Remember the writing of a unique work
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">Zmist.
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">Intro
Chapter 1
1.1 Understanding the meaning of colonialism and colonial politics
1.2 Tsіlі pribannya kolonіy powers
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">1.3 Signs of colonies
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">
2.1 Anglo-French Supernance in Egypt in the 19th century
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">2.2The policy of Great Britain and France on the Arabian Island in the 90s. XIX. Maskatsky crisis 1898
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">
3.1 "Bile" dominions of Great Britain
3.2 Direct control of England and France
" xml:lang="ru-RU" 3.3 Protectorati
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">Visnovok
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">List of Gerel and Literature
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">Intro.
In Daniboye-Doslіdniy Roboti, the folly-gang is in the UK of the UK, the Plagic in the XIX table, at the time, it was active in the ceremonies of the ceremonies of the canine of the murmur of the murge of the murgasis of the same
The actuality of this country is inspired by the fact that the Anglo-French colonial super-nation is one of the most important warehouse parts of the history of international ships of the 19th century. The blues between England and France were a key factor in both European and world politics, this topic was one of the traditional topics of historiography, even if the super-nativity was rich in which it was designated as the western policy of the two states, so the internal powers
Meta reference: commemorate the history of Great Britain and France at the Close Convergence in the 19th century.
To achieve the declared goal, it is necessary to overcome the next task:
- learn to understand colonialism, colonial politics, understand what the colonies themselves were.
- take a look at the number of colonies and metropolises
- vivchit zagalnі signs, yakі combined almost all colonії "xml: lang ="
- prostegize the confrontation between the two powers in Egypt, and also marvel at the results of the confrontation.
- walk around the Great Britain and France on the Arabian Island (near Muscat) and show the results of the fight.
- to continue the activity of the British and French orders in the fates of the Viysk conflicts
- remember the methods, for the help of such England and France, they established management in the colonies, marvel at the methods of stench that they respected the most suitable for themselves
The scientific novelty of this work is due to the fact that the first time in Russian historiography was the attempt of a comprehensive analysis of the Anglo-French colonial super-nation at the Near Skhodі in the 19th century. There was no further investigation of this problem in the history of science.
The object of my study is the colonial policy of Great Britain and France at the Close Convergence in the 19th century, and the subject of my study is a consistent characterization of the colonial policy of these two powers in the process of development of their opposition.
The chronologian framework of my pre -Slizdniki Roboti is hunting periode VD 1839, if the UK has closed Aden, forgetting the sobs of the Chervonny Sea, up to 1899 Rock, if the Great Britain of the Muscovite of the Rositan is a franzihi, picnic 1899
The geographical scope of my scientific and historical work slanders the very territory of England and France, the territory of Egypt (mainly the Upper Nile) and the territory of the Arabian Peninsula (mainly the Sultanate of Muscat). ) The territory of Sudan is also torn apart.
The work is based on the principle of historicism, which allows the observation of phenomena and processes in the connection with specific minds, which gave birth to them, seeing both foreign and similar rice, powerful phenomena, revealing the facts that are objectively valid 'yasuvannya їх specificity z urahuvannyam space-hour zv'yazkіv.
"xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">At the core of the colonial policy like Great Britain and France, we can help develop a number of scientific practices presented in the bibliographic list. , N.A. Erofiev, G.A. є pratsya I. D. Parfyonova "Colonial expansion of Great Britain in the last third of the 19th century." In this work, the author, spying on various numbers of dzherel, including on assistants and chief assistants, reveals the destructive forces of the colonial policy, її the reason for that character of penetration Behind the foreign policy of France, on the basis of. politics of France 1871-1897 years". And also A.Z. Manfred is one of the authors of the "History of France" in three volumes. In the works of this author, the modern politics of France is considered until 1891-1893 years, that is, before the formation of the Franco-Russian Union. it is a pity that we did not take a great deal of effort away from the yogo to take a wide wedding.This book is a short sketch of the history of the French colonial empire and hopes to complete the great period of an hour (maybe 500 years). from different assistants and chief assistants, for example, "New history. 1871-1917." (A chain of reference for students of pedagogical institutes with historical specialties.) In addition, I have been copying materials from the Great Radianskaya Encyclopedia. besides, surely, often came before her for an hour of writing this scientifically significant work.
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">The robot is put together, three divisions, revisions, and literature.
Pervil Rozdil warewell to the triokh. In the first paragraph, he just rushes out to the colonialism, the columnar half of the column, give a short characteristic. France, we need to find out why the mother countries of the colony have so perverted. spheres I, nareshti, in the remaining paragraph, there are reportedly raised signs that practically united all colonial volodinnya, moreover, here one can guess the ways in which the metropolises allowed the colonies to have an independent legal status. In general, the first part of my scientific and historical work was of an introductory nature, it’s just to be aware of the basic concepts stated by those who would have it easier to adopt the colonial policy of Great Britain and France in the 19th century at the Close Descent.
The first paragraph refers to the standing of Great Britain and France in Egypt, the apogee of which was the Fashodian crisis. In this paragraph, the priorities of these two countries are considered. in Egypt So here the process of enslavement to Egypt is going on, together with England and France (double control over Egypt), and then we continue the process of subjugation of Great Britain and France in Egypt after the enslavement of the rest of England. in the city (near the small town of Fashoda, in the valley of the Upper Nile), as well as by British and French diplomats, and, nareshti, the paragraph ends with the battles of the sub-bags of the colonial super-nation, as it did not bring two mighty powers before the war.
At the offensive paragraph, the opposition of Great Britain and France on the Arabian Pivostrov, and the castle in Muscat are reported. The following of this super-nativity is so self-evident, as in the front paragraph, we begin with the fact that we know why the Sultanate of Muscat is so necessary for Great Britain and France. between powers (insurrection in Dofari, France's encroachment on a secret treaty, introduction of the English fleet into Muscat Bay).
And in the rest of the division, I continued the methods, for the help of which Great Britain and France established management in the conquered territories. This chapter, just like the first, consists of three paragraphs. we give an understanding of the "bіlih" dominions, then we will briefly introduce the history of their vindication. Next, the principle of managing the "bіlimi" dominions is described. think about the French policy of assimilation and reveal its essence. In another paragraph of this division, direct control of the colonies is discussed. Let's talk about protectorates More often, the designation of protectorates is given, then we will briefly guess about the French protectorates, but basically, let's talk about the British colonies, because Great Britain won this method of management most often. Obviously, the paragraph describes the principle of managing protectorates. The 1st chapter ends with pidbitty pidbags for methods of managing colonies.
Chapter 1
1.1 Understanding the meaning of colonialism and colonial politics.
Colonialism - the tse zovnіshnіshnіshnіshnіshnаіtіkі politіk dvorіv, yak sprаvіrovanіnya territorіyіy іnshіh, less rozvinenih. the country and the peoples with the method of economic exploitation, as it sounds like overgrowth in the plundering of the actually forced population of the aggressor.
"xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">Otherwise, what were the colonies themselves, what were the fallow territories, if they were under the rule of a foreign power (they were called the metropolis), if they weren’t small economically, no political independence, the stench was cherished for the help of a special regime (management methods among various aggressors were changed.) It is necessary to indicate that the enlightenment of the colonies is the main tool for expanding the flow of the imperialist powers.
Let's move on to understanding the colonial policy. Under the colonial policy, the policy of conquering and exploiting the slaughtered peoples for the help of economic, political and military methods is understood. The policy was directed, as a rule, to the powers with non-national populations, as if they were wealthy weak in the economic plan, it is necessary to say that today the colonial policy is considered illegal, all the colonies gained independence until the middle of the twentieth century.
- " xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">." xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">Given colonies by powers.
"xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">Naturally, buying new colonies, metropolises were revisited low goals. ми з економіки, в першу чергу, це, звичайно, експлуатація природних і людських ресурсів, прагнення отримати доступ до рідкісних ресурсів, які можуть забезпечити монополізацію світової торгівлі. Крім цього варто відзначити такі економічні цілі, як поява нових ринків збуту, оптимізація торгових шляхів, as well as the liquidation of unruly or non-common cultural intermediary powers, the achievement of security in trade, legal and single trade culture.
If you talk about the numbers in the public sphere, then you can’t help but guess about the people around the colony who are aggravated, the unfortunate, who are quiet, who but its social role. In addition, the colonial administration is a miracle school for managers. The solution to any kind of miserable conflict helps to keep the spirits in good shape, as well as the most important method of removing cheap and powerless workforce, including the exported workforce in that month, de є the greatest need for it.
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">In the Russian sphere, colonies are necessary for the establishment of strong points at different points of the world, in order to increase the mobility of the enemy forces.
" xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">In the field of science, the colonies also play an important role: stinks are victorious for testing new civil and military technologies, for carrying out unsafe scientific experiments, which could put a threat local population of the metropolis.
In addition, the colonies were bought to achieve imperial prestige, to control other colonial empires.
- "xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU"> Signs of colonies.
Colonial volodinnya had a number of signs, which were typical for all colonies, before them one can see, obviously, political lack of self-reliance, even if the colonies were more common, or more often under the orders of the metropolises. In addition, the sign of the colonies is the geographic water-kremlinity, most of the colonies were significantly far from the metropolises. Світоглядна відмінність аборигенів від жителів метрополій.Слід згадати про імміграцію в колонії досить великої кількості жителів метрополії, які і формували органи місцевої влади, політико-економічну та культурну еліту, отже, відбувалося утиск прав і інтересів корінного населення в порівнянні з жителями метрополії, доходило до imposing on them the inhabitants of a foreign culture, zvichaїv, religion, way of life, move and move to segregation, apartheid, expulsion from the land, liberation of the koshtіv for іsnuvannya, genocide. One more sign of the colonies is visible from the last listed place - the struggle of the local population for their rights, for independence. Qi rebellion, naturally, zmusheni buli strangled the powers-zagarbniks. Crimea, to the sign of the colonies, you can see the possible claims to the territory from the side of other economically developed powers.
In the same way, the colonies unite and the ways in which the powers-zagarbniks sounded allowed their independent legal status. The krim of that, the column was a self -assembly by the nasadzhennya nasadzhennya vіsokovo by the force of the arrival of the arrival, so called Marionete regime, the fuel -up fuel of the admini, the navigye.
PIDAVAYACHI PIDSUKOM, POST ROOKED, CHIKED IVEKED YOU KHOLOLOZMU, KOLOLS, KOLODILIA POLITHICS, Z'YASISSIA IS TSILI KOLOLICIALY ROSONICAL POWERS, CONTARE INTRACTIONS, YAKI BULIA DOLICAL POLOTIA .
Chapter 2
2.1 Anglo-French super-nation in Egypt in the 19th century.
Here is a story about the resistance of Great Britain and France in Egypt in the 19th century, the culmination of this super-nation was the so-called Fashod crisis, which did not lead the two powers to war. let's do everything in order.
In order to look at the colonial policy of England and France in Egypt, it is necessary to take advantage of their priorities, to wonder why the stench of Egypt is so familiar to us. For Great Britain, the Suez Canal aims to reach Australia, to India, to the Far Cross, to the Cross of Africa. Sobs position until the pivye of the Chervonny Sea. Zvichain, the feudal of the anglіїfi Bulo is not in the face of innovigi. Brush the assassin of the Switching channel, which was brushed at 1875 Rotsi, scorching at the bankruptcy of Osmancoi iz. 1876 Roku Bulo, the courtyard controlled the control over the єgipettsi yekonoi (Anglіyski's reigned controls, and the Frenchman - “Burnts” canals, including Suetsky). 1 The English and French representatives unceremoniously took orders in Egypt, their capitals strayed the whole country, the stench took away the majestic profits, at that hour the rate of the city's population was even low. could not help but vibrate the whistle of a national-volitional disorder, in which not only ordinary people, but also the bourgeoisie, feudal lords, officers, took the fate. Having become the actual head of the URAYA. I have traveled 1882 Anglo-French Eskatra Z'yasili in the Oleksandandy Porto. Vistupi opponent in Oleksandriya Buli Yak Privyd for the intersiya. And England gave Oleksandriya a bombardment, її landing occupied the place: the English occupation of Egypt began. On the 13th spring at the battle of Tel-el-Kebir, the Arab-pasha buli were beaten, and the Egyptian army was practically exhausted. The English became the rulers of the land. Through the war in Tonkin, France could not do anything, but she did not reconcile herself to the slaughter of Egypt by England and tried to fix all possible changes in the politics of Great Britain in Egypt, forwarded through the "Casu of the Egyptian sovereign borg" 2 The French order, stating that the Egyptian food was being deprived of criticism, even if the interests of France were completely ignored. Let’s say that England herself didn’t know how to take Egypt into her hands, the shards of the financial camp were depleted of the money of the best. . 3 In 1887, England propagated the adoption of a convention, for which the military is responsible for the introduction of Egypt for three years from the moment of acceptance. in the face of internal or foreign threats, Great Britain may have the right to save the military in Egypt, moreover, in times of blame, whether it was the troubles of England, it was allowed to re-occupy the country with the military. ratification of the conventions of the French order guaranteeing that “yogo greatness will be fenced and guaranteed in the form of any legacy, which can be ratified through the decree” 4 "xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">. The Sultan waited. First England, France, Russia, Austria-Ukraine, Italy, Turkey. Nimechchina, the Netherlands and Spain signed a convention on the Suez Canal, for some channel maw buti vіdkritiy for the passage of any ship without a different ensign, like a peaceful hour, so a military one.
Even in 1881, the revolution in the southern Sudan began in Egypt, the Mahdist rebellion began. Later, we went to the Fashod crisis. In 1898, a vital essence between Great Britain and France beyond the upper reaches of the Nile emerged. In 1897, France sent a military expedition to the Upper Nile. Її bewildered Captain Marchand. On April 10, 1898, the expedition reached the site of Fashoda, de Marchand placing the French tricolor over the Egyptian fort, and the expeditionary corps of General Kitchener collapsed to the French, and in the name of Egypt, England. Marchand, stating that the country entrusted you with the occupation of the region of Bahr-el-Ghazal and the country of Shilukiv on the left birch of the White Nil to Fashodi, on which Kitchener blocked youma, that you cannot recognize the French occupation of the region in the valley of Nkralu command of England. In other words, Kitchener told Marchand to get home. Obviously, the camp was nerіvne, even though England is small here majestic vijska, and France is no more than a corral for 100 plus people. Marshan, succumbing to the help of Ethiopia, but she didn’t come: Negus Menelik nadislav over this insignificant force.
The real conflict was not waged by Marchand and Kitchener, but by English and French diplomats. The Minister of Foreign Affairs of France, Delcasset, did not worry about the deteriorating situation. Anglіyskiye Ingredi Vinatya Vignati Franziye Zagipta, whistling the upper Riki, and they live the region, was the lead to the lead to the drive of the Fashodi, and the Frenchman is bourgeois Viddati Fashoda, Ale Vatom, mothers went to the river and the region. Bahr-el-Ghazal, yak zadnuє region of the Upper Nile with French Volodinni along the rivers of Ubangi and Congo, however, France has kindly understood that in the sea England may be the strongest. 5 And also for France, the war against England carried a potential risk of the attack of Nimechchini. So France stepped in and called Marchand, moving in the area of Bahr-el-Ghazal and in the Upper Nile.
"xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">Now let's move on to the subsistence of Great Britain and France in Egypt, as it almost turned into a war for these two lands "... a hair's breadth from the war with France") 6 Domogshis svogo, London all the same pishov at the talks with France, in such a long time advised. In the result, the French detonated the dex with Compexi (the meaning of the shmatok to the Sudan to Zakhid VID Darfur, the Teritatively Podnaty Franziy, the African, was the Terobyniy, the Non -Blok, the troops of the Viklkani. druk.
Finally, I would like to point out that the reason for the activity of England in the Fashodian crisis of life sounded less in suprawichine importance for the British Empire to the White Nile basin, and at the same time there was one more reason: Great Britain, belittling France,I revisited another metaphor - having "lowered" the country-supernitsa, robiting the future as an eared ally.
2.2 The policy of Great Britain and France on the Arabian Island in the 90s. XIX. Maskatsky crisis of 1898
The interest of Great Britain and France was not only in Egypt. The fight went on and on the Arabian Pivostrov. The reason for the opposition was believed to be that Muscat was as important as England, as well as France, as a strategic point on the road to India and to the Far Crossing.
Першим проникненням у Маскат початку Великобританія.Вона зазначила, що експансія ця фінансувалася англо-індійським урядом, територію освоював англо-індійський капітал.Англія монополізувала судноплавство і торгівлю в Перській затоці до середини XIX століття (експансія проходила під гаслом боротьби з піратством і работоргівлею). 7 However, in the 70s. England continued to try to infiltrate the Sultanate of Muscat. In 1871, the British protégé of Turku became the roci sultan of Muscat. It is necessary to say that in the meantime the world was trimmed on English bagnets, and in the fierce fate of 1886, the English resident of the Perskoy Zatoka Ross, having issued a declaration, in which it was directly said that the Anglo-Indian order was now “strongly supported by the sultan”. 8 At the fierce fate of 1890, the English representative at Muscat came up with the idea of a protectorate. In the year 1891, Great Britain imposed on the sultan a secret Anglo-Muscovite treaty, which led to the sultanate in 1865, 1886, 1890, 1895 in a number of years against the British colonialists, ale de bribed insurrection.
France began active penetration into Muscat in the mid-90s. XIX table. Fight Borotba of the Anglіyskiy Zagarbniki. She birch 1896 British vyreshil, he was stirring up the rebel in the dophari, saying that the sultan of the sultan is a gear in the Dopharsa, parcels of the English military. vimagati established a protectorate over Muscat 9 In early 1897, England strangled the insurrection, helping to regulate the conflict. At Muscat, a coal station between France and Muscat, a secret agreement was laid about giving France a coal base in Bender-Isse. Crisis and bov ready to sing the deeds of France. On the right, the position of Paris, which, having taken revenge for Fashoda, made these deeds inappropriate.
Now let's look at the bags of the British and French in Muscat. It can be said that it ended in a compromise, France nevertheless took away one of the British coal warehouses. It’s impossible to say to Prote that the struggle of the two powers for Muscat has ended, it’s over.
Chapter 3
3.1 "Bile" dominions of Great Britain
For the cob it is necessary to discuss, how are the "bіli" dominions of the Colonial Volodymyr of Great Britain, who have gained independence in the nutrition of the zvnіshnoї and internal politics and vidnosnu equality with the metropolis. This term was vindicated in 1867, when at the London conference the representatives of the British self-rowed colonies in Pivnichny America violated the concept of naming the federation of these colonies. 10 Canada became the first "bіlim" dominіon.
Representative bodies were created in the dominions, as if they were copying the Parliament of England, and the governor-generals, who were appointed from London, took the place of the king, but the stench, in front of the king of Great Britain, had little real power. The parliaments of the colonies reduced the right to adopt their own laws, so as not to supersede the laws of the mother country, for the future, the rights of dominions were no longer expanded.
If you talk about France, then there were no such “white” dominions, but a policy of assimilation was carried out, as the equanimity of the colonies and metropolises voted. The colonies looked like the territory of France itself, but they were portrayed by the assimilation, however, few.
3.2 Direct control of England and France.
The Crimea of the “bіlih” dominions in Great Britain was founded and so called crown colonies. Here the direct management of the metropolis was victorious. The franzih “straight pravlinnya” was Bulo Dominnaya, who was vicoristed as a hollow at the direct management, Sho at the Great Britain, and the frances of the frances of the Buli Metropoliye, the subnibal somnosty, Mali the right to the right -handed right to introductory. about the English colonies, then in that case, if a rich white population lived in the crown colonies, they had a lot of privileges, and sometimes having founded a colonial parliament, even though England was more important than indirectly ruled, and not directly (directly ruled the populace showed the greatest disobedience.) And in France, as it was already guessed more, the moose was mostly "straight right". For the help of the police and the army, France strangled the rebellion, causing dissatisfaction with its colonial policy. Official language in such colonies was French.
3.3 Protectorate.
"xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">It’s better to understand the protectorates. Therefore, the protectorate is one of the forms of colonial stagnation, with the protection of the power, the state retains independence from the inner right, and the foreign policy, the defense of the metropolis is too thin. Форма управління була найпоширенішою, як правило, протекторатами ставали держави з відносно розвиненою державною владою та суспільними відносинами. відзначити, що в англійських колоніях генерал-губернатори в протекторатах були повноправними господарями країни, відмінність від губернаторів у домініонах, які представляли інтереси британської корони. Так звана tubular administration, and the leaders, the elders were given singing judicial, police officers, they also reduced the right to choose odatkіv, vіdpovіdno small vlasnі budgets.The native administration played the role of a buffer between the supreme power of the Europeans and the ignorance of the local populations.
The English colonial policy came to be called the policy of indirect or indirect governance, to the very fact that it was mainly practiced by itself in such a way of managing the colonies.
"xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">Otherwise, we looked at the methods of managing the colonies, the authorities in Great Britain and France.
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">Visnovok.
"xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">Other, Great Britain and France in the 19th century were the largest and most powerful European powers. Between them, a post-supernity was feared, parts of the conflict were tangled up.
" xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">The method of this course work is to show the history of Great Britain and France at the Close Convergence in the 19th century. ", Potim, the tsilly tanny in the metropolis, the Personas, the power of the columns. colonies, authorities in France and Great Britain.
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">When the colonial policies of Great Britain and France are divided, you can support the sleeping rice that they are irritating.
"xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">Before the wild rice, I would have thought to establish my control in Egypt and in Muscat, if possible, weaken the supernik, or prevent some overworld strength. So is France, and England began to attack in these lands as secret agreements and for the help of them, to increase their inflows, moreover, to the outrageous characteristics, to lay down the army’s radiation, readiness to a possible war.
Ale, I would say that the colonial policy of these lands has more powers. Let me tell you, what I think I am in the first place in the first penetration, in Egypt, in the Sultanate of Muscat, England began. its interests in these territories, but not in the remainder of the day, it did not allow the strengthening of the supernik and the establishment of a new control of England in these territories. , that during the Fashodsky crisis, France was ready to take action, to negotiate and to compromise, and England was categorically against these negotiations. With whom I also bachel my honor, and also I turned my respect to those, from the first, and from the other standpoint, Great Britain became a helper.
" xml:lang="en-RU" lang="en-RU">Now I would like to hit the bags on the skin razdel. I am a mini with another Rodil: supernight in єihipti for the valley of the upper nail Zakіnihi, I won the deeds, Ale Franuska, a sedimented confusing conflict, and the Angliye was in the same time. I wondered why the struggle for Muscat had not ended, I gave it a try.
Now let's move on to the battle of the colonies for the methods of managing the colonies. Looking at these methods, we balked that the French colonies were so called "direct rule", and Great Britain willed the protectorate. in spite of the same method of administration in England and France, they were afraid of the same authority, about how to go to the distribution.
In this manner, in my scientifically advanced work, I have embodied the colonial policy of Great Britain and France in the 19th century and carried out the її similar analysis.
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">List of related literature.
1) Aizenshtat M. P., Gella T. N. English parties and the colonial empire of Great Britain in" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">XIXIn the capital (1815 - mid-1870s) M .: Institute of Global History of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1999. - 217 p.
"2) Modern politics of France 1871-1897 years. / Manfred, Albert Zakharovich. - M .: View of Akkad.
"xml: lang = "ru-RU" lang = "ru-RU"> 3) Vipper R. Yu. History of the new hour. / / M., 1999
4) Davidson A. B. Cecil Rhodes i yogo hour - M.: Dumka, 1984 - 367 p.
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">5) Diplomatic Glossary (URL: http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dic_diplomatic/)
6) Erofiev N. And English colonialism in the middle of the XIX century. Draw. M., Nauka, 1977. - 256 p.
7) Erofiev N.A. Narratives of the history of England 1815-1917 pp. M.: Publishing House of IMO, 1959. - 263 p.
8) Zhukovska D. Catastrophe of colonial empires: [Electronic resource] URL:" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">http" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">://" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">www" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">." xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">historicus" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">." xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">uk" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">/" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">Krushenie" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">_"xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">colonial" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">_" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">imperij" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">/ (Date of date: 11/10/2014.)
9) Lenin St. I., I.. sib. tv., 5 vidavnitstvo, v. 27, p.
"10) Lomakin V.K. Modern economic policy of Britain. M.:"xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU"> Type UNITI, 2004.
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">11)" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">
"xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">12) New history 1871-1917. Navch. For students of ped. .- M.: Prosvitnitstvo, 1984.
13) Parfyonov I. D. Colonial expansion of Great Britain in the last third of the 19th century M.: Nauka, 1991.
14) Subotin V. A. Colonial movement in France and Tropical Africa 1870 - 1918. // Problems of colonialism and the formation of anti-colonial forces. M., 1979 .- p.37.
;color:#000000;background:#ffffff" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">16);font-family:"Helvetica";color:#000000;background:#ffffff" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">;color:#000000;background:#ffffff" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">Utilov V.A.;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU"> Great Britain (state) // The Great Radianskaya Encyclopedia." xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU"> [Electronic resource]." xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">URL" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">:;color:#000000" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">http" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">://" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">dic" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">." xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">academic" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">." xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">uk" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">/" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">dic" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">." xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">nsf" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">/" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">bse" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">/73427 (Date of date 11/26/2014.)
" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">17)" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">Cit. Quoted from: Rotshtein F.A. Enslavement and enslavement to Egypt. M., 1959. S. 276
18) Cherkasov P. P. The share of the empire: a picture of the colonial expansion of France in" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">XVI" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">—" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">XX"xml: lang="ru-RU" vv M.: Nauka, 1983.
19) Ella Mikhailenko Colonies of Great Britain: [Electronic resource]." xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">URL" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">:" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">http" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">://" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">fb" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">." xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">uk" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">/" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">article" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">/46479/" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">kolonii" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU">-" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">velikobritanii" xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU"> (Date of date: 28.10.2014.)
1 Erofiev N.A. English colonialism in the middle of the 19th century Narisi M., Nauka, 1977. - 256 p.
2 "Casa of the Egyptian Sovereign Borg" - an organ of the Anglo-French control over Egyptian finances, created in 1876. after the slander by the Khediv order about the financial impossibility of Egypt.
3 Nersesov G. A. Diplomatic history of the Egyptian crisis of 1881-1882. (from light Russian archival materials). M., 1979. S. 228-229.
4 Cit.: Rotshtein F. A. Enslavement and enslavement to Egypt. M., 1959. S. 276.
5 For the information of the French naval attaché on July 18, 1898 in London
6 Lenin V. I., I. with. tv., 5 vidavnitstvo, v. 27, p. 418
7 "xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU"> From the Great Russian Encyclopedia (URL: http://www.answer-reshebniki.ru/print/enc_sovet/Maskat-63368.html)
8 Parfionov I. D. Colonial expansion of Great Britain in the last third of the 19th century.
9 Lomakin V. K. Modern economic policy of Britain.
10 " xml:lang="ru-RU" lang="ru-RU"> Diplomatic Glossary (URL: http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/dic_diplomatic/)
DOMINIONS
British Volodinnya Statute of Westminster 1931(div.) self-sufficiency in support of the current and domestic politics and formal equality with the metropolis of the British Empire - Received by the Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The term "dominion" became stronger in 1867, when at the London conference of representatives of the British self-aligned colonies in Pivnichniy America, the proposal for the name of the federation of these colonies was destroyed. Afraid of the diplomatic complication with the deliberate granting of the royal title by the States, the English power propagandized to name the federation not "Kingdom of Canada" but "Dominion of Canada". The very word dominion in the literal translation means freedom. The term "dominion" refers to the statements about the historical rights of self-regulation, which were given by Canada for the constitution of 1867. and from offensive Canadian constitutional practice. D.'s rights were gradually expanded in other independent British volodins: the Australian Union with the adoption of the federal constitution of 1901; New Zealand and Newfoundland - from the imperial conference of 1907, although the stench had previously been respected by Canada as equals; Pivdenno-Afrikansky Union - behind the constitutional law of 1909; The Irish Vilna State - behind the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921.
Until the beginning of the Other World War (spring 1939) at the warehouse of the British Empire, chotiri D. was brought in: Canada, the South African Union, the Australian Union and New Zealand; Newfoundland acquired the rights of D. in 1931, and there, at the link with the economic crisis of 1929-33, sovereign bankruptcy led to the colonial management of Timchas. Power Eyre in 1939 roci unilateral declaration voted for independence.
D. enjoy the right of independent conduct of the current policy, the laying of agreements, the exchange of diplomatic representatives from other countries and participation in international conferences; stinks were members of the League of Nations. Although at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919 the representatives of D. were members of the delegation of the British Empire, they spoke more than once independently, and the leaders of them (African Union, the Australian Union and New Zealand) took away mandates for many German colonies. D. repeatedly gathered for the sake of the League of Nations independently from the permanent representation of Great Britain (Canada, the Irish Vilna State); Representatives of D. spoke in the Assembly for an hour or so, lower representatives of the metropolis (for example, Canada at the nutritional support of Articles 10 and 16 of the Statute of the League of Nations in 1922-23 and New Zealand at the nutritional fascist intervention in Spain in 1937).
D. may have independent diplomatic representations in different countries or entrust the protection of their interests to the British missions and consulates.
Since 1931, in international treaties and acts, it was especially agreed to discuss the arrival of the D. Crimea of the metropolis before them; The signature of the British accredited without such an agreement would be in no way in line with D.
In the metropolis, diplomatic representatives of D. є High Commissioners; do not keep contacts with the British order through the ministries on the right of D., but not the ministries of foreign affairs. Diplomatic representation of the metropolis in D. is established through the mediation of the governors, who are appointed by the king for tribute to the order of this D., as they are called "the order of yoga majesty in Canada", "the order of yoga majesty in the Pivdenno-African Union" and so on.
Between the metropolis and D., mutual consultations are practiced on the nutrition of the current policy in the form of a streaming exchange of thoughts and non-periodic imperial conferences(Div.).
Regardless of the Statute of Westminster, England has a lot of economic, political, national, cultural ones. zv'yazkіv continue to strongly invest in D. and take a number of serious positions there. To this significant world the splendor that the metropolis manifests itself in its own politics stands D. There is a strong trend towards the development of a greater independence of D. "in the metropolis.
The SRSR from 1942 supported diplomatic relations with Canada, the Commonwealth of Australia and New Zealand. Consular blue has been installed by the Pivdenno-African Union. In 1943, the regional mission in Canada and the Canadian mission in the Soviet Socialist Republic were promoted to the rank of embassies.
Literature: Constitutions of the bourgeois powers. T. 4. British Empire, dominions, India and the Philippines. M.-L. 1936. 371 s-The constitutions of all countries. Vol. I. The British empire. London. 1938, VII, 678 p. (Gr. Britain. Foreign office). - Development of dominion status 1900-1936. Ed. by R. M. Dawson. London. 1937. XIV, 466 p. - The British empire. Recordings on yoga structure and problems, as a studio of a group of members of the Royal Institute International Affairs. 2d ed. London. 1939.VII, 342 p. - Selected speeches and documents on British colonial policy 1763-1917. Ed. by A. B. Keith. Vol. 1-2. London. 1933. - Keith, A. B. ed. Speeches and documents on the British dominions, 1918-1931. 3 self-government to national sovereignty. London. 1932.XLVII, 501 p. - Porritt, E. Misky and diplomatic freedom of British oversea dominions. Ed. by D. Kinley. Oxford-London. 1922. XVI, 492 p. - Keith, A. B. Responsible government in the dominions. 2d ed. written and rev. to 1921. Vol. 1-2. Oxford. 1928. -Keith, A. B. The Vidality of the British Volodarians. London. 1929. XXXVI, 526 p. -Keith, A. B. Dominion autonomy in practice. London. 1930, 98 p. - Keith, A. B. Constitutional law on English dominions ... London. 1933. XXVI, 522 p.-Stewart, R. B. Treaty relations of the British commonwealth of nations... With a forew. by W. Y. Elliott. New York. 1939. XXI, 503 p. - Dewey, A. G. Tue dominions and diplomacy. Vol. 1-2. London. 1929. - Baker, P. I. Current sovereign status of British dominions in international law... London. 1929. XII, 421 p. - Evatt, H. V. King and Yogo Volodya. Study of the reserve powers of the crown in Great Britain and the dominions... London. 1936. XVI, 324 p. -Couve deMurville, H. Le gouverneur dans les dominions britanniques... Paris. 1929. 205 p. - Div. also literature up to the statute: "Statute of Westminster".
Diplomatic Dictionary - M: Sovereign Vision of Political Literature. A. Ya. Vishinsky, S. A. Lozovsky. 1948 .
Wonder what "DOMINION" is in other dictionaries:
Dominions- (dominion), so they called (in 1867-1947 pp.) the lands of the British Empire, which reached def. step of autonomy, but they continued to take the oath of the Brit, the Crown. Canada (1867) became the first country, which was named D., in 1907. Nova followed her. All-world history
Dominions- self-made "resettlement colonies" of the British Empire, from 1931. powers at the warehouse of the British alliance of nations, as if they recognized the head of the English monarch (Canada from 1867, the Australian Union from 1901, New Zealand from 1907, ... Glossary of terms (glossary) from the history of the state and the rights of foreign lands
DOMINIONS- A term that has stagnated to the self-regulated parts of the large British empire (they are called the Friendship of Nations, we can name Great Britain), that before granting it the rights of D. by the colonies of Great Britain (New Zealand, Canada, Australia ...). Glossary of political terms
Historical drawing of the history of Bi. in. can be divided into the following periods: 1) English. colonial burial in 12 1st half. 17 art. 2) Strengthening the colonial expansion of England after English. bourgeois revolution of the 17th century. that creation of B. i.; win... ... Radianska historical encyclopedia
- (British Empire) recognition of the marriage of Great Britain and її colonial Volodya. The term "B. i." uvіyshov to official pobutu in the middle of the 70s. XX Art. 19 Art. The first colonial invasions of England can be seen before the era of feudalism. At 12 st. Great Radianska Encyclopedia
The largest colonial empire 16-20 centuries. In 1919, at the beginning of its expansion, the empire occupied nearly a quarter of the entire earth's land mass (37.2 million sq. km) and included over a quarter (462.6 million) of the planet's population. The nature of the empire. Characteristic of rice ... ... Collier Encyclopedia
Collier Encyclopedia
The Association of Independent Powers, which previously belonged to the British Empire, recognized the British monarch as a symbol of a free day. Spivdruzhnist enter (on the cob 1999): Great Britain, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Pivdenno. Geographic encyclopedia
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
FSBEI HPE "Siktivkar State University"
Law Institute
Department of Theory of Power and Law and Fundamentals of Law
course work
Discipline: History of the state and the rights of different lands
Theme: British colonial empire. colony management
Vikonav: student gr. 6110
Ilyukhin I.S.
Siktivkar 2015
Entry
Colonization
Viniknennya that development of the British colonial empire
Visnovok
Entry
Friendship of the Nation - voluntary international union of independent territories of sovereign powers. The head of the Commonwealth was the monarch of Britain, but with the support of the internal and foreign policy of the state, which entered before the Commonwealth, they became sovereign. Spivdruzhnist (formally, earlier known as the British Spivdruzhnist Nation) settled down with the British colonial empire.
Початок Співдружності було покладено проведеної в 1887 році в Лондоні колоніальною конференцією, на якій закріпилися основи нової колоніальної політики: відтепер найбільш розвиненим колоніям став даруватися статус домініонів - автономних квазідержавних утворень (пізніше - фактично незалежних держав), при цьому всі вони стали - об'єднання , poklikanogo zgurtuvati majestic British Empire. Canada, the Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, the Pivdenno-Afrikansky Union, the Dominion of Newfoundland, Ireland and India became such dominions.
At the conferences of the prem'r-Minіstriv Great British Volodinsky Volodin 1926 Roku Bula, the Declarat Balfura, in the Yaki Great Britain, Tu Dominіoni, seniorly, “Rivine Status, one is not one in the way. regardless of those who are closer to them, the common loyalty of the Crown and the right to be a member of the British Commonwealth of Nations.
The formal legal status of the Union of Friendship was confirmed by the Westminster Statute of 1931. Behind this statute, the Union of Friendship rose as a voluntary union of self-registered powers, united by the granting of the crown.
Friendship included the Great Britain, the Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, the Pivdenno-Afrikansky Union, the Dominions of Newfoundland, Ireland and India. Pivdenna Africa. For the London Declaration of 1949, members of the Commonwealth accepted the British crown, as a symbol of their organization, as well as the head of the association.
Meta tsієї work in order to vindicate the reasons for the vindication of the British Union of Nation and її development, and to look at the role of this association at the stage of the development of people and the state at a glance.
In order to reach the higher level, it is necessary to complete the following tasks:
- Look at the era of colonization, birth, that development;
- The role of Great Britain in the era of colonization, the end of the British colonial empire.
- Vivchiti national-volitional revolution and the accident of the British colonial empire, the vindication of the British Confidence of the Nation.
- Look at the role and significance of the British Friendship of the Nation in the world.
Oskіlki is given the topic of work on the historical aspects of the development of the British state, then it is commemorated by those who are the most victorious boules: “History of powers and the law of the rozvinenye krai” and “History of the legal system of England”.
1. Colonization
In the capitalist era, colonialism becomes an all-worldly phenomenon. Cob yogo growth posіdaє kіnets XV - cob XVI c. And with historical changes in Europe, it is customary to call it the transition from feudal to capitalistic. The numbers changed for ten years. Their manifestations were the growth of industrial production, the development of science, the expansion of trade, the increase in the supply of labor force, for gold. The rest of the situation played an important role among the pragmatic Europeans to explore new lands.
For a long time, gold and other metals, none of which were expensive, were simply material for the preparation of any kind of virobiv. Postupovo gold became a kind of universal commodity, which could be exchanged for any other commodity. In the world of that, as the industry and trade grew, the demand for gold grew.
Spain, England and France became the main colonial competitors in Pivnichny and Central America. Intensified colonial competition was developing in Europe from the middle of the 16th century. a new form of capitalist business - manufactory. At the XVII century. in England, Holland and France, the so-called East-Indian companies (British, 1600-1858 pp.; Dutch, 1602-1798 pp.; French, 1664-1770 and 1785-1793 pp.), they denied the right to hoard new lands on Skhodі, їhnyu practically uncontrolled exploitation and monopoly trade. The colonial super-nation became one of the main causes of the most important wars between the European countries: for the “Spanish recession” (1701-1714), for the “Austrian recession” (1740-1748), the Semirchny wars (1756-1763 rіyni) military Most of all, England won against the colonial super-nation, which it won from France and the most free from Canada and the territory on the similar coast of Hindustan. At 50-60 years. XVIII Art. The British East India Company occupied Bengal, one of the most economically developed parts of India, giving it the cob of a new colonial order in the great Asian country.
The hostile struggle for the Volodinnia of Indonesia - one of the richest regions Immediately, broke out between the Dutch and British East India companies. Here the English had to give up. In the middle of the XVIII century. in the hands of the Dutch, the whole of Java, a number of other islands, appeared, and the rest of the country was founded only in the 19th century.
The other way was the colonization of Australia. Coley James Cook in 1770 having secured the safety of the fifth continent, the English order virishilo robit new lands with the help of sentencing convicts, tk. many months of sent convicts from England, Scotland and Ireland - the American colonies - after the cob of their war for independence turned out to be “closed”. Tim, for an hour the English conversations were reshuffled, the wickedness continued to grow. The first British colony in Australia - New Pivdenniy Wales - was established in the fierce 1788. Її the first population became 1018 osіb: officials, soldiers and envoys. In the middle of the rest, there were less than 12 teslars, one molyar and a good person, who knew the village practice ...
An important milestone in the development of colonialism was the beginning of the 18th century: Industrial revolution in Europe, the war for independence in Pivnichniy America 1775 - 1783 R.R. i French Revolution 1789 - 1794 Europe has begun to transform its overseas volodinnya into the markets, selling industrial products, sirovina that food. Thus began the stepwise retraction of colonies from the world's capitalist markets, which are formed.
The War for Independence in Pivnichniy America was a direct example of the growing struggles between the metropolises and colonies, especially the resettled ones, like the American colonies of England. The colonies were rapidly gaining strength, building on economic and political independence, while the metropolitan countries continued their bachiti with less than a source of serovinity and great incomes, and by no means equal partners. In 1763 p. England hindered, for example, independent resettlement of the land, buried near France on the outskirts of the country; the colonists could take trade goods only from England, at prices set by England, they could sell syrovina only from England. The war that started in 1775 ended with the Versailles Treaty of 1783; England recognized the independence of its American citizens, as if they did not establish a single independent power - the Succession of the States of America.
Since Pivnichna and Pivdenna America won independence, the colonial interests of the European powers were centered on the Descent and Africa. Itself there, colonialism reached its highest rise and power, itself there it rose and ended the collapse of the colonial system.
Have 40 rocky. XIX Art. After a bloody war, the British East-India Company conquered the principality of Punjab and other, still independent parts of India, completing the cim її outward order. An active colonial development of the krai began: the life of the colony, the reforms of the land, the land-crop system and the tax system, which were close to the traditional ways of the state and the way of life to the interests of England.
The order of the Indies gave the British the ways of pivnich and skhid, Afghanistan and Burma. In Afghanistan, the colonial interests of England and Russia stumbled. After the Anglo-Afghan wars 1838-1842 and 1878-1881 The English established control over the old politics of the country, but they could not achieve a total order.
As a result of the first (1824-1826 pp.) and other (1852-1853 pp.) Anglo-Burman wars, they were led by the East-Indian company, the її army, which was formed mainly from hiring Indian soldiers-sipaїs, commanded by the English great part of Burma. Having saved self-sufficiency, so called Upper Burma was wrecked into the sea, in the 60s. completely reproached the whole country.
In the nineteenth century the English expansion increased in Pivdenno-Skhidniy Asia. In 1819 p. the bula founded a military-sea base near Singapore, which became the main stronghold of England in the third part of the world. Mensh far away for the English ended a long-standing super-neighborhood with Holland in Indonesia, de їm far away they would establish themselves only on the islands of Borneo and small islands.
In the other half of the nineteenth century. all the colonies of Australia succeeded in self-rowing, the beginning of the 20th century. they united in the Australian Union, which gained the rights of the dominion. At once, the colonization of New Zealand and other dokovolishnіh islands was expected. At 1840 p. New Zealand became a colony, and 1907 p. - another great dominion of England.
In 1882 p. Egypt was paid back by English troops, and 1914. England established a new protectorate. In 1922 the protectorate was sacked, Egypt was voted an independent and sovereign power, but the independence on the paper, the remains of England, were in control of the economic, political and political spheres of life. At the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. colonial super-nativity and the struggle for the spheres were in full swing in the world. Anglo-Boers war 1899-1902 completed the "selection" of the lands of Pivdni Africa by England. The European powers were actively involved in the economic and political life of the krai, which entered the warehouse of the Ottoman Empire, which fell apart.
After the first world war, one of the main reasons for what was a colonial super-nation, becoming a territorial one, transferred the world. In 1919 the League of Nations was created, in the name of which a guardianship was established over the Volodya of Nimechchina and Turechchini. The colonies of the survivors were colonized by the survivors. Australia occupied the German Volodinnia of New Guinea, the African colonies of the German Empire resembled England (Tanganyika, part of Togo and Cameroon).
Colonialism left the lands in recessions, which swelled, the most serious social and economic, political and ethnic problems, in the face of such a significant world to lie in future. The cordon superchicks, international and interstate conflicts, which took away a lot of millions of lives in the last ten years from the borders of Asia and Africa, most often attack their roots in the colonial past.
Єvropa, the greatest scenes, techychy, culture of the dosvіd by the captals, the yergiye resettlement was stored in the columns of the columns of the Case of Zv'yazka, and the girnichodnoye, the same, is the same for the nin. Bulo laid the foundation for modern sovereignty - legislators, vikonavchos and ship power. The colonial powers were looking forward to their own interests, and as a result, there was also the formation of the development of new huge wars, new huge political forces appeared - mass parties, organizations, trade unions, building military colonies. In this manner, colonialism, against the will of the authorities, hastened the political awakening of the peoples of the colonies, the imposition of national-voluntary revolutions, the collapse of the world colonial system and the emergence of dozens of new independent powers.
2. Vinnyknennya and development of the British colonial empire
The colonial policy of England continues the era of feudalism. But only the bourgeois revolution of the 17th century began a wide colonial expansion. Already in the middle of the 17th century, England, in the wake of Cromwell's aggressive wars, sank low islands in the West Indies, it expanded its freedom near Pivnichniy America, and the rest of the arrival of Ireland was reduced. The revolution created economic and political changes in Great Britain among the colonial countries: Spain, Portugal, France and the Netherlands. Having gained a mountain over their European supermen, the English bourgeoisie in the 17th - 19th centuries. significantly outperformed them in the colonial conquests.
Until the middle of the 19th century, Great Britain took over the majestic territories to cover all parts of the world. Їy lay: Ireland in Europe; Canada, Newfoundland, British Guiana and the West Indies in America; Ceylon, Malaya, part of Burma and India in Asia; Cape land, Natal, British Gambia and Sierra Leone in Africa; the entire Australian continent and New Zealand. In 1875, 8.5 million square meters became the fate of the British Empire. miles, and the population of the empire is close to 20% of the population of the earth's backcountry.
During the greater part of the 19th century, Great Britain became a leading country in the world beyond the level of economic development. Leadership, won under the hour of the industrial revolution, appeared before the industrial transition, in 1870. part of England accounted for 32% of industrial production (USA - 26%, Germany - 10%, France - 10%, Russia - 4%, foreign countries - 18%).
England militarily took the leading positions in trade, de їy lay ahead of the time, that її darling vag in the light trade, becoming close to 65%. For a long time, the won carried out a policy of free trading. Zavdyaks of their own quality and cheapness, English goods did not demand protectionist protection, and the order did not hinder the import of foreign goods.
Vikoristovoi Vidkritiy border the columnar people, non -wounded Torgivlyu, practitioners of the slave trade, and the forms of the praziy tsyboliye, Angiye, the bourgeois, and became the jerel, and became the jerels, and became the jerel. The colonial empire played a significant role in the fact that England in the 19th century turned into a commercially displaced capitalist country - "the master of the whole world."
Great Britain occupied the first place with foreign capital, and London became the financial center of the world. The English currency played the role of light finance, acting as a rozrahunkovo unity in light trading grounds.
In the minds of a heated struggle for economic leadership in the world between the old industrial countries (England and France) and the young powers that are rapidly developing (USA and Germany), Great Britain could not save its advantage by stretching out for a long time, and, moreover, less the krai rozpochali industrializatsiyu to the full with resources. For this sensi, the rainfall of Great Britain is inevitable.
The reasons for the increase in the pace of economic development:
- Growing colonial power and inflow of capital from the country;
- Moral and physical antiquity of vaping strains and obmezhenie vikoristannya electrical energy;
- Strengthening the policy of protectionism in the USA, Germany, France and other countries;
- Archive lighting system;
- Lack of acceptance of English crafts and more promotion of new technologies.
The vtrata of light hegemony was appropriately and may be unfamiliar for the co-workers. Regardless of the increase in the pace of economic development, Great Britain was deprived of the highest, richest world of the world.
In the world of the creation of an empire, the system and principles of managing colonies were vibrating. The global administration of the colonies for many years passed in the order of Great Britain from one department to another. In the first year of 1854, a special ministry of colonies was created in England, and the following bindings were laid:
- Kerіvnitstvo znosiny metropolis z colony;
- Supporting the rule of the metropolis and її interests;
- Appointment and adoption of the governors and the great settlements of the colonies;
- Seeing orders and instructions for managing the colonies.
In addition, the Ministry of the Colonies, together with the Ministry of the Soviet Union, divided the military forces for the defense of the colonies and controlled the military forces of the colonies, as if they had reduced their own armies. The main appellate instance for judges of the colonies of the Judicial Committee of the Secret for the sake of Great Britain.
Starting from the XVIII century. formed a fiercely divided all the colonies into "conquests" and "settlers", two types of British colonial administration vibrated a hundred and fifty times. The "conquests" of the colony, as a rule, with the "colorful" populations, did not lack political autonomy and were celebrated in the name of the crown through the organs of the metropolis by the British order. The legislators and vikonavchi functions in such colonies were placed in the middle in the hands of the highest order - the governor (governor-general). The creation of representative organs in these colonies actually represented only an insignificant number of local inhabitants, and in times of stink they played the role of a friendly body under the governors. Sound, the regime of national, racial discrimination was established in the "conquests" of the colonies.
The second type of government was formed in the colonies, most or most of the population was formed by more settlers from Britain and other European lands (Pivnichno-American colonies, Australia, New Zealand, Kapska land). For a long time, the territory for the form of government was little disturbed by any other colonies, but step by step gained political autonomy.
The creation of representative bodies of self-regulation began in the resettlement colonies in the middle of the 18th century. However, the colonial parliaments did not have little real political power; for the most part, the legislator, vikonavcha, that judicial power was left in the hands of the British governors-general. In the nineteenth century in a number of provinces of the provinces of Canada, an institute of "high-level order" was founded. As a result of a vote of disapproval, carried out by the local assembly, a Rada is appointed under the governor, which, having taken the role of the colonial order, was momentarily dissolved. The most important deeds of the resettlement colonies were destroyed in the other half of the 19th - the beginning of the 20th century. At 1865 p. adopted the Act on the validity of colonial laws, for which the acts of the colonial legislators were recognized as invalid in two ways:
- Like the stench superchilied by the acts of the British Parliament, we will expand it to the colony;
- As if the stench superchili be-like orders and regulations, we see on the basis of such an act, or else the colony may have the ceremoniality of such an act. At that very hour, the laws of the colonial legislatures could not be recognized as indecent, as if de stinks conformed to the norms of the English "common law". Legislative bodies of the colonies took away the right to establish judges and see the acts that regulate their activities.
After the establishment of dominions, their current policy, that "defense food" was no longer within the competence of the British order. Starting from the end of the XIX century. One of the forms of mutual relations with dominions was the title of colonial (imperial) conferences, which were held under the auspices of the Ministry of Colonies. At the conference in 1907 in the help of the representatives of the dominions, new organizational forms of their conduct were virobable. Imperial conferences in Mali are held under the heading of the Prime Minister of Great Britain with the participation of the Prime Ministers of Dominions.
Naprikintsi XIX - on the cob of the XX century. overnight, from the swamps of the majestic territories in Africa (Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, Somalia, etc.), the English expansion in Asia and the Arab gathering gained momentum. Sovereign powers, which were established here, were actually transformed into colonial protectorates (Afghanistan, Kuwait, Iran and other countries), their sovereignty was imposed on England by treaties and the presence of British troops.
The colonial law of the British Volodin was formed from the acts of the British Parliament ("statutory law"), "charity law", "law of justice", as well as the order of the ministry of the colonies and normative acts adopted by the colony itself. Widespread implementation of the norms of English law in the colony began in the other half of the nineteenth century, if the colonies became trading "partners" of the metropolis and needed to ensure the stability of the exchange of goods, the security of the special power and authority of the British pddanih.
Intertwined with traditional institutions, the law of the conquered lands, striking like a wave, and nav'yazan zzovnі suspіlnі vіdnosiny, colonial law was a foldable and super-clear phenomenon. In India, for example, the law-making practice of British courts and colonial legislation created an extremely complicated system of Anglo-Indian and Anglo-Muslim law, as if they were spreading to the Muslim inhabitants. These systems were inspired by eclectic changes in the norms of the English, traditional, religious rules and court tlumachs. In the colonial law of Africa, the norms of European law, the common normal law and colonial laws, which are of little use to themselves, and copy the colonial codes of India, have also been pieced together. For the English settlers, in any part of the world, the English law was strong. Under the circumstances, in the resettlement colonies, the "general law" was stagnant in front of us, and the English legislation could not be stagnant, as it did not allow for a special introduction in the acts of the British Parliament.
The British Empire developed a small number of colonial Volodya types. “Bili” dominioni (“dominion” in English means “volodinnya”) – Canada, the Commonwealth of Australia, New Zealand, as well as the Pivdenno-Afrikansky Union – were honored with self-reliance, as they were gradually gaining ground. The stench is not only small in the parliamentary authorities, the councils, the armies and finances, but some of them themselves led the colonies (for example, Australia and the Pivdenno-Afrikansky Union). Protectorates began to ring out colonial lands with prominent sovereignty and suspenseful victories. The stench caused a hitch that two equals of the colonial administration. Supreme power lay with the British governors-general; stinks on the vіdmіnu governorіv dominіonіv, yakі quickly represented the interests of the british crown, nizh ruled in її imeni, bu vnovladymi rulers pіdleglih krajn. This is the name of the tubular administration (military rulers, leaders) koristuvala zamezhennoy independence, boulder was endowed with song judicial and policemanship, the right to collect militaristic taxes, small government budget. The tubular administration played the role of a buffer between the supreme power of the Europeans and the masses of the population, as if they were ignorant. Such a control system has won the name indirect, or indirect. The war was most expanded among the British Volodin, and the English colonial policy began to be called the policy of indirect control.
The English practiced and so called direct cherubing in certain colonies. Such colonies were called crown colonies, tobto. boules without intermediary subordination to London, having minimal rights to self-regulation or not having such rights. Vinyatok became the crown colonies with a significant prosharka of the white population, which gave them great privileges and instilled powerful colonial parliaments. In some cases, both direct and indirect methods of rule were victorious in the country. For example, India, before the Other World War, was divided into the so-called British colony of India, which was formed from 16 provinces and was ruled from London, and a protectorate, up to which there were over 500 feudal princedoms and a system of indirect control was in place. Different forms of government were suddenly stagnating in Nigeria, Ghana, Kenya, and other countries.
3. Organization of management in the colonies of England
The colonization of the Atlantic coast of Pivnіchnoy America by England began maybe a hundred years after the invasion by Spain and Portugal of the majestic territories of Central and Pvdenny America. The history of British colonial rule dates back to 1607, when Fort Jamestown was founded by English settlers.
The population of the first British colonies, founded by trading companies, was formed from contracted servants (pauperіv and uaznennyh), so osіb, goiter, tyroh-chotirokh rokіv in payment of the company's fare to the New World, those їх "kerіvnіkі". In 1619 p. z'yavlyayutsya first slave-Negri. Sweat the growth of political and religious dissidents and other free settlers.
The American colonial society from the moment of its vindication was not uniform, egalitarian. Before that, there were planters and bourgeois, freelance farmers and paupers, merchants, shipowners and servants. Religious anti-terrors were superimposed on the social ones, as they were based on different lines of Protestantism (Calvinism and Lutherans), Catholics, as well as other religions and sects. Gostrі protirіchchya was founded between the plantation Pivdn, the economy of which was founded on the slave state, that industrial and agrarian Pvnіchchyu, the capitalist vіdnosiny developed.
The first colonies (Virginia, Plymouth, Massachusetts) were daily commercial enterprises, that legal status was determined by colonial charters, as if they were their own agreements between the British Crown and shareholders and other companies. At the farthest of its development, there was a blue between the crown and colonies, all the greater world swelled with a political character.
The system of British colonial administration in its main regions took shape until the end of the 17th century. At that time, 13 colonies were founded, and after their legal camp they divided into three groups. Rhode Island and Connecticut, which had little charters of self-aligned colonies, were in fact their own republics, the remnants of all the governing bodies in their territories were gathered. Pennsylvania, Delaware and Maryland belonged to private vlasniks. Other times - Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New York, New Jersey, Virginia, Pivnichna and Pivdenna Carolina and Georgia - were the Volodymyrs of the British Crown. In these colonies, the administration was made by governors, but there were also bicameral legislative elections. Decisions of the colonial legislators were discussed either by the crown by the governors, endowed with the right of absolute veto, or by the king through the Tajmna Rada.
The salaries of the royal charters represented to the colonists those rights, freedoms and guarantees, as they were in the metropolis itself. Among them are the fealty of all before the law, the right to a fair review by a jury, the principle of dignity in the criminal process, freedom of change, confession, guarantees against cruelty and barbarian punishment and others.
Politico-legal establishments that look in the English colonies developed under the influence of England, but naturally, the stench directly pointed out the economic needs of the colonial society. From the very cob in the colonial constitutionalism, which is being born, two tendencies appeared, one opposed to one, - reactionary and democratic. The first of its most prominent expressions was taken away in Massachusetts, de bula a theocratic oligarchy was installed, as if it strangled any manifestation of democracy, free-thinking and religious tolerance. Power in this "puritan republic" belonged to aristocratic and bourgeois elements.
The colony of Connecticut became the bearer of another trend, established by religious and political dissidents driven from Massachusetts. The governing bodies of Connecticut - the governor and the General Court (representative of the establishment) were elective, and the grant to the inhabitants of the colony of active voting rights did not come with religious powers.
Even more democratic is the self-made colony of Rhode Island. У цій "маленькій республіці", як її називають в американській історіографії, було запроваджено представницьку форму правління з однопалатним законодавчим органом, здійснено відділення церкви від "держави", передбачалися часті вибори, право колективної та індивідуальної законодавчої ініціативи громадян, наділених рівними правами, проведення референдумів .
Politico-economy of the colonies with the metropolis on the cob of the XVII century until the independence was voted in 1776. were introduced by the policy of piecemeal streaming the development of capitalist funds, the fringing of the economic activity of the bourgeoisie of the colonies, the foreign trade of which was placed under the control of England.
During the first six decades of the 18th century, while the American Revolution was being rebuffed, the English Parliament passed laws that stifled industry and trade in the colonies. The navigational law, the laws on the trade in essential items, on the stamp collection and many others that are accepted in London without the participation of representatives of the colonies, called out to all versions of the colonial society. At once, the growth of military and administrative oppression of the metropolis. At one time, the colonies themselves experienced political and ideological changes; As the bazhannya grew in the face of British colonial oppression, they made their way to the common trends that appeared in the actual establishment of confederate colonies.
4. The collapse of the British colonial empire, the establishment of independent powers and the British Union of Nations
The great Zhovtnev socialist revolution began the hard work of a national-permissive revolution in the colonial and fallow lands. Vaughn got the colonial peoples of Asia and Africa to a wild stream of all-world revolutionary turmoil. In the neighboring lands, the robotic class has become the destructive force of this movement, having created political parties. Ale, in most of the lands, the anti-colonial movement was in the hands of the national bourgeoisie (in India, Indonesia, the lands of the Arab Skhod).
Under the onslaught of the national and voluntary movement, the colonial powers indulged their low deed. In 1919 England recognized the independence of Afghanistan, in 1922 changed the form of colonial rule in Egypt, in 1932 declared sovereignty to Iraq, etc. Apparently, until the decision of the conference, the dominions took back their independence, both in the inner and outer right. The documents of the conference said that England and the dominions were forming "autonomous sovereign singles in the middle of the British Empire ..., as if they were freely united as members of the British Commonwealth of Nations." The governor-generals in the dominions have spent real power, the shards of the stink now began to look like representatives of the crown, and not like the English order. Legal registration of new links in England and dominions was established by the Westminster Statute of 1931, which became a kind of constitution of the British Union of Nations. The statute says that "the crown is a symbol of the free association of members of the British Commonwealth of Nations." England was spared the right to see the laws for dominions, the crime of quiet special vipadkivs, if "the dominions asked for the gifts and waited for them to be delivered." On the other hand, no laws of the dominions could be recognized by the undead England under the drive of opposing the legislature. Following the Westminster Statute, the dominions were leftoverly transformed into independent powers, as subjects of international vindications, which may have the right to make agreements, to slander the war. But the Statute of Westminster did not expand on the colonies, as the rest of the Other world war was cherished by the old methods. Only sometimes in these colonies new “constitutional laws” were introduced, as they were victorious by the English colonialists to split the national-constitutional movement.
After another world war, which brought the world socialist system to the end, to the weakening of the position of imperialism, to the hard work of the democratic ruin, new friendly minds were created for the destruction of the national-voluntary revolution. Under the blows of the national and voluntary movement, the colonial system collapsed to imperialism. Prote-imperialism vikoristovuvav ust, zokrema and direct military strangulation, in order to hinder the collapse of colonial empires. Under the onslaught of the national-volitional movement, imperialism began to stir up the steps, expand the steps of self-alignment of the colonies, establish new constitutions and recognize the independence of the greater colonial volodin.
The British imperialism of madness called for obitsyanki, given the hour of war to the peoples of the colonies, such metropolises had a chance to turn around for help, if the empire was resting at an important camp. Yomu had occasion to call and to be roared in the colonies after the war of national-volitional disturbances, as it was already impossible to strangle by force. If the sickle 1945 p. Indonesia voted for its independence, sending a hundred thousandth army there to help the Dutch colonialists, a protégé under the pressure of the world's great thought that protests from England itself, the army was brought out of Indonesia in the middle of 1947. To no avail, they helped the French imperialists in Indo-China.
In its colonial empire, with the greatest difficulties, English imperialism happened to shut up in India. Rukh for the independence of paralysis in the Anglo-Indian administration, and 15 February 1946. Ettle officially recognized India's right to independence from the parliament. But, having waited for this serious deed, British imperialism, having become a shlyah of such a perfection of nutrition, would have given it the opportunity to save its panuvannya with other means. India was dismembered for a religious sign into two powers, as if they were left at the warehouse of the British Empire as a dominion. Prote Indian Union and Pakistan ceased to be colonies and gained, even though they were surrounded, sovereign independence. Independence and status of the dominion, having also taken away Ceylon. Burma has achieved independence, but moved to the status of dominion. In Malaya, English imperialism deliberately sought to save its own positions, the English military mercilessly strangled the national-volitional movement in this region.
The British imperialism of turmoil will give up its current positions and at the Close Convergence. In 1946 England brought its troops from Syria and Lebanon, and in 1948. acted in view of its mandate for Palestine.
The national-volitional movement in the African colonies of England has not yet developed such a development, so that he can be moved to a serious act. But here English imperialism had a chance to maneuver. By the method of colonial policy, Ettle's order was deprived of the increase in the production of syrovine in the colonies, which was necessary to overcome the economic difficulties of England. With special diligence, there was a lot of effort in the African colonies.
The deacons changed in the Vidnosyns between the dominions and Great Britain. Z 1947 in documents, other literature and the term british empire gave up the name British national friendship , as it was stagnant sometimes before the war (at the imperial conferences of 1926, 1931 and on).
The Dominion of Newfoundland, as a result of a referendum on March 31, 1949, came to Canada. April 18, 1949 officially moved out of the Commonwealth of Ireland. Have 1957 r. achieved independence of the colony of the Gold Coast (Ghana) and the Malay Federation, in 1960. – Cyprus and Nigeria. However, the colonial empire of Great Britain, especially its volodinnya in Africa, still saved significant reconciliations, and the process of accidents flared up to full strength in the coming decade.
British sympathy and English imperialism have contrived to live in new reforms. Warehouse spіvdruzhnostі expanded rahunok included to the new new kraїn, yakі took away political independence. Since 1948, in official documents, the British Union of Nations began to be called simply Union of Nations. Members of the Commonwealth of Friendship decided to accept the status of a dominion and voted for themselves a republic with an elected head of state (Ceylon, India). Tsі powers moved to take part in the traditional folk rallies of the Commonwealth, with whom the military meals were discussed, and began to pursue an independent ovnіshnіpolitichny course.
Visnovok
On this day, 54 independent powers enter the warehouse of Spivdruzhnosti, which will become 30% of the world's population (1.7 billion people), which will contribute to development, democracy and the world.
Official language of the Union of Nation and English. Members mayut spilnі іstorichnі zv'azki. Spіvdruzhnіst ocholyuєtsya Secretary General, who is responsible for the administration and organization of the Union. The Secretary General was elected by the heads of the Union of Friendships.
Administrativne kerіvnitstvo Spіvdruzhnіstyu zdіysnyuє Secretariat, the headquarters of which since 1965 has been located near London. Since 2008, the head of the Secretariat is Kamalesh Sharma (India).
There is a wealth of information about the "Westminster" parliaments and high courts and lighting systems.
Powers that enter before the Spіvdruzhnostі, pіdtremuyut among themselves zvichaynі diplomatic vіdnosiny through high komіsarіv, yakі mayut rank poslіv. Diplomatic representations between the countries of the Union of Friendship and other powers are established in order.
The members of the Union of Friendship for the Declaration of 1991 are guilty of such rules, as a method of the Union of Friendship:
- The development of democracy and the shortest order;
- Dotrimannya human rights;
- Dotrimannya to the law;
- Economical and social development of the country, which enters before Spivdruzhnosti.
In spіvdruzhnostі that in the world of science and science knowledge and technology play a great role for the development of the future.
Modern medical preparations allowed you to throw a viklik to your health, like, for example, with new pharmaceuticals, genetic analysis, biotechnology, diagnostics and probing work.
Technological advancement has changed the way, for the help of which we will provide ourselves with information and illumination, and conduct business. Other abbreviations allowed us to improve the quality and quantity even, as we can in reality. New sleepy, windy and other technologies allow us to win coal neutral energy. It is clear that one of the greatest services, like science and technology, can help people, be in a safe environment, to the reach of which to reach the ends of the world, and Spivdruzhnist can play a role in helping countries, I'll take back the practice. .
Having looked at the successively set goals, I worked out the whiskers and reached my goal, planted the history of the British colonial empire, revealed the essence of the creation of the British Commonwealth of Nations, and revealed the role of this ob'еdstate at the current stage of the development of humankind.
colonization empire british government
List of Gerel and Literature
- Gratsiansky P.S. History of bourgeois constitutionalism of the 19th century. / P.S. Gratsiansky, S.A. Egorov, V.S. Nerseyants.-M: Nauka.-1986.- 281 pages.
- Gromiko O.Al. Great Britain: the era of reforms / Ed. O.Al. Gromiko. - M: The whole world, 2007. - 365 pages.
- Zhidkova O.A. History of the Powers and the Law of the Rozvinenikh Kraїn. / Ed. prof. P.M. Galanzi, O.O. Zhidkova.-M.: "Legal Literature".-1969. - 485 pages
- Kashnikova T.V. History of the economy / T.V. Kashnikova, E.P., Kostenko E.P. - Rostov n / a. - 2006. - 515 pages.
- Konotopov M.V. History of the economy of the rozvinenikh krajn /M.V. Konotopov, S.I. Smetanin.-M.-2001-384 side.
- Krasheninnikova N.A. The history of the powers and the rights of the rozvinenikh krajn. Part 2: Assistant for universities, ed. ON THE. Krashennikova and prof. O.A. Zhidkova - M.-2001. - 704 pages
- Omelchenko O.O. Zagalna istoriia sderzhavi ta pravo / O.A. Omelchenko. - M: Ostozhye, 1998. - 448 pages.
- Romanov V.A. The legal system of England: a guidebook / V.A. Romaniv. - M.: Right, 2002. - 343 pages.
- Yakovets Yu.V. History of civilizations / Yu.V. Yakovets. - M., 1995. - 420 pages.
- Friendship of the Nation / Rosvitok of the Friendship of the Nation.
- Economic history of the developed lands / History of the European lands.
- Commonwealth / What is the Commonwealth.
- Commonwealth Secretariat/History.
- Commonwealth Secretariat/ Member States.- Electronic data.
- Commonwealth Secretariat / News release. A Message from Commonwealth Secretary-General Kamalesh Sharma
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Another type of Volodya was represented by resettlement colonies, which are also called “big colonies”. The emigrants from Europe mastered them, and in short terms they formed the most important part of the population. Only from Great Britain from 1815 to 1914 over 20 million indigenous people were emigrated. Usogo w stretch 1801-1914 rr. 45 million 677 ths. osib. Not all stinks settled in the new areas of living, many turned to Europe, but in the colonial lands they made a more compact “bile” core. In Canada from 1800 to 1910 The population has grown to 200 thousand. up to 7.2 million, the leading rank for the money of immigration from Europe, moreover, among the immigrants, almost half of the British travel. The mass of emigrants got to Australia for the discovery of gold mines. On the cob of the 60s. XIX Art. The population of the colony of Victoria became 541.8 thousand. Pivdenny Australia - 1326.8 thousand, New Wales - 358.2 thousand, Tasmania - 90.2 thousand. rahunok emigrantiv. New Zealand was struck with the 1906 census. inhabited 908.7 thousand. osib (without the native inhabitants of the Maori and those who came from the Pacific islands). Of these, 606.3 yew. born in New Zealand itself, 208.9 thousand. - in Great Britain and 47.5 yew. - in Australia.
The growth of the economic potential and political ambitions of the white population of the resettlement colonies inevitably superchilled imperial protectionism. In 1837 - 1838, the rise of the national movement in Canada was called out by the rebellion, which was slightly suppressed, but it was also a sign of the growing awareness of self-confidence and power interests. At one time, in England itself, the strong economic and political positions of the bourgeoisie led to the ability to modernize the colonial policy, inspired by protectionism, trade and colonial monopolies on the East-India, New Zealand land and other. The conclusion of the political positions on the nature of the migrants between the parts of the empire is confirmed by the principle of the settled sovereignty of the resettlement colonies, which is practically realized by granting the resettlement colonies to self-regulation.
The industrial and agrarian and political elites that were called in the "bilih colonies" opined before the need to resolve specific problems in the development of their lands. However, the “doctrine of insanity” has crossed the line, the essence of which was believed to be that legislative acts, as adopted by the colonial parliaments, are not guilty of supernatural laws of the British Empire, including the norms of case law. Dotrimannya zagalno_impersky norms in rich vipadkah superchilled the specific needs of the state and other activities in the colonies, sounded the sphere of mystic autonomy. The impossibility of changing was granted by the English crown of the constitution and the "doctrine of insanity" overcame the creation of the legislator's base, which sounded to the minds of the scholars, and called out the loss between the colonies and the metropolis. Protirichcha was taken by the British Parliament in 1865. Act about the reality of colonial laws. Legislative assemblies of the colonies were given the right to make changes to their constitutions and legislative acts, to bring the stench of the metropolis to the English laws.
The authorities of the resettlement colonies robbed the mites of dzherelo replenishment of the budget and the protection of the domestic market from foreign imports. In 1859 p. The Canadian order, and then the order of other self-rowning colonies, brought in imports of industrial goods, including English - and the right to an independent tariff and trade policy was doubled. Prior to the colonial administration, the regulation of land revenues was carried out. For the English parliamentary act of 1865. resettlement colonies took away the ability to create land and maritime defense forces.
With stepwise expansion of the competence of legislation and the state's life, the resettlement colonies swelled more and more rice of the independent powers. One more crochet for him directly was the granting of Canada, and behind it those other independent colonies with the status of dominion (from the English dominion - volodinnya, vlada). The order of dominion in the metropolis is small virtual, low political character. the governor-generals, who were appointed by the crown, molded the outfits, and only gave them to the city with him. The stench mali the right of veto, but did not swear by it. The English order took control over the administration of self-rowning colonies, but did not limit their activities. The independent way of activity of self-rowning colonies did not even break their ties with the metropolis, but bit by bit approaching full sovereignty.
Naprikintsi XIX - on the cob of the XX century. the dominions reached hostile successes. Rich in what tse bulo with English capital investments. Naprikintsy 1913. England invested no more than an empire £1.824 billion. Art., x 1.3 billion f. Art. - in the dominions. Canada and Australia have firmly established themselves on the world market with the supply of bread, Australia - with foreign trade. The New Zealand export of meat, milk and syrah to England steadily increased. Dominioni have small reserves of wood, black and colored metals, which became the basis for the development of energy, metallurgy, metalworking and machine-building. Australia and New Zealand occupied 3rd place in the world (after Pivdennoy Africa and the USA) for a gold bottle. Golden genera were born near Canada.
In dominions, social policy was highly effective. In New Zealand, they created an arbitration system for resolving labor conflicts and factory legislation that guaranteed the protection of the rights of workers in the form of a swaville of robots, set up an 8-year working day, and prevented pension security. A similar approach to the social zakhist was thrown out of Australia. Established democratic institutions, we are ahead of equal representation in elections, the payment of labor to parliamentarians, the right to vote for people, and in New Zealand since 1893. and for women. In the past, this butt was followed by Australia. Canada, Australia and New Zealand have provided global literacy, on the cob of the XX century. they created a network of universities, like they gave illumination according to European standards.
The successes of the dominions brought about the renewal of plans for the strengthening of imperial unity by way of establishing a federation of Great Britain and independent territories. J. Chamberlain became the minister of colonies at the office of Salisbury as his guide. From yoga initiatives in 1897 London hosted a conference of prime ministers of Canada, the Cape Colonies, Natal, Newfoundland, New Zealand and six Australian colonies (at that time they had not united to the Commonwealth of Australia). Then a number of similar conferences were held (the 1907 conference became a milestone in the evolution of mutual relations between Great Britain and self-rowing colonies). On the one hand, the riven of their sovereignty was promoted to the status of dominions, which, in a larger world, led to the growth of the socio-economic and political potential, which marked the national self-confidence of the white population. On the other hand, the imperial conferences were transformed into a consultative and collaborative body, which acted on a permanent basis, becoming an element of the sovereign overbudget of the British Empire. At the end of the day, two transformations transferred the self-rowning territories and the metropolis from the area of the direct subordination of the first remaining to the sphere of political interdependence of dominions with the metropolis and between them. Achievement by the "greater colonies" - Canada, Australia, New Zealand, the Pivdenno-Afrikansky union - began self-alignment, and then the status of dominions began a revolutionary process, which ultimately resulted in the complete independence of these territories. In the evolutionary development, it is important to recognize the methods of reaching them in the quiet, as they fought the English colonies in Pivnichniy America, as they took the revolutionary path to the enlightenment of the United States.
Podbags of the Chartist movement. Zovnishnya politics. Reform Bill. The process of modernization in England. England is the master of the world. 1830 - came to power of the party of the Vіgіv. Cause the fall of Chartism. Chartis to take the Charter to Parliament. Chartism is Rukh for a victorious reform. British empire. Queen Victoria (1819-1901). The Victorian era. The beginning of the 19th century. Chartist Rukh. England in the first half of the 19th century.
"Chartism" - Chartist demonstration. Chartism. The progress of the chartists. Economic development of England. The charters are hanging petitions. Reform Bill. England Tell about Napoleon's internal policy. 1838 - Chartists' program ("People's Charter"): Zagalne. Rise of the chartists. Sens position. The old politics of England Rukh for choosing reform.
"Promissory revolution and yoga legacy" - Promise revolution and change in the future. Signs of imperialism. The appearance of the car. Professional splits. The re-importance of the capital's vivezenny. The anger of banking and industrial capital. Promise coup ta yogo legacy. Dzherelo energy. Food and drink for self-control. The first important English tank. Imperialism. Modernization. Warehouse conveyor. Social heritage of the industry. Crisis aftermath.
"Great Britain in the 19th century" - "Heroes of Manchester". Domestic policy. Working aristocracy. England Economic problems in the end of the 19th century. Choose right. England is the master of the world. India. Great Britain and її dominioni. What took the economic day that fall of England. Technical Perevaga of England. Lesson plan. Canada, Australia, New Zealand are the dominions of England. Gladstone carried out the third reform. Political party of England.
"Rocks of the Promise Revolution" - J. Steam Engine. Promise Revolution. Transition from manual work to machine work and from manufactory to factory. Labor productivity increased 20 times. The working body of such machines is water vapor. Steam engine T. Pivnochi. The strong bourgeoisie. The first chavunny place at Colbrookdale (1790). Newcomen steam engine. The first electric telegraph having created the Russian teachings Pavlo Lvovich Schilling in 1832.
"The legacy of the industrial revolution in England" - Features of the social and economic development of Nimechchini in the 19th century. The era of capitalism free competition. Change that legacy of the industrial revolution for the light economy. Enlightenment of the United States and the peculiarities of the industrial coup. The rink mechanism creates the mind and improves the productivity of work. In 1784 p. J. Watt having created a steam engine. Significant accumulation of capital was created by the minds of the development of the financial and credit system.