In the next year of 1991, President of Russia Boris Yeltsin launched a program on the cob market. Radical changes were minted on the Russian economy.
Main points of the program:
Structural rozbudova industry, pobudova private-state economy;
privatization of large state-owned enterprises, uninterrupted development of private power;
land reform with distant permission to buy and sell land;
znyatya obezhen on foreign trade operations, vіdmova in the state monopoly on foreign trade;
liberalization of prices and trade;
supply of the Russian national currency - the ruble.
Russia began to rise in the face of the economic recession of the SRSR and to develop a new economy based on the market-driven resources.
Under this Russian culture, the ceramics failed to extend the transition to the market for a few years and not to live in half. Let's go to the market, we'll be quick and we'll come. The Yeltsin program began to be fully implemented from September 1992. Yegor Gaidar became one of the vice-premiers for the implementation of the reform program.
Liberalization of prices. "Shock therapy". Fall of virobnitsva. Hyperflation (1992-1994).
The art of Russia was worked out by those who did not dare to work with the SRSR, who were afraid of the social vibe: it was driven by the sovereign regulation of prices. On September 2, 1992, the country passed a stagnation of free market prices. It was not the power that became the ruler, as it was in the Soviet Socialist Republic, but that proposition became the sole ruler. The state deprived under its control of the price of bread, milk, public transport and other socially significant goods and services (stinks became 10% of the total mass of goods and services).
It was said that after the admission of the prices of the stench to increase in the next. Prote reality turned out to be dramatic: the prices increased by 10-12 times. The reason is a severe shortage of goods of first necessity.
Ale, for whom the growth of prices did not decline: the country experienced hyperinflation. In 1992, prices increased by 2600 square meters. The protection of the hulks, accumulated for radian hours, was appreciated. Hyperinflation was trival and two fates were coming. The consequences of "shock therapy" appeared richly suvorishim, the government and the economy of the country were underestimated.
The sharp transition to the market had many pluses and minuses. Moreover, often an insane plus often becomes the reason for the appearance of a new minus - and navpaki.
High will drink on the goods, reviving the trade. The beginning of the liberalization of trade has become possible to quickly fill the market with imports. Comrades rushed to the countryside in a stream from behind the cordon. Tse allowed Shvidko to run into a deficit. But now there is another serious problem: Russian enterprises did not face competition, because their goods were sacrificed to imports for their quality and assortment. As a result, a large number of enterprises, one by one, became bankrupts and grimaced. For the rest of the last 70 years, unemployment appeared in the country, moreover, it immediately took on a mass character.
Rizke skorochennya vyrobnitstva hit the Russian budget. Vіn vtrativ important dzherel pributka і duzhe shvidko zubozhіv. The state appeared to be incapable of financing socially significant stats to the budget. Science, education, health protection, and culture suffered especially.
But in general, the strimki of reform, for all the dramatic nature, are of little importance:
bulo dosit shvidko liquidated commodity deficit;
a new trading system was formed, which evolved in the form of sovereign mediation and was based on direct links with the patrimonials and foreign trade unions and post-employees;
the country has become unique due to the rise of the state ties and the economic collapse;
created the foundations of the market and market mechanisms for the future growth of the Russian economy.
In the autumn of 1992, privatization began to rock. Thousands of sovereign enterprises passed from private hands - up to about 100 workers and labor collectives.
The important leaders of the government were the formation of the class of Vlasniks, the creation of a small, medium and great business, which became the basis of the Russian economy. The decision of the order was ordered and the privatization was announced.
But the greater population is not a small sum for the purchase of shares. The 1st government voted to see the privatization check (voucher) for the skin of the citizens of Russia. Yogo can be exchanged for shares with a total number of up to 10 thousand karboventsiv. Tsі and іnshі come in, the powers have brought before the fact that the privatization of the nabula of active forms. During the first period of reforms, 24,000 enterprises, 160,000 farming states, and 15,000 trade enterprises were privatized. In the wondrous countryside, the ball of vlasniks has become molded at a fast pace.
The voucher privatization did not improve the material situation of the greater population of Russia. Vaughn did not become a stimulus for the development of warfare, did not correct the power of the entire population, as it was funded to improve the economic situation in the country. Tse is an insane minus of the economic policy of the government in 1992-1994. But in a short time in the country, new economic blueprints were accumulated, which are based on private authority and freedom of entrepreneurial activity. І tse - such a crazy plus passed privatization.
The program of reforms did not give the main ochіkuvannoy result: the order failed to stabilize the economy of the country. At the birth of 1992, Yegor Gaidar, who, having made the head of the order, made the head of the line, corrected the insertion. Ocholiv order Viktor Chernomirdin. Vіn vnіs vnіs korekivvi u reform program: vіdmіnu vіd Gaidar, vіn pursuing a line to strengthen the role of the state in the economy. The Bula's headquarters is also divided into a fire-energy and defense complex.
However, do not come in small success. Virobnitstvo continued to fall, treasury felt a terrible deficit, inflation grew, and the “capital flow” grew stronger: the patrimonials of the enterprises did not worry about depriving the surplus from unstable Russia. Foreign companies also did not hasten to invest pennies in the Russian economy, fearing not only economic, but also political instability, as well as the presence of the necessary legislative base in the country.
Russia vociferously demanded pennies for the financing of reforms. They gave the International Monetary Fund and Svitovy Bank. In addition, a number of grounds for the issuance of sovereign short-term bonds (DKOs) brought chimaliy income. In the distance, too, reconsider the population to save pennies from banks. As a result, the budget had the necessary expenses. Zavdyaks to this order were able to reduce the rate of inflation and stabilize carbonization.
Prote, selling DKOs and taking positions from out-of-band financial institutions, the country of the Dedali more intermeddle with the Borg. It was necessary to pay hundreds of dollars for DKO, but the budget simply did not have such bills. For those who won, pennies and yaks were victorious effectively - also, they did not bring a good result. As a result, a new threat loomed over the country - the danger of the Borg crisis.
At the beginning of 1998, the fate of Chernomirdin was redeployed at the post office. Sergiy Kirienko became the new prime minister. Updated the order trying to save the financial crisis, which was put on, or help to help її nasledki. Prote already nothing could be changed.
On September 17, 1998, the party voted about paying for the DKO, in fact, having recognized their inability to pay for the Borg. Vibuhnulas unprecedented financial crisis. The exchange rate of the ruble has collapsed for the last few years, having fallen in price by 4 times as compared to the dollar. The penny contributions of the populace suddenly made a difference for ten years. Dovira to banks again bula pіdіrvana. The banking system has stumbled on the edge of a break. The change in imports has led to the threat of a new total deficit.
The order was taken care of by the bulky people. At the same time, from the Prime Minister Kirienkom, it was sent to the office.
Yevgen Primakov was recognized as the new head of the Cabinet of Ministers. Vin calling not to call for help calling, but to rely on the power of the force. The default of maw is a positive moment: due to a strong increase in the dollar exchange rate, import goods turned out to be too expensive for the majority of the population of the country. For the sake of a chance for domestic production, it was unreasonably taken away by serious competitive advantages: domestic goods turned out to be quite cheap for imports and began to become a serious drink. Virobnitstvo cheered. A new economic growth has begun.
In early 1999, Sergiy Stepashin became prime minister, and in the same year, Volodymyr Putin became the prime minister. The stench continued to take a course towards the improvement of the Russian economy.
With the advent of Putin, the development of a new economic strategy for the country began in a row.
In the 90s, the fate of Russia in the leading economies of the world gradually grew. For sukupnye showcases of economic development, Russia looked far away, commemoratively doing the leading lands of Europe and the USA. While in the middle of the 20th century Russia occupied another place in the world for the obsession of industrial production, then in the 90s the won dropped to another ten. On the other side, at the edge of the country, there were markets of blue, prompting a new foundation, on which the economy of the new, post-communist Russia will be small. It was necessary to come out of the crisis terms, which stretched out, podolat vіdstavannya and ensure the steady growth of the economy. Vіd tsgogo stale as a materially prosperous land. The future of Russia has come to an end.
The political system of Russia at the beginning of the 1990s was based on a two-part basis of representative authorities - the Z'ezd of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation and the two-chamber Verkhovna Rada. President B. M. Yeltsin is the head of the vykonavchos of the appeals to the nationwide votes. Vіn same buv Commander-in-Chief of the Evil Forces. Vishchoy judicial instance buv Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The role of the greater structures of the government was played by a large number of deputies of the Supreme Council for the sake of the SRSR. Three of them were recognized as the president's guards - V. Shumeiko and Yu. Yarov, the head of the Constitutional Court V. D. Zorkin, a lot of heads of administrations at the missions.
The activity of the sovereign apparatus was running through the minds of the zhorstkoy confrontation of the legislators and vikonavchos. Z'izd of people's deputies, which appeared in the fall of 1991, giving the president a wide boost to carry out economic reforms. Most of the deputies in the Russian parliament during this period supported the course towards the development of the market economy in Russia. For example, born in 1991 order, ocholyuvanny vchenim-economist Є. T. Gaidar, having developed a program of radical reforms in the galusi of the people's state. Promoted by the program come "shock therapy" were aimed at the transfer of the economy to the market methods of government.
An important place in the program of reforming the economy was occupied by the liberalization of prices - an increase in their control of the state. The transition to the Vilni (Rink) prices and tariffs was announced from September 1992. For power zberіgalosya regulation tsіn less for deyakі commodities and products of virobnicho-technical recognition. The liberalization of prices called for a sharp streak of inflation. For rіk spozhivchi tsіni in the country grew mayzhe in 26 times. Decrease in the cost of living of the population: in 1994. wine, becoming 50% equal to the cob of the 90s. It was known that the bulk was attached to pay the huge people their pennies, which were saved from Derzhbank.
The main role of the process of transition to the market was privatization (rozderzhavlennyu) power. Її as a result, little of the transformation of the private sector into a more important sector of the economy. The privatization of state power has stunned the prospects of retail trade, public eating and service. After the privatization policy, the PZ yew passed to the hands of private enterprises. industrial enterprises. Voucher[i] privatization 1992-1994 years. That advancing privatization act caused the sovereign sector to play a leading role in the economy.
Prote change in the form of power did not improve the efficiency of the economy. In the middle of 1993-1994 years. the drop in industrial production was 21%, among those in machine-building - 31%, in the production of wide-ranging objects - 30%. Over half of the goods of the Russian market fell part of the imported products.
One of the consequences of the privatization policy was the collapse of the energy infrastructure.
In the other half of the 90s, most of the great and middle enterprises of Russia turned into private, commercial and joint-stock partnerships. Vinikli and actively engaged in numerous commercial banks, stock exchanges and trade houses. All this led to a residual waste of the state's ability to cherubate new vacancies and financial structures for additional administrative methods. However, now in the hands of the state there were significant stakes in the shares of factories and factories, which played a leading role in the Russian economy. The development of a system for managing shareholdings was carried out with a view to the activity of businesses in the non-state sector.
The program of economic reforms included serious reforms in the country's state. The 1990s became an hour of intensive development of new forms of government. In the agro-sector of the economy, the role played by the veterans and closed joint-stock partnerships, partnerships with a fringed supply, agricultural cooperatives is more important. In 1999 The share of pets in the structure of agricultural and subdar enterprises was 65.8%.
The economic crisis was hard hitting the agrarian sector. Waste of mineral fertilizers, motor vehicles and agricultural equipment. In 1996 enterprises of agricultural machinery and equipment industry virobily 14 ths. tractors, born in 1998 - 9800, grain harvesters - depending on 2500 and 1000. Lack of agricultural equipment, especially for farming states, organization of rozbudova forms of government caused a drop in yield. In the middle of the 1990s, the growth of the strong spodarskogo virobnitstv fell by 70% compared to 1991-1992. The number of great horned thinness has changed by 20 million heads. Until the end of the 1990s, the number of stricken states in the state sector became, for official tribute, 49.2%, in the private sector - 57.9%.
Radical changes in the Russian economy have turned into significant expenses.
Chronology
- 1993 r., 3 - 4 Zhovtnya Vistup of the opposition forces near Moscow. Shelling of the White House
- 1993, 12 December Adoption of the new Constitution of the Russian Federation
- 1996, lime tree Obrannya B.M. Yeltsin another term President of the Russian Federation
- 1994, breast - 1996, breast War in Chechnya
- 1998, financial crisis in Russia
- 1999, sickle Cob of anti-terrorist operation in Chechnya
- 1999, 31st of March Yeltsin at the post office
- 2000, 26 birch Putin
Russia in the 90s XX Art.
The course of economic reforms in Russia at the beginning of the 90s.
It is important to note that one of the main recent serpentine approaches was the relocation of state-political power, as it stood in front of the union center, the republic, and Russia. The Russian president, the order, the Verkhovna Rada, for a long time, gained power, the stench of them swayed the second fate. There was a problem of incorporation into the life of radical reforms. For the obviousness of the radical ideology of reforms, the stench is not small clear and primed programs of specific economic and political transformations. The plan of economic reforms was implemented only as a reminder of Zhovtnya 1991. Having made a speech at the Three People's Deputies of Russia, President B.N. Yeltsin. The plan included some specific direct economic policies of Russia, which became the essence of the reform.
First Great Zahid- once introduction of free prices since September 1992 - the market value of the goods and the liquidity of the commodity deficit is small. Friend — trade liberalization- it is small to speed up the turnover of goods, create an infrastructure for the production of domestic and imported products. Third- wide privatization of the dwelling, holdings of enterprises- it is small to transform the masses of the population into Vlasniks.
Privatization checkThe program of radical reforms was initiated by Yeltsinim, and the authors were the ministers of the new Russian order: economy-markets. Gaidar, A. Shokhin, A. Chubais. As a matter of fact, the program passed the Swedish transition to market economy. Leading theorist of Russian "shock therapy" vice-premier in the order of economic nutrition E.T. Gaidar
E.T. Gaidar
having taken into account that the classic market model can be implemented in Russia without any serious consequences for the social sphere. In this case, the results were dramatic for the Russians. Admission of prices for sichni 1992 r. brought to them an increase not in 3 - 4 times, but in 10 - 12 times, while wages and pensions increased by 70%. The saving contribution of the population is not immediately indexed. Practically beyond the boundary of vigilance, the greater population of Russia opined. The reform took away the name "robbery" among the people, gave rise to a inaccurate to the point that negatively zagalom setting up the course of reforms.
Radical reforms called out and wide opposition from the Verkhovna Rada of the RRFSR. Qyu opposition ocholiv Head of the Verkhovna Radi R.I. Khasbulativ. Opir radical reforms otrimav broad podrimku susspіlstvі, nasampered galuzyakh vіyskovo-promyslovom complex and budgetary sphere, de bulo occupied more of the population.
"Shock therapy" of economic reforms on the cob of the 90s. Sovereign of Russia, Russian Federation after the vote of independence on 12 March 1990 included 89 regions, zocrema and 21 national education. A two-part system of organs of representative power was established - the Three People's Deputies and the two-chamber Verkhovna Rada. President B.N. Yeltsin, Vіn the head of the Commander-in-Chief of the Defense Forces of the country. The supreme court instance buv the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.
The president of the country, having announced his intention to continue the course of reforms. Youmu was given a wide revival of economic reforms. Kerіvnitstvo of the country took a course on "shock therapy", the idea of which was based on the stagnant liberal model of the functioning of the economy, and spired on the reforms that were carried out in Poland.
Becoming the head of the economic block of reforms, E.T. Gaidar, a kind of ocholiv order of Russia in the Sich - chest 1992.
The reform program included the following:
Liberalization of more prices, tobto. vіdmova vіd administrative regulation;
Freedom of trade;
Conducted privatization, tobto. rozderzhavlennya power with the method of transforming the private sector into the main sector of the economy;
Zhorstki come in taxable podatkuvannya.
The ideologists of the reforms admitted that until the end of 1992. on this basis, it will be possible to stabilize the economy, and it will be created for the її rise, and the market itself, without the pressure of the state, will create the optimal structure of the economic development.
The economic system was covered with structural disproportions:
Perezhannya vidobuvnyh galuzy over robes;
A high proportion of enterprises that are used for military needs.
Chinnik, who facilitated liberal reforms, led to the disorganization of the economic complex, tobto. rozryv gospodarskih zv'yazkіv after the collapse of the SRSR
For carrying out the market reforms, no political and legal basis was created: there were daily necessary market laws, and the ministries and departments practiced in the old way.
Starting from the beginning of September 1992. In order to balance the budget, the order began to speed up the most important state programs. The finances of the army fell sharply, the state's defense defense decreased. Tse put on the brink of the collapse of the scientific community. The liberalization of prices called for a sharp streak of inflation. For rіk spozhivchі prices grew in 26 times. They stumbled to pay the hulks for their protection, that they were saved in Oschadbanka. Fell social vitrati, which hit us in front of low-income families.
Privatization has sacked the beginnings of retail trade, communal eating, and food services. Already the first time of privatization, over 110 thousand rubles passed to the hands of private entrepreneurs. industrial enterprises, which caused the power to play a leading role in the economy of the country. In privatization, political goals dominated over economic dotsilnistyu. Vlada defied the most visible creation of the Vlasnik class, which became the bi support of the current regime. That is why, for a priceless business, they were privatized by okremi persons of enterprises and navit tsili galusi. A new gentleman, who did not contribute significant losses to the authorities, without jumping to the renewal of the campaign, the modernization of funds.
In this way, privatization did not receive financial resources for the recovery of the economy and its growth. But the Moscow privatization gave an economic effect, which allowed for the financial gain of the money to be professed by the most important capital programs for the development and modernization of the housing stock.
Privatization did not take away the popular support. Behind the plan of privatization of the leather, the bulk of the country's maw had the right to take away his part of the suspіlnoї power created by the rocks of Radyansk vlady. A privatization check - a "voucher" - has become a symbol of the equal opportunities for the establishment of a good government (business). The state did not control the activities of investment companies and funds, and the people were appalled at that.
In fact, privatization led to the deindustrialization of the country. Z 1990 The most significant drop in the number of deaths was 20%. In the mid 90s. an important industry was looming, the energy infrastructure of the country fell apart. The deputy of social modernization of society, privatization led to a deep social split. Only 5% of the population of the region (100,000 families out of 145 million) have enchanted the national wealth of Russia. Representatives of the administrative apparatus were sent to that number, as they carried out privatization. The sovereign wealth was bought up by representatives of the "shadow" economy. In the process of privatization, small representatives of the nomenklatura - the "director's corps", "statesmen", as well as widely victorious service calls, won.
A sharp decrease in the social protection of the population of Russia has led to a high mortality rate - over 1 million cases. From 1990 to 1995 zrіs rіven malignancy at the second time. In the mid 90s. the average income of 8 - 10 times exceeded the average salary and that of 30 - 40 times - the average pension of the people of Russia.
In the country, the principles of individualism and permissiveness became more and more solidified. The role of the forms of practice fell sharply - teacher, engineer, and other.
As a proof of the transformation, large-scale changes in the suspense can be carried out for the sake of the entire suspense, with the improvement of national traditions and under the control of the suspense.
Standing for two heads of power. From the beginning of the implementation of the market reforms, the struggle between the legislator and the victorious rulers of power was sharpening. The progress of the reforms made the progress of the reforms more important than the suspіlstva; The ranks step by step allowed the "credit to be granted", becoming an increase in the authority of the opposition forces. In 1992 - 1993 rr. at the center of the political life of Russia, there was a conflict between the Vikonavchoi (President of Russia) and the Representative (Z'izd of People's Deputies - Verkhovna Rada) power, because between them, bov added new importance. We have seen two approaches to the future development of the country: liberal-democratic and state-communist.
April 1992 On the VI Third People's Deputies of the Russian Federation, the opposition bloc "Russian Unity" was formed, which united opponents of the rank-and-file reforms. The majority of deputies became the bloc's followers step by step. At the breast 1992 on the 7th star of people's deputies of the Russian Federation President of the Russian Federation B.M. Yeltsin urged to hold a referendum on the approval of the President and the Z'izda of people's deputies. In the wake of the inveterate struggle between the two heads of power, it was decided to hold a referendum on April 25, 1992.
Over 69 million people took part in the referendum (65% of the total number of citizens), the citizens of Russia supported the President B.M. Yeltsin and reforms carried out by him. But the formula of a pidrakhunka golosiv gave the opposition the opportunity to continue the fight against reforms.
Part of the opposition went over to rapist deeds. In the wake of the stagnation of demonstrators from the police forces at the hour of the first grass saint, 1993. hundreds of people were wounded, and one police officer perished. The situation that was taking shape was becoming more and more unsafe.
Vlad's opposition was hosted in the autumn of 1993. At that time, a draft of a new Constitution of the Russian Federation was prepared, which gave the President more rights. The Parliament, having become an acknowledgment of the new Constitution.
Constitutional crisis of 1993 Spring 21, 1993 B.M. Yeltsin voiced about the dissolution of the representative bodies of power - the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation and the Z'izda of people's deputies. Tse buv anti-constitutional krok from the side of the President. Some of the deputies were asked to find out the legitimacy of the President, and she said about the adoption of the law of power. The new President, A.V., was sworn in before the oath. Rutsky. Bulo formed a parallel detachment and sent out the "To the people". It was envisioned by the new one that the reforms of the Vikonavchi rulers "will lead to the collapse of the economy, science, enlightenment, health protection, culture, the army, to the infamous toothbrushing of the people and the cob of the death of the Russians, to the unstoppable debauchery of wickedness." The Decree of the President roztsinyuvavsya as "sovereign coup". The defense of the White House, that deputies, as if they were changing to a new one, were taken on by the opposition's hoarders.
July 2 - 3, 1993 Opposition forces organized demonstrations near Moscow, and it was not long before they tried to storm the measure and the Ostankino television center. In Moscow, an overhead station was announced and a viysk was introduced.
Biliy dim, de bula Verkhovna Rada, buv blocking by army units. The President praised the decision about the forcible destruction of the Verkhovna Radi. The army stood up for the President. 4 days after the fire from the tank shells of the White House was taken, as if the guards were arrested. Among them were beaten and wounded.
Podії zhovtnya 1993 The different versions of the suspense were taken in different ways, but on the other hand, the tragic sides of the post-communist Russian history. "Black Zhovten" zruynuvav Rad system. It is not enough for a nationwide vote on the draft of the new Constitution to be approved for food, which will come to replace Radam.
On the 12th of December, the elections to the new parliament and the referendum on how to adopt the Constitution of Russia were recognized. Between the political parties, the fight for the votes of the electors began. Even with political parties, as if supporting the course of the President, it did not gain over 15% of the total number of voters. Becoming a failure of the success of the Liberal Democratic Party V.V. Zhirinovsky (they voted over 25% of the votes).
An important factor in stabilizing the suspenseful life was the support of the greater faction of the Hold of the Treaty on the Great Achievement, which voted the suffocating world before the upcoming elections of 1996 were held.
The Federal Council of the Russian Federation, which consists of two chambers: For the sake of the Federation and the State Duma, became the new body of the legislature. Becoming the first head of the Federation for the sake of V.F. Shumeyka, and I.P. Ribkin.
The central place in the work of the Sovereign Duma I was occupied by the food of the economic and national policy, social security. Stretch 1993 - 1995 rr. deputies praised over 320 laws. The most important part of them was signed by the President.
December 12, 1993 By popular vote, the Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted. (Div. additional textbook material.) Russia was stunned as a democratic federal legal power with a republican form of government. The President is the head of the state, publicly elected. The warehouse of the Russian Federation included 21 republics and 6 territories, 1 autonomous region and 10 autonomous districts, 2 federal cities (Moscow and St. Petersburg) and 49 regions. The legislator consolidated the two-chamber structure of the Federal Contests - a permanent legislative body of the Russian Federation. Before the enactment of the great bodies of the power of Russia, they were introduced: the adoption of laws and control over their victories, the management of the federal sovereign power, the foundations of pricing policy, the federal budget. It was also necessary to complete the power of the modern politics and the international freedoms, the slander of the war, the laying down of the world.
The new Constitution took away the support of the population of the region for a low quorum and the maximum allowable number of votes cast "for" (28% of the votes, which may be 22% less than the accepted civilizational norms for the confirmation of constitutional rules in support of an additional referendum). So how else did the people's votes enshrine the President's competence. The new political government, as a result of the fall of 21 March - 4 August 1993, took off formally the commendation of 30 million Russian citizens from 106.
The adoption of the new legislator's power in the specialty of the Federal Conquests was supported by all Russian regions, Crimea, Chechnya and partly Tatarstan.
Grudnev Constitution 1993 fixed the most important changes in the political system of Russia.
Nasampered tse buv vybіr on the reproach of the presidential republic, in yakіy representative organizations played not the first role. Saving full competence from the power of legislation, the stench could not help but intervene in the sphere of new importance and ship power.
The liquidation of the vertical legislature of legislative bodies in the Center to the city, which is seen in the system Rad, has become another important fate. Now representative institutes in the Center and on the missions began to question the type, names, functions. The supreme representative body - the two chambers of the Federal Assembly - is reviewed by the Supreme Supreme Council For the sake of this, the chambers are independent, divided by functions, storage, ways of molding and links with elections.
The subjects of the Federation changed Rada and Verkhovna Rada came Legislators from the assembly of republics, territories, regions. Tse not pіdleglі, but independent organizations, yakі mayut with their set of improvements and rights. Below them are also independent sovereign bodies of power, as they are engaged in labor rights.
In sichni 1994 The President carried out the reform, which meant that the functions of the presidential vertical were expanded in a row, as it is evident from the new Constitution. The order zoseredzhuє up to the hands of all the functions of the state administration, transforming into the body of the state, economic policy. And the presidential vertical concentrates in itself the functions of political curiosity - from the largest presidential bodies to the municipal administrations. Ministries that have political significance (power structures, representations of nationalities, etc.) are controlled by the President through institutions for the sake of security and other constitutional mechanisms.
A similar concentration of power is typical for a presidential republic, calling for the battle of rich political forces. You can call on the flashes of that political fiend, who will try to speed up the possibilities of the new Constitution for the creation of an authoritarian regime. An argument against the turn of authoritarianism is the prospect of growing political instability, connected with the formation of a new rich party spirit. The Derzhavna Duma recognizes the influx of party predilections - the clash of factional interests, the conflicts of particularities of that group.
The upper house - the Rada of the Federation - appeared to be protected from the infusion of party interests and conflicts. Ale here is evidently infusing the militia elites, regional political parties and blocs.
Behind his personal warehouse, the Russian detachment is a coalition. The procedure of yogo molding, yak vrakhovu dіlovі yakostі kaknostі kandidates іnіnіsterski і plant, і іn the non-partisan order.
Chechen crisis (1994 - 2000). Political situation 1994 - 1995 bula shdo calm. April 28, 1994 A treaty was signed about the public good, in which it was said about the inclusion of the possibility of solving problems that are blamed on the community, through violence in any form.
The development of life was destroyed by the introduction of the Russian troops into the territory of the Chechen Republic.
In 1992 succumbed to the Chechen-Ingush Republic on two independent republics. New autumn, 1991 there the Verkhovna Rada was dissolved and, for example, the election of the President of the Chechen Republic was held. Becoming the President of Chechnya, General D.M. Dudaev. On the 1st anniversary of the vote, the state sovereignty of the Chechen Republic was declared. Following this action, there was a decree of the President of the Russian Federation on the introduction of a supranational camp in Chechen-Ingush. Have your own, D.M. Dudaev centuries at the Chechen military camp.
December 11, 1994 in the republic was introduced a new draft of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation with the method of reinforcing the constitutional legality and law and order on the territory. The military operation of the federal troops of Chechnya has begun. From 31 breasts to 1 September 1995 passing the assault on Cape Grozny by Russian troops. On September 19, the presidential palace was taken. And yet, the war did not end on this one, but began to take on a protracted character. Fierce 1996. B.M. Yeltsin recognized the pardon of his decision about the introduction of troops to Chechnya. At the fall of the leaves 1996 Russian and Chechen kerivnitstvo signed a favor for peace. Vono transferred the conduct of the federal military elections from Chechnya and the conduct of new presidential elections in the republic.
September 27, 1997 A. Maskhadov, the new president of Chechnya, is an accomplice of the national independence of Chechnya. In the spring between the Russian Federation and the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, an agreement was signed on peace and mutual principles, and a letter about the departure of Chechnya from the warehouse of Russia was concluded.
Until autumn 1999 blamed the problem of terrorism in the Pivnichny Caucasus. The Chechen fighters hooted the guards, ruled vibukhs and pogroms. The federal order began to fight the terrorists with forceful methods, which led to another Chechen war on the cob. Spring 2000 large-scale combat operations near Chechnya were pinned down. Ale militants continue to carry out terrorist acts of sabotage. The order of Russia has set the task of reviving economic and social and political life in Chechnya.
Vybori to the State Duma II, the call and the presidential election. December 17, 1995 in Russia, elections were held to the Sovereign Duma II of the call. The vibors took the fate of 64% of the population. 450 deputies went to the Dumi's warehouse. For a month, 43 political parties and associations fought at the lower house of parliament. Only a few of them were able to repair 4% of the bar'er. The Communist Party of the Russian Federation won the most votes - over 22%, the Liberal Democratic Party voted in another place - 11%, in the third place - the block "Our Dim - Russia" on behalf of Prime Minister V.S. Chornomirdinim. For the block "Yabluko" G.A. Yavlinsky, 7% of the voters voted, and they took part in the elections. The “Vibir Rosії” political association, having taken less than 5% of the votes, was aware of the shocks.
The selections showed that a significant part of the population does not support the policy carried out by the country's ceramics.
On the 16th worm 1996 the election of the President was recognized, and the political forces of the country began their preparation. The main supermen were President B.N. Yeltsin and leader of the Communist Party of the Russian Federation G.A. Zyuganov. B.M. voted for the bags of another round. Yeltsin 37.02%, and G.A. Zyuganov - 27.73%.
Autumn 1996 Elections of heads of administration were held in 50 Russian regions. The Radio of the Federation has lost senators, who recognized B.N. Yeltsin. Narazi posada of the head of the administration became elective. Characteristically, it was not the politicians who became the winners, but the informed government officials and the administrators.
Pouches "first p'yatirichka" new Russia. Economical pіdbags p'yatirіchchya nevtishnі. For the whole hour, the productivity of the Russian industry decreased to 45%. 13% of the practical population became unemployed. During the period of reforms, raising the level of per capita income between the top and bottom 10% of the population and the bottom 10% rose to a ratio of 20:1. A lot of social innovations turned out to be ineffective: insurance medicine, non-state pension funds and others. Allocations for science and education shrank significantly - from 2 to 0.32%.
Rozcharuvannya was stunned by most of the citizens, in the eyes of them, corruption and wickedness are revealed. Strongly weighed on the order of Russia the idea of \u200b\u200bidea (under the view of fighting monopoly) in the form of sovereign support of the great virobnitstv. Sueded and regulated. In the light of privatization, great associations and concerns are vibrating. The natural links between enterprises were destroyed, the result of which were the teeth of virobnitstva and unemployment.
Svavіllya in the economy under the influence of the people's privatization led to the fact that the value of the national wealth of the country was underestimated.
The encampment did not stop even in the agricultural state. The state program for promoting the birth rate of lands, which was the basis for the growth of crop yield, has not been enacted. The introduction of mineral fertilizers fell to 30 kg per hectare. The sovereign complex program of mechanization and electrification of the agricultural industry was not financed.
All social programs in the countryside were raised: everyday life, objects of culture and health care, roads, gasification, water supply. Podatkova, price, credit, investment policy confused the financial state of the Galusia.
"Ostrіvtsem" at the Russian Federation, where it was not allowed to drop the production of food products, Tatarstan. Here the hospitals and hospitals were saved, 96% of them worked on a large organizational basis.
Economic and social and political establishment of Russia in the other half of the 90s. Social and economic status of Russia in the other half of the 90s. continued to succumb. In the spring of 1997 updates of the V.S. Chernomirdina broke up the main activities directly, connected with the reform of natural monopolies, communal and pension reforms, as well as the reform of the rank and file apparatus. The Cabinet of Ministers praised the decision about the skasuvannya of untrue mites and tributaries.
A catastrophic situation was developing in the financial sphere, at the junction of which the Law on the sequestration of funds to the federal budget (short state witrats) was adopted.
Uryad V.S. Chernomirdin has lived through several visits to get out of the unsafe financial crisis. For this reason, the nomination of the ruble was carried out and the Law on Bankruptcy was adopted. In 1998 dvіchі z іnіtsiativi B. n. Yeltsin changed the Uryad.
Serpni born in 1998 near the country, a financial crisis has swelled.
On the 17th of April, the Central Bank of the Russian Federation made a statement about the financial situation and ways out of the situation, voicing about the bankruptcy of the region and the introduction of a moratorium on payments to overseas banks. The consequences of the crisis were important for the population of the region. Growing prices and inflation reduced the real incomes of the population by one third. There was a crisis of the banking system and the market of valuable papers.
Veresni born in 1998 becoming the new head of the order, becoming E.M. Primakiv. A series of victories in the reformist vice and transitions to flexible political maneuvering. The order lowered the tax on profits for promislovіst, hastened the taxes on profits and added vartіst. It was established a fund for the introduction of salaries for subsidiaries, as it is invested in the development of manufacturing, modernization and implementation of new technology. On the counters of the stores appeared vicissitudes goods ("reformers" pieced together the non-competitive greater part of vicissitudes products).
There was a lot of success in promoting the export of Russian products, strengthening control over the activities of federal state-owned enterprises and joint-stock companies, and strengthening the fight against economic mischief and corruption.
Prior to personnel decisions, E.M. Primakov's task was to secure a stronger defense of the state committee "Rosozbroennya".
The order of virishuvav skladnya zavdannya for the minds of the exchange of foreign credits, sabotage low officials, information war, rozv'yazanoi skrivdzhenimi oligarchs. Tse buv is a strong Order, which is distinguished by professionalism, dosvid and patriotism.
At grass 1999 EAT. Primakov, replacing S.V. Stepashin, to whom V.V. Putin, the names of the successor B.M. Yeltsin.
Novy Uryad has also started a shukati way out of crisis. It was planned to reduce taxes, to increase control from the side of the state in foreign trade. The development of social policy was given respect for the increase of pensions and land salaries for public sector practitioners and others.
December 19, 1999 in Russia there was a choice to the Sovereign Duma III crying. The largest number of votes was taken by the communes - 24.22%; the unit block "Unity" - 23.3%; "Fatherland - all Russia" - 12.64%; "Union of Right Forces" - 8.72%; Yabluko - 6.13%; "Block Zhirinovsky" - 6.08%.
December 31, 1999 B.M. Yeltsin, announcing the release of the President of the Russian Federation, and victorious obeisances of the President, becoming Prime Minister V.V. Putin.
On elections 26 February 2000 V.V. Putin won the win. In his promotional campaign, he identified national priorities, which included the following directives: - promotion of life; struggle against evil; ensuring the rights of power and in. The gallery of the modern policy of wines has gone out of the national interests of the country.
In the midst of the first years of the President's settlement, the reform of the federal government began, for which 7 federal districts were created on the basis of the most important representatives of the President of Russia. The reform project for the sake of the Federation was propagated.
May 17, 2000 Cabinet of Ministers Ocholiv M.M. Kasyanov. The Cabinet of Ministers praised the 10-year program of government, which includes the reform of the tax system, housing and communal government, the restructuring of natural monopolies, praise of the land code. Also, reforms are being carried out in the health care system, the system of education and social security.
Visnovki. At the end of the perebudovny period, Russia passed to the storage of market vіdnosin, tobto. started a new stage of modernizing the economy, on the way to the point where great difficulties and serious pardons were allowed from the side of the political architecture of the country. During the ten years of reworking, many social problems were called out, which called out the split of the welfare on the poor and rich.
The reformation of the border has been completed. There is still plenty of money to induce the legal power to secure the daily life of the skin of the people.
In the rest of the decade, after the introduction of the singing family of ZMI, the term "dashing ninety" appeared. Movlyav, but remember how it was scary - you’re throwing those lies, and the voice of the radio announcer doesn’t seem to you, that today you work and how far you live - zhah! Nineties began to look like a motor period, for which there were more than rackets, ford and hundreds of natural markets. And then we will come on a white horse VIN and all uryatuvav.
Well, I vvazhu zovsіm іnakshe - nev'yannostі roki was a miraculous hour, who had more positive speeches. As brother Belarus, then everything is fine, that we have at the same time - a good thing appeared in the period 1991-1994, I think it was similar in other post-traditional lands. In the nineteenth century, the constitutions of independent lands appeared, from which legislating radyansk slavery and lack of rights began - now, independently, in their political views, they became equal before the law and took away equal opportunities.
For the first part of the history of the XX century in our part of the land - as a result, the Bilshoviks came to power and the SRSR appeared - the country, de baragozil, then came to the great power, well, after all, everything was as if it were not so - zahalom, radyansky hulks on For the past ten years, they appeared in the wake of the guilty world.
The closest to the middle of the VISIMETY ROKIV, with the ears of the blessing of the Glaznosti Radianzkiy Bombs Rapta, they live, the struggle of the namese is not in the nykrashiy і і іlnіy navigi Rosovydae Radianskaya Radiga, and to the prodigan. . It was clear that there was little stink to be taken away, no rights to be taken, no ones to be let out of the cordon, that plus began to spit out the truth about political repressions - starting from the hours of the mass war and ending the era of Brezhnevshchina. All this led to the litsyuga podium, after all, some SRSRs and that Radianian power were gone.
December 26, 1991, the New Year of the SRSR, having pinned its foundation and began those nineties - like, before the speech, ended in a similar rank - the words of Boris Yeltsin to the throne on December 31, 1999.
And what was the axis in those same "dashing nineties":
1. The CPRS is gone.
I її "kerіvnoї liniї". Now, I myself virishuvav skin, as if I were oblashtovuvat my life, and I can’t look back at those who live my life “Ideals of encouraging socialism in a well-taken power”. As if it didn’t sound loudly - the skin became the ruler of its share, and everything was allowed that was not fenced by law.
With this z'yasuvalos tsіkava - such a way of life is even more painful for a part, to that you simply do not show how you can live without taking away the instructions "from above". In the nineteenth century, a part of the many active comunists actively popovnyuvali ranks of strong sects, de є іє ієrarkhіya iаkys analogue of "politburo" scho handing out punishments.
2. Opened the borders.
In the nineteenth century, the fates of the large Radyansk hulks ceased to be aggravated and they broke the cordons - now the skin is a moment to go where you want, without the permission of the comrade major and not foreseeing the daily "explanation". The only reason was your splendid bazhanya - as no one needed to explain it to anyone, it became the invisible right of the mind to be special.
This is a majestic plus for the post-tradyansky expanse - a lot of radyansky hulks took away the opportunity to marvel at the world and cheer on the vlasny eyes, that behind the cordon of the already colossal SRSR, it’s not the cursed bourgeoisie with scribbled heads to live, but normal, honestly such kind people, it’s glad to do good hulks.
3. Appeared free ZMI.
ZMI in the nineties, the fates began to show absolutely everything, through which the rich people developed an animosity about the nineties, like about an hour they seemed to be "dark". In fact, all this "darkness" was seen in the SRSR - it just didn’t get drunk in ZMI, and people didn’t drink, in some country they stink really live - the radyansky rocky on TV screens was quiet and smooth, in the middle of it man, I don’t know what the Sun is like , let's put a voice telling the Radians' citizens about the need, reaching the right course of the Communist Party.
In the nineteenth century, everything has changed - now everything has been shown on television, it has become truly slick and relevant, and until the speech it was like a great number of radyansky hulks - "on all TV channels there are people, skins from any of them seem! Whom to blame?". Putting together your own thought for the deacons showed up even more terrible tests.
4. Censorship fell.
From the end of the Soviet Socialist Republic, Radian censorship fell and it appeared that in the country there were a number of infamous writers - Voinovich, Erofiev, Bulgakov, Shalamov and dozens of others; buv nareshti in full obsyazі and without corrections of the visions of Solzhenitsyn and so іnshe. Censorship went out and out of TV broadcasting - now the deyak channels at night played even more erotica, which also lapped up deaky radyansk hulks - "oh, how unnecessarily they show!"
Those that now people can choose, which they marvel at, and who marvel - were given to the fans of the SRSR as mysterious and unreasonable, and the editors of the TV channels resurfaced the leaves of the advancing zmist - "I marveled all over nothing at erotic films and sounded completely empty! for such writers, just switch the TV channel for the sake of it)
5. Appearing a free market.
So, in ninety years, the fates of the skin, having become equal for those who work in my life, paraphrasing the loves of the radyansky aphorism - becoming the skin, becoming for the good. Those who do not like the nineties often talk about gangs and rackets, and I will guess dozens and hundreds of private enterprises and initiatives, which began to appear in the years - a lot of those who later rose to the great brand that brandy, Belarusians are loved by all of you produce that knitwear - all the brandies that appeared in the nineties.
At the same time, it was said that there was no need for richness in some of the hulks of these hulks - for the hours of the SRSR they took away pennies simply for the fact of their going to the factory (they beat Lindy and his friends with the wine of good luck), and now, it turns out, it was necessary to practice . For such a free market, we become angry, unreasonable and unwelcome, like an evil force - maybe like a policeman, who doesn’t want to “go away to the camp” and don’t take away for a drink at the vіddіlennya)
6. Nareshti condemned reprisals.
They talked about it a lot already in the era of peresbudov, but more condemned political reprisals came only in the nineties - it itself was clearly stated that a person is not guilty of being persecuted for his political persecution, look, my thought has been blown. In ninety years, there appeared impersonal miracle films about those who are reprisals - it’s even scarier, and the stench of all the suspense burns down to the bottom - and the minister of repressions, and the repressions himself, I'm sorry.
Don’t talk about those wills at once, but de-no-de-slightly say “we can repeat”, so that in my nineteenth years, the fates were stronger, our days.
7. The reach of civilization came to the edge.
Small experiment. Guess, like you were amazed at the very beginning of the nineteenth century by funny films - majestic shopping malls with food courts and slot machines from Terminator-2; supermarkets with visas, without any other goods and payment for cards with "Home Alone" were given as cosmic - to that in the SRSR, everything was in the sphere of natural people's life.
In the nineteenth century, the achievements of civilization began to come to the country. It appeared that science is engaged not only in investigating the curvature of the Earth for inflicting a nuclear strike on a "moving enemy", but also in using such crimson speeches as electric toothbrushes, toothpaste, not frayed enamel, women's pads, eyepieces-"chameleonist" and for validation barcode, for the help of such a cashier at the store, you can serve you more quickly.
As if to bring a bag to the last one written, then I said bi like this - ninety-five years of skin, who has already manifested itself in the SRSR and time of practice - that one has become even more earning. At this hour, it appeared to be a sign of freedom, and a sign that for your life now you’ve lost yourself.
And what do you remember about the 90s?