A new conflict from Richard I caused Phillip II Augustus to evacuate his army from Palestine. In the other half of 1191 - the first half of 1192 Richard I carried out a number of military operations against Salah ad-Din, but did not achieve any success; three yoga try to take Jerusalem failed. In the spring of 1192, having laid the world with the Egyptian sultan, the Christians turned their backs on their smog from Jaffa to Tyre, the Muslims went to smuggle Ascalon, and then saved Jerusalem. 9 Zhovtnya 1192 p. English troops left Palestine. Richard I of Cyprus gave way to the great King of Rus, Guy de Lusignan, who had fallen asleep in the independent Kingdom of Cyprus (1192–1489).

Fourth crossroads trip.

The failure of the third cross campaign spurred the Roman Pope Innocent III (1198–1216) to launch agitation for the cross campaign against Egypt, the main enemy of the cross-bearing powers, which was Maw Jerusalem. In 1202, the fate of the faces of the faces on the choli with the Marquis Bonifacius of Montferrat was taken from Venice. Shards from the leaders of the Christian bearers did not have money to pay for transportation by sea to Palestine, the stench was good enough to help the Venetians take their fate from the caral expedition against the port of Dari (Zadar) near Dalmatia. Zhovtni 1202 r. the faces came from Venice and in the end of the leaf fall, after the short time, they plundered and plundered Dara. Іnokentіy III vіdluchiv vіd chrestostіv vіd church, poobіtsyavshi, however, znyat vіdluchennya, yakscho stink to continue going to Egypt. Ale on the earnings of 1203, on the Prokhannya on the Zakhid of the Vizantiysky Tsarevich Oleksia Angel, Sina Imperor Isaak II, thrown out in 1095 yogo by the brother of Oleksіm III (1195-1203), the faces of Virish were wound up at the burglar 12 stinks laid siege to Constantinople. In the middle of the lime tree, after the flow of Oleksii III, the reign of Isaac II was restored, and Tsarevich Oleksii became the yogi spivruler under the names of Oleksii IV. However, the emperors could not pay the cross-bearers a large sum of money from two hundred thousand ducats, and in the fall of 1203 r. having saved the conflict between them. April 5, 1204 as a result of the popular uprising, Isaac II and Oleksiy IV were knocked down, and the new emperor Oleksiy V Murzufl entered into a confrontation. On April 13, 1204, to the fate of the Christians, they evaded to Constantinople and gave in to a terrible rout. On the territory of the Byzantine Empire, a small number of Christian powers were founded: the Latin Empire (1204–1261), the Kingdom of Thessaloniki (1204–1224), the Duchy of Athens (1205–1454), Moreysk (Aheysk) a number of princely kingdoms (12) As a result, the Quarter of the Khrestovy Pokhіd, the method of which was a blow to the Muslim world, calling for a residual split of the dead and Byzantine Christianity.

On the cob 13 tbsp. in Europe, the perekonannya has expanded, so that only sinless children of the building will deign to the Holy Land. The half-lums of the preachers, as if they mourned over the burial of the “infidels” to the Holy Sepulcher, knew a wide circle of children and young people, mainly from the rural families of Pivnichnaya France and the Rhineland. The ecclesiastical authority of the hereafter did not overstep the tide. In 1212 p. two streams of young cross-bearers straightened up to the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Drive away the French pundits, enchanted by the shepherd Etienne, they got off Marseilles and boarded the ship. Part of them perished under the hour of the accident of the ship; reshta, after arriving to Egypt, they were sold by shipowners into slavery. The same proportion of German children spits, who were sent to the exit from Genoa. Another group of young Christians from Nimechchini went to Rome and Brindis; the Pope and the Mister Bishop sent them to the cloisters and sent them to the Fatherland. Few of the participants in the childish cross-country campaign turned back home. This tragic podia, perhaps, formed the basis of the legend about the flute-player, who brought the children from the town of Hammeln.

In 1215 p. Innocent III, calling Zahid before the new cross campaign; the decline of youmu Honorius III (1216-1227) repeating the same call in 1216. In 1217 p. the Ugrian king Endre II, hanging from the Viysky near Palestine. In 1218, two hundred ships arrived there from the cross-bearers from Friesland and the Rhineland Nimechchini. In the same fate, the majestic army under the command of the Russalim king Jean de Brienne and the great masters of the three spiritual and clerical orders invaded Egypt and took the strategically important fort Damietta in the Nile arm. At the fall of the leaves 1219 r. the fort fell. In the help of the papal legate, Cardinal Pelagius the Christ-bearers, the proposition of the Egyptian sultan al-Kamil was exchanged for Damietta on Rusalim, and they began an attack on Kahir, but they appeared squeezed between the Egyptian troops and the Nile, which spilled. For the possibility of an uninterrupted access, they happened to turn Damietta and Piti from Egypt.

Under the pressure of Popes Honorius III and Gregory IX (1227-1241), the German Emperor Frederick II (1220-1250), the man who fell to the Russian throne of Iolanti, zdіysniv vlіtku 1228 went to Palestine. Having succumbed to the conflict of al-Kamil with the ruler of Damascus, he entered into an alliance with the Egyptian sultan; behind the minds of the decimal svіtu al-Kamіl laid down between them, zvіlniv usіh christian brothers and turning the kingdom of Rusalim Єrusalim, Bethlehem, Nazareth and uzberezhzhya from Beirut to Jaffa; Holy land bula vіdkrita for pilgrimage and Christians, and Muslims. On February 17, 1229, the fate of Frederick II went straight to Jerusalem, put on the royal crown, and then flew to Italy.

After the completion of the term of the decimal light of the cross-bearers, they removed a spear of offensive operations against Muslims. In 1239 Thibo I, King of Navarre (1234-1253), hung in Palestine, but there was no small success. Nayvdalіshim pokhіd 1240-1241 English persons under the command of Count Richard of Cornwall, brother of King Henry III (1216-1272); Richard achieved the permission of the Egyptian sultan Ayyub to allow all the brothers-Christians and the admission to the fatherland. Ale in 1244 Ayyub, having conquered the Turkish recruits, invaded Palestine, sacking Jerusalem and defeating the Christian bearers at the battle of Gazi. In 1247, the Muslims felled Ascalon. In response to the call of Pope Innocent IV (1243–1254), the French king Louis IX (1226–1270) at the fierce fate of 1249 flew from Marseilles with a great fleet and landed in Egypt. The French occupied the surplus Muslims Damietta and demolished Kahir, they ate the protégés in chastity and turmoil and capitulated. The entire ordinary warehouse of the army was blamed. With great difficulties, Louis IX was able to lay down a truce and gain his will for a great redemption from two hundred thousand livres; Damietta bula turned to the Egyptians. The king was restored to Acre and by the end of some fateful years with the change of success of the military in Syria. In 1254 roci vin turned to France.

In the other half of the 1250s, the position of the Christians in Syria and Palestine began to change, the Muslim powers had to fight with the Tatar-Mongol bulk. And in 1260 the Egyptian sultan Baibars, after ordering Syria, began step by step to bury the forts of the cross-bearers: in 1265 he conquered Caesarea, in 1268 - Jaffa, in the same turn, having slain Antioch, having laid the edge of the foundation of the Antioch princedom. With the rest try to help the cross-bearing powers by becoming the Eighth cross-bearing pokhіd, deafened by Louis IX, the Sicilian king Charles of Anjou (1264–1285) and the Aragonese king Jaime I (1213–1276). It was planned to attack Tunis, and then Egypt. In 1270, the Christian bearers hung in Tunisia, and through the plague epidemic in the middle of them (among them the deceased Louis IX), interrupted the funeral, having laid the world with the Tunisian sultan, like a goiter, to pay tribute to the king of Sicily and to the right of the Catholic clergy.

This misfortune caused the inevitable fall of the remaining strongholds of the Christian bearers in Syria and Palestine. In 1289, the Muslims sacked Tripoli, liquidating one county, and in 1291 they took Beirut, Sidon and Tyr. The cost of the same fate of Akri, which was so heartily stolen by the Templars and those ioanniti, became the end of the cross-bearing panuvannya at the Skhodі.

Heritage of cross-country campaigns.

Khrestov's marches led the infamous dashing peoples of the Close Descent and were accompanied by a decline in material and cultural values. The stench (especially the Fourth Khrestovy Pokhіd) fought the forces of the Byzantine Empire, having themselves approached the residual fall in 1453. Khrestov's campaigns ended in failure, and that did not help the old problems that faced middle Europe. Prote stinks pushed a distant development onto її. The stench allowed for a singing period to ease the demographic, social and political tensions in Western Europe. Tse took the mark royal dominion that creation of national centralized powers in France and England.

Khrestov’s campaigns brought the Catholic Church to the time of the settlement of the Catholic Church: she immediately made her financial camp, expanded the scope of her influx, created new military-religious institutions - orders, yak played an important role in the distant European history(Anniversaries at the defense of the Mediterranean from the Turks, Teutons at the German aggression in the Baltics). The papacy confirmed its status as the leader of the Christian world. At the same time, the stench smashed the inexhaustible nature between Catholicism and Orthodoxy, destroyed the confrontation between Christianity and Islam, blazed the intransigence of the Europeans to the point of any form of religious dissent.

Previously, it was important that Christians significantly enriched the European food flora, gave post-production development of breeding technologies, and zoomed in on the expansion of the cultural potential for the future. New findings, however, do not confirm such a statement. At that very hour of the Cross, the marches did not pass without a trace of the economy and culture. The plundering of overseas lands became a catalyst for the mine expansion and the progress of commodity-penny money. The economic power of the Italian trading republics grew, and they took away a great profit for the freight and significantly increased their commercial positions in the Black Sea, seriously opposing the Arabs and the Byzantines. Christian marches have taken the social mobility of the Europeans, adding to their fear of the unknown; in the psychological plan, the stench was prepared by the Great Geographical Review. I, nareshti, the cross-bearing ruh and the cross-bearing spirit have known their vіdbitok in the middle literature (literary novel, poetry of the troubadours, historiopis). Among the most significant works are the historiographical and biographical works of William of Tyrsky, Geoffroy de Villeardouin, Robert de Claret and Jean de Joinville, Song about Antiochі History holy war.

Behind the words of J. Le Goff, Christian marches appeared as "the pinnacle of the expansionism of the middle Christian world", "the first sign of European colonialism".

Ivan Krivushin

Literature:

Zaborov M. A. Christ-bearers at the Skhodі. M., 1960
Robert de Clari . Conquest of Constantinople. M., 1986
Zaborov M. A. The history of cross-country campaigns in documents and materials. M., 1986
Dobish-Rizdvyana O. A. Cross and sword. M., 1991
Geoffroy de Villeardouin . Conquest of Constantinople. M., 1993
Hanna Komnin . Alexiad. St. Petersburg, 1996



Christian walks, which were celebrated from 1096 to 1272, an important part of the middle centuries, which are taught in the course of history of the 6th class. There were military-colonial wars near the borders of the Close Descent under the religious fumes of the struggle of Christians against the "infidels", that is, Muslims. It is not easy to speak briefly about Christian walks, the shards are less likely to see the most important ones in the sky.

Causes and Privіd Khrestovykh

Palestine, which belonged to Byzantium, was conquered by the Arabs in 637. Vaughn became a place of pilgrimage for both Christians and Muslims. The situation changed with the arrival of the Seljuk Turks. At 1071 p. the stench interrupted the pilgrimage routes. Byzantine Emperor Oleksiy Komnin at 1095 p. turning for help to Sunset. Tse became the drive for the organization of the campaign.

The reasons that prompted people to take the fate of the unsafe entry were:

• expand the activities of the Catholic Church by pouring into Skhid and increasing wealth;
• bajannya monarchіv and nobles to expand the territory;
• nadії villagers on the land that freedom;
• pragnennya merchants to establish new trade links from the lands of the Skhod;
• religious confession.

In 1095, at the Clermont Cathedral, Pope Urban II, calling out the yoke of the holy land from the yoke of the Saracens (Arabs and Turks-Seljuks). A lot of knights immediately accepted the cross and voted for themselves as warrior pilgrims. Later, the stoners of the campaign were appointed.

Rice. 1. The call of Papi Urban II to the bearers.

Participants of the crusades

In cross-country campaigns, a group of main participants can be named:

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• great feudal lords;
• other European faces;
• merchants;
• craftsmen-gentlemen;
• villagers.

The name "chrest walk" looks like ours like the clothes of the participants in the image of the cross.

The first echelon of the Christ-bearers was laid down by the choli from the preacher Peter Am'ensky. In 1096, the stench arrived to Constantinople and, without looking at faces, crossed over to Asia Minor. The results were summative. Poorly ozbroєne and unfortunate village militia Turks easily smashed.

The cob of the crusades

Aimed at the Muslim lands of cross-country campaigns, there was a kilka. The First Christ-bearer came forward in 1096. In the spring of 1097, the stench crossed over to Asia Minor and buried Nicea, Antioch, Edessa. At Lipny 1099, the cross-bearers entered the fate of Jerusalem, ruling here a zhorstok rіzanin of Muslims.

On the swamped lands, the Europeans established their powers. Until the 30s. 12th century the cross-bearers spent the kilka of the city and the territory. The King of Rus, having turned back to Papi for help, and then calling the European monarchs to the new crusade.

Basic hikes

The systematization of information is supplemented by the table "Christmas marches"

Pokhid	Participants and organizers	Main goals and results
1 cross trip (1096 - 1099)	Organizer - Tato Urban II. Persons from France, Nimechchini, Italy	The support of the popes of Rome to expand their power in new lands, the western feudal lords - to bring new volodinnya and increase income. Zvіlnenny Nіkeї (1097), burying Edes (1098), volodіnnya Єrusalim (1099). The establishment of the state of Tripoli, the princedom of Antioch, the county of Edessa, the Kingdom of Jerusalem
2 cross trips (1147 - 1149)	Enchanted Louis VII French and German Emperor Conrad III	The entry of the Christ-bearers to Edesi (1144). Povna failure to give the bearers
3 crossroads (1189 - 1192)	The German emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa, the French king Philip II Serpen and the English king Richard I Levin Serce were astounded	Meta campaign - turn Єrusalim, zahopleniy Muslims. recognized failure.
4 crossroads (1202 - 1204)	Organizer - Tato Inokentii III. French, Italian, German feudal lords	Zhorstok looting of Christian Constantinople. Decay of the Byzantine Empire: the Greek Powers - the Kingdom of Epirus, the Empire of Nice and Trebizond. Christ-bearers created the Latin Empire
Childish (1212 r.)		Thousands of children perished or were sold into slavery
5 cross trips (1217 - 1221)	Duke of Austria Leopold VI, King of the Ugrian region Andras II and others	A trip to Palestine and Egypt was organized. They recognized the failure of the offensive in Egypt and in the negotiations for Jerusalem through those who did not have unity in the ceramics.
6 crossroads (1228 - 1229)	German King and Emperor of the Roman Empire Friedrich II Staufen	March 18, 1229 Rusalim as a result of an agreement with the Egyptian sultan, but in 1244 the place was re-transitioned to Muslims.
7 crossroads (1248 - 1254)	French King Louis IX Saint.	Let's go to Egypt. The defeat of the cross-bearers, taking from the full king with the onset of redemption, and turning home.
8 crossroads (1270-1291)	Mongolian military	The rest is not far off. The people have spent all their money. Cyprus Ruined land of the Hidden Mediterranean

Rice. 2. Christ bearers.

Another hike occurred in 1147-1149. He was celebrated by the German Emperor Conrad III Staufen and the French King Louis VII. In 1187, Sultan Saladin defeated the cross-bearers and sacked Jerusalem, and the King of France, Philip II Augustus, King of Nimechchina, Frederick I Barbarossa and King of England, Richard I, Levin of the Heart, destroyed it on the third trip.

Four organized against Orthodox Byzantium. In 1204, the Christian bearers mercilessly plundered Constantinople, ruling over the rіzanin of Christians. In 1212, roci to Palestine from France and Nimechchini ruled 50 thousand. children. Most of them became slaves or perished. In history, the adventure is known as "Child's Khrestovy trip".

After an update to the Pope of Rome about the fight against the nonsense of the Cathars in the Languedoc region from 1209 to 1229, a series of military campaigns took place. Tse Albіgoisky chi Cathar crossroads.

P'yatiy (1217-1221) became a great failure of the Ugrian king Endre II. At Shostomo (1228-1229), the Christians were given the place of Palestine, and then in 1244, the stench suddenly left Jerusalem. For the poor, it is quiet, who is out of it, there they voted somy pokhіd. The cross-bearers were smashed, and the French king Louis IX, having drank at full, de tasted until 1254 At 1270 wines, he had eight - the rest and not far off the cross-bearer, the stage of which from 1271 to 1272 is called nine.

Christian walks of Russia

Ideas of crusades penetrated the territory of Russia. One of the direct current policies of the її princes - wars with unbaptized vessels. Pokhіd Volodymyr Monomakh 1111 on the Polovtsіv, often attacked Russia, called Khrestovym. In the XIII century, the princes fought with the Baltic tribes, the Mongols.

Experiences of the trips

The conquests of the lands of the cross-bearers were divided into a fringe of powers:

• Kingdom of Jerusalem;
• kingdom of Antioch;
• the county of Edesa;
• county of Tripoli.

In the powers of the Christian bearers, feudal orders were established for the sake of Europe. For the defense of their Volodya, castles were built at the gatherings and spiritual and litarsky orders fell asleep:

• hospitals;
• Templars;
• Teutons.

Rice. 3. Spiritual Orders.

Orders of little importance in the defense of the Holy Land.

What did we recognize?

Three statistics from history have identified the chronological framework of the trips, the reasons for which led to the cob, the main warehouse of their participants. It was for sure that the main military campaigns, like their legacy, ended. Behind the step of the inflow, the share of the European powers, like the bearers of Christ, can be equal to the fired life of the Hundred War.

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Article type: Regular article L.Grojerweidl Academic Supervisor: Dr. Ar'e Olman Creation date: 14.12.2010

Christian walks, the European expeditions of the European Catholic militias on the retreat in 1096–1291, they voted for the sanction of Christian shrines from Palestine for the power of the Muslims.

Zhorstokі resleduvannya and masovі vbivvaniya for hours khrestovoy campaigns emptied the Jewish masses of the riverside towns. Tsі podії vіdomі vіdіmі vіvreyskiyіy іstorії yak gzerot tatnav, tobto rіzanin 4856 for the Jewish literal numbers (1096 - the beginning of the 1st cross campaign). The deyakі єvreyї buli zmushenі chrestitis, rich hto hto wіddav perevazhu martyr's death - Kiddush ha-Shem.

First crossroad trip

Pragnennya to win the Holy Land among the Muslims vindicated the Western Christianity on the cob of the XI century. in the wake of the religious wandering, called to the burying of the Church of the Holy Sepulcher by the Fatimid caliph al-Khakim (1012).

To the thought of the deacons of historians, to whom the wanderings should be attributed and those that have been made since the XI century. persecution of Jews.

The drive for the campaigns was the burial of the Seljuks in the last third of the 11th century. rich Byzantine volodins in Asia Minor, as well as reconciliation with them in 1071 p. at Fatimidiv Jerusalem about the suppression of Christian pilgrims by Muslims, and about the "evil Jews" against Christians.

Calls of Pope Urban II and Peter the Am'ensky at the church cathedral in Clermont (27 leaf fall, 1095) before the campaign against the Muslims did not click to violence against the Jews. But the traditional view of Christians on the Jews, as on the blame for the roost of Jesus, as well as social and economic reasons (Jewish recklessness) on the very beginning of the 1st cross campaign (1096-99). killed the Jews by the object of the attacks of the Christian bearers.

In the year 1096, if the Yurbi liqariv, townspeople and villagers were killed in the 1st Christian funeral. A blight of pogroms swept through Europe, the ghosts of such pogroms declared that, stepping on a distant journey for the coffin of the Lord’s tomb, like innovirtsiv-khristovbivtsiv, the stench could not recognize their presence in their own sovereign land.

The atrocities of the Christian bearers in Western Europe

The vbivstvo єvreїv at Metsi (France) at the hour of the first crusade.

At the First Khrestovy Pokhіd the army of bіdnоti, like the most nathnen, destroyed the first one, and, having interrupted a lot of Jews, it gradually fell apart and pinned the foundation ... Jacques le Goff, "Civilization of the Middle Descent", op.

The first corrals of the Christian bearers, who had taken in Rouen (France, 1096), may have blamed the Jewish community for the most part, having left only a few alive alive, as if they were lucky enough to receive the baptism. On this occasion, as well as by the oath of one of the chief guards in the campaign, Duke Gottfried of Bouillon, to take revenge on the Jews for the blood of Jesus, the masses of France were ahead of the Jews in the near-Rhenish masses of Nimechchini.

Irrespective of the spot, the Rheinian masses, at the last moment, turned back to the emperor with slanders about the zahist, obitsiahs of privileges. Emperor Henry IV, which is the head of the Jewish community of Mainz, Kalonimos ben Meshulam ha-Parnassus, having told about the threats of Gottfried of Bouillon, having punished the us dukes and bishops to protect the Jews from the cross-bearers. In the spring of 1096 p. the pogroms spread to the Prireynska region.

Gottfried Bouillonsky, under the vice of the emperor, was embarrassed and took an oath, having arrived to Nimechchini, he declared the defense of the masses of Cologne and Mainz, as if they “gave” you 500 silver marks. Petro Am'єnsky, having taken away his corral near Trir (Queen 1096), did not participate in anti-Jewish agitation and became obsessed with the conquest of the Jewish bulk of food for the Christian bearers. They paid great sums to the bishops and the chiefs of the Russian garrisons for those who were given fort and additional pens for defense.

Ale, the soldiers, sent for the zahist of the Jews, were led to defend the novirtsiv from the Christian warriors, which they violated in the Christian pokhid, and deprived the Jews of voluntarily. Deyakі bishops, like, for example, Cologne, jumped to save the pogroms with harsh punishments of the pogromniks. death penalty abo vіdsіkannyam hands; others, fearing for their lives, beg before the arrival of the Christian bearers, like, for example, the Bishop of Mainz.

If the wind of the cross-bearers, more importantly, the villagers and the mob, rushed from the Rhine region from France, Lorraine and Nimechchini, the civil and church authorities were far away from their vіdmіnіst. The aristocracy, which was watching the campaign, did not take any part in the violence against the Jews, but instead fought to unify the circle between the participants through the Jews.

The least disciplined and the most courageous to the point of violence, the common people were succumbing to grass-linden 1096 r. the masses of the Rhine region to the zhorstok rout. The corrals trembled with a special zhorstokistyu, on top of which stood Count Emiho von Leiningen near Nimechchina and the face of Volkmar near France. At Metsi, 23 Jews were driven in, the reshta received baptism.

The helplessness of the victims has led to an unapplied scourge of violence, assaults and robberies. Jumps were trampled, if they were stunned by the heat of the Jews, and in others - the whole crowd, they passed from Christianity. Ale, as it was before the stretching of Jewish history, more Jews were ready to die in their own faith. In wealthy communities, for example, in Mainz, Xantheny, and ing, the Jews fought with their remaining forces, and if they didn’t lose their least hope for the order, they spared their own lives. Thousands of Jews performed this martyr's feat.

Carrying out their way, the Christian bearers did not commit atrocities according to the age before the Hebrews.

The legacy of the First Cross Campaign near the German Empire

Blaming the Jews at the Land of Israel

The capture of Jerusalem by the cross-bearers at 1099 roci. Miniature of the 13th century, National Library, Paris.

Pivdenna wall of the Temple Mount. Fortress of the Templars. Photo by Mikhail Margilov.

On the 7th chervnya 1099 they besieged Jerusalem and on the 15th linden they drank yoga. Most of the Jewish population of Jerusalem, together with the Muslims, tried to resist the pens of Gottfried Bulyonsky, and after the fall of the city Jews who hid in the synagogues were sleeping. Others were virizan and sold into slavery.

The great Jewish communities of Ramla and Jaffa were also destroyed.

Jewish settlements in Galilee were left unsecured. On the swamped territories, the cross-bearers established the kingdom of Russalim, which stretches approximately from the area of ​​modern Jubel in Lebanon to Eilat (territorially, it was residually formed on the cob of the XII century).

If the Christian bearers opened transport routes from Europe, the pilgrimage to the Holy Land became popular. At the same time, everyone greater number Jews jumped to turn to the Fatherland. Documents of that period show that 300 slaves from France and England arrived in a group, and the deacons settled in Accra (Akko), and others in Jerusalem.

Another Christian walk

The drive to the 2nd cross campaign (1147-49) was the burial in 1144. by the Seljuks of Edes (Ninі Urfa, Turechchina), since 1098 it was the center of the Edessky county of the cross-bearers.

Yaka called before the campaign Bula Papi Eugene III sent the participants in the campaign to pay creditors (for the sake of the Jews) money from Borg, And the rulers of different lands sang the cross-bearers in order to pay the Borg to the Jews. Suvorishy for once control of secular and ecclesiastical power over the masses of the cross-bearers of the significant world embracing violence against the Jews.

Outrages in Western Europe

In France, the rіshuchi dії of King Louis VII (having looked away at once from the German king Conrad III) and preaching to church authority Bernard of Clairvaux they defended against the atrocities of the Christians the greater Jewish communities of the country. The vines were piled up by the masses of Ramer (in Champagne) and Carentana, in a Jewish way, having swarmed in one of the courtyards, they gave a nervous beat to the pogromniks and they all perished.

At Nіmechchi Conrad III, who patronized the Jews, did not go far enough to overstep the pogromist propaganda of the Cistercian Chence Rudolf(at some dzherelah Radulf or Raulf), who went around the country to preach, who went to the treba almost from baptism or the condemnation of the Jews.

The Jews, crying to the feudal Volodar and bishops for the great sum of pennies, took away the opportunity to spend some time at their castles. Conrad III gave the Jews a porch near his recessed lands (Nuremberg and Ing.), Bishop of Cologne ordered the fort of Volkenburg at his command, in Yakiy The Jews were robbed of the cross-bearers with armor in their hands.

Not in the distance did the Jews, who hid in castles, killed the cross-bearers, or they frightened the cross-bearers of the skin Jew, who wiyshov іz prituku. Bandy of the Christian bearers were beshketuvali on the roads. A sprat of Jews was driven into the outskirts of Cologne and Speyer. The economic life of the country was confused.

Regulations in the country to Israel

On the territory of Palestine, the 2nd Christian campaign ended with the conquest of Ashkelon. Prote Binyamin from Tudeli Bird from Regensburg(established the Kingdom of Russalim in 1160 and 1180 respectively) knew the ordering of Jewish communities in Ashkelon, Ramli, Caesarea, Tver and Acre. In the notes of Yehudi Al-Kharizi there is a prosperous community in Jerusalem, which was seen in 1216. Perhaps, the masses of the Samaritans did not suffer during this period near Shechem, Ashkelon and Caesarea.

Third crossroad trip

3rd Khrestovy Pokhіd (1189-92) was a call to the conquest of Jerusalem in 1187 by Salah ad-Din.

Yogo hour Emperor Friedrich I Barbarossa, like a yogo, with rіshuchimi visits having arrested the forces, try the violence against the Jews in the Nimechchina. The Jews were hidden in castles, the killing of a Jew was punishable by death, wounded - by the hand of a Jew. The bishops threatened the pogrom-mongers in front of the church and with the fence to take the fate of the cross campaigns.

For the first time the Jews paid for their order the great groshov sumi.

In France, the attempt of King Philip II of the sickle to prevent violence against the Jews was not successful. At the lower places of central France, the Christian bearers organized the massacre of the Jewish population.

The greatest hardships fell upon the Jews in England, as they did not suffer under the hour of the 1st and 2nd cross campaign and hit the nadals at 1096 p. an lintel to the French Jews who flowed into the atrocities of the Christian bearers. 3 spring 1189 p. the cross-bearers who climbed to London for the coronation ceremony of King Richard I Levin Sertsa ruled the pogrom near the capital.

The trial of the king of the king's supiniti beshketuvannya did not go away: the dignitaries, hanging them to exhort the pogromniks, driving away the natovp. Only three of the participants in the pogrom who were caught by the government were sentenced by the court until punishment, but not for violence against the Jews, but for falling and plundering the houses of Christians, as if they were judged by the houses of the Jews.

From London, the pogroms quickly spread to other places. Together with the mob in the pogroms, they took the active fate of the nobility and the face, yaki yelled at the Jews a great sum of pennies and told them to try to pay the borg. The Jewish communities of Lynn, Norwich, and Stamford were devastated.

At Lincoln, and in other places, the Jews turned around, taking off the porch at the royal castles. After the king's departure in the pokhid (ear of 1190), the pogroms were repeated with greater force. The biggest pogrom was at York. The Jewish community of Bury-Saint-Edmens suffered greatly, 57 Jews were killed.

Life of the cross walks

In 1196, shortly before the preparation of the 4th crest campaign (1201-1204), which happened, perhaps without Jewish victims, 16 Jews were driven in at Vidnia, for which two of the victims of the pogrom were stricken by Duke Frederick.

Without fatal consequences for the Jews of Europe, the 5th–8th CHRIST LIKE (1217–21; 1228–29; 1249–54; 1270) passed.

Safely passed so ranks Christian death of children, in 1212 p. they violated from Germany and France to Provence and Italy. Vіn ruined the lives of dozens of thousands of children (partially died during the hour of the storm on the Mediterranean Sea, partly sold into slavery).

Jerusalem, as a result of the 6th cross campaign of arrivals to the Land of Israel, which was still under the dominion of the cross-bearers (1229), but in 1244 there were a lot of intrusions by them.

In 1309 p. in the cross-bearers, where they climbed, the Jews were driven into the rich city of Brabant (Belgium), as if they were moved to accept the baptism.

Christian walks "shepherds"

New hardships hit the Jews in France during the period of two so-called crusades of the shepherds, the participants of such boules were more important than leaving the suspіlstva.

In 1251, the “shepherds”, heading straight for Skhid with the method of conquering Jerusalem again and calling Saint Louis IX, who was in the Egyptians from 1250, defeated the Jewish masses of Paris, Orleans, Tours and Bourges.

The stench of the bulk of Gascony and Provence was given even more defeat at the hour of their 2nd campaign (1320). Forty-thousand militia - most importantly podlitki at the capital of 16 years - turned France from pivnochi to pivden, close to 130 Jewish communities.

Pope Ivan XXII, drawing on the sounds of atrocities, seeing the view of the church of all the participants in the campaign. King Philip V, be afraid of the beaten for your treasures, having punished the mists of the authorities to protect the Jews type "shepherds". Ale stinks everywhere chimed the blackness of the middle ball of the townspeople, the zokrema and the royal officials.

In Albі (France's Day), the city of vlada was trying to stupefy NATO and steal a place, but if the "shepherds", shouting that the stinks had come to beat the Jews, evaded to the place, the population stole them from the air, she took the fate of the beaten.

At Toulouse, the Chentsi called the “shepherds” bandits, arrested by the governor, and they voted the order of the right of the divine hand - the city of the All-Vishish for the charitable indictment of the Jews. Under the hour of resurrection, who followed the cym, vryatuvalis in death, less than you, who received baptism.

Nearly 500 Jews, who were laid up at the castle of Verdun-sur-Garonne, laid their hands on themselves. At the papal volodin - the county of Venessen - the majority of the Jewish community received baptism. Try it out new christians"to turn to Judaism was pinned down by the Inquisition.

From France, the gangs of the "shepherds" invaded to Spain, where the king of Aragon, Jaime II, smashed and ruined their gangs with their atrocities.

Heritage of the cross campaigns

Christ's campaigns have fundamentally changed the camp of the Jews in Christian Europe. The super girl between Judaism and Christianity has lost her theological character.

Suputni is the soup of the campaigns of Rizanina I violence, Zhorstoye was overwhelmed by all the merciless, with an hour of the vinikenny of the Christianity of Koly-Noby, they fell upon the єvrev, the whole power of hatred to єvra tir, all the viles of the post-nin, the pyd was vice, all Marnish.

At the XII century. the thought about the Jewish zmova against the Christians was first hung up, and the crooked hardening became very wide. Religious fanaticism, which has gained strength, having engulfed the uncompromising enemies of the Christian faith among the Jews, knows viraz the strong discrimination and humiliation of the Jews, which reached a climax in the legislation of the IV Lateran (Ecumenical) Council (1215).

Christian marches gave an important blow to the economic camp of the Jews. Z XIII Art. they have lost the role of the main intermediary in the trade of Europe and the Gathering, the shards of the transfer of Jewish merchants in Christian Europe, on the roads that they ruled over the cross-bearers, became practically impossible. To relieve the dzherel іsnuvannya єvreyї buli zmushenі on a great scale savage to recklessness.

Hated by the Christian midst, who closed themselves off in their communities of the Jews of Middle Europe, they knew the core of religious silence and national pride in the memory of hundreds of communities, blamed by the cross-bearers, and the death of the tormented victims, the tormented victims