The classic style is streaming and thinning at the same time. Not a skin pannochka dressed on her back below the knee with a blouse. The classics are not for everyone. The English style in dress, which vvazhayut classics, is not the fault of the rules.

Wearing such clothes on herself, the lady demonstrates her readiness to work steadily on herself, exercising to perfection. Vibrating yoga, they stock up on patience and at once calm themselves down, like a narrow frame, do not give in to trembling in any way. Well, let’s all go, all minds will be dormant, a simple girl will pretend to be an English lady.

A short historical note

Irrespective of those that England is a broken country, for some senses, the words won’t develop, but the development of galmues dotrimannya traditions. The 19th century in England is a milestone and today. Fashion trends that have evolved in the 1st epoch are saved. The foundation is the preservation of traditions, after all.

It’s important to believe that the English fashion has changed its mind under the pressure and infusion of the French. France ruled right up to the fashionable revolution, but then they lost their authority, and turned everything around. Through the introduction of the English style, the beginning of a strong development, and on the cob of the 19th century, it was earlier than the beginning. The same veli and voiced the main drawings of the style, as if they were unchangeable today. The women, who have lied to change themselves, are shown to work on themselves. It’s not enough to change your wardrobe, but your manners.

For bazhannya you can pick up all the rules of style in one place: simplicity, elegance, comfort, rigor, solidity, high-quality materials, the appearance of space and figures.

Wanting a lot of historical fashion and talking about turning the cob of the nineteenth century, the origin of the style was predicted earlier. The first posts were marked in the 15th-16th centuries, when the English aristocracy took shape. Like a lot of other states, who had their own peculiarities, they had moral bases. So, for example, pannochki and cholov_ki spent a lot of time on toilets, jumping up and dressing up without a head and elegantly. Written and chimerical speeches left me on the sidelines. The tsibulya came out suvor and idle. So, as the main provisions have continued to this day in an unchanging look, and the style is still developing, you can call it an indestructible classic.

Main trends

The modern Brits give priority to comfort and functionality in everything. Fashion dictates its own settings, dotrimannya what you want and take a lot of time, and then end up creating an ideal image. At the cloakroom, you wear clothes with a straight cut and a fitted silhouette. At the same time, do not choose speeches, sewn from napіvprozorikh fabrics. Also, they are left on the sidelines, shapeless, similar to a hoodie. Until the speech, the backs of the mines are fenced. Styles call this style minimalistic for women, because there are no practical decorative elements, accessories.

Looks like a lady's attire in the English style - all in gray, brown, green, blue and traditional white-black colors. Do not take English brilliance, but appreciate muffledness. It does not fit the clearly pronounced texture.

Calm and vrіvnovozhenі englіytsі otrimuyut miraculous vihovannia and z childishness instructed in strong manners. We should approach this practical style, but not any other. In England, eccentric and emotional individuals live, as if they do not take yoga in a traditional way. Suvoriy suit to rot and tuck at the frame. For them, they saw outrageous grunge and casual, which is ideal for girls.

Women's clothes

The Queen of England is a sign of rich style. For women from different lands, be similar to her - a demonstration of perfection to the top. Not all become real ladies with their visions of femininity and subtlety. So that the efforts were crowned with success, the rules are low.

• Fitted and snug silhouette. Following this rule, at the boutiques they put on jackets that fit the figure;

• Appearing in the wardrobe of a suit with a classic cut. Yogo foretold Coco Chanel a hundred years ago. Along the catwalk the girls were hustling about with narrow backs and in strict jackets. By itself, the idea is not new, but outmoded by people, and even the same woman’s costume, not respecting its streaminess, looking womanly and elegantly. The idea of ​​Chanel, as if it was inadvertently propagated, took root;
• Choice of practical clothes;

• Exchange of choice of accessories. Leather English wear mittens from the right collar, a scarf, as well as an accessory, whose name in English mine sounds like this - “tote bag”. This unique name was given to a handbag with a characteristic oval or square shape.

To adorn yourself at the party, welcome at the Palace, or at the ball, it is allowed to wear expensive jewelry, jewelry sets (beads with pearls, a brooch with roses of diamonds). Well, I know, even if they allow them to be worn, but the style is promoted suvoro: chimerism, frivolity to nothing, but strimanity to the moon. As a matter of fact, it’s true, it won’t require additional framing.

Shoe-shovniks are put on the legs under the color of the bag and the suit. The make-up should also be done with a special retelnistyu, in order to enhance your insight and neatness.

Modern style ta yoga trendy

Although the English style retains the main trends that are formed by fates, but in the XXI century wines, nevertheless, it has gained a number of features. Take yoga as a basis and vvazhayut with a right point, if you develop new lines. The stench speaks about the authoritarianism and the great possibilities of the foggy Albion.

Vanguard

Vivian Westwood is the mastermind of the avant-garde, as if she has broken the unbreakable traditions. Vona wanted to go to sleep for the help of the introduction of juice farbs and chimerical accessories. Everything that today is seen as the avant-garde demonstrates the spirit of rebellion and protest against the rules. Being the queen of punk, Viv'en introduced the vishukani style and non-standard decor elements, zokrema rivets, embroidery, maces. Fabrics on її dyazі embellish the print with an abstract little thing; colors, from which it is sewn, different, among those, they are not taken one by one.

It is not surprising that so many stylists call the fruits of creativity Viv'єn the fantasy of a divine woman.

Retro

The name of which is directly at the hearing of the rich. Everyone knows that this style is based on the transfer of images of the 40-50s. twentieth century. At the rocky, important for the whole world, the ladies dressed up the cloth in a frilled card with romantic zabarvlennyam that tulip bed. Tse everything is in fashion and current, but with some amendments.

Before the suit, the woman puts on a stylish tuxedo or a jacket. If stinks choose pants, then only so that they strengthen the strings of the lower. Cloth for going out of the world is taken from the open back and with a long train.

Reshta form the image of the details, like make-up, zachіska and manicure, the guilt is not remembered, but remembered. Evening cloth with lightness is beaten up, having added droplets, a clutch bag or a reed in glitter and rhinestones to the names of the evening.

Country

Fashionistas, as if life at the great city did not have mercy, dress in breeches with breeches with a blouse, put a droplet of straw on their heads, and break on their legs without lashes on their right.

A leather fashionista wants to look stylish and casual. For whom it is not necessary to go back to fashionable styles of clothing. Today's mova pide about the popular and popular English style.

Trochs of history

Fashion trends of the distant XIX century to the actual England. The style of the distant past is in keeping with good traditions, which are used by modern fashionistas and fashionistas.

At the same time, English fashion developed not without the participation of the French. France itself dictated its own rules to style, and aimed at a fashionable revolution. After this English wind, the mods gained independence and ceased to fall into the hands of the French.

Nezabar after these fashion trends in England began to rapidly develop and change. In the first half of the 19th century, the main drawings of the style were seen, as we can watch for the hour.

Those women, who wanted to look hopeless, were guilty of not only improving their wardrobe, but also their manners.

In the distant past and today, the English style resonates with its main characteristics: wine is simple, elegant, smart and strict. All speeches are directly prepared from good materials and it is ideal to sit on the figure.

If historians and fahivts want to talk about the turning point of the 19th century, in fact the style of the soil was born much earlier. Yoga rudiments appeared in the XV-XVI centuries. This is the hour of the English aristocracy, yaka vplyala into the fashion of that period.

The aristocrats had their own life peculiarities and moral bases. At that hour, men and women spent a great amount of time on toilets. People tried to look as elegant and fashionable as possible.

Written lines and lines of speech were added to the furthest little tuft. The old-fashioned-looking fashionistas and fashionistas always came out suvorim, laconic and streaming.

The main drawings of the English style have succumbed to the Donin, but the most fashionable one does not cease to develop over time. This fact completely allows us to call such a straight-forward classic.

Features

The main feature of this strict style can be called its orientation towards the woman of a different age. A leather fashionista can match a Vishukan cibula, so that it looks stylish and harmonious.

Elegantly dressed can be chosen both for everyday exits, and for going to work or urochist entrances.

It is impossible not to recognize the invisible comfort of the clothes. The English style is inspired by its own elegance, to the fact that speeches are made from high-quality materials with the improvement of the woman's figure features.

English style has minimalism and strimanity in everything. It’s not enough to wear clothes, but also, accessories, zachіski and make-up. Usyogo can be in the world.

Look for straight lines

English style bags on different fashion lines. A young maiden or an older woman can choose for herself the ideal set for any vikonan. The image of the viide is even more elegant, so that all folds are correctly chosen. Let's get to know the fashionable lines of the English style.

Modern style

The unique English style retains its own fashion trends, which were formed by fate. But in the distant 19th century, wines still gained some special rice.

Wine is an unchanging foundation, if a new fashionable one is born directly, which always demonstrates the authority of that broad possibility of foggy England.

Hipster

In the 40s of the United States, a youth subculture appeared, to which hipsters lay. Spopchatka was the name given to the chanuvals of jazz music and quiet people, as if they were pozinovuvachas of art.

Today, before the hipsters, young people (15-30 years old) are seen, as if constantly joking about new things in music and the film industry, but they do not show life without modern culture and art. Such fashionistas and women of fashion vvazhayut for the best to follow a special style in clothing.

The foundation of what is fashionable is directly the unchanging vintage, which is intertwined with modernity. At the wardrobe of the hipsters, there are always sound jeans and jasper sneakers. Youthful images cannot be dispensed with without a platform top, various scarves, eyepieces in a large frame, various headdresses, shirts, shorts and T-shirts.

Most often, behind these extravagant robes, thin and arcane individuals are hovering, as if they pass through themselves. Up to such yaskravih images the stench is brewing in the one who sees the grayness of the natovpu.

Silsky

The strong style is also called country. Vіn є as much as possible zruchny and practical.

Before this fashionable straightening, the girls turned on their heels, who live in the countryside of the countryside. Potim cіkavі fashion solutions fell to the relish and mіsk fashionistas.

You can create an unimpressed strong image with additional trousers-breeches with suspenders, a loose blouse and a handy bra without additional straps. In such an ensemble, the great straw drops are harmoniously visible.

Retro

Modern fashionistas know that this fashionable one is directly inspired by the stylish images of the forties of the 20th century. This is a difficult time for all countries. These women of fashion climbed into miles of cloth into a small voucher and a tulip bed. Similar speeches of today have not lost their relevance, but have recognized some changes.

Modern women of fashion can add elegant tuxedos and fitted jackets to suits. Trousers are dressed less in order to reinforce strings and long-term legs. Cloth for an evening out can be picked up from a sexy open back and a long train.

Keep in mind that all other elements of the cybuli (make-up, haircut) are not guilty of being stringent and eloquent. For example, a luxurious evening dress can be supplemented with a lady's cape and a small clutch.

Vanguard

The avant-garde was brought to the English classics by the famous Vivian Westwood. Vona wanted to bring the tedious sirst to another plane, adding to the stylish image of a bright farb and original accessories.

Today is the avant-garde to help soothe the rebellious spirit. Tsey fashionable directly does not know the framework and cordons. Vіv'єn added non-trivial decorative elements to the style already known: hairpins, rivets and embroideries.

Textiles on її dyazі are complemented by abstract prints from various little ones. The speeches are made from materials of different colors, so that they can be combined one by one in one selection.

Odyag

The style of the English queen is the reference standard of any fashionable direction. Women from the earthly world vvazhayut that the imitation of the royal special rob them thoroughly. Ale, it's not so easy to pretend to be the right lady.

For whom it is necessary to follow these rules.

1. It is recommended to get into the speech, which will allow you to fit in, or in a tight-fitting cut. It is worth putting on jackets, which oblige a woman’s body, a back to the knee, and laconic cloth from a minimal amount of decorative details.
2. At the dressing room of clothes, you can wear a suit with a classic cut. A similar selection was broken up by the famous Coco Chanel nearly a hundred years ago. Also on the podium, the women showed bell-shaped pants, tight-fitting backs and decent jackets. Suvori suits were positioned behind the human wardrobe and miraculously fit into the elegant woman's image.
3. Be careful with accessories. The leather of an English lady in a fashionable arsenal may be shkiryan mittens and charming scarves.

English academic traditions in the most standard representation - ce closed schools and universities, scarves and college cribs, student rules and rituals... And everyday women. The British academic world has long been flooded with human space, and the women had a chance to report chimalih zusil, to stand there on a par with the people.

An English woman of the 19th century can be easily seen in a carriage, the stars of a star can be seen on the shop windows illuminated by gas lamps, or, on the other hand, behind a robot - if out, not with bad hands, rubbing a gank with a creid.

Proto-Vector women did not shone at the light, but were engaged in important prace. Let's talk about those, how the stench started and started. Our analysis is based on information from Catherine Couty's books Women of Victorian England and Bad Old England, Auntie Dittrich's Everyday Life of Victorian England, as well as on butts of classic novels of the era.

Where the days started

The lightness of light, as a girl could get, already lay in the social class, to which lay her family.

Children from poor families are small enough to see good schools. Thus, lay the pans-blagodynits and pikluvalniki-promislovtsi, as if they were already zatsіkavlenі at the influx of new working hands in their factories. It is not surprising that the girls were richly trained in handicraft, sewing and cooking, not particularly embracing science.

Osvita was taken away in boarding houses, yak could be questioned for the status, prote navit at the mortgages of the rich panowed the Spartan orders. It doesn’t seem like it’s already about those mortgages, where the girls from simple families and orphans were raised. The rules were strict, and for the fault of the girls they gave punishment to the early ones, including those of the body. The most popular boules were to hit the hands with a line.

One of the best descriptions of such a place can be found on the side of the novel "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Brontë. Jane, a girl with a lively vein, as if reading a lot at home, sticks up in the back of the room for the need to cram, and also to do handicrafts.

“Oskіlki I didn’t call to remind me, then the lessons were given less indefinitely long and important; Often the change of objects also beat me into pantelik, and I was glad, if you got there, it was close to three years, Miss Smith gave me a husband of a muslin in two rows of a lace, a head, a thimble and said that I would be strong in a little cloak of classy kimnati and pidrubala muslin. At this hour, most of the girls were engaged in handicrafts, only one class stood at the head of Mrs. Sketcherd; the girls were reading, the room was silent. I listened to the reading, thinking to myself, as if I was saying that this is another girl and that it seems that Mrs Sketcherd - laє chi to praise її.

Before the speech, the writer herself, like her elder sister, started at the Kovan-Bridzhsky school for the daughters of the clergy. It is important that this mortgage with yogo cold and with filthy minds served as a prototype for Lowood's shack from Jane Eyre. Charlotte's sisters fell ill at the boarding house with dryness and died, like Jane's friend was in love. In the past, Charlotte Brontë went to Row Head School, and lost her job as a tutor there.

Another English novelist, Jane Austen, after being raised by her relative, fell ill with typhus. For the first time, having taken її from the boarding house, її fathers respected for the better to give their daughters family education - father became Jane's teachers, brothers of that great home library.

So the foundations of enlightenment girls could take away from the robot booths - for the mind that their fathers work there. Working booth, de had a chance to spend a lot of time sleeping, being one of the head nightmares of everyday Englishmen. They sang there, if the chances of making a cry for this were exhausted. It is impossible to say what kind of enlightenment, like children could get at the robot booths, it was high.

They founded other rural schools, which did not ring out between girls of different age - both older and smaller could sit at the same time, otrimuyuchi trohi raznі zavdannya. The practice was expanded, if the elders taught the younger ones and the less trained ones, they could help the needs of the teachers.

According to the experience of 1841, 67% of men and 51% of women called themselves literate (they could write their own names). Since 1880, in England, post-school lighting has become obov'yazkovaya and for boys, and for girls.

How did riches learn

While Jane Eyre’s brains needed to learn language, history and arithmetic, so that we could later apply for a recommendation sheet and the position of a governess’s class lady, girls from noble and rich families were preparing to know a good match after graduation. To that, the poor girls sometimes took away more deep light, the lower ones were more secure of the same age, on which the hats were checked with a good gentleman and spadshchina.

Needless to say, the young Victorians lost their vigor, the necessary good squads. Otzhe, the lesson was straightened out to us in front of those who, to give them a head of women’s garlic for that hour - modesty, lagidness, readiness to help sickness and misfortune, and at one time vyshukanіst, vitonchenіst relish. The girls learned painting, music, dancing, French movies.

To woo a young lady, a girl could go to a private school, or ask a governess for home schooling. The foreign language of girls was often taught by French women and Germans. For home use, they provided a special room, a desk, a slate, books, and learning aids.

Consecrated became governesses, but the girls - the poorest consumer, with the need to help them save up on a dowry. Through it, the image of a governess becomes visible in the zvichnoy system of traditional social roles - an independent woman, like not a lady, not a servant, how to behave from her?

“The servants respected that the woman was embarrassed by her laborers, she was equaled at her camp to them, and did not try to keep an eye on her, diligently demonstrating her anger. Well, if the bіdolakha ruled with the family, in which there was no aristocratic root, then the lords, suspecting that she would marvel at them wildly and znevevayut for the daytime of overbearing manners, disliked them and endured only for the fact that their daughters got used to themselves », write Tetyana Dittrich.

It’s not surprising that a girl, a governess was assigned to such a bula, they often didn’t sway too much and were rarely put up with honor:

- Don't tell me, darling, about governesses, I don't get nervous at the sight of one word. I experienced such torments in the face of nefariousness and chimerism. Thank God, now I have seen everything!

Mr. Dent sneered to the executioner of a noble stubborn lady and whispered in his ear - for її reaction I realized: I guessed that one of the representatives of this damned tribe was among them.

(Charlotte Brontë, Jane Eyre)

Meanwhile, some governesses, seeing the ambiguity of their camp and the stress due to the need to achieve goodness, did not stand up, terrorizing their students:

“At the classy room there was a boulder, where books were saved to borrow. Mrs Blackburn was putting some pieces of bread on a plate for her lunch. Shorazu, if I couldn’t remember anyway, or I didn’t listen, or I murmured, she flickered to me in my comor, where I sat in the darkness and trembled out of fear. I was especially afraid that the bear would come there to eat Mrs. Blackburn's bread. In my mind, I lost my doti, the doki, having strangled the ridanya, could calmly realize that now I am good. Mrs Blackburn taunted me to memorize the sides of history, or sing a good time, and even though I had mercy on a word, she taunted me to read the two more!

(Certificate, pointed at the book "The Everyday Life of Victorian England")

Why and how did they learn

Schools have developed a standardized curriculum, and the axis of the primary curriculum, as the governess said, already lay in the mind of a particular teacher.

Katherine Cote to suggest such a lesson plan from a guide for readers, written by Ms. Johnson in 1867 roci:

1. Name the main historical monuments of England.

2. Which of the planets is closest to Sontsya, but did you find any? Name their diameters and the period of the beast around Sontsya.

3. Name the main historical individuals during the reign of Octavian Augustus.

4. Tell me about the advances and the lack of education from Sparta.

5. Name the generals of Napoleon Bonaparte.

6. How many types of architecture are there?

Theme for creativity: pride.

The Victorian examination food is opposed by the breadth of those who are squeamish, but do not hang on to the attention of a deeply dazed subject. The girls splintered more profound erudition, lower serious subject knowledge and methodology of other sciences.

Jane Eyre also complained about the "frequent change of objects". For quiet hours, the characteristic is not interdisciplinary, but “strapping” pidhіd, if, after Gaius Julius Caesar, the reader could quickly go to astronomy. It was important that it develops the breadth of knowledge (it’s true, at the expense of systemicity). The deyakі vchitelki triumphed, if in such a rank they went to catch the znenatska and "behold" like a zuhvala student.

The main method of learning was cramming, as if admitting that the girl is guilty of memorizing large fragments of texts. It doesn't matter to guess what the best marks were for the volodarkas of memory.

Women in universities

The Victorian pidkhid admitted that everything is the norm for a person, even as a woman’s resurrection. Zhіnka, at the thought of the people of that hour, including the names of vchenih, there are less brains, less people. In addition, when looking at the light, the woman approaches him mystically, whimpering in front of her uninterrupted shoes. It is not surprising that with such an approach, the woman’s mind has taken on like a kind of water, ailment, like a friend can be corrected.

Tim is no less, in the English education he had his own. Zavdyaki їm zhіnocha osvіta was reformed. So the Cheltenham Women's College and the University School of Pivnichnogo London, founded by Mary Bass, appeared, the girls were preparing to enter the university. However, as the dzherel says, I cut that shitty there, too, it took a lot of time. For example, one of the students confessed in her memoirs that in her sleep she was asked to wrap a noose for a dzik (the girl took away good home lighting, she was not given a protest).

In the 1840s, two women's colleges were opened: the Royal College and Women's College, in which one of the daughters of Charles Dickens began to study mysticism. In the 70s, the girls already saw employment in the colleges of Newnham and Girton on the outskirts of Cambridge, as well as in two Oxford colleges (at the same time, the Victorians, and here decency was added - for an hour of sleeping with young people, it was a small companion to take with the girls). At the same time, the Slade Academy of Image-Making Myths was born from the schools of London and the London Medical School for Women appeared.

The first major foundation of England, where women could learn to be, having become the University of London. In Oxford and Cambridge, women have been trained since 1884 and 1881.

English women-scientists of the 19th century

Irrespective of those women's names in the history of science of the Victorian era, there are fewer, less people, such clergymen and wine-makers far away to go down in history, and also change the look of science in its time.

Caroline Herschel, who came to England from Hanover, for example, in the 18th century, discovered three new nebulae and a comet, and in 1835 officially became a member of the Royal Astronomical Society.

Traditionally, entomology and botany were taken in by women at that hour. Irrespective of those that the collection of dried clods and quotes was about parts of hobbies, and herbariums were looked at us as an object of aesthetic value, the women's engraftment of nature took on the development of zoology and botany, as well as natural illustrations. Here you can guess the names of Sari Boudich Li and Olivia Tong, who created marvelous beauty behind naturalistically accurate images of growing creatures.

Bulletin of PERM UNIVERSITY History 2010 Issue 2 (14) NEW AND NEW HISTORY OF EUROPE UDC 930.85(410)”18/19” WRITING AND MANNERIES OF THE ENGLISH LADIES XVIII D. b. Key words: England, lady, woman of enlightenment, national character. The prestige of England, zgіdno s hotly respected, more, lower export of English vugill, taking on the image of a gentleman. Indeed, it is important to name the national image, injecting one that would expand so widely in the world, and not only in the so-called noble society, de vin vinik, but beyond yoga. With this, however, the type of the English gentleman, the first riddles about which one can be seen until the XII century, with a long way to build one’s own foundation, having recognized various transformations, among them one of the main ones, the step-by-step expansion of understanding that democratization. With the rank of a gentleman, inconspicuously appeared statements about the English national character, which became the object of the wedding of rich heirs in Great Britain itself, and beyond the borders. The middle is quiet, who rushed to the problems of British national identity, were both writers (for example, J. B. Priestl and G. K. Chesterton [Chesterton, 1984]), and also scholars - linguistics, literary studies, culturologists, historians [Karasik, Yarmakhova, 2006; Pavlovska, 2005; Proskurnin, 2002; Fox, 2005; Hewitt, 2008; Hewitt, 2009; Houghton, 1985; Paxman, 1999]. Great Britain failed in culture like a gentleman, and a lady. Vyniknuvshis in the early Middle Ages (about how to tell the legends about King Arthur and Lady Guinevere’s retinue), expanding into the era of the courtly kohanny, if the cult of the Beautiful Dami appeared, understand that the very type of “lady” was fairly established in English supremacy starting from the XVI -XVIII century, having reached the apogee of its development in the XIX century. M. Ossowska wrote a replacement for the term “gentleman”: “In the Oxford Glossary, honorable honors, genealogical trees, and the right to bear a coat of arms are used head first. The newest appointments have special privileges” [Ossovska, 1987, p. 133]; I think that these words can be zastosuvat and up to the name "lady", the oscills of history show, how insulting the types step by step instilled their cob-specific class zmist and gained more and more obvious ethical, cultural significance. The article tries to try to present a deep moral and psychological portrait of English ladies in the context of their development of manners on the basis of documentary journals (leaves and works of art), as well as artistic creations of English literature of the 19th century. Mayzhe all the mandrіvniki, who saw England in the 17th-19th centuries, groaned at the beauty of the English. N. M. Karamzin at the “Sheets of the Russian Mandrill” wrote: “English can not be likened to trojans; no, stench may be all blind - ale tsya blіdіst shows heart sensitivity and becomes a new acceptance in their guises "[Karamzin, 1964, p. 430]. Sumarokov confirmed Karamzin's thought that "England can be called a land of beauty" [Same, p. 432]: “London is the metropolis attached. You won’t pass a hundred sazhens and you’ll spend twenty beautiful days” [Erofiev, 1987, p. 199]. Remaining rock of the XVIII century. a German pastor, who is alive in London, remarking: “I really respect that in any other country it is impossible to see women so richly accustomed, like in England.” However, the experts about the manners of the English women differed in their thoughts. According to Karamzin's respect, “women in London are smarter, they dress simply and cutely; all without powder, without rouge, in droplets, guiding them gracefully. The stink of walking, like flying...” [Karamzin, 1964, p. 438]. _______________ D. B. Vershinina, 2010 93 www.histvestnik.psu.ru D. B. Vershinina The second Russian mandriving man, navpak, stverzhuvav, that Londoners “dress without relish, manners and moves are not so graceful, like those of French women” 1987, p. . 199]. With every guess, the authors, madly, appealed to the manners and tastes of English from aristocratic kіl. Ladies and gentlemen were always seriously poised to wrench their daughters; I especially respect the gentleman’s (usampered) adoption, that lady began to appear as early as the 17th century. It is possible to wait out to V. Matskuevich, a murmur, pushynnya of democratic tendencies in the Anglіyskoy sassing other halves of the XVII Stolitty, there is little Viklikati Belshitu to the problems of obstructing the vihovanni in the Anglisty Supriye, the pollutant ancestral aristocracy, and before the rule of the state, the government began to come democratic versatility of the population ... In the hours of Locke himself, the understanding of the elitist of the gentleman began to come to mind as a result of culture, the development of that enlightenment" [Matskevich, 1993, p. 96-97]. The riddle of the name of Locke at the quiet waving of the lady is called vipadkovo. The main thoughts of a prominent English philosopher and educator, driven by learning and pedagogical knowledge, savings from a robot and a home caregiver, are most often presented by the robot “Thoughts about Vihovannia” (1693). Obviously, it’s about the waving of a gentleman, and not a lady, the philosopher himself respects: “Because of the vikladen, I mav on the boy’s vaz, that’s why my head meta my mikrovannya pogaє at zasuvanni proper methods of waving a young gentleman starting from a child’s fate. Tsі methods are incompetent for everything, it is suitable for the care of children; prote it doesn’t matter if you decide, for whom the state of the art should be stosuvannya rіznyh priyomіv vyhovannya ”[Locke, 1989, p. 147]. In Pratsi Locke, having propagated the whole program of education, the main principle of which was the progress and mutuality of objects. Pedagogical practices of J. Locke carried one very important thought: the process of becoming that person's development is the unity of physical, mental and rozum yoga development. The very thought of the philosopher is important in the case of animal education in England of the XVIII-XIX centuries: at the boudinka, teachers and teachers were specially hired, as if they taught the girls about them and other subjects. Emphasis, prote, on the vision of the lads, trying to occupy us with music, dancing, painting, handicrafts before the hour. The most small of us before the nobility is that English girl, sob її was called consecrated in the XVIII-XIX centuries. I'm using the British mindset to the problem of women's enlightenment, presenting English women's literature, which was developed in the 19th century, insanely, demonstrating the process of understanding by the British intellectuals of their rights and privileges, as well as the exchange of wealth, imposed on the "weak" share. In Jane Austen's novel "Pride and Prejudice" among the heroes, the super-girl is blamed for being "lit by the lady." Charles Bingley insists that all young ladies “paint landscapes, paint screens and knit gamants”, just like, according to the thought of his sister, “we can truly be illumined less than the one who stands on her head more for all the stunning. The woman, who deserves her name, is guilty of being well trained in music, singing, painting, dancing and foreign language. First of all, it’s the fault of the mother, especially the originality of tone, manners, walk, intonation, and that movement - otherwise, the name would still be less than half deserved. One of the central characters in the novel is Mr. Darcy, a kind of reminder that “I couldn’t boast for a moment that I know the middle. .. the woman must be plucked up over five or six times illumined in a right way, ”to the list of all the evils proponed by Ms. Bingley, adding “it’s worth it - the answers to the wide readings of the mind”, and the main heroine, Elizabeth Bennet, summed up the super didn’t care, so that one person had all the frills, manners and gusto, like they were ... rehabilitated” [Osten, 1988a, s. 404-405]. The next thing to do with the author of the novel is that її heroine in that the image of the creations is the ideal, which all the girls have rejected. Already, those who are the positive heroines of this novel, who triumph at its finals, are the older Bennet sisters - superbly well-read young ladies, like Austen to rob her character in a way of thinking similar to her father, Mr. Bennet, which, as it can be seen from the novel, is true illuminate. people who let me tell you about the complexity (according to Locke) of education and enlightenment of young women for the hours of Austen. A rich woman of the greater ages of society could spend all her life engaged in self-illumination. At the booths with a garne library, the stench took away the possibility of discovering something new for themselves. In addition, Jane Austen's novels are shown, like Jane Mrs Bennet, like she came to Netherfield to see her sister's illness, she gave the game of reading, she chimed in loudly: “Mr. Hurst, marveling at her with wonder: - after sleeping wine. - Wonderful! [There, p. 402]. Self-enlightenment, as well as busyness with home teachers, on which Locke was loud in his robots, was often supplemented to enlightenment, which is taken in boarding houses. They sounded the same complex of objects that the girls could take home at home, and then, in the first place, the future ladies burrowed into a perfect atmosphere, and in a different way, in boarding houses, even more emphasis was placed on work. Rosamond Vince, in George Eliot's novel "Middlemarch", received light in the best boarding house in the county, Mrs. Lemon, de, as the author writes, "the gentry girls learned everything that is necessary to know the holy pannochtsi - right up to the cost of paying for the lessons included with her” [Eliot, 1988, p. 102]. Rosamond, defiantly, richly admired by the best girl in Middlemarch, a prototype, insanely, ironically. Elliot will show us how the maiden s-pomіzh is no better than the great bourgeoisie to become a right lady: she “was diligent and ... with special diligence she painted landscapes and portraits of her friends in watercolor, went back to the piano at her early hours until night was spent in the exact weather statements about those who can be a good lady. .. Vaughn knew the hour to read the best novels, and also not the best, and to remember the nameless verses. In love with her creation, she would call “Lalla-Rook” [There, by itself, p. 165-166] (a romantic poem by the English poet Thomas Moore, which was celebrated in the 1830s for great popularity. - D.V.). The heroine of this novel, Dorothea Brook, read the same book, “occupied with the shares of the human race, which swayed in the radiance of the Christian faith ...” [There, by itself, p. 22]: she knew to recall the impersonal urivkivs of the French philosopher Pascal Blaise's Thoughts on Religion and Other Foods, and also the practice of the English theologian Jeremy Taylor. Marianne Dashwood read William Cowper and James Thomson, English sentimental poets, and Walter Scott from Austen's novel "Slightly That Sensitive". One of the main characters, Edward Ferrars, said about her like this: “And the books! Thomson, Cowper, Scott - she would bathe them without a hitch, would buy up all the copies, but the stench would not waste their hands! [Austen, 1988b, p. 113]. Apply the exercises of the girls to self-illumination є і in private sheets, і in the books: for example, Samuel Palmer in the sheet addressed to Ms. Juliї Richmond in the spring of 1866, I recommend reading Torquatto Tasso, to read the collapsible for a simple reader italic at home, on the other hand, illuminating your addressee, add: “If you want, you already chanted yoga in the original”. Fanny Berni tells her student that she has read Cervantes, Chateaubriand, Cicero, Disraeli, Dryden, Shakespeare, Scott, Swift, Germain de Stael, Voltaire and a lot of other authors, no less. No less than a long list of literary references can be put together after the student of Dorothy Wordsworth, and among the books you read, Chaucer's Canterbury Announcements, Macbeth, King John, Timon of Athens, Shakespeare's Marne Zusilla Kohanna, Eating Paradise J. Milton, "Don Quixote" by Cervantes, etc. . In England XVIII-XIX centuries. having established the singing ideal of a woman’s behavior, the canon of a true lady, follow the way a girl from early fates follows: “trim yourself in purity, be refined, refined, elegant, quiet and calm.” In 1616 p. Джервіс Маркхем визначив по-своєму те, чого повинні прагнути англійки, позначивши тим самим чоловічу мрію про істинну жіночність: «Наші англійські дружини повинні володіти цнотливими думками, рішучою хоробрістю, витримкою, бути невтомними, бд, приємними, постійними у дружбі, повними привабливого домоседства wise in promotions. J. Priestl in the book "English" to talk about those who are more inclined to this type of women of the Tudor and Stuart hours, if the representatives of the greater faiths, insanely, were not empty shells, but, on the contrary, small powers of judgement, and often took the classical light Thomas More, Mary Tudor and Elizabeth I, daughter of Oliver Cromwell and John Milton). Deshcho іnakshe bula on the right in the 18th c. until the beginning of the 19th century, “English women nabula those that can be called a truly English style of behavior: irrational, instinctively went sideways, and the illumination of English became calm, cold, completely rose-hearted, like the Romans went down” itself, s. 48]. At the thought of G. Perkin, Victorianism is one of the culminating moments of “profound changes in the national character”, if “the English ceased to be one of the most aggressive, rude, violent, direct, wicked, zhorstok and bloody nations in the world, in the , sensitive, superficially accurate and hypocritical nations" [Proskurnin, 2004, p. nine]. The most calm and respectful images of the rich heroine of English novels of the 19th century: Jane Eyre from the eponymous novel by Charlotte Bronte, Sisters Elizabeth and Jane Bennet from Jane Austen's novel Pride and Precedence Dorothea Brooke from George Eliot's novel "Middlemarch", Lady Dedlock's novel Charles Dickens' "Cold Smoke", the aristocrat Edith Granger from the novel "Dombi ta sin". Irrespective of those who touch them all, the stench of emotions is in the middle and behave even more strimano. For example, for the sake of the novel "Feelingly and Sensitively" Eleanor Dashwood was consecrated to the secret place of a human being, she loved her, and, recognizing that Edward Ferrarz had already been entrusted with Ms. . Ale, then, embarrassed to speak to yourself and diligently picking out words, we moved with calmness, like a sufficient world, having received її sipping and hot water ... ". Nadal, deeply suffering, Elinor for months took away from her the mystery, explaining with her vchinok, that she presented herself as truly heroic to Maryann’s sister, like this: “I promised Lucy to save the mystery ...” [Osten, 198. 157]. The very same behavior - to stream your emotions - and was considered one of the signs of a noble behavior. That Jane Eyre, Elizabeth Bennet and other heroines, who really do not belong to a higher class, can be called a lady for their good behavior. Such a transformation of the concept of "lady" from the concept of class and social in cultural and ethical terms was observed in England in the middle of the 19th century. The Victorian era has set the food, which can be called a lady, be a woman of a higher class. For example, Lady Katherine de Beer, a representative of the great aristocracy, who, according to her age before Elizabeth Bennet, and її sіm'ї, gentry, who are lower in the social ranks, are not in order, beastly with them: , with an unceremonious look, Lady Katherine was nothing, a cream of a light nod, did not look at Elizabeth and, without seeming a word, settled into an armchair" [Osten, 1988a, p. 792]. It should be noted that, in reality, rich aristocrats raised their positions to the middle classes and bacheled them for an hour more insecurity, lower for workers. Ser Henry Bulwer wrote to the Countess of Derby: "... the middle class does not have any energy, nor spiritual heights, to cherubate in order ...". Similar to the acceptance of the aristocracy, like a vinyatkovy social prosciutto, step by step swelled the form of snobbery, which became an important rice of the English nation and the English way of life. In The Book of Snobs, Thackeray gives impersonal examples of snobbery that flourishes: in the City, universities, literature, politics. Snobbery, like a hardened writer, hoarding and spheres of special life: family, clubs. Thackeray rightly calls his own speech great, and his practice “Practice from great letters” [Thackeray, 1975, p. 318], showing a snob like a human being, quick-witted by age to high and smart to quiet, to stand lower. Chimalo Snobiv Thachi Bashchi the Anglіyskiy Ledi: “... behind the gesture of the Zhodniy Zhinzi is not Power, the Zvichka Vychikiye Saughty, the most beautiful ladies - the same time of all kinds , that there are things in the world and that people do not think of the right to speak with her, only for a chance to see it” [Ibid., p. 330]. Satirically depicting similar ladies, Thackeray shows that all stinks are so snobbish, like people: even respectable is that important lady Mrs Skryaggins (the nickname is far from vipadkov) and enjoy the unbearable arrogance; yet, while in public, to boast, like Solomon in all the glory of yoga. ..” [Ibid, p. 341]. Whose portrait, no doubt, poignantly described Lady Catherine de Beer: “She’s not small enough for herself, and in her manners she didn’t look at the master’s ladyship, so that her guests forgot about their 96 www.histvestnik.psu.ru Vihovenna… to the lower supple position. Vaughn did not inspire fear in the Movchans, but everything she said was in a tone that did not allow for deletion, adding to the significance of the individual ... ”[Austen, 1988a, p. 529]. Some aristocratic women have snobbery reaching out to superhuman strength. Lady Dalhousie at the leaf to the person stverdzhuvala: "Those, who are not nationals worthy of the title, garnish in their own places, but not in aristocratic salons and vents." It is noteworthy that the greatest zatsіvleni in the protection of the privileges of the aristocracy, they were founded not formally, but on the same level (in politics, for example, the minister of the moment of status and not an aristocrat: he was a butt of that - Dizraelіkim) became a boulocratic cunning aristocrat The butt can be used by Lady Fox, as if she did not make friends with the lord: “My heart is deeply troubled by the fact that the privileges of class arise” [Ibid.]. Obviously, not all ladies have shown such a stature to the middle classes, and many of them have deviated from that ideal, which, having stretched richly for a century. However, for them, the dream of a woman's behavior in England in the XVIII and XIX centuries. buv indistinctly indicative of the statements about the woman as about the keeper of the home pit, which was imperceptibly signified in the manners of an English aristocrat. Zamіzhzhya was deprived of a normative institution for women, no matter how class the stench lay, and the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bsim'ї organized the life of more people in the English society, so the whole system of education of English was aimed at the education of the future squad of that mother. At that very hour, the stretch of the XVIII-XIX centuries. English women began to show up at the bottom of the social life, which go beyond the limits of only domestic problems, the process of awakening women's remembrance, which clearly demonstrates the practice of English ladies to self-illumination, has begun. Bibliography Burney F. Selected Letters and Journals/ed. by J. Hemlow. Oxford, 1986. Davidoff L., Hall C. Family Fortunes. Men and Women of the English Middle Class, 1780-1850. L., 1987. Fox K. Watching the English: The Hidden Rules of English Behavior. L., 2005. Hewitt K. The English Gentleman: Getting Behind the Stereotype // Hewitt K. Understanding British Literature. Perm; Oxford, 2008. Hewitt K. Understanding Britain Today. Oxford, 2009. Houghton W. E. The Victorian Frame of Mind, 1830-1870. New Haven; L., 1985. Journals of Dorothy Wordsworth. Oxford; N.-Y.; Toronto; Melbourne, 1980. Paxman J. The English: A Portrait of a People. L., 1999. Priestly B. The English. L., 1974. Raynolds D. Aristocratic Women and Political Society in Victorian Britain. Oxford, 1998. The Oxford Book of Letters/ed. by F. Kermode and A. Kermode. Oxford; N.-Y., 1996. Erofiev N. A. Foggy Albion and English Russian eyes, 1823-1853. M., 1987. Karamzin N. M. Leaves of the Russian mandrill // Karamzin N. M. Selected works: in 2 vol. A. Linguistic and cultural type of the English divak. M., 2006. Locke J. Thoughts about vihovannya / / Pedagogical recession. M., 1989. Matskevich U. Polemic studies about enlightenment. M., 1993. Ossovska M. Litsar and bourgeois. Doslіdzhennya from the history of morality. M., 1987. Osten J. Pride and advance // Osten J. Selection of creativity. M., 1988. T. 1. Osten J. Feel that sensitivity // Osten J. Selected works. M., 1988b. T. 1. Pavlovska A. V. England and English. M., 2005. Proskurnin B.M. About new approaches to Victorianism as a socio-cultural precedent // Vestn. Perm. un-tu. Vip. 4. Foreign language and literature. Perm, 2004. Proskurnin B. M. The Victorian mentality and English culture of the XX century (problem setting) // National mentality and specialty: international university. zb. Sciences. tr. Perm, 2002. Thackeray W. M. The book of snobs // Thackeray W. M. Selected works: in 12 vol. Letter to the newspaper: artist. Publicism. M., 1984. Eliot J. Middlemarch. M., 1988. Date of receipt of the manuscript before editing: 27.10.2010 97 www.histvestnik.psu.ru

After analyzing the literary and historical sources, we revealed that the manifesto "Declaration of the Rights of a Man and a Hulk" *, visions of the unfortunate after the fall of the Bastille, as if giving his own name.

- sovereign act, which will vote for the arbitrariness and priority of the rights of the people; adopted by the Establishment Councils of France (September 26, 1789), became a preamble to the first French constitution (1791).

Vіn stosuvavsya less than human rights. The omission about the rights of a woman, like a bulky man, was not vipadkovym.

In the new republic, the noble people were given numerical political rights, but under the word “people”, the name of the people was born. The women did not take away their daily supplementary privileges, which they would not repent of for the monarchy.

The political upheaval and growth of industry in the 19th century in England brought a sumptuous hour for women. There was an increase in the number of people, and women had a chance to talk about the number of families. Regardless of the height of mortality among children, the population grew rapidly. your person at the time of the day. Such was the place of the woman of the robotic class.

What about a woman of the middle class, then having surpassed mіtsniy iideal sim'ї ta booth, which is formed from the turns moral reforms , father's authority і state unevenness . Ale trohi zgodom tse pіde to another plane.

To the appointed women-bourgeois Bulo creating a receiving atmosphere for people, in the same rest they considered themselves full-fledged rulers. The industry changed the main roles of people and women. The women took care of the special lighting for the creation of a homely calm and did not small prace the posture at home. The female robot worker was taken by the great suspense as “contagious, ugly” against the woman of the middle class, as she was “clean”, but with an ailment, and Lady of the Light, as she was respected “weak and low”. Yakiys

Edward Chamberlain in his book Angliae Notitia [Chamberlain, 1998: 243] swears that "becoming women in the country is truly the best in the world, and all through the good soul of the English, which is put before them with the lower honor, and at the table with them the best , that screech, forever propoyuє їm your hand, do not flinch, visibly practice and do not try it. For the same reason, the squads in England are the best in the world. Like a noble Lord Chesterfield, who was an instilled gallantry, a prominent sovereign fiend and a gentleman to the brain of brushes, writing to his hexadecimal son:

“Women are less than great children. The stench is ridiculously balaking, sometimes they are maddened by strife, ale, what a healthy eye and a rough mind, I have not known such a thing for all my life ... A sensible person knows how to lightly roam with them, play with them, fry with them, flatter them with a cheerful, disgruntled child, but you don’t feed on them for the sake of them and don’t trust them on the serious right, wanting to often think about what to rob both those and others.

Women did not take part in parliamentary elections, in the order of duty. The procedure for opening the skyline also gave impersonal troubles to people, after which, for 200 years, parliament was pleased to call only a few English women, which caused separation. Tsikavo, like Queen Victoria, whose reign lasted the period from 1837 to 1901, was reconned, as a place for a woman at home, and opposed the idea of ​​granting the remaining political rights. And the axis is another example of injustice in relation to the marriage to the woman of the 19th century in England. Men were not punished for health, but for women

heavy slanders were passed on for a love affair with a love, or after the breakup of this. We paid pennies for once and ended up for

the least suspicion of the health. The separated woman was condemned to life in isolation. Worse than that, she spent her children, like a whacking father, because the stench lay on you like that, like a squad, they still took the rage. The druzhina in the presence of the right to care for the child, navіt like the father was recognized by the guilty side in court. Obviously, it was necessary to survive the torment of hell, in order to venture into separation, but, no wonder, more and more women robbed similar crumbs, which can be seen as a sign of the growth of the power of rights. [Waller, 2003:45]

Lack of freedom, permanent humiliation from the side of a person, illegally allowing the father’s rights, a hard working schedule, bad luck for a woman’s thought, a fence for the right to participate in elections- the axis of the cause, yak urged the woman to “stand up”. Popular with the 19th century, and less popular with the 20th, becoming more understandable Feminism(Vid lat. femina, "Woman").

Feminism (from Lat. femina, “woman”) is a suspenseful and political revolution, a method of giving women the full rights of the people. In a wide sense - the rightfulness of women and men is more important in all spheres of society. Formerly, the women of equal rights were hung up by women during the War for Independence in the USA (1775-1783). The first American feminist is respected by Abigail Smith Adams (1744-1818). Vaughn has gone into the history of feminism with her famous phrase: “We do not follow the laws, we did not take part in those who accepted them, and the authorities, as they do not represent our interests” (1776). Emmeline Pankhurst was one of the leaders of the movement for the right of women to vote in elections (suffragism in English suffrage, "the right to vote"). One of the goals was to spread sexism, which took root on all levels in the British society. In 1868, the revolution formed the Organization for the defense

of the public and political rights of women (Women's Social and Political Union - WSPU), as a stretch of fate united 5 thousand members. After that, as members of the organization began to gradually get arrested and imprisoned for trivially showing support for the movement, many of them were called to hang on to the protest of hunger strikes.

The result of the hunger strike was those who took part in the hunger strike, as if they were seriously destroying their health, turned their respect to the unrealistic zhorstokost of the legislator of the system of that hour, and, in this rank, to the ideas of feminism. Under the pressure of the WSPU, the English Parliament praised the low laws, directing women to the polls, and giving women the right to vote in the women's elections (1894). Henceforth, we can say that women played an increasingly important role in British society.