Another tsar of the Romanov dynasty on the Russian throne was the son of Mikhail Fedorovich and another squad of Evdokia Streshneva - Oleksiy Mikhailovich, the father of one of the greatest reformers in Russia, Peter the Great. The greater lower thirty-year reign of Oleksiy Mikhailovich was full of boisterous podias: numerical wars and stabbings, resurrections from Ukraine and the annexation of Siberia, Stepan Razin’s rebels and split at the Russian Orthodox Church.
Another half of the 17th century, I happened to be the ruler of Oleksiy Mikhailovich, tsikava to historians, let's think, like t.zv. "pre-Petrine" era, preparing for the great political and economic transformations, socio-cultural innovations behind Sunset.
At the same time, the spіvіsnuvannya of two cultural currents in the life of the Russian state, like the “old-timers” - such as the first rozkolovniki, and the innovators “zahіdniki” - the recipients of enlightenment, foreign foreigners, trade and diplomatic exodus from Europe. The whole generation of Peter's followers grew and lived in the midst of the struggle of the old to understand with new trends, and nourishment about the enlightenment of that position from Zakhod, for the great reconciliation of historians, madly born for the father of Peter I. the portrait and the life of the ustriy repeatedly became the subject of research by scientists.
The eminent Russian historian V.O. Klyuchevskiy wrote that Oleksiy Mikhailovich “wired at once for generations, as if in the past it was necessary to dbaily and anxiously look at the heretic Zakhid in the spirit of knowing there to get out of domestic difficulties, not daring to understand, the call and viruvan pious old times.”
Tsarevich Oleksiy was born on 19 (29) birch 1629 and until the fifth century, he was born at the tower of the Moscow palace, counted as "mothers". On the sixth turn of the bulo, the letter “uncle” was handed over to him - the boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov, under the eye of a new course of the old Russian master: he began to start with the primer, specially folded to him by the patriarchal dyak for the prayer of the father, Patriarch Filaret; then we moved on until the reading of the anniversary, the psalter, having read the Die Apostles, at this fate I learned to write, and in the ninth fate, with the regent of the palace choir, I began to sing “Oktoih” - a note of the liturgical book, for example, we passed to the celebration of the “terrible sleep”, tobto. church songs of the Holy Week, especially important for their speech.
Tsarevich buv consolations and amusements: in the midst of the future king’s toy, the kіn “Nimetskoї do right”, children’s lati, musical instruments, sleds and sleds, cikava at that time is a novelty - “Nimets’kі drukovani leaves”, tobto. engraved in Nіmechchinі pictures, like vikoristovuvalis as a primary introductory material Boris Morozov - one of the first Russian boyars, who began to show interest to the deepest light. Imovirno, the last century and the smile of innovation in the Moscow sovereign's palace: the robe of Tsarevich Oleksiy and his brother Ivan in a German coat.
Until the 12th birthday, the prince already had a small library of 13 volumes - most importantly, the gifts of the child, the uncles and the readers. The books of the Holy Letter and Divine Services were of great importance, and among them were the Lexicon and Grammar, as well as Cosmographia, among them. The whole ninth of enlightenment Oleksiy Mikhailovich has little traditional character. However, after the completion of the study of wines, without having taken an interest in books, and already after the vlasnym bazhanni, taking up self-enlightenment, reading richly and steadily, so that it was not a problem to reach the lavish of those innumerable Moscow intellectuals.
Up to ten years, the prince could read the Yearbook in the church and, not without success, sleep with the dyak on the kliros according to the notes of the stichera and the canon; at the same time, the order of the church service was twisted to the smallest detail, in which it was possible to compete with being like a monastic and navit a cathedral charter.
On the 14th roci of the life of the prince, the urochisto was "voiced" to the people of that boyars. The rite of "deafening" meant that the throne fell, which until then was diligently guarded against other people's glances and evil spirits, standing before the courtiers and the people like a person, as if she had reached full age and denied the right of public participation in ceremonies and sovereign rights; ce served as a guarantee of imposture in any manifestations. And on the 16th anniversary, after the death of Father Mikhail Fedorovich, Oleksiy Mikhailovich was appointed to the Russian throne. Ledve the young tsar was sworn in, for what little succession to the kingdom, a new blow fell on Oleksiy: having outlived her man, the blessed queen Evdokiya Lukyanivna died.
Grigory Sedov. Viber named Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich
On the cob of his rule, the orphaned young tsar was known under the strong influx of his colossal mentor, the boyar Morozov, who, in fact, cherished the power of the sovereign apparatus. Year, if the tsar is a man and a lad, pretending to be a man with a song and inspiring an original light-gazer and political glances that formed, his tsar, behind the words of the co-workers and the wild thoughts of historians, was characterized by an even more autocratic rule, n_zh.
Prote svіdomlennya autocracy svoєї vlady helped po'yakshuvalos pogodnіstyu, deep humility of the king. “More than with tears, diligence that nitty before God was to be repaired, lower by the power of that glory,” he wrote to one of his voivods. At the leaf to Prince Mikita Odoevsky in 1652. we, great sovereign, today we ask the Creator and the Most Pure Yogo Mother of God from all the saints, so that the Lord God will grant us, the great sovereign, and you, the boyars, with us in one flock the people of yoga of light rightly right for all equally ".
His rebirth on the throne of Russia Oleksiy Mikhailovich rozumіv, nasampered, as a tribute to the share of the kingdom before God, the tsar's service for the new one was similar to the suvor of the hierarch's service.
Pragnennya zmіtsnit the kingdom and protect the faith, silence "the rich sorrow of the righteous", in yoga words, was explained not by the ignorance of the glory of the earthly ruler, but by the indispensable mind for the power of salvation, "the soul of sinners is introduced in a wide way at the gate of the fierce hell, that narrow soul of the righteous into the Kingdom of Heaven." "I strive ... to be not a great sun, but wanting to be a small light, a small star there, and not here," the king wrote.
Nezabar after the descent to the throne, the 17-year-old Oleksiy Mikhailovich voiced about friendship with us. For the name, the shortest names were chosen, from among the kings, having chosen Euphemia Fyodorivna Vsevolozhskaya, the daughter of the kasimivsky assistant, for the words of the fellows, the beauty of the nezvichayna. However, if they pulled her into the royal robe, then her hair was too tight, and she didn’t get tired. For those who "grabbed" the ailment, they sent the name of that її sim'yu from far away Tyumen. The king bov was already embarrassed, and, in a deaky hour, not forgetting about his first name, turning її z zaslannya.
The people sensitively explained those that became the steps of the boyar Morozov, who navmisne navmisna having named before the sovereign for fear, that the new tsar’s day should be honored by yogo vlady. At every time, the boyar, having unhinderedly ruled the tsar's merrymaking, zoomed in on his own camp even more. The yogo assistant, Illi Miloslavsky, a man of little birth, but not relieved of chewiness and vitality, had two garnished daughters. Morozov praised them before the tsar and ruled over them so that Oleksiy Mikhailovich would win them over. On September 16, 1648, on the fate of the tsar, he became friends with Mary Illivna Miloslavskaya, who was worthy of you. Morozov himself, an old man with old understandings, oskolki youmu ishov 58th river, took his young sister, Hanna Miloslavskaya, who was fit for youmu at onuki, becoming such a rank as the royal brother-in-law.
The affection for the love of the tsar’s hats appears happy. For 21 years of zamіzhzhya, Maria Miloslavskaya gave birth to Oleksiy Mikhailovich 13 children: five princes and the highest princess. True, the princes were weak and soon went to the grave: Dmitro's first book did not live long; Oleksiy, who was tied with great hopes, died before reaching 16 years; Simeon - at 5 roki; Fedir and Ivan became kings lived longer - Fedir mayzhe up to 22 years, Ivan - up to 29. Stay, Ivan Oleksiyovich, the ruler of Peter I, the crime of bodily weakness, maybe, suffering and on Rozum's weakness.
V.A. Leiben. Tsarskaya is named
The daughters of Oleksiy Mikhailovich, on the other hand, were in good health and in good old age, but it’s true that they didn’t live well. As soon as the friends of the Morozovs hang out, then, for the caustic respect of the court physician, the Englishman Samuel Collins, who was at the rate of rich butt tiles, the deputy of the children was born jealousy, like "the light of the belt batig was born at the finger of the foreman."
Yakscho about Oleksіya Mikhailovich Yogo molodі Rocky Je duzhe mіzernі vіdomostі, something about zrіlogo king i Maskovskiy dvorі in pіznіshy perіod Yogo pravlіnnya suchasniki zalishili chislennі svіdotstva that bagatoslіvnі inventory, s yakih naybіlshy іnteres for іstorikіv, yak usually stanovlyat Notification that spogadi іnozemtsіv - avstrіyskogo Ambassador Augustine Meyerberg ("Meyerberg's Report", 1663 r. and "On the Road to Moscow", 1663 r.), Secretary of the German Imperial Embassy Adolf Lizek ("Report about the Embassy", 1670 r.) ("About the Ninish Stan of Russia, 1671 r. .), the Courland mandrillist Yakov Reitenfels (“Telling to the brightest Duke of Tuscany Kozma the Third about Muscovy”, 1676). So the great material is given by the official of the Russian Embassy to the order of Grigory Kotoshikhin, who crossed over from Sweden, "About Russia in the reign of Oleksiy Mikhailovich."
Krіm predicted eyewitnesses before us, a significant part of the literary works of Tsar Oleksiy himself - even though he loved to write, was nevertheless occupied by the Polish war, and the sickness of the courtier, and the reign of the deceased patriarch, and food about those, how to sleep bagatoltya, others in the church, garden welding at Yogo's beloved monastery. The Crimea has a large number of leaves, like a businesslike, and special character, having folded the tops, giving a report order to its falconers “Laying the falconer’s path”, trying to write memoirs and, following the words of the historian Z.F. in official letters, and don’t forget to fall into the tone of the official bill.”
The contemporary writers describe the tsar as a person of a kindly reception, who writes about health, good-natured, cheerful character and brings the slender to the wasteland. The sovereignty of the sovereign immediately took its own: in his eyes of the bright, a kindness shone, the look of those eyes did not disrespect anyone, ale pidbadioryuvav and rejoicing.
The guise of the sovereign, on the outside and ruddy, branded with a russet beard, was good-natured, welcoming and at the same time serious and important, and to stand on the head of the guard took the rank of postav, like the king was given recognition of the significance and holiness of his rank.
The tsar was inspired by piety, zealously dorimuvavsya all religious fences and ascriptions, not being shy to drink, maw the glory of a bright sim'yanin. Loving the watering, summer mayzhe postyno spent at the little village of Kolomenskoe. Oleksiy Mikhailovich appreciating the beauty in the old Moscow rozumіnnі: having been fast and restoring his wooden palace near Kolomensky, trying to give it a thorough look, loving the urochist ritual of the royal exits, obidіv, forgive.
Valdai Monastery. Moscow. End of the 17th century
Tsar Oleksiy, presenting a sign of piety and piety, stretched out his last life: be like a chance of a moment of wine in front of the mystic, pray and fast. For advice from S. Collins, at the Great and Assumption Pist for a week, on Tuesdays, Thursdays and Saturdays of the kings once a day, and the grass of yoga was formed from cabbage, milk mushrooms and yagid - all without olії; on Mondays, Wednesdays on Fridays, plant wines on everything.
At the church, standing at times “one year after five and six rows, klav after a thousand earthly prostrations, and in other days after another thousand”. Navit ailments could not destroy the suvoriy order.
Good prayers, suvor fasting, ardent repentance, and restless mental work added up a significant part of the life of the king. To the thought of V. O. Klyuchevsky, "there is a zealous long-time Russian pilgrimage, stringently and wholeheartedly poednuvav at the feat of the spiritual order of the body with the strain of religious feelings."
The greater number of contemporary people meant the king's grace and mercy, softness of character, and the povga to the human goodness of the piddanih. So, the Austrian ambassador Augustin Meyerberg wrote with arrogance about those who, for the absolute power of his people, did not encroach on anyone's mine, nor on whose life, nor on whose honor. Some people remember that the very special qualities deserved the nickname “Quiet One” for Oleksiy Mikhailovich, although in truth “silence” (lat. clementissimus) is the honorary title of a latin campaign, a year of replacements for diplomacy by the French “mercifulness” (fr. tresgracieux).
And yet kindness, cheerfulness and lightness of character justified another representative of the Romanovs on the Russian throne. Oleksiy Mikhailovich was the first to ease the strictness of the mannerly etiquette established at the Moscow court, robbed by such important and strained courtiers of blue. Went down to the heat with the courtiers, driving up to them easily as a guest, asking them to come to him at the evening meal, clinking with their homely rights. Cleverly enter the camp of the others, understand and accept to the heart of their grief and joy was one of the best rice in the character of the king. For whom, it is often necessary to induce yoga in the leaves to Prince N.I. Odoevskiy from the death of the sin and to A.L.
The son of Prince Odoevsky, who served as a governor in Kazan, died of a fever in 1652 in the eyes of the king. The tsar spoke about the purpose of the old father, reporting about the unstoppable death. In order of numerical words, vtіh, vіn writing: “I b, our boyar, don’t grieve excessively, but you can’t, so you don’t grieve and don’t cry, and you need to cry, only in the world, so that you don’t anger God.” The sheet ends with an inscription: “Prince Mikita Ivanovich! Do not scold, but rely on God and be confident on us.
At 1660 p. the son of a prominent diplomat, that sovereign fiend Athanasius Ordina-Nashchokin, having committed a serious malice - duck from Russia to Poland, and then to France, having brought important state documents and pennies from him. Batko vtikacha was terribly stricken and heartbroken, having himself told the king about his misfortune and asking for a rebate. In such a situation, in an instant, the checks fell and navit strati, and then Oleksiy Mikhailovich gave him a sane leaf, vtishayuchi in the mountains: “Please, to give you an introduction; Why are you asking about it? I guess that there is a worldless turmoil. And what is wonderful about having fooled your son? in the face of bewilderment, having done so. The person is young, she wanted to marvel at the light of God and do it; like birds watering there and here, pouring, flocking to their nest, so your son will guess his nest and his spiritual pretense and will soon turn to you. It’s not surprising, the words of the king turned out to be prophetic: the “prodigal son” turned and repented. In 1665, having taken away the royal letter from Riz, Oleksiy Mikhailovich reminded him about turning around and about forgiveness: Well, your father, gift our mercy, beat us up. Simeon of Polotsky was inspired by the idea of a number of his colleagues, the very same poet, to create one of the memoirs of the old Russian literature - "school drama" for the theater, which was born, under the name "Comedy of the Parable of the Prodigal Syn", which had little success.
For all the strangeness of character and natural benevolence, Oleksiy Mikhailovich, the prote, exalted himself with ardor, easily exercising self-control, often giving open space to his hands. In all the portraits of the tsar, there is a sense of grace: arched eyebrows, a glance of spidloba. S. Collins, talking about the power and power of the sovereign, write that the tsar is angry and unkind for an hour, so that the scammers and the boyars will die, “as if to direct the goodness to evil” and change the status of “order with good sovereigns.”
In his anger, Oleksiy Mikhailovich is easily agile, easily moving from like to caress. Navit then, if the sovereign's razdratuvannya reached the greatest boundary, it quickly changed to a kayattu and bazhanny peace that peace. So, at one of the meetings of the Boyar Duma, having fallen in the face of a tactless winding of his father-in-law, boyar Ivan Miloslavsky, the king of vilayav yoga, having beaten vishtovkhav from the kіmnati with tusans. Prote kindly stosunki between father-in-law and son-in-law were not zipsuvalis: insults were easily forgotten by those that happened.
This time the tsar became angry, if one of the courtiers, Rodion Streshnev, was moved in old age to “commit” his own blood at once with the tsar (sovereign, having felt relieved from bloodletting, having proclaimed to the courtiers to inherit his butt). Vidmova surrendered herself to Oleksiy Mikhailovich with a flash of arrogance and pride, for which she was angry, hitting the old one: “Your blood is dearer, what is mine? what do you care about your best?”. If you don’t know your wine, how to appease that honorable courtier, asking the world and glory to you rich gifts.
The door for Oleksiy Mikhailovich knew the greatness before. The life of the tsar was under the order of the vikonann, relatively thought out, deeply symbolic of rituals.
Getting up early - about the fourth anniversary of the wound, praying, with special diligence bowing to the icon of that saint, whose memory marked that day. Let's go to the ceremonial wedding with the queen. After morning, having taken up sovereign rights: “sitting” from the boyars. At the singing hour, at the same time, from them ishov until noon.
As for the whole day, the church fell holy, the royal robe was changed - Oleksiy Mikhailovich dressed the gold cloth in the place of oxamite. After insulting the tsar, he listened to the additional boyars and punished people. Noon just left - starting royal insults, ring out, dosit trivaly. Having won, tsar, like a skin Russian person, you can sleep until evening. After the evening, after spending an hour with family and friends, at the shah’s, or hearing the rozpovidi of people about old times and unknown lands. Foreigners also talk about the king's shyness at night: “The king looks at the protocols of his deacons at night. Vіn revіryаєє, yakі decision vіdbulisya that on yаkі cholobitnі not given vіdpovіdі”.
Wijzd for forgiveness
Oleksiy Mikhailovich having changed with post-yyy rus. Irreplaceable movements, relocations, walks - most often, not far away, near Moscow’s palaces and myslivsky villages, near Kolomenskoye, Khoroshevo, Ostrіv, Chertanov, Vorobyove, Preobrazhenske, Pokrovske, Izmaylov; Rіdshe - more farther away, easier in the monastery, where it took a few days to get there. The tsar's sights were furnished with an overarching tract: to bring the sovereign, having left the Kremlin for a few years, to marvel at the battles on the Moscow River, forming a special decree, to whom the “power of the nobility” would be granted for an hour.
The reign of Oleksiy Mikhailovich became the hour for the courtier and church ceremonial of the Moscow kingdom, which gained a special monumentality and significance. At the thought of one of the biographers, Oleksiy Mikhailovich, being a human being and a lively faith, marveling at his fate at church and court ceremonies, as if on fire, baptized you, burn, as if on a straight royal service, no less important, lower guard of the cordon in fairness court. A non-odminary participant in the most important secular and church ceremonies and is holy, the tsar gave them a special glimmer and urological cleanliness, intervening at that head, becoming a promo, sharing roles and navit taking up their “decorations”. "Zvichayny" tsar's going out to the obidnya and I'll forgive you going out at the holy days Oleksiy Mikhailovich most often zdiyasnyuvav pishki. Somewhere, from the unfortunate chi, they gave him a carriage, a sleigh, on which wines he would turn back to the palace after the ceremony was over, or else the holy place was reached, as if that one had gone far into the palace. The very choice of the tsar, that number of changes in the cloth, witnessed about the “rank of subdivision”. Most of all, by describing the secular urochistas and church services for the participation of Oleksiy Mikhailovich, historians can perform the ceremonial of the Moscow court and let it go, like a win at the early hours.
Behind the great church saints, on the eve of the tsar’s name days and on memorial days, the tsar’s exits “from the sovereign’s salaries” to the zhebrakiv, almshouses and v’aznitsa trotted. Oleksiy Mikhailovich handed out pennies to the convicts with his hands, and let the others go free.
The distribution of the sound began too early: the tsar rose two or three years before the Svitanka and at the escort a few osib virushav from alms. The amount of stained-glass windows and the number of "granted mercy" people with whom reached even significant numbers. Particularly great were the distributions at the Great Pist, at the front, at the Terrible Week, and also on Great Day, if the doors of the prison were opened and the pits were deafened to the inmates: "Christ is risen for you." In the name of the Tsar's name, they were bestowed with great eggs, the clothes of that alms for the conversation.
Vzagali, for Oleksiy Mikhailovich, like for the skin bag of the middle Russian, the Resurrection of Christ was the most holy saint. At the eve of the Holy Holy Tsar, behind the wishes of his fellows, he did not deprive himself of the spirits, the wines were bright, kind and cheerful. According to tradition, Oleksiy Mikhailovich broke the rumors of beer nights at the Throne room of the Terem Palace. Svyatkov's Paschal matins ended with Christ's offering, the first king came to the Patriarch Vitati and Christ's offering. Then Oleksiy Mikhailovich Christed with the hierarchs and loved the clergy of the lower rank to the hand, with whom he gifted the skin with great eggs. Farther to the king, the courtiers strictly approached.
The ceremony was celebrated by the nearby boyars and completed by the Moscow nobles, dressed in golden captans. Oleksiy Mikhailovich, uzgodzhuyuchi znistnistyu, rank and special orders to the skin, giving chickens, geese or lay chiseled wooden eggs in different kilkostakh. After the end of the ceremony of the kings of the Archangel Cathedral and "Christ with the fathers", then. bowing to the tones of the ancestors and laying great eggs on the tombs. We sweat the wines in the rounds of the Kremlin cathedrals and monasteries, kissing the icons of those other shrines, giving eggs to those clergy there. After turning back to the palace, Oleksiy Mikhailovich christened with his relatives.
On a bright day, most often on Wednesday, Oleksiy Mikhailovich, having received the Patriarch's power at the Golden Chamber, yak came to the new of the offerings. The Patriarch blessed the king with an image and a golden cross, offering goblets, expensive materials, sable hutra. Gifts were received by members of the royal family. Those church hierarchies, yakі could not take part in the ceremony, and all the great monasteries of obov'yazkovuly straightened out of their regions gifts - images of saints, krashanki and t.zv. a gift - "greatly smart honey" (cleverly - a vessel, like a furry bear. Farmers saved various rare products for the old hours - author's note) and gold. At daybreak, the Moscow clergy and monastic government came to the tsar with a bring - bread and kvass. With a symbolic tribute to the tsar in gold coins, Oleksiy Mikhailovich was also the guests of that trade people. Hundreds of people from different states and ranks saw the sovereign during the Easter days. Most often, the stench, curtly bowing, kissed their hands and took away the great gift. For the pіrakhunkami of the doslednikіv, on Velikden, only farbovannyh eggs for distribution to the king, up to 37,000 are needed.
An important saint for the children was the royal birthday. During the whole day, the robots were fenced, the trading rows were closed, and in the churches they did not play the fun and did not greet the dead.
The attendants left a copy of the description of the name day of Oleksiy Mikhailovich. At the day of the tsar's name day, it was sacred to St. rights. Alexiy, the king’s early beginning was from a trip to the Oleksiyevsky girl’s monastery, de vin with the courtiers and the greater clergy who were present at the Holy Liturgy. Wyzd was represented by the wealth of outfits and the number of participants. Oleksiy Mikhailovich walked by a tall black fox hat in captan, embellished with cat stones.
The tsar’s petitions stretched out at the great crowd, yak, “like wine punished”, the courtiers accepted. After turning back to the king's palace, having treated loved ones with a birthday cake. Shards were the days of Great Lent, it was rare for the authorities to finish the birthday stele. On a sign of special honor, Oleksiy Mikhailovich sometimes broke from the birthday cake before the Patriarch. The boyars, courtiers and foreign guests were given pirogues at the far front of the Terem Palace.
As part of the court ceremonial, the boules and the tsar's vision for a shower - a barvy and bewitching infusion. Oleksiy Mikhailovich will be a lover of mischief, especially fond of falconry, on a yak, ready to virushat for any hour. The tsar has become thin-skinned by his craft, having guessed at a glance the likeness of a bird, knowing well his baptists, falconers and hawks. The Tsar's falconer's door at Semenivsky, celebrating the attack on foreigners: there were about a hundred people alone falconers, the number of birds outnumbered three thousand. There were falcons, gyrfalcons, cheligs, kupriks, hawks and, maybe, navit eagles. The peasants had exotic red and white hawks. A creme of hutted birds, swans, geese, cranes, chaplis lived in the courtyards. At Semenivsky, Oleksiy Mikhailovich roztashuvav the largest of his zverintsiv. Here there was a lot of witches and tamed and wild, like trimals for battles, tskuvannya and other roses.
Another strong zahoplenniyam tsar was occupied by the state. The place for the yogo gospodarskiye doslіdіv was volodynnya in the village of Izmaylovo, de Oleksiy Mikhailovich zavіv zrazkovі fields, orchards, and growing grapes, kavuni, and planting mulberry trees. Crimea, the gardens and gardens of the kings of the ages at Izmailov’s great city, cattle, poultry, pasture yards. The gospodar complex included various mansions, stone cloves for harvesting crops, and borosnomelnyh mlins. For the constant pressure of the driver, a system of 37 stakes was created. For the addition to the whole, the curses of the backwaters were used, and the products of the rest went to inspire sales.
The burial of Oleksiy Mikhailovich did not turn out to be of interest to the sovereign. The king, however, otrimuvav nasolod and in the form of reading, and in the form of checks, and in the form of rude and uncomplicated court fun. Vіn is also fond of hearing church songs, writing the texts of rospivs himself. The total number of the tsar's choir, where it was super important to drink, was 180 people. An organ sounded in the courtyard.
In 1671, the father of the widowed Oleksiy Mikhailovich suddenly became friends - with the 19-year-old Natalya Kirilivnaya Narishkina, as if she was waving at the booth of the tsar’s close boyar Artamon Matveev, de, how to be respected, її th poached the king. Two daughters of that son were born in the wake of this dream, two were lost alive: the future Tsar Petro I and the daughter of Natal. Under the infusion of his other squad, that boyar Matveyev, the king, allowed a novelty to be introduced at the court - “comedy horomina”. This is how the people of the Russian theater became. Vibuduvana theatrical stage was a pіvkolo with decorations, a curtain and an orchestra, which was formed from an organ, pipes, a drum, flutes, a violin and a timpani. The tribute has gone to ring out the sprat of the year. The tsar sat on the high ground, and this place was upholstered with red cloth. At the soul of Asian stars, the young queen Natalia Kirilivna marveled at the sight of the gallery closed from outside eyes.
In this rank, without respecting the dominance in the life of another tsar from Budinka of Romanov's old Russian traditions and centuries-old ceremonial, he is still alive at such an hour, if Russian society was inaccessibly approaching European culture. Nutrition about those who, like and in what kind of world, should take a stand at the Sunset, and that you need to take a look at it, swell the nature of the global national problem.
For such obstavin nebazhannya Oleksіya Mikhailovich ROBIT uniquely vibіr mіzh starovinoyu that innovations rіzko Porvatov of Perche chi categorically vіdmovitisya od ostannіh, becoming Yomou in delinquent the following pokolіnnyami іstorikіv that viklikalo zvinuvachennya in pasivnostі character nestachі talent sovereign dіyacha, nezdatnostі articles on cholі reformatorskogo Ruhu.
On the other side, indisputable is the fact that Tsar Oleksiy sutteva, having successfully embraced the success of the revolution, gave the first reformers the opportunity to feel free to show their strength and open the way for their activities.
Behind the Vistula of V. O. Klyuchevsky, Oleksiy Mikhailovich, with his often bezladkovy and inconsequential blows to a new one, to his own mind all zgladzhuvat and zalagodzhuvat “having tamed the stale Russian thought to spitting, that came from someone else’s side” and creating a transformative mood.
Literature
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Witsen N. Ride to Moscow 1664-1665. Schodenik. SPb., 1996.
Zabelin I. Є. Home pobut Russian tsars in the XVI and XVII centuries. T. I. Ch. II. M., 2000.
Zabelin I. Є. Collect the leaves of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich. M., 1856.
Zaozersky A.I. Royal patrimony of the XVII century. M., 1937.
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Oleksiy I Mikhailovich Quiet
Oleksiy Mikhailovich Quiet(Berezhnya 19, 1629 - February 8, 1676) - another Russian tsar of the Romanov dynasty (Lypnya 14, 1645 - September 29, 1676), son of Mikhail Fedorovich and another squad of Evdokia.
Biography
Until the fifth century, the young tsarevich Oleksiy was under guardianship of the tsar's "mothers". From five years under the supervision of B. I. Morozova vіn becoming read letters for the primer, then proceeding to the reading of the Book of Hours, the Psalter and the Day of the Holy Apostles, at this rokіv began to learn letters, and nine - church spіv. Over the years, a small library was formed by a child (11-12 years old); from the books that belonged to you, guess, among others, Lexicon and grammar, seen in Lithuania, as well as Cosmography. Among the objects of the “childish fun” of the future king, there are chirping: the throw of that childish lati “do it in German”, musical instruments, German cards and “drukarki” (pictures). In this manner, in order of numerous illuminations, commemoration and innovations, which were made, not without a direct injection of B. I. Morozov. Remain, as it seems, having dressed the young king with his brother and those other children at the German cloth. On the 14th anniversary of the tsarevich, the people were voted out loud, and on the 16th birthday, he ascended the Moscow throne.
Kingdom
Oleksiy Mikhailovich ascended the throne at 16 roki. The young tsar was driven away by people who were more turbulent by special vigoda, less sovereign. Such was the leader of Oleksiya, the boyar Morozov. The royal father-in-law Miloslavsky appeared even more selfish. Everything has led to mass dissatisfaction. Moscow merchants scammed tsarevs against foreigners, especially Englishmen, yaks took away the swags of rich plunder and money, and Russian merchants and treasuries recognized zbitkiv. Boyar Morozov intervened for foreigners himself.
The increase in the mita in 1648 led to mass dissatisfaction among the people. At Moscow, having saved the Salt Riot. The atrocities thrived every day. On the 6th of the worm, if the blasphemy fell, Oleksiy Mikhailovich urochisto vyyshov on Lobnya mіsce that denounced "not to give free rein to evil people."
Another rebellion began in 1662. Vіyna z Poland hung a treasury. Natomist silver coins for the same price became karbuvaty midna. Dehto s sharpening the king profited from financial operations, and slayed the Midday rebellion. The most terrible revolt of the Don Cossack Stenka Razin. Along the Volz, long ago, I roamed vtіkach, robbing my own and Persian merchants. Tsei trade way has acquired cossacks and vtikachiv from the Muscovite kingdom, yakі think less about easy money. In 1667, part of the bare head on a choli from Razinim, having plundered bread caravans, went down to the Caspian Sea. With a rich fortune, Stenka turned to the Don. The king sent the opposite strong force. In 1670, the roci under Simbirsk otaman was beaten, and on the Don, the gospodar Cossacks saw him rule. Stratili Razin in Moscow.
Vlitka 1648 r. it was punished to take all the collections of laws and decrees, to rewrite them, to add them, to write the deyaki laws anew and “to cover everything with scorching joy.” The ordering of the collection of laws, called Compliments, was entrusted to Prince M. Odoevsky. Prince Odoevskiy was the head guard of the tsar after Morozov's introduction. On the cob of 1649, all 25 chapters of the new Code were ready to be distributed throughout the country.
A lot of respect Oleksiy Mikhailovich added enlightenment. Vіn koristuvavsya servitors chentsіv, vikhovantsіv Kyiv Orthodox Academy. One of the best friends of Oleksiy Mikhailovich, the okolnichiy F. Rtishchev, who ruled the Andriivsky monastery in a cloister, de chentsi shifted the works and corrected the liturgical books.
Books and assistants were friends on Mikilskyi Street near the Moscow Drukarny, which became the center of education. In 1665, at the Zaikonospassky monastery, Simeon of Polotsk fell asleep at the school for the deacons of the Ambassadorial order. In 1687, due to the initiative of Simeon, the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was established here. The first theater appeared behind Oleksiy Mikhailovich. There were more and more high-illumined people in the otchenni of the king.
The tsar sympathized with the choice of comrades - knowing people sat at the Boyars' Duma. One of the brightest devils of the 17th century was the head of the Ambassadorial order boyar Athanasius Ordin-Nashchokin.
Let's bestow and consecrate Nashchokin's successor Boyar Artamon Matveev. Being a clerk of enlightenment, he was guilty of a lot of reasons for passing on the reforms of Peter I.
For the reign of Oleksiy Mikhailovich, there were serious shocks in the life of the Orthodox Church, which were blamed for the connection with the activity of Patriarch Nikon. Before the introduction of the service of divine services, books were copied, pardons were often granted. Books ceased to be consistent with pershogerel. Nikon transcribed and corrected them after the Greek originals. It’s rich who vowed tse, as well as the tripartite banner of blues and psuvannya.
Opponents of Nikon's reforms were called Old Believers. The Old Believers moved to recognize the decision to build the cathedral under fear of death. Archpriest Avakum was a particularly active Old Believer. Yogo was sent to Siberia and burned there. Thus, the Russian Orthodox Church became divided. A new era of persecution and persecution of dissidents began.
After the death of Oleksiy Mikhailovich in 1682, Yogo syn Fedir (1676-1682) took the throne. Vіz brother Ivan were children of the first squad of Tsar Miloslavskoi. In another dream, Petro was born with Natalia Narishkina. Fedor had no children, Ivan Bov is physically weak. Hopes for the kingship were tied only with Peter.
Palm Week in Moscow for Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich
Literature
- Russian great child encyclopedia, Modern writer, Minsk, 2008
On the sides of the historical era "The Found Tsar" Oleksiy Mikhailovich and yogo sobist_st postayut vikonanimi protirіch. From one side, in the same period, it began to be deceived that humiliation, in which the Russian state opinated at the Time of Troubles. Other than that - a lot of opportunities were not won by the whole world, and Moscow reached less richly, lower could reach for a reasonable and firm course. .
Oleksiy Mikhailovich Romanov, First Rocks on the Throne, Morozov Regency
Oleksiy Mikhailovich was born in 1629 and evolved entirely from the soul of old Russian traditions. Until five years of yoga, "mothers" nurtured yoga, and then - "uncles", boyar Boris Ivanovich Morozov. Morozov Zumіv Prikozni to themselves Vikovatsya Nimіtsnіshi Uzami, who became needed by yoma pіsl Solodi Batkіv (Oleksіy Mikhailovich Osirotіv at 16 Rockіv), and the pіznіsh "Crejuvyuvyuyu" Yojo Yozhyu Zhoshu іllіvenya Miloslavkoya - In order to whiten the Sistemo.
Koristuyuchis significant infusion on the young tsar, Morozov yakі zavzhd vikoristovuvav їх for the good of the country. Vіn namagavsya Trimat Oleksіy Mikhailovich on vіdstаі vіd seroznyh sovernіvіh to take, nadayuchi yomu take part in such darlings of the palace and church ceremonies and roam falconry falconry. Ale, the results reached by Morozov under the rulers of the state were even worse. In 1648 the Salt Riot broke out. The mob longed for the sight of the king to see Morozov, but then he saw his love for sin. After a few months, it’s true, he turned around, but for another hour Oleksiy Mikhailovich sounded without it, and Morozov didn’t turn his own big spit (want the tsar’s love didn’t suffocate until the next).
Oleksiy Mikhailovich - right autocrat and Patriarch Nikon
Postupovo Oleksiy Mikhailovich began to show himself as a right autocrat, a terrible one-armed Volodar. “My word became terribly good in the palace,” wrote in 1651 roci. And writing to the Metropolitan of Novgorod Nikonov, his new guardian, that "my own friend." So, without a guardian, the tsar was not abandoned, and in 1652 the bishop's death was even greater, having received his appointment to the Patriarchate.
Alya didn't have any tea. Before the Council of 1666, having initiated the Patriarchate, Nikon lived at New Jerusalem as a voluntary satirist, not being honored by the royal respect. The Cathedral of the Patriarch, having adopted as a special image the appearance of the tsar and deeply summed up, it turns out, not so much about sending for distance, but about wasting a lot of friendship.
The “finest tsar” Oleksiy Mikhailovich himself, deeply experiencing the occasion and making gentle, ale gestures, so as not to goiter to anything, help the heart of “his own friend” - sending you to send you fur coats, church stuffing, etc. so, obviously, about turning not only to Moscow, but it was not possible to visit New Jerusalem. I Nikon understood, but I don’t mind. Zrozumiv and shriveled. In 1667, the kings of wines sent a “pacifying leaf” to the tsar, a single note of protest was said in the signature: “Humble Nikon, by the grace of God, Patriarch.” The king squashed his eyes at the whole "pokirny protest."
The war of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich from the Richter Commonwealth and Sweden
For the time being, in the 1650s, Oleksiy Mikhailovich was busy with the war, and Nikon replaced them at Moscow, coryding with great freedom of order.
Chergovy war with Poland has been brewing for a long time. The old camp of Russia after the Troubles became cunning, it didn’t turn the lands spent on the cob of the XVII century (does not seem to be about early spending).
V. O. Klyuchevsky write about this hour:
“The new dynasty is to blame for the older people’s forces, in order to turn the past: tse buv її national lint and mind її mіtsnostі on the throne. From the first king, she won and led a number of warriors, which were on the mark for those whom she won, or turn those who were spent. People's Shot of Scho Timno, Sis_, Self, Nevomіntly, without the Voli of Muscovy Polіtikіv, revealed on the items, at the straight line of ogodnavcho, politician, still not lucky doti. The international weather near the Northern Europe developed in such a way that they did not allow Moscow to take a breath after the first near-by zusil and get ready for the distant ones. In 1654, the roci rose up against Poland, Malorosiya fought against the defense of the Moscow sovereign. Tse got the state to a new struggle for Poland. So viniklo new nutrition - Little Russian, as it made the old entangled Smolensk and pubs of Moscow from the Rich Commonwealth even more ... "
Wike Moscow Dovgo Trahyna Zhwerki Khmelnitsky "і ііска за заміской з містами ї ї и з з з з місенный в исенный ї идкладатита Виісенный Цой-ританный BOOLA CATOR, І EIX 1653 ROCKSIY CATHOR SCHLANY VІDPOVідну" Resoluvituya ", ryvnognical . Formally, the voicing was less than a month later. The tsar got away from the pokhid.
The back of our military success was accompanied by an epic success. Mi turned Dorogobuzh, Roslavl, Smolensk, Nevel;
“All Lithuania hastened to the kings; Oleksiy Mikhailovich was titled Grand Duke of Lithuania; an unforgiving ally, the Swedish king Karl-Gustav, having conquered the entire crown of the Polish lands. Vikova superechka Rusi z Poland was allowed to"
Ale potim, Russia entered the war with Sweden, which made it possible for them to make a truce with the Rich Commonwealth. In 1658-1659, Viysk Zaporizky became entangled, the new hetman, Ivan Vigovsky, moved to the bik of Poland. And in 1660, the fate of the rest was reconciled in Sweden, and from that moment on, the theaters of military action developed for us not far away.
Turning back to the end of the Russian lands and the rest of the fates of Oleksiy Mikhailovich Romanov, the "Quiet Tsar" of Russia
In 1667 ROCA at Selі Andrusovo, the Apolite of Pіdpisali Rosiya, Scho, Scho Rosіyski, Scho, Rosіyshi, Rosіyysi, turned to the Rosіki Rosіki, Rosіni, Liv Coasta Liv Coasta Malorosіya, and stopped Schich's Schіch. In the protectorate over Sichyu Rich Commonwealth ruled only in 1686.
In this manner, many positive results have been achieved. But the remaining version of the Polish-Lithuanian-Little Russian food was added, although for the song's indulgence, Russia could have already, for Oleksiy Mikhailovich, closed its swell at the White and Maliy Rus and Mitsno on the birches of the Baltic Sea. And yet, showing their indifference, they were respected by internal negativity: the church reform took root in the lands, and in 1662 Moscow was shaken by the Midny Riot.
In 1676 the father Oleksiy Mikhailovich died. Yogo spadkoєmtsyu, Tsarevich Fedor, was fifteen years old. And to the one who, in time to see history as the first Russian emperor, Peter the Great, is chotiri rocky.
"Quiet" tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich was a friend of the two, which gave rise to chimali negarazis like the 17th century (the super-nativity of the Miloslavskys and Narishkins at the court, the "plot" of the regent, the shooting riots, etc.).
At the time of his death, on the cob of 1676, two living blues (the elder Fedir and the younger Ivan) were lost in the new one from the first squad, Mary Miloslavskaya, and one (Petro) from the other, Natalia Narishkino. Having occupied the throne, zrozumilo, the eldest, in 1674 he was officially stunned by the successor, - there were fifteen years of life for you at that time, and your health was depleted of your best friend. The rest gave Narishkin's mother a hint of hope for revenge, because on the tsar's wedding dress Peter, the other brother, Ivan Oleksiyovich, did not shine with rozumovyh zdibnosti.
Sashko Mitrahovich 20.05.2017 09:53
In the photo: Monument to Oleksiy Mikhailovich (united among Russia) near Novy Oskol. The place was founded by the decree of the king in 1637 as a "standing prison with a fence."
It should be noted that the reign of Oleksiy Mikhailovich the Quietest - another tsar from the Romanov dynasty - was beneficially marked on the status of sovereignty. Until the other half of the 17th century, Russia was already considered a "great power" in the international arena, which expanded its view of the banks of the Dnieper at the entrance to the Pacific Ocean at the exit.
One of the innovations is the creation of 1654 to the fate of the so-called Order of the taєmnih rights, the obligations of which were included in the control of the usima and the usima, the protection of the vitrachannyam of state pennies.
At the same time, the Ukraine rose from Russia, at the monastic missions the power from the clerks and the elders passed to the voivods, and the maintenance of the Orthodox Church was placed in the middle in the hands of the patriarch. Ale called out the displeasure of the believers, until then, try to cremite the church in the state, they called it up to the rise of the patriarch with the king, and in 1666 the fate of power.
The main occupations of the Russians during the period are occupied by the strong state. In this case, the land, like before, is cultivated in primitive ways - with a harrow and a harrow, and it is mostly with the power of the sovereign, the church, the boyars and the nobles.
Shortly before his death, Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich the Quietest zhorst strangled the insurgents under the wire of Stenka Razin, which saved the discontent of the Don Cossacks of the Moscow government. On the right, after the arrival of the villagers, they stumbled into absolute confusion, as a result, they sharply see the flow of inflows from domestic positives on the day of Russia.
At that hour, the pilgrimages of the prochans are becoming more popular. From Moscow to Lavra Veda (Ninі Yaroslavl Highway), which for forgiveness is periodically violated not only by ordinary people and raznochintsі, but by the sovereign from Sim'єyu. The royal individuals were free to go through part of the path of the pishka. The pilgrimage took a few days, so for the reason for that night through the peninsula, the so-called colonial palaces were called. The first view of Moscow and becoming a palace near the village of Oleksivsky, which is about ten miles from the Kremlin. Narazі tse district of VDNG by land with the hotel "Cosmos".
For the soft nature of yoga, they called it "Quiet", but politics in the new bula is not quiet. Vin legitimized the concept of "autocrat", having arrived at the Left Bank of Ukraine, having extended the cordon of power to the Pacific Ocean.
Arrival of the Left-Bank Ukraine
Mіzh Rosієyu and Poland was forever abandoned as a lack of confidence: behind Oleksiy Mikhailovich, the Ukrainian lands became a stone, some of which Russia spent in an hour of the Mongol-Tatar heap. Irrespective of those who are low pro-Polish historians, Oleksiy Mikhailovich sounds in the “Asiatic zhorstokost”, according to contemporary people, they can talk about something else.
In 1654, the gentry Vilno recalled the anxiety: “Men bless God, that Moscow has come”, “Men tell us, creak on the king’s im’ya, and shy away more than shkodi, lower Moscow; tse evil and nadali spread; you need to be afraid of the Cossack war.
In time, there is a possibility of a civil war, a religious conflict. Cultural and national connections among the population of the Left-Bank Ukraine at that time had not yet been spent, the Meshkants of Orthodox lands suffered under the onslaught of the Latin yoke. People of other confessions were automatically transformed into another class. The situation was aggravated by the plague that was rampant. On the smoldering turmoil, separatist Russia saw a leader - a bunch of Cossacks Bohdan Khmelnytsky, who could not reach the Commonwealth of Zaporizkoy Sich. The hetman turned to the Muscovite tsar with the prohannym pіdtremati yogo in the national struggle and accept “under the temple the hand of the tsar of Moscow”. Oleksiy Mikhailovich waited, donating a trip to the Baltic Sea. Russia could not fight on two fronts. A bloody war began in Poland, for the pouches of the Russian state, the Left Bank of Ukraine, Kiev, and Smolensk and Chernigiv lands turned.
Before the speech, the tsar’s orders for quiet hours to bring Oleksiy’s pranayama to be surrounded by “little blood”. Punishing you not to fire the place, that you surrendered to the mercy of the peremozhtsya, allowing you to drink without interruption. The gentry, which they had lost, could unreservedly swear allegiance to the new tsar and save their privileges.
Fight for the Baltic
In parallel with the Russian-Polish war, the Quiet Sovereign tried to "cut a hole in Europe" and secure the Russian state from the Baltic Sea. At the same time in 1655, approximately in 1655, after the settlement of the agreement with Khmelnytsky, before Oleksiy Mikhailovich, the Austrians came and tried to reconcile the tsar to lay peace out of the Commonwealth and throw all their strength into the war with Sweden, which they tried. With times of victory, Moscow could take all of the Baltic states. In the world from Poland, the Quietest one was moving, nourishing the defender of the Orthodox brothers, he was important for the new one. I had a chance to wage war on two fronts: the Russian troops occupied strategically important places in Livonia - Yur'ev, Kukonoys, Dinaburg, and they could capture Riga in such a way. The cardinal peace treaty annulled the victorious successes of Russia. Went to the Baltic Sea had a chance to visit the capital.
To the Pacific Ocean
Just as for Mikhail Fedorovich the Russian power encroached on the Sea of Okhotsk, then behind the Quietest Oleksiya it grew to the Pacific Ocean, at the same time turning Russia into the greatest power in the world. In 1648, the Cossack Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev, with his comrades, cut down on sea vessels - "kochi" - a channel that led the Eurasian coast to Pivnichnoy America. Approximately at the same time, the Russian explorers Poyarkov and Khabarov made a trip to the Amur and brought the population of the quiet lands to the Russians. Regardless of the order of the sovereign, bring the Siberian tubers near the citizenship with “kindness and welcome”, the people who served often resorted to violence - they picked the price smartly by force, surrounded it with an irrepressible danina.
From the development of the Far Descent, the blues from China have been rewarded. The emperor of the Qin dynasty was placed before the Russian missions with special Marnoslavism, the powerful Asian monarchs. Zgіdno with Chinese statements about svetoustriy, arrival from distant lands, meaning the expansion of the emperor's good inflow to the whole world and serving as proof of the greater power of yoga, which the earth knew far away.
For that, a hospitality reception was prepared for the "people far away" for the imperial court. Irrelevant Russian Chinese traditions sometimes led to diplomatic incidents. So, in 1670, voivode Danila Arshinsky sent a mission to the Chinese emperor, with the method of changing his position as an ensign of the Russian tsar. The announcement was reckless, that the dignitaries translated the envoy into the pack, informing the emperor that the Russians themselves brought him a letter of order, take him into slavery. Having appreciated such a blessing, the ambassadors were bestowed with the most privileged reception, they were honored with an imperial audience - the honor of the Chinese people is indescribable.
autocratic state
Regardless of his own preference, Oleksiy is not a "quiet" policy. For the new in Russia, autocracy is consolidated. On the cob of the rule of Oleksiya, the country’s representative monarchy prospered: the tsar and the tsar had to step without the boyars’ thought, the boyar Morozov, the boyar, cherubed the rock. The historian Kostomarov wrote about the tsar: “Oleksii Mikhailovich, he himself respects the autocratic and apparently independent, but he was quiet, then others.”
The attendants, especially foreigners afterward, suddenly guessed: “Oleksii Mikhailovich, on the father’s side, is an autocrat and “rule his own power from his own will.” The imperial ambassador A. Meyerberg also declared that Tsar Oleksiy at the Boyar Duma was acting like a new ruler.
Trample your soft-heartedness, for consumption, the tsar is instantly buti and zhorstok. The rebellion of Stepan Razin drowned in blood, and the opponents of Nikon's church reform recognized the cruel massacre. For Oleksiya, the term "autocrat" was hardened, and for his new name, The quietest buv is ready to shed blood. Behind the spogads of the moderns, the lack of correctness of the titles led to a criminal malice - a person could be victorious or inspire stratity.
Oleksiy laid the edge to the wide influx of the Boyar Duma, falling asleep the system of punishments, zocrema The order of secret rights is an organ of visibility, control of the activity of other structures. Having destroyed Oleksiy that other tradition of the Russian court, he voted for the life of the descendant of the throne - the elder son of Fyodor.
Capital of Pravoslavia
There are legends about the religion of the Quiet Tsar. Behind the words of the fellows: "the monarch was longed to overthrow them with religious courage." The Orthodox orientation has become more familiar to all the policies of Oleksiy Mikhailovich. A smutty yogo pragnennya, like a year, became an invisible rice of the Russian autocracy, it was supposed to be among the zmіtsnennі zv'yazkіv іz orthodox peoples: zvіlnennya ukraintsіv vіd "katolicheskogo yoke", nagodzhennіh stosunkіv z transіlvanskimi princes, i navіvnіvі The old concept of Moscow, as the successor of Constantinople, the new “Third Rome”, is gaining new relevance. At the same time, the correction of translations of dogmatic books, which led to the appearance of the Old Believers, established the role of Russia as a defender of the same peoples in the international arena, and secured the status of the capital of Orthodoxy for Moscow.
First in Europe
Peter I clearly had a spadkovian love for everything European. Yogo Batko Oleksiy Mikhailovich loved zahіdnі "divinі". Even in his childhood, he spun on “German hand-made arches”, and in his youth, Boris Morozov, a yogo master, made a sprat of cloth of French and English cut. Winning European history and politics, becoming the first sovereign, who read European ZMI! English, French, Dutch and other newspapers were specially translated into the Ambassador's instructions.
For Oleksiy, more and more often, foreign messengers come to the court, as they foreshadowed the beauty of the royal court. If at St. Oleksiy, having abandoned his chambers and “going out to the people”, the royal procession was transformed into a food action.
“The door of the Moscow Sovereign is such a garni and is arranged in such a manner that it is unlikely that one of the current Christian monarchs can be found, who has turned the bi in the same Moscow one,” Collins, not prihovuvav English Collins, looking at the royal cortege.
Tim, for an hour, philanthropy had its own motives. Oleksiy wanted to turn over all the royal courts of the world, for us, the French. Mandrivniki of that hour celebrated in absentia the magic between Oleksiy Mikhailovich and Louis XIV: they insulted jealously about the ritual and the glamor of their courtyards, seeing that watering. They called them: “king-sun” and “king-sun”.
new law
A new law is to become a soft autocrat of creations of a new law, which will strengthen the central tsar's power with the choice of people's self-regulation at the places - the Cathedral of the Code of Tsar Oleksiy. The right of the servants included the ability to elect zemstvo and communal elders, the zemstvo bailiff, bailiffs, tsіluvalnikov, sotsk, and the arrogance of the "presumption of innocence" saved the svavoli of all officials. Klyuchevsky wrote this about the new legislation, which outstripped Europe: “Offending the dzherel of the ranks of the new ones - a huge choice and the ranks of the ranks - they are not one-to-one, but served as additional help one for one.” “Self-regulation equal to Moscow, the same country did not know the world,” said another historian Solonevich. And the axis for the villagers of the Cathedral was laid down. Vіdteper hindered the transition from one assistant to the next one in Yur'єv day and deafened the stringless poshuk vtіkaіv. Russia has a stronghold.
Oleksiy Mikhailovich is another sovereign from the Romanov clan, who took the Russian throne. The tsar led the Bagatoria war from the Rich Commonwealth, Midnim and Salt riots. About the people of the future Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich, an entry was made in the "New Chronicler". It was said that on 17 February 1629 a scumbag appeared.
The christenings of the new people were held at the Miracle Monastery. Patriarch Filaret Mikitovich is present at the christening of the boy. The baptismal father of Oleksiya became the Trinity Kelar Oleksandr. The fathers robbed the future ruler of his honor to the saints. The Tsar's mothers were engaged in the weaving of children until the 5th century. After passing the turn of the century, Oleksiy Mikhailovich was handed over to the boyar Boris Morozov. The first teacher took care of the Tsarevich with a letter and reading.
Among the books on the books were present the Days of the Holy Apostles, the Hours and the Psalms. The future tsar step by step touched upon such science as a leaf and church spiv. Books were addicted to Oleksiy Mikhailovich. Until the 13th birthday, the boy had a small library, in which there were Lithuanian Grammar and Lexicon, Cosmography.
Tsesarevich mav іnshі zakhoplennya, including musical instruments, children lati and navit kіn. B.I. Morozov without intermediary vplinuv on the development of Oleksiy Mikhailovich. Vchitel upershe vikoristav for the boy of the German shati. Less than 14 rokiv presented a huge decline to the throne. Already after 2 years, the young lad had a chance to take the kermo rule into his own hands. The official residence of Oleksiy Romanov was founded in Kolomensk.
The cob of rule
Navchannya Oleksiy was deshcho one-sided, to that, if the tsar zіyshov on the throne, then zіshtovhnuvsya from low problems, such as would be ready. Tse took a close relationship with Uncle Morozov. Pochatka Oleksiy Mikhailovich, having listened to the joys of the boyar, later formed a special thought about how to feed the state.
Tse took away the character of the king. Foreign guests in the wild described Oleksiy as a gentle, good-natured and quiet ruler. Such vibes were seen by Z. Collins, A. Meyerberg and navit G.K. Kotoshikhin. Oleksiy Mikhailovich zealously watched the church ceremonies and trich for each day, trembling in the sight of that water. Zavdyaki religiinostі tsars otrimav prizvisko Tisha.
Injection of Boris Morozov, like before, having become too great. If the tsar won friendship with the 18th century, then he chose the daughter of Raf Vsevolozhsky for the squad. Wesillya didn’t come through the boyar’s hand in hand. Tim is no less, the wedding of Oleksiy Mikhailovich and Mary Illivna Miloslavskaya passed through the river. Nezabarom pishov and Morozov. The old teacher made friends with the sister of the maiden - Anna.
At 3 o'clock, having poured Miloslavsky and Morozov onto the royal door, it was remembered. Instead, Oleksiy Mikhailovich revealed negative moments in the internal management of the state. To which the boyar put his hand. Tsar virishuє send mito to the force. A new tribute, having replaced salt, mito, arrows and yamsky pennies. Ale among the people did not cry triumphantly, on the contrary, the population showed dissatisfaction with the innovations. The situation was aggravated by the Miloslavsky's reinvention of the story about the love of the tsar to foreign zvichaїv.
The salt riot broke out. Enchantments were seen near Moscow and other places in the country. Forgive the hulks, they wanted to take Boris Morozov to the hands. Without taking off the bazhany, people attacked the boyar's booth, drove in the duma's dyak Chisty and the roundabout Pleshcheev. The tsar was left with nothing, as a secret from us to transport Morozov to the Kirilo-Bilozersk monastery.
The rebellion helped the people to demand a new mit on force. Step by step dissatisfaction faded and the boyar turned to the palace. At what hour Morozov, having spent the opportunity to cherubate the power, but the royal mood was gone. New mito on the strength of the same fate. After that, as the people's praise subsided, Morozov turned to the court, cursing the tsar's roztashuvannyam, but not mave the head value in management.
Domestic policy
The internal policy of the tsar includes a sprinkling of important powers and orders. The government of Oleksiy the Quietest made fences for the whites of the Volodymyrs with lands, mortgages, including trade and trade. Apparently, before the adopted Cathedral settlement, the villagers were forced to cross from one vlasnik to another. The family was worth it.
Historians see some of the main orders that played a role in the internal life of the state. To such ones one can see the Taєmnі vіdnosiny, Khlibniy, Reytarskiy punishment, Rakhunkovі vіdnosiny, Lithuanian, Monastirskiy and Malorosіyskiy.
Financial bik Romanov did not leave a pose of respect. Having ordered the tsar to conduct a census of taxable households, install a number of representatives of the human status. Zdіysniv Oleksiy Mikhailovich tried to make a fresh salt mite, but then he thought about it and appeared not far away.
Dribni mita was liquidated by order of the tsar. The only possible option for consolidating mail chi rіchnitі - transfer to the vіdkup. The treasury through the marriage of pennies bula zmushena let out additional money. Go about mid-coins. It was caused by those who pennies from midi were practically equal to silver coins. A new decision not far away led to a rebellion, which they called Midnim.
Oleksiy Mikhailovich made a wonderful decision in 1667 about the life of many ships. The shipyard was organized on the Otsі order from the village of Dedinovo. Unbeknownst, like a tsar, having planned vikoristy judge. Special demand on ships One day, more than once, she left the port and added to Astrakhan.
Change at the legislature Oleksiy the Quietest robbed the insignificant. At the order of the tsar, the Cathedral was broken up, at the warehouse of such a present New trade statute, New decree statutes about mothers, rozbіynі and batting, military statute.
Zovnishnya politics
Oleksiy Mikhailovich tried to protect the front lines. This was caused by the unleashing of wars against the powers that were deployed at the entrance of the continent. The main enemy for Russia was the Rich Commonwealth. For a long time, the rulers of Russia tried to defend their own territory and conquer foreign ones.
Viyskovski dії did not help Romanov to pave the way to the Baltic Sea. There were positive stages in the current politics. Zokrema, the Chernigiv and Smolensk lands that emerged during the Troubles became a new part of the great land. Oleksiy Mikhailovich did not allow the incursions of the Crimean Tatars, by passing the cordons.
Under the hour of the reign of Oleksiy the Quietest part of Ukraine lay before the Polish-Lithuanian state. A strong oppression, having given the mischievous inhabitants a peaceful life, the same dissatisfaction hovered around the unacceptability for the majestic power. Zaporizhka Cossacks were violating near the bіy against the Commonwealth.
Success on the boots of the Cossacks. The rulers of the region had a chance to have a talk. Ukraine became an autonomous state. But the Poles did not fit in with such decisions. The Cossacks were not left with anything, as if they would resign themselves to the astonishment. Kerivnik of the Cossack movement, roaring the jokes of a strong ally. Numerical trials of profits from the blue of Russia have been pushed in through the sprat of rocks. The Zemsky Sobor gave the go-ahead to the ear of cossacks of the Cossacks of the Vijskovs against the Commonwealth.
1654 became a landmark for Ukraine and Russia. The two powers united and became one whole. Hetman cherished the Ukrainian lands, which helped him the great Cossack army. These decisions lost the dissatisfied power of the Polish-Lithuanian side. The war began. The first months lay far away for the Romanovs: 30 towns were buried, the Smolensk zocrema.
The Swedish king attacked Rich Commonwealth. The state was able to resist the zahodny Viysk, that Sweden took away the deaks of the earth, the defense of Warsaw. Oleksiy Mikhailovich did not want to give in and stole the world of Timchas from the Polish-Lithuanian land. That was the reason for the strategically wrong decisions.
After death, the new hetman will go over to the Polish side and organize a war against Russia. The tsar did not have a moment to stand against Sweden and the Commonwealth. Having spent a lot of soldiers, the lands praise the decision about the truce. Russia wasted land near the Baltic.
Life Specialist
The biography of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich says about two plumes. Before the union of the Romanovs, joining the young vice. The squad is the daughter of Miloslavsky Maria. At 44, the woman died. The recession of the famous nickname left the squad of 13 children. Less than two fates passed, as a novelty flew by Russia - the king suddenly became friends. Natalya Narishkina became the squad. The young woman gave the people three children.
Oleksiy Mikhailovich vikhovuvav 16 lads and girls. Only three blues have ascended the throne. Tse, Ivan V i. Zamіzhzhya daughters of the king of power did not zmіg. Tsikavo, that children from different mothers did not mate. Historians stverdzhuyut about fortune-telling between them. At that hour, the photos were available during the day, and to this day, canvases with portraits of the royal homeland were included.
Death
Death overtook Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich Romanov znenatska. Shortly before the 47th day of the people, the ruler became a heart attack. Problems zі zdorov'yam vyavivalis deadly for the king.
Two years before his death, Oleksiy Mikhailovich declared that Fedir would become a successor to the throne at the time of the death of the emperor.
Memory
- 1939 - ""
- 1956 - "300 years ago ..."
- 1988 - "People Walking"
- 2010 - monument to Oleksiy Mikhailovich near Novy Oskol
- 2011 - Rozkol
- 2013 - Romanovi. Film first "