What is the system rozpodіlu pratsі. Suspіlny rozpodіl pratsі that exchange. Other vidi practices

At the basis of the economic development lies a vitvir of nature itself - a subdivision of functions for people, emerging from state, physical, physiological and other features. The mechanism of economic cooperation transfers, as if a group of chi okremiy individuated zoseredzhuєtsya at vikonnі suvoro sevno robit robit, then they are also engaged in other types of activity.

Іsnuє kіlka vyznachen podіlu pratsі. The axis is less effective than them.

Rozpodіl pracі– the whole historical process of incorporation, fixation, variety of other types of activity, which proceeds in various forms of differentiation and development of various types of labor activity. Podіl prіtsі suspіlstvі constantly zmіnyuєєtsya, and the very system of raznоmіnіnіh vidіv prаtsі staє daedalі folded, oskolki osklієєєє і poglyuєєє protsessі pratsі.

Podilom pracі(otherwise specialization) is called the principle of organization of cultivation, in the state, for some reason a person is engaged in the cultivation of a good good. Based on this principle, with the exchange of the amount of resources, people can get richer more goods, lower in that case, as if taking care of their skin with everything they need.

Also, they divide the practice into broad and narrow meanings (according to K. Marx).

In a wide sense rozpodіl pratsі- This is a system of different ones behind their signs and at the same time mutually interacting one with one particular practice, virobnicheskikh functions, to take a stand or both aggregates, as well as a system of suspile links between them. Empirically different things to take are considered by economic statistics, the economy of practice, Galuze's economic sciences, and demography, too. Territorially, internationally, podіl pracі is described by economic geography. In order to define the spivvіdshennya raznyh virobnicheskih funktsіy z vzglyadі їх їх material results K. Marx vvazhav for better to get used to the term "rozpodіl pratsі".

Have a higher meaning rozpodіl pratsі– ce social rozpodіl pratsі as human activity in її social reality, є є vіdminu vіd specіlіzatsії ihistorically bygone social settings. The specialization of practice є podіl vidіv pratsі on the subject, as if without intermediary demonstrating the progress of productive forces and spriyaє yoma. The versatility of such species shows the stage of assimilation of human nature and growth at once from its development. However, in class formations, specialization does not appear as a specialization of wholesome activities, to which it itself is embodied in the social subdivision of practice. The rest of the dismemberment of human activities on such private functions and operations, skin s of which, by itself, no longer has the nature of activity and does not act as a way to create human social assets, culture, and spiritual richness itself. Cі chastkovі functions ї pozbavlenі svogo sensu ta logіki; Their need is only as a help, which is presented to them by a system of rozpodіlu pratsі. Such a podіl of material and spiritual (rozum and physical), Vikonavian and keruuchy practice, practical and ideological functions. themselves. Podіl pratsі historically inevitably grows up to a class rozpodіlu.

Due to the fact that the members of the partnership began to specialize in the production of great benefits, the suspіlstvі vinikli professions- Okremі vidi diyalnostі, pov'yazanі z vrobnitstvom be-what good.

Ale podіl pracі zovsіm doesn't mean that in our obvious practice one person is engaged in one type of virobnitstv. It may turn out so that a few people happen to be engaged in a certain kind of harvesting, or it can be so that one person will be engaged in the harvesting of a lot of goods.

Why? All on the right in spіvvіdnostnі razmіru consume the populace in that for the other good and the productivity of the work of the okremoї profession. If only one fisherman can catch a glass of ribey in a day, so that all the members of the partnership can get it, then in which state you will be one fisherman. However, if only one wise man from a certain tribe cannot shoot quails for all, and it will not be enough to satisfy the consumption of all members of the state in quarrels, then scatter a bunch of people. Otherwise, for example, if one potter can make the miners' stylka, if you can't survive, then in a new one you will be left with an additional hour, which wine can be made for some other good, for example, spoons or plates.

In this rank, the step "podіlu" pracі lie down in the rozmіru suspіlstva. For the same number of people (that is, for a simple warehouse and the expansion of needs), there is its own optimal structure to occupy, with a product, developed by various varieties, it is just vistachative for all members, and all products will be generated with the least possible amount. With an increase in the number of population, the optimal structure is to occupy a change in the number of virobniks of these goods, as if they were already roaming with a rich person, to increase in size, and you see, if some people were entrusted earlier, they were entrusted to different people.

In the history of the state, the processes under the practice of passing through a few stages, were divided by the stage of specialization of the four members of the society for the sake of the chi and other benefits.

Podіl pratsі accepted rozpodіlyati on kіlka vidіv falley vіd sign, yak zdіysnyuєtsya.

Natural rozpodіl pratsі: the process of revitalizing the view of labor activity behind the statue-century sign.

The technical part of the practice: it is determined by the nature of victorious methods of virobnism, we are ahead of the technique and technology.

Suspіlne razpodіl praci: natural and technical rozpodіl pracі, taken from the vzaєmodії y from unity with economic officials, under the influence of such vіdbuvaєs vіdbuvaєtsya vіdokremlennya, diferentіatsiіya raznyh vіdіv pratsі.

In addition, the suspіlny podіl pracє includes two subdivisions: galuzev and territorial. Galuzevy went to work it is determined by the minds of manufacturing, the nature of victorious syrovina, technology, technique and the product that is produced. Territorial rozpodіl pratsі- Tse expanses of accommodation of various types of labor activity. Yogo development is recognized as authorities in natural-climatic minds, and officials of the economic order.

Pid geographic podіlom pratsі we understand the spacious form of the suspіlny rozpodіlu practice. It is necessary to have a mind of the geographic field of practice in that the different lands (or districts) were practiced one for one, so that the result of the practice was transported from one month to the next, so that, in such a rank, rozriv mizh mіsce virobnitsva and mіsce spozhivannya.

At the time of commodity suspіlstva geographically rozpodіl pratsі obov'yazkovo transferring products from state to state, tobto. exchange, trade, ale exchange in minds is only a sign for "recognition" of the obviousness of the geographical division of practice, ale s yogo "sutty".

Іsnuyut 3 forms of suspіlnogo rozpodіlu pratsі:

Zagalniy podіl pratsі is characterized by vіdokremlennym great canopies (spheres) of activity, scho vіdіznyayutsya one type of one formative product.

Privately rozpodіl pratsі - tse process vіdokremlennya okremih galuzey at the boundaries of the great canopies of virobnitstv.

A single piece of work characterizes the production of four warehouse components in finished products, and sees the next technological operations.

Differentiation is based on the process of reconstitution of other varieties, mindful of the specifics of victorious manufacturing techniques, technologies and practices.

Specialization may have its own basis of differentiation, but it develops on the basis of suseredzhennya zusil on a large number of products that are released.

Universalization is the antipode of specialization. Vaughn is based on the release of the sale of wide range of goods and services.

Diversification is the expansion of the nomenclature of your products.

First and foremost hardness, like the appearance of A. Smith, which signifies the greatest progress in the development of the productive power of practice and a significant part of the art, instilling that agility, with the yakim of wine (progress) directs and adds to the legacy of the practice. He gave the most important and unacceptable intellectual progress the development of productive forces, the development of any power, any kind of supremacy. A. Smіt to direct the simplest butt to dii podіlu pracі in small and great enterprises (manufactory in the current yom suspenstі) - the elementary manufacture of hairpins. Working, not learning how to do it and not being able to deal with cars that get used to the new (the delivery of cars to winemaking was given to the most modest practice), it is unlikely that you can get one hairpin a day. With the organization of the well as іsnuє on such a variety, the necessary promotion of the profession to a low specialty, the skin of those є okremy occupations. One worker pulls hard, the second straightens it, the third one - cuts, the fourth - sharpens the cut, the fifth - grinds it for planting the head, preparing for two or three independent operations, moreover, packing the nozzle, watering the nozzle products. In this way, the work at the production of the hairpin was divided into a number of operations, moreover, depending on the organization of the operation and the magnitude of the intake of stink, it can be reduced skin okremo (one worker - one operation), or combined with 2 - 3 worker (one worker - 3 ) ). On the simplest example, A. Smith affirms the absolute priority of this kind of practice over the practice of a robot worker. 10 workers vibrated 48,000 hairpins a day, at that hour, like one building at a great pressure, 20 pieces. Podіl pratsі be-yakoy crafts, in some rozmirah it was introduced, calling for greater productivity of pratsі. The further development (up to our days) of virobnitstv in the be-yakіy gallery of the economy has become the most powerful confirmation of A. Smith's "recognition".

Strictly kazhuchi, razpodіl pratsі in human suspіlstva can bulo vyavivit zavzhda. Andje people did not start one by one, and the suspense of the statehood that is formed by one people (like the rule of Robinson Crusoe) appeared, they were spitting out a redkishny wine. People have always lived as a minimum with the same tribe.

Ale development under the practice of the state, whether it be some kind of supplication, to pass through the last stages of the primitive state to the superbly foldable scheme of rozpodіlu obov'yazkіv. Schematically, it is possible to show the evolution in such a way.

First stage. Tse natural rozpodil pratsі in the middle of the primary suspіlstva. In such a society, a deacious rozpodil obov'yazkіv, which is often distinguished by the nature of the skin people, often by the sound, and often by the economy of scale. As a rule, the men were engaged in watering and bathing, and the women strove for the middle and nursed the children. Krіm tsgogo, practically in any tribe it is possible to develop such "professії", like a leader and a priest (shaman, chaklun, etc.).

Another stage. The world has an increase in the number of members of the society, the need for the skin bliss to increase and it is possible to concentrate four people on the production of four blessings. That is why in the suspensions there are differences professions(Craftsmen, earthworkers, cattlemen, etc.).

The process of seeing professions is initiated, obviously, from the selection of a doctor of practice. Navіt near the stone capital (!) was founded by the masters, who were engaged in obtіsuvannyam and polishing of stone znaryad. From the vіdkrittam zalіza z'yavljaєєє one of the widest professions in the past farrier .

A characteristic feature of this stage are those that the brewer prepares everything (or maybe everything) can be made, related to the yoga profession (sound like a work of a kind of syrovin). For example, a farrier to rob all kinds of flowers and pidkiv to plows and swords, a carpenter to rob all kinds of stools to a wardrobe, etc.

At this stage, a part of the members of this worker is added to work, and all this helps to help you in virobnitstv, vikonuyuchi chi and other operations. For example, forging a carpenter can help help blues and brothers, and a weaver for a baker = a team of that daughter.

Third stage. With the increase in the number of the population and, as a rule, until the expansion of the world, drink on the okremі product, the craftsmen begin to concentrate on the choice of whether or not one good. Some forges shatter pidkov, others only knives and knives, thirds are less than flowers of different roses, a quarter is less than thin.

In Ancient Russia, for example, they used to call the masters on wood like this: woodworkers, shipbuilders, bridgemen, derev'yanі, builders, city dwellers(change of place), vicious(Verbnitstvo of wall beaters), archers, chrestyachs, barrels, sleighs, kolisniks and etc.

An important clerk who adds productivity to work, and cooperation to work. The greater the importance of the practice and the greater the higher education of the specialization of virobnits, the greater the world the virobniks become mutually dependent, the greater the need for coordination and coordination between different virobnits. To work for the minds of interdependence, the necessary cooperation of practice, like the minds of entrepreneurship, and the minds of all prosperity.

Cooperation of practice- The form of organization of practice, vikonannya robit, is based on joint participation in a single labor process of a significant number of practitioners, which will count for different operations of this process.

The form of organization of suspended work, with a large number of people to take part in the same process of practice, or in other, but related labor processes. The order of the subdivision of practical work cooperation is a fundamental factor in the growth of productivity and efficiency in all areas of professional activity.

The cooperation of the practice is the value of unity, the use of the common diy makers, the different virobnits and the galuzes of the economy.

The cooperation of practice allows the disappearance of impersonal pardons, for example, the duplication of wars, overworks. On the other hand, the convenience of that coordination of diy, the association of the impersonal zusil allows those who do not fall under the power of one picker, but one undertaking. In times of simple cooperation, as may be the case, for example, at the hour of everyday life of budinkiv, hydroelectric stations, the basic effect of cooperation is obvious. Cooperation practice may occur in all spheres of economic activity, it will take on the most manipulative forms .

Holy evidence shows that the cooperation of practice and production is an objective historical process, which is attached to the usual methods of production, the country from the social and economic way. Cooperation combines the development of materials and advanced ideas that reach the closets of fundamental science, scientific and recent and advanced design robots (NDDKR), manufacturing, design, management and information technologies.

Cooperation in Suchasnyj svіtі staє vіdtvoryuvalnoyu bazoyu sotsіalno-ekonomіchnogo that NAUKOVO-tehnіchnogo Progreso kraїn svitu, nitty gritty svіtogospodarskih protsesіv, regіonalnoї ekonomіchnoї іntegratsії, transnatsіonalіzatsії (virobnitstva, NDDKR, іnformatsіyno-fіnansovoї spherical toscho) mіzhnarodnogo Promyslova spіvrobіtnitstva, globalіzatsії svіtovoї Economy. This form of mutuality has become a fast-paced structural and industrial transition, galuzevyh and interdomestic complexes on a new technological basis, including on the basis of a wide spread of electronic and information technologies.

International specialization and cooperation in the development of a high level of development of productive forces and act as one of the most important changes in the minds of a further development of the internationalization of the state life, strengthening the mutual relations of the state government. Hundreds of thousands of beverages are circulating in the modern market at the same time, analogues of some more five or two decades ago were circulating only on the internal company level.

The very same work was done by joining the Kremlin for one type of one different profession and to take, which took us before us to increase productivity and more than the level of industrial development of the country, they gave it such a hit. Those who, in the wild become suspenstva, become a robot of one person, then in a more disgraceful one, they become dekilkom. Pratsya, the need to assemble such a finished object is constantly spreading among a great number of people.

Podіl pratsі, vistupayuchi in rіznih kinds i forms Svoge Wink, Je viznachalnoyu peredumovoyu rozvitku commodity virobnitstva that rinkovih vіdnosin, t. To. Kontsentratsіya of labor zusil on virobnitstvі vuzkogo Cola produktsії abo on okremih її kinds zmushuє tovarovirobnikіv vstupati in vіdnosini obmіnu of metoyu otrimannya vіdsutnіh їm good. -

Podіl pratsі: understand that zagalnі characteristics. one

Stupin podіlu pratsі-2

See the bottom of the work. 3

Form a manifestation of the rozpodіlu pratsі. 4

A. Smith about rozpodіl pratsі. 4

From history podіlu pratsі-5

Cooperation of practice. 6

Whether or not the organization of the practice for the hospitality may start from the beginning, to establish the vidokremlenіst of the activities of the skin practitioner and a lot more. Podіl d_yalnostі - a long-tired process, where to enter the reconciliation, fixation and view of other types of activity (labor). In the basis of whatever it is, lie the main practice:

physical;
rosy.

Physical activity

At times, people speak to the experts of the practice, oscalls win the energy functions of the system. See manual work: dynamic and static. With dynamic practice, a person can move his toelub near the open space. Static - pouring in vanity on the hands, m'yazi, driftwood.

Manual activity is characterized by more high m'yazovym navantazhennyam, like lying on the musculoskeletal apparatus and system of the body. With this, the m'yazova system develops, which stimulates the exchange processes.

Rozumova Pratsya

Tse priyom that processing of information. Such a work will require tension of respect, activation of romatic processes, memory. Pratsya pov'yazana z dosit high emotional ambitions. Ale trivale rozumova navantazhennia negatively embeds the mental activity of a person. It is possible to increase the respect, memory, functions of the adoption of dovkil.

Elements of organization

Organization of practice at the hospital - ce the establishment of that change in the order, for which the practitioners interact with the methods of virobnitstva. Also, it can be rewarded by mutual cooperation between practitioners for reaching the goals of activity. Pratsya organized, as if won:

cooperations;
divisions;
the work space is organized;
organized services for the working area;
established methods and practices;
established the norm and come in vitrat pratsi;
created by a friendly mind;
personnel are being recruited, they are getting ready to improve their qualifications;
work is paid for and financially stimulated;
labor activities are planned, paid and analysed;
є discipline of practice.

Mutually see the practice

The infamous sensi has three mutual understandings of the subdivision of labor activity:

Zagalne (separation of the activities of the practitioners between the great galleys, for example, transport, industry, life).
Private (in the middle of the green gallery).
Solitary (practice is divided among the workers of the surrounding enterprise).

Fallow in different species and kind, the robots are distinguished in such a way as to be practical, as functional, qualified, professional and technological. Also, the vin is subdivided behind the territorial sign (the big ones and the little ones) and in the middle of the boxes.

Functional form under the practical

With such a form, it is transferred to the staff on the same groups, which are divided into one type of one roll in the selection process, or the activity that works. The largest functional group of personnel is employees: additional and main. While the first ones are engaged in the execution of the main functions of manufacturing, the other group is responsible for the maintenance of these functions (repair, improvement, control).

Behind the functions, yakі vykonuyut pracіvniki, those іnshі categorії are seen. Specialists, kerivniks, servicemen, technical vikonavtsiv, young service personnel, and teachers are brought up to them.

As well as a basic functional division of work for business, we can say that all categories of personnel are effectively victorious.

With any kind of subdivision of activity, there is a transfer of efficiency improvement for the work of specializations of workers, engineering and technical workers, and quiet, who works, taking as a basis a clear subdivision of marketing, management, design, and commodity management.

Technological rozpodіl pratsі

With a technological division of practice, the arrangement of practitioners for phases and stages, types of work is carried out, as well as for general operations. It is worth depositing in the form of technology of virobnitstva and the features of vikonnannya robit. Such a rozpodіl pracі vplyvaє rіven zmіstovnosti pracі. And if the university specialization is slender to the point of monotony, then the high degree of flexibility of that which the robots are not viable is wide. Therefore, before the organizer there is an important task: to know the optimal level of labor activity for a technological mark. This form can be three different: substantive, step-by-step, and operational subdivision of practice.

Qualification and professional training

So you see the bottom, like a professional and a qualification, similar, shards lie in the middle of the practitioner himself.

Vishchevkazaniya podіl pratsі peredbachaє rozpodіl for professions and specialties. Vidpovidno to such a form, it is necessary to establish the necessary number of different categories of practitioners.

Qualification podіl - rozpodіl zalezhno in vіd folding and vіdpovіdno to the knowledge and dosvіdu pratsіvnіkіv. rozpodіlyayut obov'yazki mіzh practitioners of different groups with the same qualifications. Qualification ranks establish the highest qualifications of employees. What is the greater rank, tim, obviously, the highest rank of qualification.

Listed and seen forms of practice, and inspire forms of cooperation, activity, vidpovidnі їm, owe to characterize the peculiarities of interdependence between practitioners and chemists. See the bottom of the work in the organization of wide possibilities of working force.

Forms of organization of labor activities

Methods for setting up planned tasks, and navit those, as if they were already insured by a robot, allow you to see such organization practices:

individual form. Vaughn vikoristovuєtsya in order to keep the skin of the spіvrobіtnik mav vlasne zavdannya. Obviously, the shape of the viconuvanized work is carried out individually, also, in the case of the skin, it is shaped well.
collective form. And here the task is to take the whole team. The manufactured products are guaranteed for the final results of the work. The whole team takes a singing income.

Crim of the main two forms is based on the following practice forms of organization:

rozpodіl zgіdno s shaping koshtіv for zdіysnennya dіyalnostі (small business, cooperative, rent, contract, individual labor activity);
for the method of interaction with other authorities (agreement, agreement of rent, order and direct order);
Vіdpovіdno to the management of collectives (outside, chastkov and samovryaduvannya);
for the expansion of the team and yogo mіscem in the ієrarchії administration (groups, workshops, divisional, lankovі, brigade toshcho);
vіdpovіdno to podіlu and cooperation in complex pіdrozdіl (povnіy podіl pratsі, chastkova vzaimozamіnіst і vаvnі vzaєmozaminіnіst);
followed the method of planning that appearance of vitrate (gosprozrakhunkovі, with elements of state prozrakhunka and without state prozrakhunka);
depending on the method of payment for financial incentives (individual payment of labor, collective payment - basically - a tariff system, possibly due to the stagnation of coefficients; a tariff-free system of payment for labor).

Higher listed forms may overlap.

Wash your hands

Under the minds of the workers, the succession of the factors of the working environment and the labor process, de zdiisnyuetsya diyalnist people. See the minds of the prats podіlyayutsya on chotiri class, vihodyachi z hygienic criteria:

Optimal wash For such minds, a healthy practitioner is saved, a high level of practice is raised.
Let me think. At the same time, the workers of the human environment are selected from the permissible equal hygienic standards for workers. As a matter of fact, changes are being made, and the hour of the regulated repair of the practitioner’s body is being restored.
Shkіdlivі mind. Sukupnі chinniki labor process give shkіdlіve chi important vplyu to get healthy, and naviіt on the praceszdatnі people at the process pracі.
Mind unsafe. Virobnichi officials are so equal that, plunging into practitioners, the stench creates a threat to life by eliminating injuries, calcium. It is traditional to see the trades of organizations, as they are engaged, for example, in atomic energy. Well, for such minds, it’s been fenced off. But in case of an accident, carry out emergency calls at such places.

Safety of labor activities

You see, the workers will require security, so that the practitioner is not to blame for the unsafe clerks. The main sources of law on the security of activity are the following documents:

International act on economic and social and cultural rights (1996).
MOS Convention.
The Constitution of the Russian Federation (Article 7 - the protection of the people's health). They have a minimum payment limit. Article 37 assigns the right to labor activity in the minds of safety and hygiene. In addition, the primus pratsia is fenced.
The Labor Code at Article 219 establishes the rights of a skin practitioner in his work area, access to reliable information about the practice of washing, social insurance. Also, a person can be advised to practice at the time of guilt for health or life. The skin practitioner can be secure for both individual and collective protection just as well.

Other vidi practices

The result of the work is also a criterion, for which the work is divided into two types:

Minulius is alive. At the first point of view, the value of the objects and the rules of practice. At another vapadok є pratsіvnik's practice, which is stained at the hour.
Unproductive and productive. Another to bring to the natural-speech benefits, and the first - to the social and spiritual, but the stench may not be less worthy and valuable for the welfare.

So varto guess about reproductive and creative work. Reproductive to produce up to a zazdalegіd vіdomih results, shards of vіn vіdіznyаєєєєєєєєєєєє єєєєєєє єєєє єєєєєє єєєєєє єєєєєє єєєєє єєєєєє єєєє єєє ї і і і іdtvoryuyuyuutsya. Creative work can be done not by a skin person. Everything is lined up with equal illumination, and qualifications, and building up to innovations.

The skin of a person begins to know us, see the practices at the school. Surely, more time is spent on Rozum's activity. And yet such objects, like physical culture, are familiar with physical activity.

Understand that you see pracі rich-faceted. You can look at it from different sides, to see new sides for yourself. However, the main, zagalnopriynyat were the labor activities of the following nobles, to understand the difference between them. Tse mozhe become in good fortune, for example, when you apply for a job.

Virobnitstvo є process suspіlnym (social). Sustained nature of the variability means that the participants work together, in close mutuality and interdependence of each other. You can see how people are busy today songs types of practice, various types of professions and specialties. Undertakings are also differentiated according to the sphere and type of activity. For whom the products of the skin vibrator, sound, are supported by another economic entity. For example, the ore used by the miners is consumed by the miners to the metallurgy, and the metal is smelted, for which the machine workers, at their own backyard, make tower taps, which are necessary for the workers of the day. If all the successive successes of the interdependences of the virobnichihs continue, then it will appear that, up to the present, practically all the results of the virobnitsia are practicable to us, even if they act as gentlemen as undertakings, so do the practitioners. Today, you don’t know a person, so, obviously, you don’t heal abnormal temperaments, as if the bula was isolated from the suspensory process of virobnitsia. There are a lot of enterprises, yakі they worked on the sole satisfaction of the needs of the authorities and the needs of their practitioners.

Vzaimozv'yazki and vzaimozalezhnosti of people at a suspіlnomu virobnitstvі mayyut its economic basis suspіlny podіl pratsі.

Suspіlny rozpodіl pracі- Tse vodokremlennya raznyh vidіv ekonomіchnі ї іyalnostі і їхнє stiyke zakryplennya for okremi people їх їх їх їх їх їх їх їгугіді їміді їмієїї.

Prote suspіlny rozpodіl pratsі not roz'dnuє people like spetіzіzovanіh vyrobnikіv, and y podnuє їх. Aje chim glibsha spetsializatsiya pratsі, tim is the strongest vzaimozalezhnіst spetsializovanih vyrobnikov. Tsei "invisible" bіk podіlu pracі is called cooperation pracі chi virobnichoї cooperatsії. in Cooperation of practice(Vid lat. cooperation - spіvrobіtnitstvo) - the same form of organization of practice and virobnitstva on the okremomu enterprise, as a basis for specialization of practitioners. in Virobnicha cooperation- the whole form of trivalih and stable links between economically independent enterprises (firms) engaged in joint production of singing products on the basis of specialization of their production. In such a rank, the suspіlny rozpodіl prіzі є form, mekhanіzm chi, the way of spіvrobіtnitstvá people in the lord's life.

Theoretically, the appearance of a suspіlnogo podіlu pratsі objectively zumovlene znovezhenistyu resursіv. Maetsya on uvazi, schooden economic subject cannot live normally for self-sufficiency, elementally cannot do all the necessary things. And to that, from the mirror of a healthy mind, the skin specializes in a good kind of activity, it feels comfortable to have knowledge, qualifications, and a beginner.

People have long since acquired that isolation, the preparation of products is only for personal comfort, rightly irrational and invisible. Lyudina, how to take on the right, maybe be a master of all trades, prote її pratsya be left unproductive.

Podil pratsі vinik sche primary suspіlstvі. Vіn buv todі, zvichayno, natural, oskіlki vrakhovuvav head rank stateevі and physiological features of people. For example, the women were engaged in domestic robots and children, and the men were engaged in the vidobutka їzhi, everyday life. An important meaning when rozpodіlі robіt mav is also the age of the physical camp of a person, voice, hearing, intuition, courage and other natural gifts.

In the course of time, the work has grown more and more stable in character. The history of humankind gives us an idea of seeing three great stages in the resurrection of the supplicant practice, otherwise three great suspіlnі podіli pracі:

1) the separation of the cattle tribes from the agricultural ones (there were 10-12 thousand years ago);

2) the introduction of crafts in the country of the Russian state (it took place 7-8 thousand years ago);

3) seeing the execution of merchants as experts in exchange operations (it was about 4.5 thousand years ago).

Started long ago from two galuzeys (arable farming and animal husbandry), the development of a suspіlny podіl pracіv grafted this year until the establishment of hundreds of different, schodo independent species of the state's vicariousness. Those who vibrated our distant ancestors can be resurrected on the fingers. Today, the world produces dozens of millions of different products and services, employing thousands of professions and types of work. Navit if it’s rich and you get it at first glance (for example, clerical violins and sirniki), it’s true that it’s a legacy of cooperative practice of rich specializations of virobniks.

Main rіvnі suspіlnogo rozpodіlu pratsі:

rozpodіl pratsі on pіdpriєmstvah. Ce specialization of workshops, workers, dealers, practitioners;

rozpodіl pratsі mizh pіdpriєmstvami. Tse specialization of enterprises in the production of singing products, work, services (for example, a garment factory, a dairy plant, a transport organization for the future);

rozpodіl pratsі mizh galuzami. Tse vydіlennya okremikh galuzey: vydobuvnі (vugіlna, gazova and іn), ozdoblyuvalnі (metallurgy, oil refining, textile and іn), silske gospodarstvo, trade and іnshі.

rozpodіl pratsі mizh regions of the country. Tse spetsializatsiya okremih territoriy on sing virobnitstvі (for example, Vinnytsia region in Ukraine is famous as a tsukrovy region, Oblast - like a wild region, Crimea and the Carpathians - like a resort region).

rozpodіl pratsі mizh kraїnami, or international rozpodіl pratsі. Tse spetsializatsiya tsilikh krajn on sing vyrobnitstvі (for example, Japan є known in the world as a maker of electronics and passenger cars; Switzerland - a wrist year, siri and chocolate; Brazil - cava).

At the current tradesman's mind three main types of specialization:

subject-specific or grocery (virobnitstvo machines, vzuttya, likіv toshcho);

detailed (preparation of bearings, gum, glue thinly);

operational, or technological (Installation of dvigunіv or vikon, farbuvannya, packing borosna and іn).

The burial of specializations of practice does not know between.

The main factors in the development of suspіlnogo rozpodіlu pratsі:

- individual ability of people. Kozhen іndivіd shukає the robot for its strengths and zdіbnosti. The problem of the identity of the applicant for that other tenure is also dealt with by organizations, fakhіvtsі їхніх personnel services. What is the most important work, there is more relatable choice and vikonavtsya. So, one of the important factors in the selection of a practitioner is the appearance of the yogo psychological type, or the specifics of the yogo temperament, shards in this sense, people naturally fall into phlegmatic, melancholic, sanguine and choleric;

- natural-climatic mind. The presence of quiet chi and other mineral riches, peculiarities of climatic minds, geographic expansion of thinly - this is an important factor, which directly designated the specialization of the surrounding territories and the central regions;

- traditions (Vid lat. tradition - Transfer). The mastery of the singing kind of activity is passed on from generation to generation. Pottery, weaving with vines, embroidered shirts and other things became such spontaneous traditions, for example, in Ukraine. Found also family professional traditions, if family dynasties are established;

- Dosvid. In choosing a profession and a job, people often focus on the names of enterprises, distribution near their place of residence, or on the information available to them, please.

Hromadsky podіl pratsі delivers to people that suspіlstvo great economic benefit, and itself:

adopt a rational choice of generic resources. People who occupy their right, it is easier and easier to enter into mastery, now they become more lax. The specialist has more victorious victories, not an hour, as if changing one kind of work to another. In the case of a territorial subdivision of practice, there are effective victorious victories of various specialties;

opens wide possibilities for mechanization and automation of vibration. Therefore, the specialization will simplify the technological operations as much as possible. It is unlikely that there is such a universal machine today, which could, for example, turn a tree stovbur into a computer steel. If this virobnichiy process of breaking up on the scope of special operations, zastosuvannya vіdpovіdnyh mehanіzmіv i vavіt avtomatіv v staє tsіlkom possibile;

priyaє significant increase in the productivity of work. Let's take a look at the essence of which understanding of the report.

Productivity of work- The main indicator of the effective organization of the harvest. Vіn is determined by the quantity of manufactured products for one working hour, or by the quantity of hours per one product: more production, or more quickly one version is given, then productive work. The reasons for increasing the productivity of work are created by the possibility of saving labor resources for their relocation to other regions, the cheapening of the production of goods, and the promotion of a good population. The main factors of increasing the productivity of the practice are the first specialization, technical development, qualification and zatsіkavlenіst virobnika.

His famous book "Research on the nature and causes of the wealth of peoples" (1776), a classic of political economy, Adam Smith, starting from the butt of the organization of the preparation of hairpins at the sizable master, as he showed that only the introduction of specialization of manual labor in ten workers (!).

Together with tim, suspіlny podіl pracі creates for the suspіlstva that chimalі problems, for example:

one-sided development of a person's special features. Focusing on the work activity and giving the main part of his life, a person is impulsively transformed into a functionary (a person-function, a private practitioner);

monotony and unpretentiousness of rich vistas of work. It is worthwhile, nasampered, physical work, if the worker often acts like a mechanical vikonator of the tasks given by the machine. Conveyor technology sets a special stress on robots. The monotony of work calls out to the stomlyuvanist of workers and, as a result, - the development of illness and virobnichiy traumatism;

there is an abundance of pickers one kind of one, as a mind-boggling need for a clear co-operation, enrichment of an uninterrupted exchange of the results of activity. Through this super-worldly university, the specialization of enterprises increases the risk of accidents in the form of economic consequences.

And all the same, the economic benefits of the suspіlny podіlu practice are greater, and to that, the suspіlstvo is zatsіkavlennі in the burying of the suspіlny podіl pracі and minimization of yogo negative naslіdkіv.

The next thing is to indicate that the specialization of the variety can be absolute, and the difference is significant. in Absolute advantages of specialization- it is clear that the number of other harvesters (practices, enterprises, lands) over others for the master, productivity of work or vitrates of the harvester. in Vіdnosnі, or por_vnyaln_ prievagi less obvious, the shards are connected with alternative vitrates. The stench of the one that specializes in one, rightly taken right away, that rational cooperation (exchange) with smaller brewers will always ensure a greater economic effect.

Let's look at the essence of the outstanding achievements of the practice on the mental butt. It is permissible that the doctor Ivanenko is also a wonderful carpenter, he needs a bookcase, brought up to the square of the wall of one room. To that, a new wine has two virobnichi alternatives: make a wardrobe yourself or hire a carpenter for a fee. Supposedly farther, yakbi Ivanenko, having taken up the robit of the chief and vitrativ for the whole 20 years, he would have had the opportunity to donate his doctor’s rights and income for example, 800 hryvnias (40 hryvnias). ), multiplied by 20.). Well, wines are speeded up by another alternative - hiring a carpenter, who will also build a wardrobe in 20 years. that vimagatime for your work 500 UAH. (the hourly rate of a carpenter is 25 UAH, multiplied by 20 years). Like a bachimo, doctors of Ivanenkov, it is economically smart to hire a carpenter, so as not to spend your 300 hryvnias. additional income (800 - 500).

1. The essence of the under the pracі and її see

2. Vertical and horizontal podіl pratsі and їkh influx on the activity of the organization

3. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a sub-practice organization

List of dzherel

1. The essence of the under the pracі and її see

Іsnuє kіlka vyznachen podіlu pratsі. The axis is less effective than them.

Podil pratsі - tse іstorichny process vodokremlennya, zakrіplennya, vozmіnі okremyh vidіv dіyalnostі, scho protіkaє suspіlnyh forms dіdіrentіatsії і zdіysnennya raznyh vidіv іn laborіvnosti. Podіl prіtsі suspіlstvі constantly zmіnyuєєtsya, and the very system of raznоmіnіnіh vidіv prаtsі staє daedalі folded, oskolki osklієєєє і poglyuєєє protsessі pratsі.

The basis of practice (or specialization) is the principle of organization of the cultivation of the state, for which reason a person is engaged in the cultivation of the good. Based on this principle, with the exchange of the amount of resources, people can get richer more goods, lower in that case, as if taking care of their skin with everything they need.

Also, they divide the practice into broad and narrow meanings (according to K. Marx).

In a wide sense, it was practical - the system of different things behind their signs and at the same time mutually interacting with each other with the same type of practice, generic functions, to take precedence over all of the aggregates, and to create a system of communal links around them. Empirically different things to take are considered by economic statistics, the economy of practice, Galuze's economic sciences, and demography, too. Territorial, including international, has expanded the practice to be described by economic geography. To define the spivvіdshennya raznyh virobnicheskih funktsіy z vzglyadі їх material result K. Marx vvazhav for better to get used to the term "rozpodіl pratsі".

At the high school sense rozpodil pratsі - tse social rozpodіl pratsі as human activity in її social reality, є on vіdminu vіd specіlіzatsії ihistorically bygone social settings. The specialization of practice є podіl vidіv pratsі on the subject, as if without intermediary demonstrating the progress of productive forces and spriyaє yoma. The versatility of such species shows the stage of assimilation of human nature and growth at once from its development. However, in class formations, specialization does not appear as a specialization of wholesome activities, to which it itself is embodied in the social subdivision of practice. The rest of the dismemberment of human activities on such private functions and operations, skin s of which, by itself, no longer has the nature of activity and does not act as a way to create human social assets, culture, and spiritual richness itself. Cі chastkovі functions ї pozbavlenі svogo sensu ta logіki; Their need is only as a help, which is presented to them by a system of rozpodіlu pratsі. Such a subdivision of the material and spiritual (rozum and physical), Vikonavian and keruuchy practical, practical and ideological functions. Virase of the social rozpodіl pratsі є vydіlennya like vіdokremlenih spheres of material virobnitstv, science, mystekstva just, as well as razzlevannâ їs themselves. Podіl pratsі historically inevitably grows up to a class rozpodіlu.

Due to the fact that the members of the partnership began to specialize in the virobnitstvі okremi good, the professions appeared in the suspіlstvі - okremі vidi diyalnostі, pov'yazanі z vrobnitstvі any good.

Under the bottom of the practice, the organization will understand the difference between the activities of people in the process of sleeping practice.

Podіl pratsі peredbachaє specіlіzatsіyu okremih vykonavtsіv vykonannya sevnoї part splnoї rabota, yak zdіysniti without chіtkoї uzhodzhennostі іy okremih pratsіvnіkіv аbo їх groups.

Podіl pratsі characterized by yakіsnimi and kіlkіsnimi signs. Podil praci z sour a sign of the transfer of the cremation of the sight of the work of їхної folding. The development of such robots will require special knowledge and practical skills. Podil praci z kіlkysny a sign of the safety of the installation of equal proportions between different types of practice. The succession of these is a sign of a significant peace, signifying the organization of practice as a mark.

The provision of a rational subdivision of practical work for business at the borders of those and other labor collectives (teams, workers, workshops, enterprises) is one of the most important direct organization of work. Given the choice of forms, there is a lot of room for planning and equipping working areas, their services, methods and methods of acceptance of work, yogo regulation, payment for the security of friendly minds. Podіl pratsі for pridpriєmstva, in the shop oumovluє kіlkіsnі and yakіsnі proportions between okremi types of prаci, pіdbіr і placement of workers in the manufacturing process, їх training and advancement of qualifications.

Properly chosen forms of practical work and cooperation allow you to ensure the rational involvement of employees, clear coordination and synchronism in their robots, spend an hour and a half hour of idle time. Zreshtoy, in the form of under the praci, to lay down the value of labor costs per unit of production and, also, the productivity of the work. For whom is the economic reality of the optimal subdivision of practice.

At the same time, the role of the social aspect of the scientifically grounded rozpodіlu practice is great. The correct choice of forms under the practice helps to improve the work performance, which ensures the satisfaction of the employees with their work, the development of teamwork and mutuality, the strength of the performance for the results of the collective practice, the development of labor.

At the enterprises, there are such different types of practice: technological, functional, professional and qualification.

Technological podіl pratsі peredbachaє vіdokremlennya group robіtnikіv for Find our vikonannya them tehnologіchno odnorіdnih robіt for okremimi phases kinds robіt that operatsіyami (on mashinobudіvnih that metaloobrobnih pіdpriєmstvah - livarnі, kovalskі, mehanoobrobnі, skladalnі that INSHI robots on gіrnichodobuvnih pіdpriєmstvah - gіrnicho-pіdgotovchі that ochisnі robot; at the enterprises of the worsted weaving of the textile industry - scutching, fluffing, carding, stitching, straightening, spinning, spinning, winding, sizing, weaving and other robots). Within the framework of the technological subdivision of practical work, there are as many as possible types of work, for example, warehousing, fallow in the degree of fragmentation of labor processes are divided into operational, detailed and substantive subdivision of practical work.

Technological part of the work is rich in why it is the functional, professional and qualification part of the work on business. It allows you to establish the need for workers for professions and specialties, the level of specialization of their jobs.

Functional Podіl pratsі vіdіznyаєtsya for the roll okremіh groups prіtsіvnіkіv vіrobniсomu protsіsі. Behind this sign, two great groups of workers are seen in front of us - the main ones and the servants (additional ones). The skin of these groups is subdivided into functional subgroups (for example, a group of service workers - into subgroups of workers in repair, maintenance, instrumental, vantage-rozvantazhuvalnyh robots, etc.).

Provision on the basis of the correct spіvvіdshennya number of main and additional workers with the improvement of the rational functional subdivision of their pracі, signifi- cantly the improvement of the organization of the practical work of the service workers is an important reserve for increasing the productivity of the industrial work

Professional rozpodіl pratsі zdіysnyuєtsya zalezhno vіd professіynoї specialіzаtsії robіtnikovіv i rebachaє vykonannya vykonannya robochemu mіstsі robіt ієyu chi іnshoy profesієyu (specіalnіstyu). With regard to the dermal appearance of these robots, it is possible to identify the need for workers for professions for a business, a workshop, a factory, a business, and an association as a whole.

Qualification Podіl pratsі umovlyuєtsya raznoy kіznіstі, scho will require equal knowledge and knowledge of pracіvnіkіv. For the skin profession, a warehouse of operations is installed, or a work of a different level of folding, which are grouped together with the involved working tariff categories.

The process of improving the practical work can be uninterrupted, that the minds of the mind are constantly changing, gaining access to the best indications of the virobnic activity.

Rozrobtsі zakhodіv shkodo polіshennya podіlu pratsі zvіchi є prodє kіlkіsna otsіnka podіlu pratsі. For whom the coeficient is to be paid for the cost ( Cr.t), recommendations of NDI practice. Vіn characterize the steps of the specialization of the workers and rozrakhovuєtsya from the improvement of the hour spent by them on the vikonannya functions, in the form of

Kr.t \u003d 1 - / tcm *np (1)

de - spend time vikonannya functions that are not transferred by the tariff-qualification allowance for workers in this profession, xv;

- Spend an hour on the visualization of functions, not transferring technological documentation, xv;

tcm – trivality change, xv;

np- zagalna (shape) number of workers for the business of people;

- Spend a lot of working hours on the business, due to downtime due to technical and organizational reasons, as well as damage to labor discipline.

From the above formula, it can be seen that less time spent on the operation (robit), not transferred by the tariff-qualification doc, normative and technological documentation, the more numerical value of the coefficient, and, therefore, the rational operator of the operator

In times of business, I can choose the most rational forms of practice. In skin disease, the choice is to be made on the basis of a general analysis of the specifics of the disease, the nature of the vibrating robots, it could be up to their severity, the degree of involvement of the practitioners and other factors.

In today's minds, the improvement of the efficiency of work for the rahunok thoroughly can be developed on the basis of a broader number of professions, an expansion of the sphere of zastosuvannya of a rich (rich aggregate) service, a further development of a collective workforce (brigade brigade)

The search for the introduction of new forms under the practice is allowed to carry out an experimental re-verification of the bindings. It is only practically possible to residually establish the effectiveness of this chi іnshої form podіlu praci, to show both positive and negative sides.

The main direction of improvement of the subdivision of practice is the choice of the best variant of the skin specific area with the improvement of economic, technical and technological, psychophysiological and social benefits.

The main economic benefit to the optimal cost of work is to ensure the release of products in tasks and high quality for the least labor, material and financial costs.

Technological-technological assistance transfers the work of the dermal element to the work of a viable worker on this setting at the installations of the working hour. In addition to the vital world, they signify the technological, functional, professional and qualification field of practice.

Psychophysiological help to prevent the transfer of practitioners through great physical pressure, nerve tension, work suspense, monotony or hypodynamia (insufficient physical effort), which often leads to a significant reduction in productivity.

Social facilitators convey the presence in the warehouse of the work of creative elements, promotion of wealth and privatility of practice.

Tsim vimogam, zzvychichay, vіdpovіdaє єdine organіzаtsіyne rіshennya, vynikає nebhіdnіst vybora one variant podіlu pratsі. The foldability of this factory is characterized by richness of planning, by the choice of criteria for the designation of cordonies, by the variety of methods in various types of business.

Apparently, as a result, under the practice, the specialization of the workers, yak, on the one hand, will ensure a decrease in the labor force, and on the other hand, you can reduce the cost of work, bring to the increase of monotony The increase in the interest of vikonavtsiv, which always means an increase in the hour of productive work, and it is possible and reversible.

With the installation of more voltage norms, the number of vikonavtsiv will change, and then the decrease in the efficiency of the work will increase. Safeguarding at the warehouse for the operation of creative elements often leads to one hour of one production, promoting promotion and privatility of work, lowering the number of staff members.

The choice of the most optimal solution may be the difference between various factors and the best possible attainment of the virobnic method. For this, it is necessary to carry out special experiments and research on mathematical methods and computational techniques (for the selection of the best option). Protekonomichny and social effect of these robots can significantly recurve vitrati on їх conducted.

Projecting a subdivision of practice at enterprises in a way to adopt optimal organizational solutions is even more effective and one of the most promising directions for improving the organization of practice.

Podіl pratsі є to the most important officials of virobnitstv, znachnymi primordial forms of organization pracі.

2. Vertical and horizontal podіl pratsі and їkh influx on the activity of the organization

Before any organization, there should be a leader in forming and developing a management structure, as a result of goal-directed coordination of the susil of all the elements that make up your organization. The management structure is responsible for establishing a clear interrelationship between different types of activities in the middle of the organization, supporting their achievement of the singing goals. The final result of the organizational system is the improvement of the efficiency of the virobnitstv. Just a sum of machines, a bunch of people - still not an organization. Business can increase its productivity by using more and more ways of combining these resources. The skin system can be structured to function effectively. In order to effectively secure the achievement of the established goals, it is necessary to understand the structure of the skin wound work, all developments and organization in full. Before any organization, there should be a leader in forming and developing a management structure, as a result of goal-directed coordination of the susil of all the elements that make up your organization. The management structure is responsible for establishing a clear interrelationship between different types of activities in the middle of the organization, supporting their achievement of the singing goals. The final result of the organizational system is the improvement of the efficiency of the virobnitstv. Just a sum of machines, a bunch of people - still not an organization. Business can increase its productivity by using more and more ways of combining these resources. The skin system can be structured to function effectively. In order to effectively secure the achievement of the established goals, it is necessary to understand the structure of the skin wound work, all developments and organization in full.

In most organizations, the structure is framed in such a rank that the skin specialist has worked and, in his line, the skin practitioner specializes in singing areas of activity.

Rationally rozpodіl pratsі to lay down like an absolute obliga- tion of viconuvannyh robit, and іd nebhіdnogo equal knowledge of okremіh pracіvnіv іv raznyh galuzyah іаlnostі, їх qualіfіkatsії. When the organizational structure is combined, one of the main ones is nourishment, which is the world’s next step to work, may be on the basis of the priority of specialization.

The middle organizations see horizontal and vertical lines. Horizontally spread the work out with additional differentiation of functions in the fold.

The scheme of the vertical bottom of the practice is represented by the little one 1. The stoneworker of the upper level manages the activity of the stoneworkers of the middle and lower levels, tobto. formally I have more power and more high status. Vertical differentiation related to the hierarchy of management organization. By the steps of hierarchical gatherings between the greater equal management and vikonavtsy, the organization was given to them. Povnovazhennya rozpodіlyayutsya for plantings and kerіvniki, yakі embrace qі plant. The meta organization is considered as a guideline for directing the flow of communications and renewal. The fragments of the robot of the organization are divided into warehouse parts, which can be coordinated, uzgodzhuvat the diyalnіst of all elements of the system at the sight of the vertical bottom of the work, as if it were the work of coordinating the work in the work itself. The activity of coordinating the work of others and becoming the day of management.

It is important for him to protect the steps of the restoration of the functions of management.

It is objectively possible to create an opportunity for any stone worker to rob an important hierarchical organization. Kerivnik can change his work ambition, delegating it to a rіven, which costs less, but at the same time increases the ambition, which can control the character of the vikonnanny. The need for the attacking equal ієrarkhії to be established at the time of advancement of the obligation works to control the abilities of the clerk. The number of objects subordinating to one ceramic worker is called the "sphere of control" or "the sphere of management", or "the scale of ceramic work", or "the range of that sphere of stone work"

Malyunok 1 – Vertical rozpodіl pratsі

The scheme of the horizontal bottom of the practice is represented by a little 2, which was cut to choke with control and functionalization. Crazy control- Tse number podleglih, yakі zvіtuyut before one kerіvnik. Functionality- the certitude of the leader, as if they were vikonans, to reach the goals of the organization. A top-level clerk can have direct control over three top-level clerks - for the sake of flexibility, accounting and marketing. In their own circle, the mid-level chimneys have direct control over the lower voivodeships, and those – without any middle ground over the singed kylkist of vykonavtsiv. It is possible to look at how functionalization, after all, what other specializations have been added. The order from the main geographic (territorial) subdivision of practical work, which, with a step, subdivided the physical activities of the organization from different regions. In this structure, communication, coordination and control become more complicated. Podіl usієї raboti on storahі komponenti zazvichay is called horizontal podіl pratsі. For example, a professor reads a course of lectures, and a helper is a practical occupation. In times of wine, I myself can conduct practical activities, but, vouching for the difference in qualifications, transfer additional functions to an assistant.

There are no arrogant rules, which can be used to win for the appointment of a proper "sphere of management" in a skin situation. There are various reasons - the quality of the construction worker of the worker to work in Poland with the help of employees, the nature of the functions, the territorial distribution of supplies, the qualifications and the status of servicemen, the formal control and the informal coordination of the characteristics of our cities, the

There are more in the organization of different spheres, which require special knowledge and skills, and we will fold it. Horizontal specialization is directed by the differentiation of functions. Vaughn is honored by the appointment of robots (the knowledge of different kinds of knowledge) that is assigned to mutual understanding between different types of robots, which can be distinguished by one or the other rich practitioners.

Vertically rozpodіl pratsі transferring management and coordination of singing groups of people for the attainment of the goal. At the butt of the helper it is impossible to take the fault of the professor's functions, the shards to him are ordered. Again, the professor goes over the functions of a manager.

Moreover, the policy of molding a horizontal rozpodіlu pracі zvoditsya up to:

– vyznachennya roboti, tobto. okremikh zvedennya zavdan at konkrіdnі odnіdnі vіd robіt that vstanovlenija zv'yazkіv mizh them. For whom the skin of the robot can be beaten by one or two different persons, who will hug the songs of the plant at the organization;

– cool management, tobto. a large number of followers are sung, as if they were ringing before the venerable stoneworkers;

– functionalization of the organization, tobto. the establishment of a set of various zavdans, yakі mayut buti vikonanі to achieve the goals of the organization;

– Podіl organizatsії on structural parts - vіddіli, sectors, bureaus, shop, delyanki and other developments.

3. Evaluation of the effectiveness of a sub-practice organization

In order for the organization to achieve its goals and develop, it cannot be automatically carried out under the action. It can also effectively viconate the process of management, as well as everything else. Oskіlki adminіlіnskі funktsії ї vzaymozalezhnі, neefektivny podіl prаtі і є prodіvіє problem kozhnі ї podarnіїї ї ї ї.

It is necessary to distinguish the scale and depth of work. Robot scale- tse kіlkіst vykonuvanih robіt, їh obsyag. Spіvrobіtnik, like vikonuє, for example, vіsіm zavdan, on a larger scale robit, lower than the one who vikonuє chotiri zavdannya. concept clay robot vodnositsya until the obligatory control, which zdіysnyuє pratsіvnik pіd hour of work. Glibina works to be of a special nature, different practitioners in the same organizational level can be different. For example, a kerіvnik vіddіlu marketing at the company's promislії mаіє more depth robіt, nizh, let's say, an accountant, who knows the current appearance of virobnіstva. Virishuyuchi specific problems under the practical structure of management, it is necessary to resolutely protect both the functional direction and the scale of the work, and their depth.

A great number of practitioners and ceramists are richly once a day encircled by a number of robots - single-mansions, which may have a minimum scale and depth. So robots chi zavdannya took away the name template. We don’t see completeness, autonomy, the stench is monotonous and calls out to that. Absenteeism, sabotage, and the regularity of personnel are often the reaction of workers to the monotony of work, with which the stench is constantly occupied.

Dosledzhennya show that the point of specialization of operations is critical (explained the work of more other operations and speed control). After reaching the point (single level of specialization) of gaining income, it starts to shorten. It is necessary to protect the inter-specializations in a skin-smooth type of person. Ways of underlaying negative consequences under the practice - tse consolidation of technological operations, drawing up robit and effective planning. As an increase in the variability of the work, it is caused by some motivational officials, then the enlargement of technological operations, being the official of the increase in productivity, is caused by us in front of the technical aspects.

In different countries, a numerical follow-up was carried out on the relationship between equal distribution of work satisfaction. They showed that the models of individual work allow reaching the highest level of practice, lower linear and group models, including conveyor lines. Positive results were achieved with the expansion of the scope and scope of the core of the group work, compared with the individual (greater depth of work), with the transition from higher education work to work of a larger scale of that depth. There are also lapses, if the practitioners are satisfied with the stereotyped work, or are indifferent to the scale or depth of their work. Zagalom, since the robot does not have sufficient scale and depth, then the attitude of practitioners to it, as a rule, is more negative.

For a short ten years in theory and practice, the victorious principle, for which we see, we can see how we can be grouped in such a rank, so that the leather practitioner sings only in front of one kerivnik. Above those, it was recommended that a large number of pracivniks, who were inspired by one stone worker, were surrounded. term "freaked by control" means the expansion of the command, which is in the order of one kerivnik. V.S. Hrychunas. Vіn vvazhav, scho oskolki kerіvnik can exchange energy, knowledge and qualifications, can coordinate the work of the farmed, the number of practitioners.

Graichunas admitting that the increase in the number of arithmetic professions led to an increase in the geometric progression of the number of interrelations, which was under the control of a kerivnik. Potential interrelationship, which can be called between kerivnik and sublingual, is classified as individual kerivnitstvo, group kerivnitstvo and cross-link. Hraichunas developed the following formula for determining the number of potential contacts of a ceramic worker with a different number of suitable practitioners:

Z= n 2 n /2+ n -1, (2)

de n-number of practitioners, under the order of the kerivnik;

С-kіlkіst potential vzaєmozv'yazkіv.

Skіlki Well pіdleglih can be buti at the kerіvnik? Theoretically, the power chain is analyzed by the way of seeing low-level officials, so as to inject the frequency and type of interrelationships between the key workers and the subordinates. Acts of these factors are even more important:

Need contact. In different types of virobnicheskih, scientifically advanced and other jobs, there is a need for some contacts and a high level of coordination of activities. The selection of conferences, people, special interviews and consultations often help to reach the target. For example, a researcher of a science-based group is often obliged to consult with the delivery of specific food from the members of the group, so that the project will be completed immediately and the robot will be presented to the market. Widely controlled by the control of victorious robots through part of the contact with the necessary hopes for the initial influx of the victorious and successful completion of the project.

Riven oshvіti that preparation pіdleglih. Navchannya podleglih є the main in the installed control of all levels of management. Zagalnopriynyato, scho kerіvnik more low rіvnyah organіzatsії mozhe cheruvati great kіlkіstyu pіdleglih, oskolki robot tsіkh іvnyah more spetsializovana і less foldable, nizh vyshchih іvnyah.

Building construction. This factor plays an important role in the development of an effective mechanism for resolving problems in various working situations, real and operational coordination of the activities of workers and workers.

It seems that the speed of a number of osibs, relied on one stoner (that sounds like a stunned control), gives rise to a management structure that is a high pyramid with a narrow base. Like an organization with great control, there is a form of a "flat" ring-like structure.

In order to improve the rational control of the control and in the interests of reaching an effective subdivision of the practice, the organization develops in the form of structural blocks (departments, departments, services). Such an approach to the formation of an organizational structure is called departmentalization. Fallow, in view of the sign and criteria for organizing the blocks, it was accepted to separate them: functional, territorial, production, design and zmishana departmentalization.

Functional departmentalization. There are a lot of organization groups of practitioners and activities, depending on the functions that are developed within the framework of the company (production, marketing, finance, accounting appearance, personnel management). Functional warehouse organization - the most often zastosovuєtsya organization scheme for staff and activities of the firm. Vіdpovіdnі departments at tsimu are formed z ekspertіv and spetsіalіstіv at sing galuzah, scho zabezpechuє most primed and effective virіshennya problems. Not a lot of similar schemes are respected by those who have oskolki fakhіvtsі working in the same gallery of interests, the main goals of the organization can make a sacrifice to the goals of this department.

Territorial departmentalization. The second widest pidhіd is the creation of groups of people from the settled territory, which in this chi іnshіy form establishes the viability of the organization. The activities of the organizations on this territory are due to the order of the viable pottery worker, who carried the responsibility for it. For great organizations, the territorial podіl is even more important, the shards of physical rozporoshenіst diyalnosti are the hardest podіlu pratsі. Perevaga, which often appears with territorial divisions, lies in the fact that it is being created for the preparation of managerial personnel directly on the job.

Virobnicha departmentalization. In rich great companies, which can diversify the production, activity and staff are formed on the basis of products. Given the larger scale of the firm, it is easy to coordinate the efforts of different functional groups, so it is important for the additional and promising development of industrial production. This form of organization allows the staff to accumulate a certain amount of time in the gallery, to choose and distribute products. Concentration of new importance and performance in special departments allows the core workers to effectively coordinate all activities.

Project departmentalization. During the design departmentalization, the work of the staff is taken care of by the staff on a time basis. The supervisor of the project vouches for all kinds of activities - from the beginning to the final completion of the project or one part. After the completion of the work and staff, employment on a time basis, they are transferred to other departments, or they are transferred to other projects. A project manager is often found in his own order of engineers, accountants, builders, and contributors. This staff is often found from special functional units. Under an hour of work on a specific project, the vodpovidalny kerіvnik is looked at as a person, as if he has complete control over the right. A number of vipadkіv tsgogo not reach, oskіlki staff, who works on the project, continue the order to their permanent functional kerіvniki. Vinicating protyrics are allowed by high-ranking ceremonies.

Zmishana departmentalization. Evaluation of the names of more forms of departmentalization shows that the skin type has strengths and weaknesses. It is not uncommon to introduce changes in the structure in organizations, especially if the ker_vniki are trying to solve the problems of in-line changes over the market, a quick increase in the propositions of goods and services, and ovn_shny regulation. There is no similar structure, which can be described as universal. The creation of the most manipulative minds is dictated by the specific minds of the functioning of the organization.

List of vicorists dzherel

1. Vikhansky O.S., Naumov A.I., "Management", M., MDU, 1995 - 408 p.

2. I.A. Skopilatov. Personnel management, St. Petersburg, 2000 - 335 p.

3. Personnel management., Pid. ed. Kibanova A.Ya.i L.V. Ivanovsky., M., 1999 - 237 p.

4. V.M. Tsvetaev. Personnel management, St. Petersburg. 1999 - 289 p.

5. V.P. Pugachev. Care by the personnel of the organization., M., 1998 - 359 p.

6. A.P. Yegorshin. Personnel management. N. Novgorod., 1997 - 274 p.

7. V.I. Shkatulla. Nastіlna book manager s personnel. M., 2000 - 283 p.

8. Shipunov V.G., Kishkel O.M. Fundamentals of management activity: Navch. for mid. specialist. navch. mortgage - M.: Vishch. school, 1996. - 271 p.

9. Meskon M.Kh., Albert M., Khedouri F. Fundamentals of management: Prov. from English - M.: Right, 1995. - 704 p.

⚡ Podіl pratsі ⚡ є є vіdokremlennya vіznyh vidіv іn labor activity. The cob of this process, having laid the natural rose, has given rise to work for the statute and century, which has taken away the development of the home state. Behind the borders of this state, becoming a grown-up suspіlny rozpodіl pratsі. The current system includes the following:

Individual specialization - focusing on activities for any particular occupation, singing profession, specialty.
Podіl pratsі for pridpriєmstva (seen by the labor collective of various types of work, operations).
Vіdokremlennya creative activity on the scale of the gallery, the type of production (for example, electric power industry, oil production, automobile production, etc.).
Podіl natsіonalnogo vyrobnitstvа velі pologі (promyslovіst, silske gospodarstvo іnshih.).
Territorial division of labor in the middle of the country (with specialization in the selection of products for distribution in various economic regions).
International rozpodіl pratsі (specialization of virobnitsa okremikh krajn on singing types of virobіv, such tsі kraїni are exchanged).

Uninterrupted development under the practice of objectively enlightening by the progress of technology and the human factor of development, as well as by the minds of a thoroughly collapsible cooperation of practice. Tsі think vyyavilis already for the transition from a simple cooperative practice of remіsnikіv on the capitalist enterprise to manufactory - the union of pracіvnіkіv, vykonuyut okremo impersonal drіbnih operations.

Naturally, the onset of the transition from a manufactory, based on manual work, to an industrial production of a bagatorase, having increased the efficiency of a sub-practice.

Also, the specialization of creative activity is the most important way to increase the productivity of work (increase the number of people). This is the last thing that:

first, the specialization of practitioners to multiply gracefully, passing on to them more thorough knowledge and skills
in a different way, it ensures the savings of a working hour, shards, zozeredzhuyuchi zusillya, people stop moving from one job to the next
thirdly, the specialization is given by the post to the vineyard and the zastosuvannya of machine technology, which makes it possible to rob the masses and highly efficient

Great importance is given to the training of middle-class and high-level primary specialists from various fields of scientific, technical and government activities.

The modern sovereign education standards of higher professional education, adopted in our country in 2000, transfer the students' graduation:

global humanitarian and social and economic disciplines (vitchiznyan istoriya, culturology, political science, philosophy, economics and іn.)
advanced mathematical and natural science disciplines
professional disciplines
disciplines of specialization

In this way, students should take a wide professional training from higher education specialization, which increases the quality of training of professionals and their demand for practical work.