Electrification of til at zіtknennі. Interaction of charging bodies. Two kinds of charges. What is the electrification of tel? Appointment, simple physical education for children.

Physics! Yaka єmnіst words!
Physics is not just sound for us!
Physics is the basis
Usikh without blame sciences!

• explain to the students the mechanism of electrification of heating,
• to develop previous and creative skills,
• create mind to promote interest in the material that is being developed,
• help learners to comprehend the practical significance, the richness of knowledge and reduce what they are gaining.

Ownership:

• electrophore machine,
• electrometer,
• sultans,
• ebony and glass sticks,
• seam and woolen fabrics,
• electroscope,
• good darts, distilled water, paraffin bags,
• aluminum and paper cylinders, seam threads (farbovani and non-farbovani).

On the board: Conductors, insulators, tar and curse charge.

Electronegative atom.

Electropositive atom.

Electrification: - dotik

• - injection
• - photoeffect (under the influx of light).

Vidshtovhuvannya, heavy.

Charge in electrified insulators and conductors.

HID LESSON

1. Enter the word of the teacher

In every day life, people tend to have a great number of manifestations, and, perhaps, a lot more manifestations become obscured.

The reason for these phenomena "shtovkhaє" people on їх jokes, vodkrittya that explanation of these phenomena. Such a manifestation, like a fall of bodies on the ground, does not cry out from a person already no sound. Ale, signify that the earth and the whole body are mutually compatible, not sticking together alone. The stink vzaєmodіyut mіzh themselves nayvіdіmіshoy ієyu - gravіtаtіyny tyazhіnnyam (gravitational fields). We called out that the body was working one on one, importantly, without middle. More and more such phenomena, known to ancient Greeks, as if they were crying out for interest in children and grown-ups. Tse - electrical phenomena.

Apply electrical interfacing to each other, and not so well known to us from a child's age, like, for example, the weight of the Earth. This interest is explained by the fact that there may be great possibilities of creation, change of experimental minds, making do with clumsy possessions.

Forgiveness behind the perebіg revealed that the vvchennya of deakyh phantoms.

2. Historical revision (additional study)

Greek philosopher Thales of Miletsky, who is alive in 624–547. e., vіdkriv, scho burshtin, shabby cunningly, gaining power to attract other objects - fluffs, straws thinly. Later, such a phenomenon was called electrification.

In 1680, the German teachings of Otho von Gerike, inducing the first electric car, that inducing the basis of electrical forces, and the weight.

The first scholar, argued the idea of ​​using two types of charges, was the Frenchman Charles Dufay (1698-1739). Electricity, which appears when rubbing tar, Dufay called tar, and electricity, which appears when rubbing tar - glass. In modern terminology, the "tar" electrician gives negative charges, and the "glass" positive. The most controversial opponent of the theory of the basis of two types of charges was the famous American Benjamin Franklin (1706 - 1790). Vіn upershe vvіv understand about positive and negative charges. The presence of these charges in the bodies of the wines, explaining too little in the bodies as a hot electrical substance. This matter is especially special, it has been called "Franklin's fluid" for some time, in my opinion, the positive charge is small. In this way, during electrification, the body either swells or loses a positive charge. It doesn't matter that Franklin, having confused positive charges with negative ones, that bodies are exchanged with electrons (which carry a negative charge). For some reason, for this reason, the positive charge was directly accepted for straight ahead as a struma in metals.

The Englishman Robert Simmer (1707 - 1763), having shown respect for the undivided behavior of his wispy panchos. I wore two pairs of pants: black fur for warmth and white seams for beauty. Kicking off the legs against the insults of the panchos and swaying one from one, venting, as if insulting the panchos, they swell, gaining the shape of the legs and attracting one to one. However, the panchoks of the same color were distinguished, and the different colors were attracted. Grounded on his guardianship, Simer became an inveterate adherent of the theory of two charges, for which he was nicknamed "inflated philosopher."

Hanging with the current mour, yoga shovkovі panchohi are small negative, and vovnyanі - positive charge.

3. The phenomenon of electrification

Teacher: How is the body called charging?

Learn: If the body can attract, or if it is other bodies, it can have an electric charge. About such a body it seems that it is charged. Charge - the power of bodies, - building up to electromagnetic interaction.

(Demonstration of a charged body).

Teacher: What is called an electroscope?

Learn: The device, which allows to reveal the presence of a charge in the body and evaluate it, is called an electroscope.

Teacher: How does the government use the electroscope?

Learn: The main part of the electroscope is the insulating shear, on which the arrow is fixed, it is free to wrap around. With the appearance of a charge, an arrow and a haircut are charged with charges of the same sign and that, when they appear, they create a kut of respiration, the value of which is proportional to the removed charge.

(Demonstration of robotic equipment).

Teacher: The electrification of the heating system can be used in different weather conditions, that is. explore different methods of electrification of bodies:

• rubbish,
• blow,
• dotik,
• splash,
• under a surge of light energy.

Let's look at the deeds of them.

Learn: Yakscho rub an ebonite stick on wool, then ebonite takes away a negative charge, and wool takes a positive charge. The presence of these charges can be known with the help of an electroscope. For this purpose, the rod of the electroscope should be stuck with an ebonite stick, or with a tanned ganchirka. With what part of the charge of the sampled body, go to the shear. Before speech, a short-hour electric stream is heard at the time. Let's look at the vzaєmodіyu of two paper hangings on the threads of the sleeves, one charging one - in the form of an ebonite stick, and the other one - in the form of a fireworks. Respectfully, stinks are attracted one to one. Also, bodies with different charges are attracted. It is not the skin speech that can be transmitted by an electric charge. Speech, by which charges can be transmitted, are called conductors, and speeches, by which charges are not transmitted, are called non-conductors - dielectrics (insulators). You can also use it for the help of an electroscope, following it from a charged body, speech of a different kind.

The white shovka thread does not carry out the charge, but the farbovan shovka thread conducts. (Small A)

White shovkov thread Furbovan shovkov thread

Podіl zadіvіv vіniknennya viniknennya podvіynogo elektrichnogo svobod vіstsіh їkhny dotik, be-yakіh tvokh raznyh tіl, іzolatorіv аbo provіdnіkіv, solid telіv, rіdin аbo gazіv. Describing the electrification of the rubble, we used to take only good insulators for proof - burshtin, sklo, shovk, ebonite. Why? Because in insulators the charge is left on that area, de vin vinik and it is not possible through the entire surface of the body to go to other things that stick to it. Do not know, as if the insulting bodies that rub, will be metals with insulated handles, so we can’t make them one in one shot on all surfaces.

Due to the inevitable shortness of the surface of the body, at the moment of the wind, the rest of the points of the dotik - “places” are overwhelmed, through the rest of the moment, the excess of excess electronics is saved, and the insults of the metal are not charged.

Reader: Now let's look at the electrification with a dot.

Teaching: As we put a bag of paraffin into distilled water and then we viymemo z water, then paraffin and water will be charged. (Small B)

The electrification of the water and the paraffin was passed without any rubbish. Why? It appears that during the electrification of the rubbed, we are less likely to increase the area of ​​​​the gap and change between the atoms of the body, to rub. As water flows - paraffin, any shortness does not respect the proximity of their atoms.

Otzhe, rubbing not є obov'yazkovoy umovoy for electrification tіl. There is another reason, through which the electrification is introduced in these fluctuations.

Teaching: On the electrification of the body through the injection, the robot of the electrophoretic machine is grounded. An electrified body can interact with an electrically neutral conductor. When approaching the electric field of the charged body, the other body is re-energized by charges. Closer to the charged body, the charges are charged behind the sign next to the charged body. Dali in the charged body at the conductor (sleeve or cylinder) are charged at the same time from the charged body of the charge.

So, as you rise to positive and negative charges near the cylinder in the cooler, then the forces of gravity and the cylinder wind up near the electrified body. As far as the far side of the body, in front of the charged sack, sticks with a hand, then the body is stribne to the charged sack. Tse v_dbuvaєtsya through those, scho with whom the electrons jump to the hand, changing the sim of the force of vіdshtovhuvannya. Rice. D.

Teacher: How long can such a camp be saved? (Small.D)

Uchen: After a few seconds, the charges will rise and the cylinder will explode into the cooler. The nature of the distance is dependent on the value of the sum of their charges. If their sum is equal to zero, then their forces are mutually equal to zero. Yakscho Fp< 0, то они оттолкнутся друг от друга, но на меньший угол .

Reader: Let's look at the electrification of the heating system under the influx of light energy (photo effect).

Learn: Directed to the zinc disk (plate) attached to the electrometer strong light promin. Under the influx of light energy from the plate, a sprinkling of electrons flies. The plate itself appears positively charged. The magnitude of this charge can be judged from the winding end of the arrow of the electrometer. (Mal. E)

Reader: We have changed our minds, that with a change in the number of atoms between atoms, the electrification phenomenon becomes more effective. Why?

Uchen: That's why when the Coulomb forces are stronger, the gravitational force between the nucleus of the atom and the electron of the sudidny atom.

Jumping over that electron, which weakly binds from its nucleus.

Reader: Let's look at how chemical elements are mixed in a periodic system of chemical elements.

Uchen: Іsnuє close to 500 forms of the Periodic system of chemical elements. Of them, in one, 18-cell, the elements are placed in the form of electronic shells of their atoms and are induced by the expert from the hard and inorganic chemistry N.F. Stas.

The power and characteristics of atoms, including the electronegativity and valence of elements, are governed by the periodic law.

The radii of atoms and ions change in periods, because The electronic shell of an atom or an ion of the skin offensive elements in the period is equal to the front, it is strengthened through an increase in the charge of the nucleus and an increase in the gravity of electrons to the nucleus.

The radii of the groups are bigger, because an atom (ion) of the skin element is suspended in the form of a standing new electron ball. When an atom is transformed into a cation (positive ion), the atomic radii change sharply, and when an atom is transformed into an anion (negative ion), the atomic radii may not change.

The energy that is shown on the electron's wind as an atom and transformed into a positive ion is called ionization. The voltage, for which ionization is expected, is called ionization potential.

The ionization potential is a physical characteristic, an indicator of the metal power of the element: if it is less, then it is easier for the electron to enter the atom and there is more manifestation of the metal (influence) power of the element.

Table 1. Ionization potentials of atoms (eV/atom) of elements in another period

element	J1	J2	J3	J4	J5	J6	J7	J8
lithium	5,39	75,6	122,4	---	---	---	---	---
Beryllium	9,32	18,2	158,3	217,7	---	---	---	---
Bor	8,30	25,1	37,9	259,3	340,1	---	---	---
Vuglets	11,26	24,4	47,9	64,5	392,0	489,8	---	---
Nitrogen	14,53	29,6	47,5	77,4	97,9	551,9	666,8	---
Kisen	13,60	35,1	54,9	77,4	113,9	138,1	739,1	871,1
Fluorine	17,40	35,0	62,7	87,2	114,2	157,1	185,1	953,6
Neon	21,60	41,1	63,0	97,0	126,3	157,9

Reader: It is clear to understand, as an electronegativity, which plays the primary role in the electrification of the body. Vіd nоgo to lay a sign of charge, which is taken by the element during electrification. Electronegativity - what is it?

Learn: Electronegative power is called the power of a chemical element to attract to its atom electrons from atoms of other elements, from which the element makes a chemical bond in the arms.

Electronegativity of the elements was determined by many scientists: Pauling, Olred and Rokhov. The stench has gone to the visnovka, that the electronegativity of the elements increases in periods, and in groups it changes similarly to ionization potentials. The smaller the value of the ionization potential, the greater the ability to spend an electron on a positive ion or a positively charged body, which is homogeneous.

Table 2. Visible electronegativity (EO) of elements of the first, other and third periods.

element	EO		element	EO		element	EO
	According to Pauling	Behind Olred-Rokhovim		According to Pauling	Behind Olred-Rokhovim		According to Pauling	Behind Olred-Rokhovim
H	2,1	2,20	Li	1,0	0,97	Na	0,9	1,01
			Be	1,5	1,17	mg	1,2	1,23
			B	2,0	2,07	Al	1,5	1,47
			C	2,5	2,50	Si	1,8	1,74
			N	3,0	3,07	P	2,1	2,06
			O	3,5	3,50	S	2,5	2,44
			F	4,0	4,10	Cl	3,0	2,83

Teacher: For the most part, you can create such a visnovo: if you combine two similar elements in the same period, then you can say in advance that they will be charged positively, and which negatively.

Speech, an atom that has a greater valence (a larger number of groups) than an atom of another speech, will be charged negatively, and another speech is positive.

If you interact with the same speeches from the same group, then the speech with a lower number of the period, or in a row, will be charged negatively, and in another body, which is mutually, positively.

Teacher: At this lesson, they tried to open the mechanism of electrification of bodies. We have explained why the body after electrification takes away the charge of the other sign, that. they asked questions on the smut - why? (like, for example, I divided the mechanics of "Dynamics" in response to food: why?)

Now, the positive and negative values ​​of the electrification of the body are being reversed.

Learn: Static electricity can mother a negative injection:

Attractive hair to the comb;

Vіdshtovhuvannya haired one like one, like a charged sultan;

Sticking to the clothes of various other objects;

In weaving mills, thread sticking to bobbins, which led to parts of the eye.

Accumulated charges can vibrate electrical discharges, which can cause different effects:

Bliskavka (summon until fire);

The discharge at the fuel truck was brought to a vibe;

When refueling with fuel, any kind of discharge can lead to a vibe.

To take out static electricity, ground the antennae and equipment and wind up a fuel tanker. Vikoristovuyut special speech antistatic.

Learn: Static electricity can bring mischief:

When farbing other parts with a farbozpilyuvach, the farba and the body are charged with opposite charges, which leads to a great economy of farby;

With a jubilant method of victorious static shower;

Electrostatic filters are used to clean the saw, soot, acid and puddle pairs of vicarious;

For smoked ribi in special electrometers (rib is charged positively, and the electrode is negative, smoked in an electric field is charged dozens of times).

Pіdbittya pіdbagіv busy.

Teacher: Let's guess the purpose of our busyness and make short laces.

• What was new at the lesson?
• What was it?
• What is important at the lesson?

Visnovki uchniv:

1. Manifestations, from some bodies they gain powers to attract other bodies, they call them electrification.
2. Electrification can be plugged in through the inlet when the light is changed.
3. There are speeches: electronegative and electropositive.
4. Knowing the correctness of speeches, you can transfer such charges to take away those bodies that interact.
5. Tertya less zbіshuє square dotik.
6. Speech is used as conductors and non-conductors of electricity.
7. Insulators accumulate charge there, de stinks have settled (at the places of zіtknennya).
8. At the conductors, the charges are distributed evenly at the whole obsyaz.

Discussing and grading the participants in the lesson.

Literature.

1. G.S. Landsberg. Elementary tutor from physics. T.2. - M., 1973.
2. N.F. Stas. Dovіdnik iz zagalnoї i inorganіchnoї khіmії.
3. I.G.Kirillova. Book for reading from physics. M., 1986.

Even in ancient times, it was known that if you rub the burshtin about wool, you begin to attract light objects to yourself. For the last time, the power was revealed in other speeches (slope, ebonit those others.). Tse phenomenon is called electrification, and bodies, buildings attract themselves after rubbing other objects, electrified. The phenomenon of electrification was explained based on hypotheses about the basis of charges, like an electrified body.

Forgive me for the electrification of various bodies to illustrate such provisions.

• Charge up two types: positive (+) and negative (-). A positive charge vinikaє when rubbing a cloth about shkіru or a shovk, and a negative $-$ when rubbing a burshtin (or ebony) about wool.
• Charge (chi charged body) vzaєmodіyut each with one. Same charges are charged, different $-$ are attracted.

The electrification mill can be transferred from one body to another, which is related to the transferred electric charge. A larger and smaller charge can be transferred to this body, i.e., the charge has a larger value. When electrified, the charge is swelled by insults of the body, moreover, one $-$ is positive, and the other $-$ negative. There is evidence that the absolute values ​​of the charges on electrified thirds are equal, which are confirmed by numerical experiments.

Explain why the bodies are electrified (so they are charged) during tertiary, it became possible after the excitation of the electron and the spinning of the atom. Apparently, all speeches are made up of atoms, like, in their own way, they are made up of elementary particles of $-$ negatively charged electrons, positively charged protons and neutral particles of $-$ neutrons. Electronics and protons with elementary (minimum) electric charges. Protons and neutrons (nucleons) become positively charged the nucleus of an atom, in the same way as negatively charged electrons turn around, the number of which is equal to the number of protons, the atom as a whole is electrically neutral. The bodies of the greatest minds, which are made up of atoms (or molecules), are electrically neutral. However, in the process of losing part of the electrons that have been deprived of atoms, you can move from one body to another. The movement of electrons with it does not change the interatomic gaps. Ale, after rubbing the bodies of roses, then the stench will be charged: the body, as if it had given away part of its electrons, will be positively charged, and the body, as if it had been swelled, is $-$ negative.

Later, bodies are electrified, so that they take away an electric charge, if stinks are spent or they get electrons. In some vipads, electrification is connected to the displacement of ions. New electric charges are not to be blamed. It seems that there are fewer charges between bodies that are electrified: some of the negative charges are transferred from one body to another.

Ticket 7. Electrification tel. See what the phenomenon of electrification is illustrating. Two kinds of electric charges. Interaction of charges. Electrical field. Explanation of electrical phenomena. Conductors and non-conductors of electricity.

The electrified body gains power to attract other objects to itself. For example, I’ll rub the glass stick on the arch paper, and then bring it to the finely cut leaves on the paper, the stench will start to attract.

About the body, how can I have such power, it seems that it is electrified otherwise youmu was told electric charge.

Electrification- This is a manifestation of a body charge.

Charge buvayut positive and negative. Similar charges are charged, different charges are attracted.

The notion of positive and negative charge was introduced in 1747 by Franklin. Ebonitova wand in the form of electrification about wool that cleverly charges negatively. The charge that settles on a glassy finger, worn on a seam, Franklin called positive

Charge is a physical quantity, the world of powers charging bodies mutually one by one..
q - charge
[q]=Cl

See electrification:

1) electrification of thirds: to take the fate of a different body. The bodies are the same for the module, but different for the charge sign.

2) electrification with a dot: when a charged and uncharged body is plugged, part of the charge passes to an uncharged body, so that the body is charged with the same charge sign.

3) electrification through the injection: when electrifying through the injection, it is possible to take away for the help of a positive charge on the negative and negative charges.

Attachment vimiryuvannya charge - electrometer. Appliance of the designation of the presence of the charge - an electroscope.

The English physicists Michael Faraday and James Maxwell were engaged in the development of the interplay of electric charges. If you place the charges of the electroscope under the rod of the wind pump, then the leaves of the electroscope, like before, are fired one in one. (The sound of the ringing was repeated again.) As a result, it was established that the body had been charged with an electric field.

Electrical field- this is a special kind of matter, which is breathed into speech. The electric field is a special kind of matter, which is only slightly charged bodies and shows itself in cooperation with other charged bodies.

Our organs hardly touch the electric field. It is possible to reveal the field to the one that is out there on a charge, which is in the new. The same cim and is explained by the interdependence of electrified bodies.

The force, with which electric field is applied to the introduction of a new electric charge, is called electrical power. The electric field, which withdraws one of the charges, uses the same force on the next charge, rooms near the field of the first charge. І navpaki, the electric field of another charge is the first.

Explorers- Ceiling, building conduct electric charge. Before them, all metals, rіdini (variation of salts and luzhіv) can be seen.

Dielectrics- Tse speechovini, scho not to carry out electric charge. Before them one can see: distilled water, plastic, gum, wood, wood, paper, concrete, stone too.

1) When electrifying tel, the law of conservation of electric charge is violated. The algebraic sum of electric charges is permanently overwhelmed by any interactions in a closed system, so q1 + q2 + q3 + ... + qp = const, a closed system enters the system, the name of the electric charge does not enter into the call and does not go out. If a neutral body receives electrons from another body, it takes away a negative charge. In this manner, the body is negatively charged in that moment, as if it were too much, equal to the normal number of electrons. And if a body absorbs electrons more neutrally, it will take away a positive charge. Also, the body may have a positive charge, as it has a lack of electrons.

2) an explanation of the electrification of the rub: when the rub of the electron from one body, switch to another. There, there are more electrons, the body is charged negatively, less - positively.

3) In atoms, electrons are located on different distances from the nucleus, in the distance the electrons are weaker attracted to the nucleus, lower near. Particularly weakly utrimuyuyutsya in the distance of electrons by the nuclei of metals. Therefore, in metals, electrons, nayvіddlenіshi like the nucleus, deprive their space and freely collapse between atoms. Qi electrons are called free electrons. Those speeches, which have є free electronics, є conductors.

4) The sleeve has electronics. As soon as the sleeve is introduced into the electric field, the electronics will begin to collapse under the force of the field forces. If the stick is positively charged, then the electronics will go to the other end of the sleeve, rotting closer to the stick. Tsey end to charge negatively. On the opposite end of the sleeve there will be a lack of electrons, and this end will appear positively charged. Negatively charging the edge of the cartridge case is closer to the stick, so the cartridge case will be attracted to it. If the sleeve hits the stick, part of the electrons from it will switch to a positively charged stick. A positive charge will be lost on the sleeve.

5) As soon as the charge is transferred from a charged coil to an uncharged one, and the coil is the same, then the charge is divided. But as a friend, the sack is not charged more, lower persha, then more than half the charge is transferred to it. The greater the body, to which the charge is transferred, the greater part of the charge on the new transition. Whom is primed with grounding - transfer to the earth's charge. The earth sack is large in pairs with bodies, which are found on the ground. Therefore, when it is charged from the earth, the body can see all its charge and practically becomes electrically neutral.

Electrification til

Re-learning lesson
from vikonannyam experimental task for cards

8th CLASS BASIC COURSE

The task of the lesson: to continue the development of the mind to posterize physical phenomena, to reconsider the theoretical positions with the help of experiment, to make use of accessories; to ensure the possibility of experimentation with the improvement of the development of skin lesions (differentiation of skin lesions when folding individual cards-zavdan); show the students how to clean up after the damage to shkidlivyh houses, focus on the need for maintenance of safety equipment to prevent fires and accidents on the verges and in the butt.

lesson plan (on the dosh)

1. Vikonannya experimental task for cards.
2. Discussing the results of experiments with the main nutrition:

 electrification, methods of electrification of bodies;
 two kinds of charges, interplay of charges;
 electrical field.

3. Explanation. Static electricity, її vikoristannya that struggle with him.

Hid lesson

Our lesson I would like to start with a line from the verse of Elizaveta Kulman “Bliskavka”:

- Is it possible for me to give a fuck?
- I! - Oak saying can,
Waving a proud peak.
Z hmar zlovіsnyh
flying snake
Raptom Bliskavka shone
I mіtsny Oak zlamala,
Yak bi child, roaring,
The flower stalk creaked.
- Is it possible for me to give a fuck?
- I! - Vezha sounded,
Whose gold tim'ya
I will burn proudly to shine,
When you don't scream
Yogo, yak fleur, gloomy.
Ale the heavens opened up
For Bliskavka the grimace.
Fly scary dragon
With a rich pasture;
Mity - i was gone
Lead the proud Bashti,
Less than black strings
Down the walls
Melted gold.
- Ni. I don't care about anyone! -
I said with an arrow
Nirnula in the winds of the sea,
De choyno pihato
Viyskovy mchav ship.
At the hvilinu with a bang
Leftovers to burn
On the face of it, it scattered.
Let's do it again by the sea
Fell, drowned
I wonder life
Nothing happened...

Bliskavka is the most majestic and sinister natural phenomenon, which involuntarily calls out to us with a sense of fear. For a long time, a person could not explain the causes of thunderstorms. People vvazhali thunderstorm gods, which punish people for sins. The nature of Bliskavka began to become clear after the investigations carried out in the XVIII century by the Russian scientists M.V. Lomonosov and G. Rikhman and the American scientist B. Franklin.

The explanation of M.V. Lomonosov was as follows. In the earthly atmosphere, it repeats itself in the post-yoy rus. Zavdyaki rub the vishіdnіh and nіzkhіdnіh poіtryanyh streams, one about one, the particles are electrified again, zіshtovhuyuchisya from the drops of water in the darkness, giving them a charge. In this rank, in the dark, hour after hour, more great charges accumulate. The stench is the cause of the sparkles.

We are constantly known in the ocean of electrical discharges, created by numerical machines, by the same people (for example, if we go, we will count). Discharge, obviously, not so hard, like natural gleams, so we don’t commemorate them, as if you don’t rahuvat light injections, like we are sometimes aware, sticking with the hand of a metal object or another person. And yet, you can sort it out and you can do it yourself, like great sparkles, vibrate and vibuhi, bring you to significant beats, poshkodzhen and kalits, even though we don’t know why the stench is blamed and how to protect them.

At this year’s lesson, we didn’t only know, but we took away the topics “Electrification of the body”, “Budova atom”, and even the low power of others. For example, how do you fight on virobnitstvі and get rid of static charges? Chi can not zmusiti їh pratsyuvati to insult people?

Let's get to the end of the experimental tasks. It is necessary to have those task cards on your tables (two students sit at the leather table). For a series of skin experiments, and there will be three of them, you will be given 7-10 quills.

First series of experiments
Electrification. Methods of electrification of tel

1 Additional electrification of various bodies

Attach and materials: polythene plіvka, paper jacket, acetate seam, plastic handle, tripod, thread, olive.

The order of vikonannya roboti

1. Hang the olive on two threads up to the foot of the tripod.
2. Place a polyethylene sheet on the steel and rub it with an acetate seam. Bring polyethylene and shovk across the border to the end of the raised olive. What do you guard against whom?
3. Follow similar steps with a plastic pen, ruler, paper, rubbing them on polyethylene or seam.
4. Put a polyethylene sleeve on the paper jacket and press them one to one with your hand. Separate the spouses and bring them closer one to one. Chi vzaєmodіyut stink among themselves?
5. Give advice on the request:

a) How can you electrify the body?
b) Why do insults of the body become electrified when closed?
c) How to reveal the electrification of the body?

2 Conservation of electrification at the dotik of two different bodies (humi and rub, which collapses)

Attach and materials: thick-walled gum tube, pump, electrometer.

The order of vikonannya roboti

1. Pull the gum tube onto the pump fitting and make 10–15 sharp hits, trying not to push the tubes with your hands.
2. Bring the tube with the pump up to the spool of the electrometer.
3. Keep an eye on the arrows of the electrometer.

5. Think about how we can see a similar phenomenon.

Reader's comments (after the analysis is done).
A similar phenomenon is observed when pumping through hoses of various gases, natural gas, especially oil products - gasoline, gas is empty. Listen to the note from the newspaper:
“It was already late when I. Tretyakov, a worker of the Kambarskaya transshipment oil depot, filled up the air tanks with aviation gasoline, and moved the inlet hose at the empty empty tank. Shoyno hose torknuvsya necks of the tank, like a high uphill rising 15-meter orange-yellow stovp fire. Tretyakov's straining vibe was seen far into the tanks. Vibuh becoming after the closure of the tip of the hose with the wall of the tank and the discharge of static electricity, which hid at the same time ... "

3 Safeguarding electrification of the sound and virvi like two different bodies in the process dotik

Fit the materials: plastic virva, tripod, electrometer.

The order of vikonannya roboti

1. Take a plastic whirl and fasten it in the legs of the tripod over the electrometer sack.
2. Sip a dry river sand on the edge of the whirl so that the wines rush along the whirl into the ball of the electrometer. 3. Keep an eye on the arrows of the electrometer.
4. Try to explain the phenomenon that is being guarded.
5. Think about how practical it is for us to see such things.

Reader's comments(after the analysis is done).
Listen to the note from the magazine: “If the driver poured gasoline from the wind through the plastic whirl near the motorcycle’s fire tank, a spark slipped through the edge of the whirlpool, and then from the neck of the tank a flame of ignited gasoline. Dzherel borrowing gasoline-potryanoi sumishi becoming a category of static electricity.
To protect similar discharges when saving, transporting and refueling, it is recommended to stop only metal buckets, canisters and funnels and not to use plastic containers.

4 Electrification. Methods of electrification of bodies. Guarding the electrification of the paper under the hour of the rush along the new humic roller

Attach and materials: dry glass plate (textolite, ebonite), arkush paper, gum roller, electrometer.

The order of vikonannya roboti

1. Put an arkush paper on the glass plate.
2. Swipe a sprat on paper with a humic roller, firmly pressing it to the arkush for an hour.
3. Bring the arch paper to the spool of the electrometer and watch for the passage of the arrow.
4. Work them yourself with a humic roller.
5. Try to explain the phenomenon that is being guarded.
6. Think about how practical it is for us to see such things.

Reader's comments (after the analysis is done).
This dosvіd shows how the electrification of paper is used in Drukar machines (the humic roller plays the role of the cylinders of the machine). At one of the pulp and paper mills, for an hour they could not establish the cause of the partial shaving of the paper line, which was collapsing. Bulo requested vchenih. The stench explained that the reason was in the electrification of the line when rubbing the deboning. Such a mimic electrification is extremely unsafe, because I can make it worse.

First, proceed to the discussion of another series of experimental tasks, give an answer to the question:

 If the body can be said that it is electrified, or that it is electrically charged? (Vіdpovidі uchnіv.)
 What kind of visnovok can be made from the first series of hits? (It is possible to electrify practically all bodies; an electrified body is interchangeable with any body.)

Let's move on to the last.

Another series of experiments
Two kinds of charges. Interaction of charges

5 Additional electrification of various bodies

Fit the materials: paper sleeve on a seam thread, suspended on a tripod, wiry line with a length of 30 cm from an orgskla with a millimeter lining, a gum coat with a diameter of 300 ґ 300 mm, a paper sleeve with a diameter of 30 ґ 300 mm, a cap.

The order of vikonannya roboti

1. Electrify rubbish, squeezing, blows one by one to the gum's husband and the line from orgskla. (Orgsklo, when interacting with humor, is charged positively.)
2. Charge the paper sleeve, which hangs on a thread behind an additional charged line.
3. Carry the charged line and gum’s husband along the line to the charged sleeve, without sticking around, and watch out for their interaction. What charges are used to charge the cartridge case and gum's husband?
4. Appoint for the additional charged sleeve the signs of the charges at the proponated ones for you, after their electrification, one by one. Results in the table:

Electrified body

About orgsklo

About gum

About polyethylene

About paper

About kapron

orgsklo

0

+

Guma

-

0

Polyethylene

0

Paper

0

Kapron

0

6 Vyvchennya vzaєmodії zazhenih tel. Two kinds of charges

Attach and materials: polyethylene liner, paper jacket, plastic handle, tripod.

The order of vikonannya roboti

1. Place a small piece of polyethylene swimwear on the threads up to the foot of the tripod and rub carefully (so that the thread does not break) with a piece of paper.
2. Electrify paper and polyethylene bags. For whom, put a polyethylene liner on the paper jacket and smooth it with your hand. Raise the marriages for the kintsy, sort them out and appropriately bring them one to one. How do they interact?
3. Bring on the paper paper and polyethylene sleeves to the spit, which hangs on a thread, and watch out for mutual cooperation.
4. Give advice on the request:

 How do you interact with a skin coat from a swimmer?
 How can you explain the difference in mutual modality?
 Like two births of charges in nature?
 How can one charge the body at the same time?
 How can the bodies be charged differently?

5. Bring a plastic handle, rubbed on papyrus, and then about polyethylene. Chi, however, according to the sign of the charge, were blamed on the plastic handles in both drops?

7 Two kinds of charges. Interaction of charges. Interaction of two charging bodies

Attach and materials: two children looked at paper bags, a newspaper, a glass stick, a piece of seam fabric (paper).

The order of vikonannya roboti

1. Electrify the paper bags about the newspaper (by hand).
2. Hang them on long threads in order.
3. Watch out for the bag.
4. Explain the manifestations that are guarded.
5. Think about how, when I’m at my order, I’ll curse a stick and a small piece of suture fabric (paper), sign a sign of charge on the cult. Find out what confirms your admission.
6. Explain the results.

How can visnovki be made from another series of experiments?

 Nature has two types of electric charges.
 Charges of the same kind are mutually charged, but different charges are attracted.
 Those same during electrification can be charged positively in one moment, and negatively in the other, fallow in the speech of the body, with which it sticks.

Let's move on to the third, the rest of the last series.

Third series of experiments
Electrical field

8 Vivchennya zalezhnostі force vzaєmodії zazhenih tel vіd vіd absolute znachenya vіdstanі vіdstanі vіzh them

Attach and materials: polyethylene plaits (2 pcs.), paper jacket.

The order of vikonannya roboti

1. Place two polyethilene pads in a row on the table (parallel one to one) and run them once with your hand. Raise the spitting for the kintsy, spread them out, fairly approaching, watch out for them together.
2. Repeat the proof from the tsimi and plіvki, rubbing them with your hand. How has the power of interplay between smelts changed?
3. Follow the analogous steps for the polyethylene liner and paper jacket. For their electrification, put a polyethylene slab on the paper jacket and rub it with your hand (first - a little, suddenly - stronger). Take care of your spouses and, quite often, one to one, watch out for their mutual interaction.
4. Give advice on the request:

 By what sign do you judge the strength of the interplay of charged bodies?
 How to interchange the charge of polyethylene from polyethylene and polyethylene from paper?
 Chi on the charge of charging the body die electric force?
 In what way should the power of interdependence of charged bodies be deposited?
 How to deposit the strength of the interplay of charges between the bodies and the value of the charges and the difference between them?

9 Guarding the width of a charged fluff in an electric field

Fit the materials: plastic line, breast of cotton wool.

The order of vikonannya roboti

1. Put a plastic ruler on the table and rub it with paper.
2. Expand even a small breast of cotton wool and put it on a line.
3. Raise the electrified line and lightly blow a fluff uphill from it.
4. Place a line at the bottom of the fluff and watch for її widths in the electric field of the charged line. (As the fluff sticks to the line, blow it and repeat it again until you reach the fluff width.)
5. Give advice on the request:

 What charge did the fluff take away like the charge of the line - the same chi different?
 Yakі forces to blow on a fluff for an hour її shiryannya?
 Why doesn't a fluff fall in an electric field?

Reader's comment (after the analysis is done).
This proof shows the possibility of leveling the force of gravity, which is on the body, by the power of the electric field. Charged cotton wool, which floats in the electric field of the line, plays the role of a droplet of olive (or zinc powder) in the stories of Ioffe and Milliken.

10 Dosvid zakhistu vіd electric fields

Attach and materials: electrometer, orgskl plate, tripod, metal flask (from foil), plastic flask, cotton rags.

The order of vikonannya roboti

1. Electrify the plate and fix it in the paws of the tripod more than the electrometer, a little aside, on a small distance.
2. Keep an eye on the arrows of the electrometer.
3. Put a metal bottle on the spool of the electrometer. (Respect! The experimenter's hand is guilty of being insulated from the bottle.) Watch out for turning the electrometer needle to the zero position.
4. Take the bottle. Strilka can accept the cob camp.
5. Put a plastic bottle on the spool of the electrometer. Watch out for changing the direction of the arrow of the electrometer.
6. Take the vial and watch out for turning the arrow of the electrometer at the post position.
7. Try to explain the manifestations that are guarded.

Reader's comment(after the analysis is done).
Dosvid to bring that the middle of the metal body field is daily.

What kind of visnovki can be made from the third series of hits?

 In the expanse, where there is an electric charge, there is an electric field, and even near the charged bodies it is strong, and far away from them it is weak.
 You can protect yourself from the electric field with a metal screen.

Discussion of results. Learn from the singing sequence that follows the plan, briefly
(XV 1–2) tell about their experiments and give advice on food, proponation from card managers. The reader comments, corrects, adds (clear comments are given earlier after the text). Name the experiments the scientists write down in writing for a lower sound in the writing form.

Vykoristannya static electricity and the struggle with it. We have experimentally created a manifestation of the accumulation of electric charges, tobto. Statistical electricity. You can serve people:

 for purposes of jubilation, the titles of static souls are victorious, which positively flows into the body;
 for cleaning after saw, soot, acid and puddle pairs for additional electrostatic filters;
 for swedish reprinting of armchairs, graphics, texts at electrocopy outbuildings (zocrema xeroxes), for swedish and textile fabrics at farbuvalny;
 for smoking ribi at ribokombinatah - at special electric chambers, the conveyor from ribeye, charged with a positive charge, is destroyed, and the electric charge is negatively charged. Smoked in this way is used dozens of times faster, lower without an electric field.

Static electricity can be a nuisance, as in virobnitstvі, and in pobutі, and you often have to fight with it. So, when you rub it again, it becomes electrified, so after landing before a new one, you can’t immediately attach a metal ladder: you can fire a discharge, I’ll burn it any more. The firearm is discharged, the metal cable is usually lowered to the ground, it is connected with the casing of the aircraft, and the discharge is brought to the ground. Microdischarges are blamed if a person walks on dirty, covered with polymeric coverings, or wears synthetic clothing. To neutralize the shkidlivu diyu static electricity:

– to ground the laying and the machines on the virobnitsa, reconditioning, vicoristing special charge neutralizers;
- budinki are used to help, vicorist special additives before the hour of midnight, an antistatic agent for clothes.

Home tasks: write an answer to this topic, in which way to develop a visnovka from the experiments carried out at a given lesson ( name all the experiments behind the scenes written by the teacher on the tablet).

Literature

Burov V.A., Ivanov A.I., Sviridov V.I. Frontal experimental department of physics. 9th grade. - M.: Prosvitnitstvo, 1986.
Burov V.A., Kabanov S.F., Sviridov V.I. Frontal experimental department of physics in grades 6-7. - M.: Prosvitnitstvo, 1981.
Gorov L.A. Tsіkavі dosledi z physics. - M.: Prosvitnitstvo, 1985.
Book for reading from physics. / Order. I.G.Kirillova. - M.: Prosvitnitstvo, 1986.
Luppov G.D. Molecular physics and electrodynamics in reference notes and tests. - M.: Prosvitnitstvo, 1992.
Perishkin A.V., Batkivshchina N.A. Physics-8. - M.: Prosvitnitstvo, 1993.

Objectives of the lesson:

lighting:

the formation of the first statements about an electric charge, about the interaction of charging bodies, about the basis of two types of electric charges.

z'yasuvannya daylight of the electrification process tel.

a sign of the charge of an electrified body.

developing:

development of the novice to see electrical phenomena in nature and technology.

knowledge from short historical records of the generation of electric charges.

vicinities:

vihovannya vminnya pratsyuvati among the team,

drinkability.

Ownership: an electroscope, an electrometer, a foil sleeve on a glass stand and an ebonite stick, a piece of hutra and a shell, polyethylene, papier, a TV set, a video recorder.

lesson plan

Organizational moment.

Home task record: § 25, 26, 27. Complete the table.

Explanation of the new material:

Primary control.

Fastening of the woven material.

Pіdbitya pіdbagіv. Presentation of assessments.

Hid lesson

“Find out the cob of everything and you have a rich mind.” (Kozma Prutkov.)

Lesson 1: Show yourself this scene:

The philosopher Thales lives near ancient Greece, near the beautiful city of Miletus. I, the axis of one evening until the new year, my daughter is in love. Explain why the threads get tangled in me, if I work with a Burshtin spindle, pills, straws stick to the yarn. Tse duzhe is not handy.

Thales takes the spindle, rubs it and makes little sparks.

2 student: To tell the truth: "You can't hit a grim - a man can't cross." And what kind of makeup without glitter? How many times, millions of times, a sparkle shines, so that a person, having crossed himself, thought: what is it like?

Reader: Rubbed with a burshtin spindle, which attracts objects, and with a gleam, there would be nothing to sleep. Aje all tse - ELECTRIC PIECE

Why are these manifestations expected? What is the essence of these manifestations? Tse mi may z'yasuvati at today's and the nearest lessons.

Zoshitah write down the date, I give thanks to the work, the topic of the lesson.

Electrical phenomena

The skin of you, until the end of the lesson, is guilty of learning to explain what an electric charge is and electrification, how to interact with one with one charge of the body, and how to power the simplest attachment of an electroscope.

Let's take a look back at the beginning of the term "electricity"

The history of the development of electricity begins with Thales of Miletsky. Spontaneously, the power to attract other objects was attributed only to the burshtin (the resin of coniferous trees stoned). Name the word electrician, tk. elektron-burshtin. (recording on the dosh)

3 student: Only for example of the 16th century, and on the cob of the 17th century, they guessed about the future. The English librarian and patriarch of nature, William Hilbert (1544-1603), noted that when rubbed, a lot of speeches can be electrified. Vіn buv one of the first scientists, yakі solidified the dosvіd, the experiment as the basis of the research.

Science research on electrical phenomena began at the book of Hilbert, who should also use the term “electrician”. Hilbert resolutely completed the impersonal rіznіh tіlі and prompted a special electric indicator for the cієї, which he described in the following way: For the help of this indicator, the prototype of today's elektroscopes, Hilbert having established that buildings can attract rich bodies, "not only created by nature, but individually prepared." He showed that when rubbed, not only burshtins are electrified, but a lot of other speeches: diamond, sapphire, sealing wax, and that not only straws attract stench, but metal, wood, leaves, chimneys, heaps of earth and water and water. Prote vin having revealed that richly tіl “do not attract and are not destroyed by any chafing”. Before them lie a row of expensive stone and metal: "Sreeble, gold, copper, zalizo, and also be a magnet." Hilbert called the bodies, which show the gravity of the building, electric, the bodies, which cannot imagine such a building, are non-electric.

Reader: If you rub a small piece of burshtin on wool, or I’ll curse a stick - about papyr chi shovk, then you can feel a slight crackle, with dark sparks, and the stick itself is filled with zdatnosti to attract other objects to itself

About the body, as if after rubbing it attracts other bodies to itself, it seems that it is electrified, otherwise an electric charge was brought to it.

Dosvid 1. Let's electrify the comb about dry hair

Іsnuyut fit for help, which can be judged about the electrification of the body - an electroscope (electron - I bet)

An electroscope is called a physical attachment, which is a vicorist for revealing an electric charge near the body.

The electroscope has a cylindrical body, which has a metal shear to pass through, and is insulated from the body with a plastic stopper. On one end of the swift there is a metal bag, but on the other? two fluffy pellets.

When the charged body is closed with the bag of the electroscope, the pellusts are blown onto the sing kut, in order to lie down depending on the magnitude of the charge, the greater the charge of the electroscope, the greater the strength of the winding of the leaves. Similarly to the power electrometer, it is easy for him to see the arrow in the shear.

To unload the electroscope, you can simply touch it with your hand. You can do it, for example, with a salve or a middling dart, but with the help of a glass or an ebonite stick, the charge will not go to the ground.

Electrification can be done by dekilkom in the following ways:

1. SUCCESSIONS

Newton also took up electrical feats, having created an electric dance of small pieces in paper, placed on a fold, put on a metal ring. When rubbed, the papers were attracted to the new one, then they jumped, they were attracted again, and so on. Tsі dosledi Newton conducting 1675 p.

2. BLOW (hit the humic hose sharply against a massive object and bring it up to the electroscope)

3.TRANNYAM

Hilbert shows how electrification is carried out to rubs: “You rub it with bodies, you don’t rub it on the surface and induce a glare, for example, with a hard seam, a rough, non-staining cloth, and a dry bottom. Rub just like a burshtin about a burshtin, about a diamond, about the slope of something else. This is how electric bodies are made.”

The bodies rub one about one, to make the area of ​​their dot bigger.

Dosvid 2. Put a polyethylene liner on the paper jacket and press the jacket tightly with your hand. Separate the spouses and bring them closer one to one.

Smuzhki ______________________.

Visnovok: body can be electrified ___ rubbish ___________.

In electrification, take the fate of the leader ____ two _______ body.

are electrified as soon as _____ resentment ______ body.

Mi zrobili more respectful wisnovok:

One of the types of electrification - ce tertya tel.

With whom, take the fate of two (or more) bodies.

Bodies are electrified.

As you remember, in electrification, two bodies will always take their part: burshtin from the farm; fold with a seam and so on. At this, insults of the body are electrified.

4 study: Electrification is also ensured when rubbed against the metal at the process of leakage, as well as spraying when struck. Previously, the electrification of the rivers during the crushing of the boulder marked the white of the waterfalls near Switzerland in 1786. Since 1913, the rock has taken away the name of the baloelectric effect.

Pidkoryuvach Chomolungmi N. Tensing in 1953 in the area of ​​the pvden saddle of the mountain peak at a height of 7.9 km above the sea level at 30 0 C and dry wind up to 25 m / s poster, having strongly electrified the icing of one, in their tarpaulins. Expanse between the marks of the letters of the letters of the numerical electric sparks. The flow of avalanches in the mountains at the monthless nights sometimes accompanied by greenish-yellow lights, the dawn of which the avalanches become visible.

The tendrils of electrified bodies attract other bodies, for example paper leaves. According to the weight, it is not possible to pierce the electric charge of a glass stick, worn with a seam, as a charge taken away from an ebonite stick, shabby cunningly. Aja insulted electrified sticks attract to themselves little pieces of paper.

5th student: Charles Dufay (1698-1739) having established two types of electrical interactions: weight and power. Having installed a bunch of wines, scho "electrified bodies attract non-electrified bodies and at the same time expel them, like only stinks are electrified in the wake of the state, or zatknennya with electrified bodies." Nadali vіn vіdkriv "іnshiy principle, zagalnіshiy i more miraculous, lower in front". "This principle, - continues Dufay, - is based on the fact that the electrician has two slopes, a high power one type of one: I call one river "glassy" electricity, the other - "tarry" ... The peculiarity of these two slopes of electricity: So, for example, body, electrified with glassy electricity, all bodies with glassy electricity, and, on the contrary, it attracts bodies with tar electricity.

Otzhe, electric charge? the whole world of powers of charging bodies mutually one by one.

How do you see the relationship, do you know? (attraction and vіdshtovhuvannya)

Mentally, the charge was called positive (we will rub it on the seam on the seam) and negative (on the burshtin, ebonite, sirci, humi will rub it outward).

The positive charge in physics is assigned +q chi q

Negative charge - -q

6 study: A statement about positive and negative charges, was introduced in 1747 by Franklin. Ebony's stick in the form of electrification about wool is cleverly charged negatively, more negatively calling the charge that settles on the rubber stick V.Franklin. And ebonit is rubber from the great house of Sirka. The charge that settles on a glassy finger, worn on a seam, Franklin called positive. Ale, for Franklin's hours, having only a natural seam and a natural smartness. Today it is important to revitalize a natural seam and smartly cut a piece. Navit different grades of paper electrify ebonite in a different way. Ebonyt gains a negative charge in the form of a zіtknennya z vovnoyu (tricky) and kapron, but a positive zіtknennya z polyethylene.

Reader: Let's marvel at how we can charge the body

Video demonstration.

Henceforth, the body, which can charge electric charges of the same sign, is mutually attracted, and the body, which can charge the charges of the opposite sign, are attracted to each other. (Div. reference abstract)

For building conduct electric charge all bodies are connected to conductors and non-conductors (dielectrics).

See the assistant on pages 62-63, find out the appointment of conductors and dielectrics.

Conductors: metal, soil, water or electric melt.

Dielectrics: plastics, povіtrya, gas, slope, gum, shovk, porcelain, gas, capron, etc.

Yaki bodies are called insulators

Tіla, prepared from dielectrics, are called - insulators.

Primary control: At the same time, we’ll take a small test task, so you’ll revise it yourself one by one and immediately put the marks. Five khvilin are given for vikonannya.

Option 1

1. Slo when rubbed on the shovk is charged:

positively

negative.

2. Like an electrified body, it vibrates in the form of an ebonite stick, shabby about tricky, it is charged:

positive;

negative.

3. Three pairs of light bags suspended on threads. Like a couple of bags are not charged?

4. How can a pair of bags (div. the same little one) be charged at the same time?

5. How can a pair of bags (div. the same little one) be charged differently?

Option 2.

1. When rubbing hard rubber is electrified:

positive;

negative.

2. As if charged, the body is attracted to a glass stick, rubbed on a seam, it is charged:

positive;

negative.

3. Three pairs of light bags suspended on threads. How can a pair of bags be charged at the same time?

4. How can a pair of bags be charged differently (wonderful of that very little one)?

5. Is a pair of bags not loaded (div. the same little ones)?

Suggestions:

1 option ABAVB

Option 2 BBAVB

Fixed: Listen to the message and give an answer to the question:

About a physical phenomenon (understand, law) can anyone find it?

What physical sense is sent? Che virna out of the look of physics?

Why does the life of the sense of this appendage?

BOARD

Yak straw and burshtin (peach)

What a shovkova line, linen to the wall (Russian)

YAKISNI ZAVDANNYA

How foreign come in, you need to live, so that when transfusing gasoline from one tank car into another wine without falling? (Before the hour of transportation, and when transfused, gasoline is electrified, it may spark a spark, and gasoline will burn out. If nothing happened, offend the tank and pipeline, which is coming in, to ground).

To ground the fuel truck tank, a steel lance is attached to it; Why is there no such lancet inlet tank? (Oskіlki lіznichna tank is grounded through rail wheels)

How can one body body, for example, an ebonite stick, when rubbed, electrify either negatively or positively? (Maybe, it’s stale, depending on what you rub)

If you win one kapron panchokha from the other and trim the skins of your hands on the floor, then the stench will expand. Why? (When rubbed, the panchokhs become electrified. The charges of the same time are charged. Therefore, the surface of the panchokhs is blown up.)

Electric charges are loaded with so many brown references that they cannot be overpowered.

For example, smoked tse escaping the product to the villages with dim. Particles of dima are not less than giving the products a special relish, but they also protect them from drinking. When electrosmoked, parts of the smoked dima are charged positively, and negative electrodes are added, for example, ribi carcasses. Charged particles of dim are deposited on the surface of the carcass and are often covered with clay. The whole process of electro-smoking is trivaє kіlka khvilin.

Podsumok lesson. Showing grades

Now dress the heels with gold
On the finger, if two are enlisting?
The cicava diva was sleeping me.
Not standing in front of the feeders on a deaf kut,
Vidpovіv I'm so sweet svіvrozmovnitsa:
Volodya love by electric force,
And gold is a guide!

electrification tel.

2. Electrification of tel.

The appearances were revealed in ancient times. Old Greek vcheni respected that burshtin (the stone resin of coniferous trees, which grew on the Earth richly hundreds of thousands of years ago) when rubbed with yoga began to attract different bodies to itself. In Greek, burshtin is an electron, it sounds like the name "electrician".

About the body, as if after rubbing it attracts other bodies to itself, it seems that it is electrified or an electric charge is increased.

The body can be electrified, made from different speeches. It is easy to electrify rubbing the outside of sticks with gum, sirka, ebonite, plastic, nylon.

The electrification of the heating system is connected to the dotik and to the distant distribution of the heating system. Rubbing the body one by one is more than enough in order to increase the area of ​​\u200b\u200bhis dotik.

In the electrification, two bodies always take their part: at the sights of the glass, the stick stuck with the arch of the paper, the little piece of the burshtin - with the hutrom or wool, the stick with the plexiglass - with the seam. At this, insults of the body are electrified. For example, when a glass stick is closed, that piece of gum is electrified and swollen, and gum. Guma, like a slope, begins to attract the lungs of the body to itself.

The electric charge can be transferred from the body to another. For which it is necessary to be charged with an electrified body of another body, and at the same time, part of the electric charge will be transferred to a new one. In order to perekonatisya, that the other body is electrified, it is necessary to bring paper leaves to the new one and marvel at the stench that will be attracted.

3. Two kinds of charges. Interaction of charging bodies.

All electrified bodies attract to themselves other bodies, for example, paper leaves. According to the weight of the body, it is not possible to cut the electric charge of a glass stick, worn on a seam, like a charge taken off on an ebon stick, rubbed about them. Aja insulted electrified sticks attract paper leaves.

Chi means that charge, cut off on the bodies, prepared from different speeches, do not strike one kind of one?

Zvernemosya until doslidіv. We electrify an ebonite stick, suspended on a thread. Close to her is the same wand, electrified rubbish about the same shmatochok hutra. The sticks are fired The shards of the sticks are the same and electrified their rubs about the same, we can say that they were loaded with charges of the same kind. Otzhe, tila, may charge one kind, mutually vіdshtovhuyutsya.

Now I’ll bring it to an electrified ebonite stick, I’ll glass the stick, rub it on the seam. We wonder that the glass of that ebonite sticks are mutually attracted (small 2). Otzhe, charge, otrimaniy on skli, shabby about a shovk, of a different kind, lower on ebonite, shabby about cunning. Otzhe, іsnuіє іnshіy іd іd elektrichnyh zaryadіvі.

Approaching to the elevated electrified ebonite stick of the electrified body from different speeches: gum, plexiglass, plastic, nylon. We are lucky that in some ways the ebonite wand is caught in the air, brought to it, and in others it is attracted. Like an ebonite wand, it was shot, then, on the body brought to it, a charge of the same kind, like on it. And the charge was silent, until such an ebony stick was attracted, similar to the charge, taken off on the slope, worn on the seam. To that it is possible to vvazhat that there are only two kinds of electric charges.

The charge, taken away on a worn seam (and on all bodies, where a charge of the same kind comes out), was called positive, and the charge, taken away on a burshtin (as well as ebonite, sulfur, gum), worn wool was called negative, to which the charges were assigned signs "+" and "-".

Later, we have shown that there are two kinds of electric charges - positive and negative charges and that electrified bodies interact differently with each other.

Bodies that can make electric charges of the same sign are mutually attracted, and bodies that can make charges of the opposite sign are attracted to each other.

4. Electroscope. Conductors are not electrical conductors.

As if the body is electrified, all the stinks are attracted one to one, and they are mutually energized. It can be judged by the weight of the air, whether the electric charge has been increased to the body. To that and attachment, for the help of some kind of charge, chi electrified body, based on the interplay of charging bodies. This device is called an electroscope (from the Greek word “electron and scopeo” - to watch, to show).

In the electroscope, through a plastic stopper (Fig. No. 3), inserted into a metal frame, missing a metal haircut, two leaves of a thin paper are reinforced on the tip. The frame is folded on both sides.

The greater the charge of the electroscope, the greater the strength of the winding of the leaves, and the greater the stink of the stink. Also, if the change in the rozbіzhnіst of the leaves of the electroscope can be judged, zbіlshivsya chi changed its charge.

As soon as you touch a charged body (for example, an electroscope) with your hand, it will be discharged. Electric charges go to the body and through it they can drink into the ground. The charge of the body is born, and in that moment, it is like throwing it out of the earth with a metal object, for example, with a cold one or a middle dart. But if the body is charged from the ground with earthenware or with an ebonite stick, then the electric charge on them will not go to the ground. And here the charged body cannot be discharged.

For the construction of electrical charges, speech is mentally subdivided into conductors and non-conductors of electricity.

Useful metal, soil, salts and acids in water are good conductors of electricity.

Porcelain, ebonite, slo, burshtin, gum, shovk, kapron, plastic, gas, povitrya (gas) can be seen before non-conductors of electricity, or dielectrics.

Tila, prepared from dielectrics, are called insulators (from Greek. The words isolyaro - usamіtnyuvati).

5. Podіlnіst electric charge. Electron.

We charge the metal coil attached to the shaft of the electroscope (Fig. 4a). Therefore, this ball with a metal conductor A, holding it by the handle, was prepared with a dielectric, with the other exactly the same, but an uncharged sack, as found on another electroscope. Half of the charge passed from the first coil to the other (Fig. 4b). Later, the cob charge was discharged on equal parts.

Now we’ll break the sack and push the other sack with our hand. If you spend a charge on it, you will be discharged. I’ll come again to the first cool, on which half of the cob charge has been lost. The charge, which is gone, is again divided into two equal parts, and a quarter of the cob charge is left on the first cooler.

In the same rank, you can take one eighth, one sixteenth part of the charge, etc.

In this way, dosvid shows that the electric charge can have a different meaning. Electric charge is a physical quantity.

For a unit of electric charge, one pendant is taken (indicated by 1 C). Odinitsa is named after the French physicist C. Coulomb.

Let's see the picture of little No. 4, it is shown that the electric charge can be divided into parts.

And what did you add to the charge?

In order to check the power circuit, it was necessary to make more folding and accurately follow, lower descriptions more, because the charge, even if it was quickly left on the back of the electroscope, became so small that it was not possible to see it behind the help of the electroscope.

To add charge to the arc of small portions, it is necessary to pass yoga not to sacks, but to small grains of metal and droplets of radini. Vimiryuyuchi charge, taking away such small bodies, it was established that it is possible to take portions of the charge, in a billion, billion times less, lower than the described amount. However, in all the cases, the charge was not given for a single charge.

Tse allowed to admit that the electric charge could add dimity or, more precisely, that it was charged part, as if the smallest charge, there were no subdivisions.

In order to bring to the fore what was added to the electric charge, and to establish what kind of side winder, the experts carried out special investigations. For example, the Radianian teachings of A.F. Ioffe, having put a dosvіd, in which they electrified powdered zinc powders, visible only under a microscope. The charge of the powders was changed once in a while, and quickly vindicated, the charge was changed to the skids. So far, they have shown that all the changes in the charge of the powder were in the whole number of times (that is, 2, 3, 4, 5, etc.) greater than the smallest charge, so that the charge of the powder changed even in small, even larger portions. So, like a charge of a powder of powder, and at once with a frequent speech, then Ioffe having grown the whiskers, which in nature has such a portion of the speech, like the smallest charge, is no longer repeated.

Qiu part was called electron.

The value of the charge of the electron was first recognized by the American scholar R. Milliken. In his stories, similar to the stories of A.F. Ioffe, vinous with olia's fine droplets.

The charge of the electron is negative, the positive charge is 1.610 C (0.000 000 000 000 000 000 16 C). Electric charge is one of the main powers of the electron. This charge cannot be taken from an electron.

The mass of the electron is 9.110 kg, the weight of the electron is 3700 times less than the mass of the water molecule, the least of all molecules. The wings of the fly have a mass, approximately 510 greater, lower electron mass.

6. Nuclear model of the atom

The development of the life of the atom practically began in 1897-1898, after which the nature of the cathode exchanges as to the flow of electrons was established, and the value of the charge and mass of the electron was determined. The fact that electrons were seen by the most manipulative speeches, citing a visnovy, that electrons enter the warehouse of all atoms. The atom is electrically neutral as a whole, therefore, it is guilty of revenge on the other warehouse part, positively charged, moreover, the charge is responsible for the sum of negative charges of electrons.

Qia positively charged part of the atom Bulo vіdcrito 1911 r. Ernest Rutherford (1871-1937). Rutherford propagated such a scheme for the existence of an atom. At the center of the atom there is a positively charged nucleus, which is how electrons wrap around in different orbits. Vidcentrova force, which is to blame for their wrappings, gravitates between the nucleus and electrons, after which the stench is overwhelmed on the songs of the nucleus. The total negative charge of electrons is numerically superior to the positive charge of the nucleus, since the atom is electrically neutral as a whole. Since the mass of electrons is miserably small, then the entire mass of the atom may be segregated at its nucleus. Navpaki, the size of the nuclei is supra-small compared to the size of the atoms themselves: the diameter of the atom is about 10 div, and the diameter of the nucleus is about 10-10 div. small, only a meager part of the entire space occupied by the atomic system is brought up (small 5)

7. Warehouse of atomic nuclei

In this manner, Rutherford's witnesses conceived the nuclear theory of the atom. Three hours of Rutherford's physics found out more details about the life of the atomic nucleus.

The lightest atom is a water atom (H). If the whole mass of the atom is segregated in the nucleus, it would be natural to assume that the nucleus of the atom is water, an elementary particle of positive electricity, called a proton like the Greek word “protos”, which means “first”. In this order, the proton has a mass, practically equal to the weight of the atom water (exactly 1.00728 carbon units) and the electric charge, equal to +1 (as a unit of negative electricity, take the charge of the electron, equal to -1.602 * 10 C). Atoms of other, more important elements to avenge the nucleus, which have a great charge and, obviously, a greater mass.

Simulation of the charge of the nuclei of atoms showed that the charge of the nucleus of the atom in the designations of mental units is numerically superior to the atomic, or ordinal number of the element. However, it was impossible to admit that the fragments of the rest, being charged at the same time, would inevitably become one and the same, and, therefore, such nuclei would appear unstable. Until then, the mass of atomic nuclei was greater than the total mass of protons, which accounted for the charge of the nuclei of atoms of the same elements, twice as much.

Todi was crushed, so that the nuclei of atoms replace the protons in number, which shifts the atomic number of the element, and the superfluous positive charge of the nucleus, which is created in such a rank, is compensated by electrons, which enters the nuclear warehouse. Qi electrons, obviously, are to blame for protons in the nucleus, which are mutually compatible. However, it happened to be allowed to break out, it was impossible to allow the splintering of the compact core of important (protons) and light (electrons) particles.

In 1932 J. Chadwick discovered an elementary particle, which does not have an electric charge, in connection with which it was called a neutron (from the Latin word neuter, which means "neither, nor less"). The neutron has the mass, so that the trochs outweigh the mass of the proton (exactly 1.008665 carbon units). Following the words of D. D. Ivanenko, Y. M. Gapon and W. Heisenberg, independently of each other, propagated the theory of the structure of atomic nuclei, which became widely accepted.

According to theory, the nuclei of atoms of all elements (for a little water) are formed from protons and neutrons. The number of protons in the nucleus determines the value of the first positive charge, and the total number of protons and neutrons determines the value of the first mass. Nuclear particles - protons and neutrons - unite under the common name of nucleon (from the Latin word nucleus, which means "nucleus"). Also, the number of protons in the nucleus corresponds to the atomic number of the element, and the total number of nucleons, the shards of the mass of the atom is more important than that of the nucleus, - to the mass number, that is. rounded to the integer number of the th atomic mass A. The same number of neutrons and nuclei N can be found from the difference between the mass number and the atomic number:

In this way, the proton-neutron theory allowed the virishity of super-existence, which was blamed in the statements about the storage of atomic nuclei and about the 10th link with serial number and atomic mass.

8. Isotopes

The proton-neutron theory allowed one more mistake to be made, which vindicated for the formation of the theory of the atom. Since the nuclei of the atoms of the elements are composed of the same number of nucleons, the atomic masses of all elements can be expressed in whole numbers. For rich elements, this is true, but insignificant differences in numbers can be explained by the lack of accuracy of the world. However, for some elements, the values ​​of atomic weights were so strongly varied in terms of numbers that it is no longer possible to explain the inaccuracy of the demise by other specific reasons. For example, the atomic weight of chlorine (CL) is 35.45. It has been established that approximately three quarters of the atoms of chlorine, which are found in nature, have a mass of 35, and one quarter - 37. explore different atoms of one element with different and before that big masses. F. Aston was far away to spread such sums in warehouse parts, which were called isotopes (according to the Greek words "isos" and "topos", which means "the same" and "place" ) in a periodic system)). From the point of view of the proton-neutron theory, various elements are called isotopes, the nuclei of atoms in which there is a difference in the number of neutrons, but the same number of protons. The chemical nature of an element is determined by the number of protons in the atomic nucleus, which is equal to the number of electrons in the shell of the atom. The change in the number of neutrons (with a constant number of protons) does not appear on the chemical powers of the atom.

All this allows us to formulate the understanding of a chemical element as a type of atom, which are characterized by a single charge of the nucleus. Among the isotopes of various elements, it was found that the same number of nucleons can be found in the nucleus with a different number of protons, so that the atoms of them may have the same mass. Such isotopes were called isobars (from the Greek word "baros", which means "vaga"). The difference in the chemical nature of the isobars variably confirms that the nature of the element is not determined by the mass of the first atom.

For different isotopes, the names of the symbols of the elements themselves are assigned according to the mass number, as follows the name of the element, or it is indicated by the symbol, for example: chlorine - 35 or Cl.

Different isotopes are mixed one per one steel. 26 elements may have more than one stable isotope - such elements are called monoisotopic, (stinks are characterized by unpaired atomic numbers), and their atomic masses are approximately equal to integer numbers. In 55 elements, there are a few stable isotopes - the stench is called polyisotopic (a large number of isotopes is characteristically more important than elements with paired numbers). In other elements, there are only non-stable, radioactive isotopes. These are all important elements, starting from element No. 84 (complete), and for the lungs - No. 43 (technet) and No. 61 (promet). However, radioactive isotopes of certain elements are highly stable (characterized by a great period of decay), and to that number of elements, for example, thorium, uranium, are found in nature. Most of the radioactive isotopes are taken individually, including the number of radioactive isotopes of stable elements.

9. Electronic shells of atoms. Boru's theory.

According to Rutherford's theory, the skin electron wraps around the nucleus, and the gravity force of the nucleus is equal to the center force, which is due to the electron wrapping. The wrapping of the electron is absolutely similar to that of the yogo shvidky colis and may viklikati viprominyuvannya of the electromagnetic waves. So you can let it go, what an electron, what it wraps around, viprominyuє lightly singing long winds, what to lie in the frequency of the electron's orbit in orbit. Ale, vibrating the light, the electron spends part of its energy, due to which the equal core is destroyed. For the recognition of the equality, the electron is guilty of moving step by step closer to the nucleus, and in this way the frequency of the electron's flow and the nature of the light will change step by step. Zreshtoy, having exhausted all the energy, the electron is guilty of "falling" into the nucleus, and the light is forced to fall down. As a matter of fact, it was supposed to be similar to the uninterrupted change of the electron’s collapse, and “falling” on the nucleus meant the destruction of the atom, that attachment to that foundation.

In this way, the very simple nuclear model of the atom proponated by Rutherford was clearly a superclass of classical electrodynamics. The system of electrons that wrap around the nucleus cannot be stable, the shards of an electron with such a wrap are guilty of constantly vibrating energy, which, in its own right, is guilty of leading to the first fall on the nucleus and to the destruction of the atom. Tim an hour, atom and stable systems.

Numerous verses often vypishiv prominent Danish physicist Niels Bohr (1885 - 1962), who developed in 1913 the theory of the water atom, based on particular postulates, linking them, from one side, from the laws of classical mechanics, side, the quantum theory of energy conversion by the German physicist Max Planck (1858 - 1947).

The essence of the theory of quanta is brought up to the point that energy is vibrating and fading not without interruption, as it was taken earlier, but in small, but in full portions - energy quanta. The energy reserve of a vibrating body is changing by stribs, quantum by quantum; a different number of quants the body is impromptu neither to release nor to slander.

The value of the quantum of energy should be determined according to the frequency of vibration: the higher the frequency of vibration, the greater the value of the quantum. Meaning the energy quantum through E, we can write Planck's equal:

de h - has become a value, the so-called Planck constant, which is 6.626 * 10 J * s., and - the frequency of Debroil's illness.

Quanties of exchange energy are also called photons. Zastosuvshi quantum manifestations to wrapping electrons around the nucleus, Bohr laying the foundation of his theory even more boldly admitted, chi postulates. Wanting to postulate and superimpose the laws of classical electrodynamics, but they know their truth in such striking results, to which they lead, and in such a flourishing year, as such a great number of experimental facts show up among theoretical results. Boru's postulates lie at the offensive:

The electron can collapse not so much behind any orbits, but only behind such ones, which seem to sing minds, which scream out of quantum theory. Qi orbits took away the name of stable, stationary qi quantum orbits. If the electron is collapsing one of the possible and most stable orbits, we will not change the electromagnetic energy. The transfer of an electron from a distant orbit to the nearest one is accompanied by a waste of energy. The energy spent by the atom during the skin transition is transformed into one quantum of exchangeable energy. The frequency of the vibration in its own light is determined by the radii of these two orbits, between which the transition of the electron occurs. By denoting the energy reserve of the atom when the electron is placed on the farthest side of the orbital nucleus through En, and on the nearest one through Ek, and dividing the energy spent by the atom En - Ek on the post Planck, we take the frequency:

= (Єн – Ек)/h

The more you get out of the orbit, the more you change the electron, until the tієї, the more you go over, the more the frequency of vibration. The simplest of the atoms is a water atom, around the nucleus of which only one electron is wrapped. Based on postulates, Bohr explored the radii of possible orbits for which electron and know that stinks are seen as squares of natural numbers: 1: 2: 3: ...: n . The value of n won the name of the head quantum number.

Nada, Bohr's theory was extended to the atomic structure of other elements, although it was connected with some difficulties through its novelty. Vaughn allowed the more important nutrition of the distribution of electrons in the atoms of various elements and to establish the staleness of the powers of the elements in the life of the electronic shells of their atoms. In this hour, the schemes of the life of the atoms of the used chemical elements have been broken down. However, it is necessary for mothers to study, that all these schemes are only a more or less reliable hypothesis, which allows explaining the rich physical and chemical powers of the elements.

As it was said earlier, the number of electrons that wrap around the nucleus of an atom corresponds to the ordinal number of the element in the periodic system. Electroni raztashovanі on the balls, tobto. the skin ball should lie close to one another, or else it’s the same number of electrons. Electronics of one and the same ball are characterized by the same energy reserve, that is. to be approximately on the same energy level. The entire shell of the atom is divided into sprats of energy equalities. The electronics of the skin foot ball are on the highest energy level, the lower electronics of the front ball. The largest number of electrons is N, which may be able to be transferred to this energy level, up to the double square of the ball number:

where n is the number of the ball. In this order, for 1-2, for 2-8, for 3-18, etc. In addition, it has been established that the number of electrons in the outer sphere for all elements, the palladium, does not exceed eight, and in the front one - eighteen.

The electrons of the outer sphere, like the most distant ones of the nucleus i, henceforth, the least militantly connected with the nucleus, can be breathed into the atom and adjoin to other atoms, entering the warehouse of the outermost sphere of the rest. Atoms that have spent one or two decades of electrons become positively charged, as the charge of the nucleus of an atom outweighs the sum of the charges of electrons that are left out. Navpaki, atoms, that have arrived electronics, become negatively charged. Charged particles, which are established by such a way, as if in the presence of viable atoms, are called ions. Richly, they can spend at their own pace or add electrons, transforming either on electrically neutral atoms, or on new ions with a smaller charge.

10. Nuclear forces.

The hypothesis that atomic nuclei are made up of protons and neutrons was supported by a wealth of experimental facts. This is evidence of the validity of the perton-neutron model of the core.

And then there was the question: why don't the nuclei break up into a single nucleon, under the influence of electrostatic forces between positively charged protons?

Rosrahunki show that nucleons are impossibly reduced at once by the forces of gravity of the gravitational and magnetic nature, the shards of these forces are significantly less than the electrostatic ones.

In the case of shocks, the power of the stability of atomic nuclei was allowed to rise, that with the help of nucleons in the nuclei, there are special gravity forces, which significantly outweigh the electrostatic forces between protons. Qi forces were called nuclear.

The hypothesis of the basis of nuclear forces turned out to be correct. It also happened that the nuclear forces were short-lived: at a distance of 10-15 m, the stench was approximately 100 times greater than the forces of electrostatic interaction, but even at a distance of 10-14 m, the stench was minuscule. In other words, nuclear forces are built on the branches, which are equal to the dimensions of the nuclei themselves.

11. Podіl uranium nuclei.

Podіl uranium nuclei under the hour of bombardment with neutrons was declared in 1939 by German scientists Otto Hann and Fritz Strassmann.

Let's look at the mechanism of this phenomenon. On (Fig. 7, a) the nucleus of the uranium atom (23592U) is mentally depicted. When the neutron has become clayed, the nucleus wakes up and deforms, swelling into a twisted shape (Fig. 7, b).

We already know that there are two types of forces in the nucleus: electrostatic forces between protons, which can tear apart the nucleus, and that nuclear gravity force between us nucleons, and the nucleus does not break apart. Ale, nuclear forces are short-lived, in a twisted core, the stench cannot be greatly reduced from each other by parts of the nucleus. Under the influx of electrostatic forces, the nucleus breaks into pieces (Fig. 7, c), as it breaks apart at different sides with a great swirl and vibrates at its own 2-3 neutrons.

Come out, so that a part of the internal energy of the nucleus turns into the kinetic energy of fragments and particles that spread. Fragments tumble at the superfluous middle, after which the kinetic energy is transformed into the internal energy of the middle (that is, into the energy of the interplay of the thermal movement of the warehouse particles).

With an one-hour drop of a large number of uranium nuclei, the internal energy of the uranium core is high and the temperature rises sharply (so the core heats up).

In this way, the reaction under the uranium nuclei went to see the energy in the middle.

The energy that the nuclei of atoms have is colossal. For example, with a complete breakdown of all nuclei, which is in 1 g of uranium, we saw even more energy, but we see more when burning 2.5 tons of oil.

12. Nuclear power plants.

nuclear power plant (AES) - a power plant, in which atomic (nuclear) energy is converted into electricity. The energy generator at the AES is a nuclear reactor. The heat that is seen in the reactor as a result of the Lantzugian reaction under the nuclei of some important elements, then, just like in the largest thermal power plants (TES), is transformed into electricity, into the power of the TEC, which is used in the organic fuel, and into the organic fuel (based on 233U, 235U, 239Pu) When 1 g of uranium or plutonium isotopes is added, 22500 kW * year is generated, which is equivalent to energy, which is equal to 2800 kg of smart fuel. The first in the AES suite with a pre-sliding industrial recognition of 5 MW of power was put into operation before the SRSR on 27 chernya 1954. in m. Obnіnsk. Until that time, the energy of the atomic nucleus was victorious for military purposes. The launch of the first nuclear power plant marked the launch of a new one directly in the energy industry, which took away recognition at the 1st International Scientific and Technical Conference on Peaceful Atomic Energy Research (Serpen 1955, Geneva).

Schematic diagram of an AES with a nuclear reactor, which can be cooled with water (Fig. No. 6.). The heat that is seen in the active zone of the reactor is taken in by the heat transfer fluid (heat transfer fluid) of the 1st circuit, as it is pumped through the reactor by the circulation pump. . The water of the 2nd circuit is steamed in the steam generator, and the steam is allowed to flow to the turbine 4.

Most often, 4 types of reactors on thermal neutrons are installed at the NPP: 2) graphite-water with water heat transfer and graphite support; 3) important water with water heat transfer and important water as a booster 4) graphite-gas with gas heat transfer and graphite booster.

Fallow in view of that aggregate heat transfer station, the other thermodynamic cycle of the AES is created. The choice of the upper temperature limit of the thermodynamic cycle is determined by the maximum allowable temperature of the cladding of thermal imaging elements (TVEL), which is to be carried out in a nuclear fire, the allowable temperature in the air of a nuclear fire, and also by the power of heat transfer, adopted for a given type of reactor. at AES. a thermal reactor, as it is cooled by water, swells with low-temperature steam cycles. Reactors with gas heat transfer allow for more economical cycles of water vapor with moving corn vise and temperature. The thermal scheme of the AES for both of them is 2-circuit: for the 1st circuit, the circulating heat exchanger, the 2nd circuit - steam water. In reactors with boiling water or high-temperature gas heat transfer, a single-loop thermal AES is possible. In boiling reactors, water is boiled in the active zone, the steam-water is drained off, it is separated, and the steam is pumped straight or directly into the turbine, or it turns forward into the active zone for overheating.

In high-temperature graphite-gas reactors, it is possible to stop the traditional gas turbine cycle. The reactor plays the role of a combustion chamber.

With the operation of the reactor, the concentration of isotopes, which are divided, in the nuclear fire step by step changes, and burns hot. Therefore, they replace them with fresh ones. The nuclear plant is being re-vanquished for additional mechanisms and outbuildings with remote maintenance. Palyvo, scho it worked, to carry the windows at the pool, and then send them to the processing.

Before the reactor and systems, which are to be serviced, one can see: a wet reactor with biological protection, heat exchangers, pumps or gas blowers, which circulate heat; piping and fittings for the circulation circuit; an extension for re-equipment of a nuclear firing; special systems ventilation, emergency cooling and other.

Fallow in the design of the reactors, the following features can be added: in the vessel reactors, it is hot and sparse in the middle of the vessel, which bears the pressure of heat transfer; in channel reactors, it is hot, which are cooled by heat transfer, are installed at special. pipes-channels that pierce spo_lnyuvach, laying in a thin-walled casing. To protect the AES personnel from radiation testing, the reactor will be treated with biological protection, the main material for which is concrete, water, serpentine sand. The possession of the reactor circuit can be completely hermetic. The system is being transferred to control the place of a possible turn of heat transfer, living in, so that the appearance of inaccuracies and expansion of the circuit did not lead to radioactive spills, and the confusion of the AES and the necessary mist. The equipment of the reactor circuit should be installed near sealed boxes, as water-reinforced silicon in other applications of the AES with biological protection and during the operation of the reactor they are not serviced, it is radioactive again and there is a small number of heat transfer vapors, but it is possible that there are no special services during the operation of the circuit. ventilation system, in yakіy for the uniqueness of the possibility of turbidity of the atmosphere, the transfer of the cleaning filter and the gas holder of the display case. For violation of the rules of radiation safety by AES personnel, there is a dosimetric control service.

In case of accidents at the reactor cooling system, in order to turn off overheating and damage to the tightness of the TVEL cladding, they transfer the silencer (for a few seconds) to silence the nuclear reaction; The emergency cooling system may be autonomous.

The presence of biological protection, special systems. ventilation and emergency decooling and dosimetric control services allow full safety of the AES service personnel in the event of heavy bursts of radioactive contamination.

Ownership of the AES machine room is similar to TEC machine room. It should be noted that the peculiarity of the large AES is that the bet is equal to low parameters, increased or slightly overheated.

In order to turn off the erosive slipping of the blades of the remaining stages of the turbine with particles of water, which are put into steam, an extension is installed in the turbine, which is separated. Sometimes it is necessary to stop the wine separators and intermediate reheating of the bet. At the same time, that the heat-carrying houses, which are located in the dark, when passing through the reactor core, are activated, the constructive solution of the control room and the cooling system of the turbine condenser of single-circuit AES can be turned off the possibility of a heat transfer circuit. On two-loop AES with high parameters, wagering similar to the power to the machine room is not presented.

Part of the thermal exhaustion of the AES reactor is directed to heat supply. The order of the AES electricity generation is also used for the desalination of sea water. АЕС, що є найсучаснішим видом електростанцій, мають ряд істотних переваг перед іншими видами електростанцій: за нормальних умов функціонування вони абсолютно не забруднюють навколишнє середовище, не вимагають прив'язки до джерела сировини і відповідно можуть бути розміщені практично скрізь, нові енергоблоки мають потужність практично рівну tension of the average HES Protecoefficient of the established tension on the AES (80%) significantly outweighs the indicator of the HES or TES. About the economy and efficiency of nuclear power plants can be said by the fact that for 1 kg of uranium it is possible to take away styles and heat, while burning approximately 3000 tons of stone wool.

There are practically no significant shortcomings of the AES for normal functioning. However, it is impossible not to remember the AES insecurity for possible force majeure situations: earthquakes, hurricanes, then - here the old models of power units create the potential for unsafe radiation contamination of the territory through uncontrolled overheating of the reactor.

13. Visnovok

Having reportedly seen the phenomenon of electrification and life of the atom, I recognized that the atom is made up of nuclei and negatively charged electrons, which are known to be very different. The nucleus is composed of positively charged protons and cannot be charged by neutrons. When electrifying the body on the body, which is electrified, blame either too much, or not enough electrons. Tse signifies the charge of the body. There are only two kinds of electric charges - positive and negative charges. As a result of my work, I deeply got to know the manifestations of electrostatics and sorted out, as to why these manifestations appear. For example, glitter. The phenomenon of electrostatics is closely related to the everyday atom. The atoms of such speeches are like uranium, radium and in. may be radioactive, the energy of the atom is of great importance for the life of all mankind. For example, energy, packed in one gram of uranium, more energy, which is seen when burning 2.5 tons of oil. None of the radioactive energy of the atoms knew its own stasis in rich spheres of life. From the skin fate will be greater AES (nuclear power plants), the development of krigolami and underwater chimneys with a nuclear reactor. The energy of the atom is stagnant in medicine for the exaltation of various illnesses, as well as in the wealthy galleys of the people's state. Incorrect use of energy can become unsafe for the health of living organisms. The energy of atoms can bring mischief to people at that moment, if they learn how to properly wink.

Electrification body macroscopic body, as a rule, electrically ... heads. 1 version. At electrification tel important close contact between them ... can lead to charging body. One more way electrification tel- splashing on...