Part IV. People in nature, history, suspense and culture.

1. Interaction of people and nature.

2. The history of mutual synergy of the support of that nature.

3. Global environmental problems.

4. Ways to solve environmental problems.

5. Type of biosphere - up to noosphere.

Nature- tse natural place of the basis of a person. The interrelationship between people and nature is obvious. People vinikla in the course of the evolution of nature, in nature and absolutely in no way to fall. Ale, at the same hour, a person with a singing world is supernatural. At the singing stage of its evolution, wines began to remake nature and on the basis of creating a new piece of light - the light of culture (other nature). To the storehouse of cultivated nature, it is not only life, possessions, transport, speeches, but living organisms: varieties of roslin and breed of creatures, brought by people. With the development of humankind, the role of the piece medium is steadily growing, and the role of natural officials is changing. Cultivation is expanse step by step, but invariably vitiates the wild nature and already at the same time in many ways it turns over. In this hour, practically all the land suitable for life has been mastered by people and the oceans have begun to be actively explored, on the basis of the practical exploration of the near Cosmos. Deyakі people navіt praised that the people put outside panuvannya over nature. All this gives rise to a part of the people the illusion of independence from nature, self-sufficiency and omnipotence.

And yet the pardon is not safe, the people, for all their care, have not ceased to be a natural being. Vіn іsnuіє in the arc of the environment of part of the natural world - the biosphere, in yakіy all vzaєmopov'yazane and suborder to the sing laws. If it were unreasonable to introduce a system into the system, it could lead to irreversible consequences, including up to її ruination, and also, the death of people.

The power of nature and people are inseparable. The forces of nature, be it as they are, can wipe out humankind from the face of the Earth. Humanity, fortunately, is not able to destroy nature as a whole, but it is possible to pour it into it, both positively and negatively. Unfortunately, for the rest of the hour, the negative injection of people into nature, which is in front of the biosphere, has significantly grown stronger, which has put before us a new, previously unimaginable problem - the problem of living not for the people, but for the whole of humanity.

To better understand the essence of the problem, it is necessary to take a look history of mutual relations between people and nature. At different stages of their development, people, in a different way, were placed up to nature, and also, in a different way, they interacted with it. At the cob stage of its history, people adored nature and stood up to it with deep respect. This type of vіdnosin, zvichayno, buv delusions is practically the full fallow of the primary people in nature, so that people at that hour were mainly engaged in picking, watering, fishing, as well as primitive farming and animal husbandry. The density of the population was low and allowed the ancient people to live in harmony with nature, without worrying about their daily life.

In the Middle Ages, the status of a person changed dramatically to nature. A person is guided by the worship of nature, lifts himself over her and deafens himself as a master. It was tied to the broader Christian religion, as it affirmed the godlikeness of people and those that God created nature itself for people. I want the middle-class people to change the setting to nature, but they didn’t give a damn about the development of productive forces at that time, like before, even low.

At the New Hour (at the junction with the transition from feudalism to capitalism) there is a transition from a passive sense of superiority over nature, a practical boost. The main spontaneous motive of the state's diyalnіst lyudiny becomes otrimannya pributka. To this, nature begins to look like a slower price, it is good to bring surpluses. A large-scale, sometimes barbarous exploitation of natural resources begins. At the New Hour, the mass cutting of forests began, it was again blamed for the rich sight of creatures and birds, but the head of the head, at the same time, the appearance of the butt and the processing of brown copalins began. Moreover, the daily cleaning disputes at the receptions at that time were not restored and all the shkidlivy outputs of the virobnitsia were thrown into the middle of the middle. This led to the significant confusion of the nature of the appearance of the first environmental problems. And if the oskіlki promislovіst rozvilis seldom in the krains of Europe on the territory of the United States, then these problems were of a local nature, and nature was full of powerful forces, to go after them.

At the same time, the growth of the population and the scientific and technical potential, fundamentally changed the nature of the contribution of support to nature. The confusion of dovkil has become ubiquitous, global. Nature has exhausted the supply of mysticism, and it is no longer possible to independently enter into this ruinous influx. And, as a last resort, in the other half of the 20th century, global environmental problems have become growing before the people on the outside.

Yaki environmental problems stood in front of us? What are their specific reasons? What kind of stench threatens people? Among the thousands of environmental problems, the so-called global environmental problems are especially seen, which threaten not only the regions and lands, but the whole people. Such problems are behind the great rahunka chotiri. Let's take a look at them more report.

1. Use of natural resources of the Earth. As you know, the population of the planet is growing rapidly. More svidchee zrostayut yogo consume that drink. In order to satisfy the growing needs of the people and to secure its progressive development, it is necessary to build a greater number of natural resources. That's why the type of bottles and the processing of these resources are constantly increasing, but the reserves are not unlimited. In principle, all natural resources can be divided into two types: vidnovni (tse, nasampered bioresources - wood, fish, critters) and non-virgin (mineral syrovina and energy). How to navіt take the same resources, їх spozhivannya richly perevischuє vіdnovlennya. Mi Bachimo, as the squares of forests, steppes, onions, a handful of ribs and wild creatures rush about. Incomplete resources are also rushing to finish at a quick pace. Especially acute was the problem of energy resources (oil and gas). According to the forecasts of experts, the main genera of oil and gas will be exhausted already, in ten years.

What do I threaten us with? The first traces of energy shortages began to appear already in our days. This is the increase in prices for firewood, firewood materials and electricity, and that means for industrial and agricultural products. For its part, it brought about a strengthening of political and military tension in the world through a fierce struggle for energy resources. Therefore, the momentum of the great military conflict grew sharply. At the farthest prospects for the use of resources, I threaten humanity with regression and sharp shortfalls in the number of the Earth's population.

2. Global warming due to the greenhouse effect. At the thought of many scientists of the Earth, global warming has already begun. The main reason for the warming is the state's activity of the people, and more precisely, the release of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, etc.) into the atmosphere. Our promise (for us ahead of thermal power plants) is to supply millions of tons of carbon dioxide to the necessary medium. Qi gases freely pass sleepy shifts, they heat the atmosphere and the surface of the Earth, but it is warm, which has settled down, qi gases freeze. In this way, the thermal balance of the Earth is being destroyed (the Earth has a large part of the heat in space) and it is caused by global warming. The average temperature has already risen by 1 degree behind Celsius and according to forecasts, until the middle of the 21st century it reaches the threshold value of 4 degrees. What does it mean? While the temperature rises to a critical point, the change in climate will allow you to do it properly and in time to bring people in, you can turn the situation around the camp. When the threshold value is reached, a sharp, avalanche-like change of climatic minds and the introduction of people will be known, tobto. the situation is out of control.

Why do I threaten people? Nasampered, by elemental hardships: the strength and strength of hurricanes, tornadoes, windstorms, dryness sharply grows. Ale, the most massive tanning of the ice-growers will grow and grow the swede to the level of the Light Ocean. Behind the forecasts, close to 70% of the dry land and the sea, and the lowlands of the most developed lands are ahead of us. The onset of the ocean has been brought to the ruin of the industrial and transport infrastructure, military conflicts, famine and in the final pouch to the regression and speed of the number of people.

3. Contamination of the navkolishny middle ground with industrial, transport and buttovy vіdhody. As we have already announced, at the New Hour there is a gurgling development of industry and transport. Ale for normal work and industrial enterprises need more air, water and syrovina. Everything is taken from nature, but in the process of virobniztva, water and again zabrudnyayutsya shkidlivymi khіmіchnymi spolukami, and from the syrovina come out not only corny speech, but also trash, and all this rubbish will inevitably be consumed in the middle. Add here transport facilities: cars, diesel locomotives, river and sea vessels, aviation and space technology.

So the population changed sharply. We are no longer dominated by just comrades, give us everything in yaskravikh, hermetic packages. And tse, as a rule, the chemistry and all the polythe- lene containers are waived. All the same, you can see how much smudges accumulate in our small town, you see, how much smitz accumulates in the great metropolises. If the pace of the tempest is to get rid of such as it is at once, and the stench, unfortunately, will get worse, then until the end of the 21st century we will destroy the middle of our foundation unsuitable for life, but we will not bring it to regression, but to the complete extinction of humanity.

4. Ruinuvannya ozone ball. The reason for life on Earth is to lie in the face of impersonal factors, but one of the most important minds for normal functioning is a small amount of ozone in the atmosphere. Ozone protects all the life of the Earth from the destructive ultraviolet vibration of the Sun. Ozone is a special form of sourness and is established by a natural path, which is in front of us during thunderstorms. But in the rest of the hour, the natural renewal of the ozone layer does not catch up with the process of this destruction as a result of the government's activity of people. The main enemies of ozone are freons (cooling home in refrigeration units) and aerosols that enter the warehouse of perfumery and cosmetic products. The stench will react with ozone and reduce yoga. Great Skoda to the ozone ball is the leader of jet aviation and rocket launches. As a result, the ozone ball began to crumble, and over the poles the so-called ozone dirks blew. If the pace of the collapse of the ozone ball does not decrease, then the Earth will not be able to spend this zahisny ball and everyone is alive on dry land, life is saved only in the depths of the ocean.

Possibly, I have created a pessimistic scenario for the development of a future, but the wisdom of the people seems to be: “Get ready for the worst, and the best you will come.” Whether it be a vipadka without a thoughtful, daring activity of all people, the problems cannot be overcome, and the more we are able to work, the greater the success of their success.

what it is necessary to work to solve global environmental problems? At the principle of education, a complex of approaches was already developed for a long time in order to harm the ecological catastrophe, and they propagandized the yoga of international consciousness. We can look at the style of propositions.

1. For the liquidation of environmental problems, it is necessary to modernize all treatment facilities, tobto. install new cleaning systems at all factories and plants.

2. Development and implementation of cost-free and energy-saving technologies.

3.Zdіysniti transfer of electric power industry in the form of spitting fire, on alternative energy sources.

4. Open up the life of factories on a large scale with the conversion of smittya.

5. Strengthen the punishment for violating environmental legislation.

b. It is also necessary to fundamentally change the order of people to nature. The hour has come to look at the day of the calm setting to nature. The skin of a person is guilty of understanding the significance of nature and talking about it. And for whom it is necessary to expand and implement a system of environmentally friendly vihovannya.

What does it mean in practice? So, but obviously not on a sufficient scale. First of all, for the time being, we are not going to create large-scale international cooperation in this sphere. The share of the “Kiot Protocol” and the “Gas Convention” shows that the people have not yet seen all the depths of the problem and are not ready to meet the needs of environmental problems.

Ale navit yakscho people come to your senses and inspire us to plan for life, we take away only a short time of repair, The whole complex of environmental problems that confronted people, showing that the path, like an infection, is collapsing earthly civilization - a dead end path. Civilization, which is basing its progress on the cruel exploitation of nature, is not possible. For this reason, there is a need for a rethinking of the past, today's future people. The people faced the task of not just getting out of the crisis, but the transition to a new level of development.

One of such promising ways to develop the development of Russian teachings was the philosopher V.I. Vernadsky (1863-1945). Even at the turn of the 19-20th century, we realize that humanity becomes the main geological force of the planet. Vykhodyachi from tsgogo vіn rob vysnovok, scho at the singing stage, the development of civilization will happen to mankind to take on itself the responsibility for the further evolution of the Earth. If the development of the world is of a spontaneous nature, if the quest for the biosphere will be increased by an uncontrolled rank, it can lead to the death of both the biosphere and humanity. Shards of humanity are impossible to develop without using natural resources and change in their interests dovkilly, it is necessary to be reasonable. Golovne zavdannya to achieve the harmonization of human beings with nature and give a new rational impulse to the development of humankind and the biosphere. In this manner, step by step, the biosphere, like the sphere of spontaneous life, is transformed into the noosphere - the sphere of rational life.

However, Vernadsky, assigning more perspective and not revealing specific mechanisms to reach the target. In the minds of the first half of the 20th century, it was not real, and therefore not sensible, to those who are wise, that this process will take more than a three-minute hour, and the need for a fast correction, to get out of the situation.

Aleina is already aware of the impudent need for a philosophical interpretation of the first steps in the turn of human civilization on a new promising path to development.

The food is the same.

1. What is nature? Show the interrelationship of the nature of that people.

2. Describe the history of mutual relations between people and nature. Why blame environmental problems?

3. Name and characterize the global environmental problems: causes, essence, consequences.

4. What kind of complex is necessary to live in order to save ecological catastrophe?

5. What is the essence of Vernadsky's opinion about the noosphere? What kind of succumbing to the future in return for people and that nature is especially for you?

Human life is a part of nature. In the organism, be it human beings, natural chemical, biological and other processes proceed.

Sound that the natural processes of the suspense have a social form, and the natural, presumptively biological, laws act as biosocial, as if they reflect mutually the influences of the biological and social soils in the development of the suspense.

The role of nature in the life of the Suspіlstva has always been great, so that it is the natural basis of its development and development. May all your needs be satisfied with the rahunka of nature, for us in front of the splendid natural environment.

The development of the dermal system, of all human beings, is included in the process of the development of nature, in the constant interaction of the Cosmos with it, the dawn is the foundation of the All-World.

Nature is an object of respect for philosophers and philosophical understanding through the use of the history of philosophy.

Philosophical nourishment of nature:

• the interplay of natural (material) and spiritual soils in the development of people and suspres;
• reflection of the nature and human culture;
• how the nature of the interplay of our success and the nature of different stages of the historical act of a person changes;
• what is the nature of the interdependence of the suspension of that nature in the present era.

Organic link from nature to the fundamental law of the development of the soul. You can work in the sphere of satisfaction of the needs of people, and also in the functioning of the community of virobnitstv, zreshtoy - in the development of all material and spiritual culture. I realized that the posture of interdependence with nature cannot be developed.

Manifestation in people as natural and social authorities, before the creation of thought and zdiyasnyuvat svidomu labor and other diyalnist, as if exalting yogo from other natural іsts and zmushuє with prirymaty yogo and suspіlіchnіk yak part

Nature is the natural medium that is the reason for the development of prosperity. The earthly landscape is visible to the natural middle ground: burn; equals; fields; foxes; rivers; lakes; seas; oceans, etc.

The earthly landscape becomes so called geographically the middle of life of people. However, the natural middle is not surrounded by cym, before the new one enters like this:

• overhead of the earth;
• atmosphere;
• Space.

Naturally, nature, not including the geographic middle ground, may have another impact on the economic, political and spiritual development of society. But the strongest spitting on them is given by the practical activity of a person, as it is directed by their needs, interests, goals and ideals.

For the rest of the century, the rіven inflow of support to nature has strongly risen in connection with the turbulent development of science and technology. people to the widest mind become the center of the active infusion of the mind - the noosphere. As a result of which the biosphere, as a sphere of living nature, which includes human life, is transformed into the noosphere, between which the biosphere expands and begins to penetrate into the nature of the human mind.

Nature as a subject of philosophical analysis

The nature of life and doslіdzhuєtsya rich sciences.

Numerical evidence shows that the relationship between people and nature in our days is characterized by extreme disadvantage. Today people live for the minds of the deep ecological crisis.

Comprehension of the nature of this crisis and ways out of it has become particularly intense in the twentieth century.

One of the famous votchisnyanyh scientists, yakі attached respect to the problems of the interrelationship of people and nature, buv V.I. Vernadsky, who uttered the concept of the species connection of man and nature. As far as the concept of the biosphere is concerned, it can be transformed into the noosphere, that is. in the sphere of humane, reasonable activity. Well, now, on one thought, people can show hope for their own kindness only with such an organization of life security, as if based on a humane achievement of science and technology. An important role for whom can play the role of inclusion in the sphere of rational activity - the cosmos.

Nadalі problem vzaimozv'azku suspіlstva that nature knew its own fermentation among foreign practitioners (J. Doret, A. Pochcheї, G. Odum, E. Odum, V. Hesle and others) and domestic scientists (E. V. Girusov, N. N. .Moiseev, A.N. Kochergin, A.D. Ureulta in).

Away from the ecological crisis, let’s learn to dabble in the paths of a rich natural resource, and to see the achievement of science in the practice of organizing life.

3. People like part of nature

From the first few years of their learned history, people have been brooding over it, what are the natural turns of the people themselves and the constellation of people, what is the link with nature (wider - the cosmos), what can be put to nature? All diets did not give unambiguous evidence. The world has accumulated knowledge about itself, about the superfluous nature, its place in this natural system, people have changed, look at the nature of their connections with nature. The animal is to be allowed to be in the ethnicity of the zikhi cichs at the nyshirshoma dіapazonі: vid voted in iz about the non -vision stinks of the people with nature to the zedenniy people who are more likely to be, more likely will that understanding. Prote so yavlennya porivnya shvidko rose up by the very natural course of history.

Really, you can remember people with nature about those who, if you want to, have jumped a person, rise above nature, rebel against the natural minds of your life, objectively follow these minds and lie in them. Possibly, in the right circumstances, the situation that has developed, between your thoughts, zmushuє vіdmovlyatsya in the planned plans, ale, unimportantly on the day of the meeting, the person is guilty of declaring the inexorable fact.

The nature of the natural-human manifestations that have been formed traditionally become the subject of respect for philosophy, as the most important principles of the structure of the nature and organization of the human being itself, victorious with the possibility of an ontological description and epistemological explanation.

The world has accumulated practical knowledge, the formation of germs of knowledge has developed a different world approach to the real manifestation of the mutual nature of people.

The philosophy of the ancient Greeks is significantly seen in the recognition of the phenomenon of human light and nature as wholeness. On the vіdmіnu vіd cosmos (vsіsvіt zagalom) ancient philosophers call inhabited human world ecumene. At once, about the unity of the human world, it was surrounded by geographical manifestations, which are far from historical knowledge. In the past, in the period of Hellenism, this short period of time continues and already for the stoicists the idea of ​​the world basks in a single historical whole. It is fair to think that Hellenism itself formulated the idea of ​​ecumenical history.

Roman philosophy and history, originating from the ancient Greek historian Polybius (207–126 BC), surround the people with their capabilities, giving more and more importance to the share, like a panuє in the life of the people that signifies її. A whole ninth of Greco-Roman philosophy had an authoritative tendency to humanism, which was rooted in the idea of ​​a human as a reasonable creature in its basis. Rosuminnya people, as a part of nature, hung out of the power of uninterrupted satisfaction with yoga "earthly" needs, which, in the distance, became the main point of the most unfortunate forms of humanist ideology.

Like many other spheres of spiritual and socio-political life, the problem of the mutuality of man and nature has recognized a strong influx of Christianity, like a critical glance, in a first, more optimistic way about human nature, and, in a different way, the idea of ​​a substantial metaphysical philosophy of simplicity, what lies at the basis of historical development.

There is no possibility to briefly sing on the most typical examples in the gallery of middle-class philosophy, the philosophy of the Age of Renaissance. It is more respectful that perhaps a thinker is possible, who has left a mark on philosophy, without mentioning the nourishment about the spirituality of nature and people. The suffocation of the deification of nature is replaced by poetic shills in front of the people. Then, at the thought of the Italian thinker Viko (1668–1744), poetry, the development of the human mind in the world, will again be replaced by prose, shards of the most subtle poetry - the poetry of the barbarians and heroic eras, the poetry of Homer and Dante - cease to please people.

Especially the place of problems of people in the relationship with nature should lie with the children of Enlightenment. Ask to name the names of such philanthropists, like Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, Holbach, Helvetius, Herder, Goethe, Novikoff, Radishchev and others, in order to properly evaluate their intransitive contribution to the distribution of this food.

In a few ways we face concepts, in which the emphasis of Daedalus is to work more on revealing the inner nature of the human being itself. So, in the concept of the French philosopher-educator Charles Montesque (1689-1755), people are accepted as a part of nature, and the richness of this life is explained by the minds of Dovkil. Whether it be a social development, on one’s mind, there is no more lower reaction of the single and unchanging daily life - human nature - to the various different imitations. In the history of science, Montesque is one of the founders of the geographical school in sociology. Vіn not intermingled with the influx of the superfluous middle ground only on an individual, but having strengthened, geographically the middle and the climate in front of us, put a great influx on the whole life of the people, in that number on such manifestations, like the form of sovereign power that law. It is similar to the maximization of the Veda to pardon the statements about the nature of mutual relations between people and civilization, the basis of which is to become a one-sided exchange, as there is little space in a given moment, geographic factors.

The development of the problem of the mutuality of people and nature has reached a new level in the German classical philosophy.

On the tight link of human life with the most unusual light of nature, having shown one of the ideologies of the German Enlightenment I. G. Herder (1744-1803) - the author of "Idea to the Philosophy of the History of Humanity", who recognized the significant contribution of Montesque, Diderot, Lessing and dedicated his life to the propaganda of the Holy Spirit. Light for a new post at the sight of a single whole, which develops without interruption, naturally adds the necessary elements. History of Suspіlstva buv іz іztorієyu priroda. Vislovlenі їm stanishcha sharply supercheat the ideas of Zh.Zh. Rousseau (1712–1778), gazing at them, the history of humankind є lantsyugom oman and surviving with the unreconciled protirichchi with nature.

Apparently, I. Kant (1724-1804) positively read out the thought of Herder's book, but in the end, the critical arrows, directed by the author from Yogo Bik, could not come out. By virtue of this, Kant criticized Herder's opinions, as if they outweighed the attitudes of people with nature, opposing their social resources and, especially, the sovereign way of life. Kant is aware that activity and culture, which is constantly growing, showing signs of what to serve as orderly to legally understand the sovereign constitution, can underlie the interrelationship of man and nature. In reality, life cannot be substantiated by the primary picture of happiness, the ideal of which is the blessed islands of Taiti, where people lived for centuries without establishing contacts with the civilized world. Kant repeatedly turns to the butt. Smallly like a panorama, Kant is natural, to put food: and what is there in need of people, who cannot replace them with happy cows and rams?

Johann Fichte (1762–1814), the most important representative of the German classical idealism, Johann Fichte (1762–1814) blatantly declared that “nature is one whole, all parts of which are connected with each other.” Well, Lyudina, on the other hand, let's specialize by vibrating the forces of nature in their day. Such a person goes through life, given to himself and nature, look at and recognize himself in the best and best of his creations, as if he were trying yoga in the unfavorable power of Suvoro. This non-transverse fact is reminiscent of Fichte's ogide and zhakh. At the same time, we’re spitting hope for an hour, if “nature is guilty step by step to enter into such a camp, so that it would be possible to transfer її lawful step and shob її force became a song of promises to human power, which is recognized as a panuvati over the power of nature” the people themselves create, regardless of the will of their creators, but by one fact of their own guilt, their own dignity, pour into nature that play the role of a new social principle.

However, the results of Fichte come to a paradoxical and povnogo pessimism vysnovka. “But not nature,” declares Vin, “but freedom itself creates the greatest turmoil in human life: the worst enemy of a person is a person.”

How can we wait for such a tragically resurrecting ending? What is the prospect of knowing how to get out of which, as it were, the enchanted stake?

Today, we are still far away from the possibility of categorically acknowledging the ways of creating optimal relationships between people and nature. Scientific philosophy, knowing methodologically directly from the top of nutrition, comes out of the need for universal knowledge of all factors of natural butt and social development. ї ї vlasnі methodi y zv'yazku zamezhenі її subject.

A concrete analysis of natural processes, the formation of a person can be influenced by natural and supremacy sciences. These results are distinguished by their ability to be deposited, both in terms of methodological equipment, experimental and theoretical level of achievement, obvious fahivtsiv, material security, and in terms of social development, which stimulates the pace of scientific research.

Take it to the point of respect and the objective difficulties of scientific knowledge: what kind of result, scoring from the practical sphere, then, perhaps, quickly taking away from science. Axis to what should be brought between intermediary incomprehensible tributes, proponated fahivtsy, which continue the links of people of that nature. Axis why for all past hours and in our days such an important role is played by philosophical analysis of food.

The cob of natural reinterpretation of nature was laid by the French philosopher R. Descartes. Yogo visnovki made people think again about their role, about their place and recognition in the world, which, according to Descartes, can clearly define the structure. Up to this point, bewitching people, trying to help nature as a whole and people as a part of it, giving fear of the other expanse, absolutely baiduzhim, on yoga thought, to the people of that її share. . Changed in the spirit of the cosmos, characteristic of antiquity and the middle; the human being ceased to feel like an organic part of this hierarchical organization. Vіn vyyavivsya niby vіch-na-vіch with nature, scho zmusili yogo shukati his inner coils in nіy himself. Vіn visibly vіdchuv, scho the rhythm of the yoga of the life of the Daedalus is more comfortable with the rhythm of the life of nature.

Philosophers of the 18th century were unfamiliar to those who were ahead of them, and even though they were aware, they were not aware until the end that the connection between people and nature was enlightened by the historical development of human nature itself. Zvіsno, okremі philosophies hаd hаd аbουt thе principle а vіrnі proposition, whіс ottrіvdzhennya dоvіdzhennya dоvіd development of science аnd social practice. For example, such a thinker, like the English philosopher Francis Bacon (1561-1626), affirmed that the knowledge about nature was destroyed to cause the strengthening of our power over it. But, from the other side, as if to understand the terminology of the subjective idealist J. Berkeley, then it happens to be known that it is God's providence, and not human thought, to rob nature, that there is no way in the course of our knowledge we do not create anything new, but rather we confirm the thoughts of God in ourselves.

In these and similar concepts, weaknesses and vadi philosophies are manifested, representatives of such, emerging from the stability and immutability of human nature, have closed their ability to comprehend the power of history, but it has become inconsistency of nature, knowledge of humanity. Philosophy and philosophy are characterized by two extreme concepts of mutual understanding of man and nature: on the one hand, the idea of ​​a person’s personality in the world, on the other side, a teleological interpretation of man as a mark of the development of nature.

Trying to podolat as a trend to the absolute contrasting of man and nature, so the line on their reflections, which appears in the biological tlumation of man and anthropomorphization of nature, has been implanted in Marxist philosophy.

Naturally іstota - a person shaped by the laws of nature, raznomanіtya as a sign of a feeling of life. Nature is not only the posture of a human being, but of the human being itself: through it, she sees, knows herself.

Historically, the development of the unity of man and nature is reflected in the result of material development. І in this sphere next to shukati us forward to those difficulties, as if you know success in your mutual relations with nature. Here it is necessary to hide two extreme nights: from one side, lay all the vіdpovіdalіnіlіnі on lyudinі, obmezhenu іn уоїхіїмівіївіїві уоївіївіїї вігівіївіївівівівіві відносіві с ініс аnd аn optimal rank; and, moreover, - to present claims that are not grounded to nature, and throw from impossibility to take everything that is necessary for humanity.

In fact, try to put a person in the center of light, and by the same token, the anthropological factor to lead to the primacy of the research is not new.

And yet, it is important to consider the problem of mutual people and nature as natural, so historical. Next to the whole world vrakhovuvat the complex nature of this problem, which for її virіshennya vimagає zauchennya rich sciences - natural and suspіlnyh. Only a complex, interdisciplinary scientific approach to ensure the efficiency of the success of your gallery. The people face impersonal life of important food: due to the need to destroy environmental heritage, which is blamed on the lack of perfection of technologies, the blame of resources to the current state of the biosphere, the culmination of global problems.

unique.

Doopratsyuvati

1. Problems of interaction between people and nature
2. Ecological support to the foundation of a person
3. Nature perspective development of people

Logical task
List of victorious literature

1. Problems of interaction between people and nature

The current stage in the suspіlny rozvitkovі is characterized by zagostrenny protirich in vzaєmodії of our suspіlstva that nature. The achievement of new technical achievements has turned human activity into an intensifying geological force, which overturns the nature's elemental forces beyond its scale. Ninі to gospodarskogo turnover zaluchenі majestic territory. It is supported, zokrema, that a person exploits close to 55% of the land, vicarious 50% of the forest growth, produces about 150 billion tons of brown copalins. Moreover, these ostentatious people are significantly older than the nearest fates, which cannot but be recognized by the nature of the overrun of natural processes.

Unprecedented growth of scientific and technical potential brought people to a new level of opportunity from the transformation of the most natural environment and opened up to them superb vistas. At the same time, in the interplay of a person with the natural environment of his life, more and more disturbing symptoms of unsafety are manifested, which threaten the foundation of the planet Earth and the entire human race. Toil on the progress of the natural environment’s progressing pollution by the products of technogenic exodus, the threat of depletion of natural resources, climate change, etc., as well as the problems that have faced the people in the past (the marriage of food and drink), but at the same time they were commemorated, especially in the countries that are developing, have a connection with the demographic vibes and other conditions.

A wide range of food, connected with the interplay of the daily life with the natural environment, unites under the burning name of environmental problems. The word "ecology" has become fashionable over the last years. І the sphere of yoga zastosuvannya suttєvo expanded from that moment, if 3. Haeckel more than a hundred years ago, having propagated yoga for the recognition of a specific scientific directly, sho vzaєmini the creature and the roses of genius from the middle of their living. The word "ecology" is contagiously heard in the faucets, under which demonstrations are seen in the western lands (the so-called Rukh "green"); zgaduetsya in official state documents, in the articles of scientists, lawyers, journalists and other professions. An ecological look at the world in the widest sense of the word conveys values ​​and priorities of human activity in the form of heritage, as if activity is given in the natural environment, just like the injection of the natural environment in people.

In view of the understanding of ecology, as a point of view, there are two more ways to adopt this term. Перший характерний для сучасної науки, в якій під екологією традиційно розуміється розділ біології, що вивчає взаємовідносини живих істот з навколишнім середовищем (в руслі розуміння екології, що йде від Геккеля) Другий варіант вживання терміна «екологія» частіше зустрічається в працях філософів, географів і представників other professions, yakі tsіkavlyatsya vіdpovіdnoy problematics. У цьому випадку мають на увазі якийсь синтетичний науковий напрямок або сукупність існуючих напрямів, що вивчають проблему взаємовідносини людського суспільства з середовищем його проживання і найчастіше званими екологією людини, соціальною екологією, глобальною екологією і навіть сучасною екологією на відміну від традиційної екології. In these robots, without a special guard, the terms "ecology" and "environmental problem" are well understood.

The problem of the relationship between man and nature in all wholeness was always the subject of deep philosophical interest before it, so now the greatest thinkers of the past were involved, as if they were trying to determine the role of man in the Universe. In connection with this, there is food, how to solve the environmental problem, which has become one of the most urgent and requires unfavorable natural-scientific, technical-economical and social-political solutions, the eternal philosophical problem in human nature

Philosophical field of analysis of this problem is drawn to people, taken from all її wholeness, to nature from three її basic meanings: 1) the Universe; 2) spіvvіdnoї іz suspіlstvo part of the Universum; 3) the internal foundations of a person. The ecological field is already significant. The basis for ecology is to draw from the conceptual apparatus of ecology creatures and roslin understand the middle ground, which can be considered as a part of nature, as a part of nature, as a human being, in the middle as it is, without intermediary sticking with it in one’s own activity. The term “natural middle ground” has an important practical and psychological sense, emphasizing respect for itself on that part of nature, in the center of which there is a person and as a sphere of living that object of creation and transformation. The importance of this term is due to the fact that nature is becoming more and more aware in our hour as it is for the people and so, that it resists. The concept of "natural middle ground" brings nature to the people, orients on the view of nature for the people. The natural middle is nature, which infuses us, nature to us. The strong infusion of people on nature and the intoxicating injection of nature on people, and the fixation of respect for whom are seen in the understanding of the “natural middle ground”.

The term "dovkillya" is often used in the modern ecological literature as a translation of the English word "environment". From the look of the traditional Russian, this term is less precise, less understandable “natural middle ground”, but under the dovkilly it sounds like a natural human nature, and human sharpness. In quiet moods, if there is a middle ground, which otochuє okremogo іndivіda аbо а deaky human collective, tsyu rіznіcyu sіd mother іn uvazi. As well as talking about the people as a whole, then the concept of "dovkіllya" can be considered as a synonym for the concept of "natural middle ground". Proteo vіdmіnnostі zalyshayutsya zmіstovnomu planі, yakshcho vrahuvat b etymology of Russian words "nature" and "middle". The concept of “nature” reflects the genetic aspect of the human behavior (the word “nature” is abbreviated with the words “rid”, “dzherelo”), which is not understood in the concept of “middle”. On a concrete-ecological level, vіdminnіst can be elimi- nated , but it only gains more importance on the level of philosophical analysis.

It should be noted that between philosophical and concrete-ecological equals, how and between understanding “nature” and “natural middle ground”, there are no impenetrable principles. The totality of the characteristics of the natural environment, which is being worn out, is growing in the world of that, as a person takes more and more information about the influx of nature into the environment and transforms more and more part of nature into the middle of his life. In the theoretical plan, floating on the edge of the house, the dialectical setting “everything is connected with us”, the understanding of the “natural middle ground” can be seen as a kind of equivalent of the understanding of “nature” in the meaning of Part of the Universe, which is associated with human supremacy.

Ecological thought is brought closer to philosophy and furnished with another plan. Ecology in a broad sense of the word is meant to signify the place of people in the most natural environment, just like the philosophy of understanding about the place of people in the Universe. Ecology is savage in the future and perhaps more than a distant forecast, philosophy is savage in the inexorability of that eternity. It can be said that ecology is transitional between concrete sciences and philosophy at the subject plane, just as the methodology itself is transitional between concrete sciences and philosophy at the epistemological plane. Є y іnshі arrange, scho zblizhuyut philosophy with ecology, about yakі bude will be said later. Zvіdsi, however, not vyplyaє, nibi it is possible to distinguish the ecological problem from the philosophical problem of mutual people and nature.

Remain possible only in that moment, as if the environmental problem included the problem of the people, so that they pulled up between themselves. Let's talk about ecological philosophy and don't go further extrapolation to the philosophical problem of the relationship between people and the nature of these ecology, growing and creatures. Such a philosophy is intermingled with manifestations, behind which the main problem that faces humanity is the problem of survival (it is obvious how the ecologist marvels at the whole of biological organisms and groups), and the main reason for this is the safety of the strategically living people development of natural ecological systems). Similar to the dawn, the bula b singing world was true in that moment, as if in humanity, one important problem was lost - environmental and there were no other social problems, the top of which, to the point of speech, is rich in what it says and marks the end of the environmental problem.

Therefore, obviously, not guilty, put under the sumnіv and the relevance of the environmental problem itself, the significance of the philosophical problem of mutually human and nature, and the lack of philosophical analysis of environmental issues, like a philosopher looking at his own way. A philosophical view of the current environmental situation can be useful for the correct formulation of the environmental problem, deep and universal understanding and the development of a global environmental strategy. Moreover, the need for a philosophical approach is always growing at an important and critical period in the development of suspility, and a philosophical look is especially important when aggravating a problem, if the discussion starts on the fundamental principles that come before it. In case of this, the camp is often built up and for effective concrete solutions, it is important to know for yourself that it is necessary to develop new principles, on which people's activity was based.

When approaching the solution of environmental problems, three main ones can be named. They form the main strategies of environmental protection activity: intermediate, optimization strategy, closed cycle strategy.

The intermediate strategy, as the main goal of protecting environmental disasters, promotes the development of the development of the environment and the development of the environment. From which I will look at every growth of the fraternity of fraught with increased vanity in the natural middle ground. Henceforth, by itself, the trend towards uninterrupted economic growth will inevitably increase environmental stress. The pribіniki of the intermediary strategy impinge on the "zero growth", imply a negative shutdown of ecologically shoddy virobnits, call out to voluntary obezzhennya spozhivannya meagerly.

The optimization strategy of transferring the optimal balance between our support and nature. Such a rіven, ozumіlo, is not guilty of exceeding the critical threshold of confusion. Vіn is guilty of such a thing, so that a possible exchange of speech between suspility and nature, which does not signify negatively in the camp of a navkolishny middle.

The strategy of closed loops transfers the creation of vibrations, prompted by the cyclical principle, with the help of which the isolation of vibrations from the dovkillya is achieved. Closed cycles are possible with vicarious biotechnology, which allows reshaping inorganic inputs into organic speech. The rest can be used for mixing brown people products.

Three strategies have been named as alternative ones: fallow in specific conditions may be blocked by that chi іnsha strategy. Two rests (optimization and closed cycles) are heavily deposited due to the technological thoroughness of the manufacturing process. The first one (intermediate) is not always possible there, the village of virobnitsva, that kind of life, and obviously the quality of life is not high. You have three strategies to resist the reckless and hizhatsko-marnotratnoy staging to nature. The stench is rooted in the rozumіnnі vizhivannya of people.

The concept of “sustainable development” is clearly formulated, which Academician M. Moiseev called the strategy of people. From the perspective of a global strategy, there is a forecast for a way out of the environmental crisis. At the center of yoga there are those people, like the people of the Earth are guilty of living for the security of the connected development of People and Nature. The biosphere of the planet has already come to the camp of the nervous one and the instability of the Daedalus is getting stronger. It is already clear that the people of the Earth will happen (I want that chi) to change their appetites. I ushered in the transcendental pride and the reduced comfort of the noble elites. Befitting the prosperous tops of the chi, but without the approval of justice, you will not be calm. But how can you reach everything? No one knows what is completely obsyasi. The first meta-forecaster's main goal is to give an analysis of alternatives to activity, the course and the result of global processes.

There are not many supra-social theories and philosophical-aptropological concepts at the same time, at the borders of which it is possible to more or less vividly characterize our today and more tomorrow. Fear, anxiety, restlessness permeate every layer of reason. One of the most prominent American philosophers is Richard Popti; spring 1995 at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences, it was discovered that in the American philosophical spirit all the floors are stunned, that they come to the surface, but there is no hopeful statement about those who may be.

From the above said, it is clear that the head of the head of the virishenni environmental problems є people, ozbroєna necessary knowledge. And here the guarantee of success will be a good preparation of fahivtsiv from environmental problems. At that very hour, it is necessary to widely promote environmental knowledge among the population, pouring molding into people of environmental awareness. I tse own line of vmagaє active vzaєmodії nayryznomanіtnіsh areas of knowledge, yakі zabezpechayut raznobіchnu supply of information about raznomanіtnі aspects of nature, our suspіlstva yogo vzaєmovіdnosin.

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Nature and philosophy

1. Nature and philosophy

1.3 Interaction between sustainability and nature and philosophical problems of ecology

List of vicorists dzherel

1. Nature and philosophy

1.1 The nature of the history of philosophical thought

Nature is one of the spheres of buttya, a natural part of the world, a place for the foundation of a person.

For a long time, the forces of nature have been personified in the images of gods, people have realized their weakness in opposition to them.

In the ancient myslenn, nature has become wise as a crumbling whole, and the human being is like one of s її parts. Ideally, it was important to live near the evil with nature. Naturalistic theories began to develop, which outweighed the fallowness of the susceptibility of nature (Hippocrates, Herodotus).

For the recognition of the ordered unity of the world, against chaos, Pythagoras understood the cosmos, the head power of which respected the harmony of the spheres. In religious-idealistic philosophy, the cosmos is either linked to the creator, or viewed pantheistically.

Among middle-aged people, nature was placed lower, lower than a person, for the rest was thought of as the image and likeness of God, as the crown of creation that king of nature. It was important that nature had a divine plan.

In the epoch of Resurrection, a person in nature created beauty for himself. Naked on the unity of man and nature. This idea was unleashed in the New Hour.

Sh. Montesque, having taken into account that the supremacy-political devices of the state, religious and other manifestations, the form of the family, the names of people, the laws of their development are determined by the nature of the Earth, the soil and especially the climate. "People," P. Holbach wrote at his practice "The System of Nature," "twir of nature, faults of nature, subordination to laws." Nature, like a human being, does not avenge any permanent forms, is ordered by uninterrupted changes.

F. Schelling, a representative of the galaxy of German classical philosophy, affirmed the idea of ​​the productivity of nature, writing about the steps of convergence of її forms, about the diversity of causes in nature.

In nature, having respected Hegel, there will be more consumption of vipadkovnosti, there will be generated from the inner ideas of the bosom, to go "on the paths of development."

Vіdpovіdno to JI. Feuerbach, nature can be imagined "not in the thoughts of the minds and decisions of the will, but in astronomical and cosmic, mechanical, chemical, physical, physiological and organic forces and causes."

L.I. Mechnikov, having tried to look at the starting positions of the development of civilizations in the fallow, from the features of the hydrosphere.

IN. Klyuchevskiy mirkuvav about vpliv river on the suspіlne life of similar words: the rose of the river and the proximity of the river basins at once sounded the central trend of that state united.

The classics of Marxism supported the connection of people, nature and supremacy, nature and history; Often people take the first, most obvious result to the point of respect, not in spite of passing on the distant nasledkiv, which often fall short of their reach. You can see it from the butt of the lisiv pіd rіllі in Mezhirichchya.

Marx is visible:

a) natural resources for life (wild plants, fruits, creatures, etc.);

b) natural wealth, which are objects of practice (vougillya, naphtha, energy of falling water, wind and other).

The first type of wealth is especially important for the start of civilization, and the other is for a highly developed society.

The problem of unity of man with the cosmos was discussed by the cosmos of the 19th – 20th centuries. The mind and creativity, according to K.E. Tsiolkovsky, to lift a person into space, to change his physical nature every year, to get closer to other organisms that inhabit the international space.

V.I. Vernadsky, having taken into account that earthly life is unique, that it is necessary for the znaryaddy of the morning and transformation on the planet of cosmic (we are in front of sleepy) energy, and endowing the mind with a person is worthy of saving life.

A.J.I. Chizhevsky showed that the biological and psychological aspects of earthly life are related to physical phenomena in space: the skin is alive and reacting to "cosmic information". The very appearance of the life of the Earth is a product of the activity of the entire cosmos. Vcheny pointed out the influx of dormouse on the vitality of microorganisms, the state of the heart-vascular and nervous systems of a person, on blood circulation, on the development of epidemics lean. To vikonate the cosmic function of the avant-garde of living speech, the person is not guilty of standing on the mission of the intermediate physical and spiritual status that he has filled, he is guilty of rising, reaching the law of evolution.

Philosophical thought recognizes the dual role of nature in relation to the development of a human being. The power of nature is blind, writing to N.F. Fedorov, while we are foolish. "Nature is Timchas's enemy to us, and an eternal friend to those who do not have eternal witches, and Timchas's usunennia is our task."

At the dawn of the XX century. nature was looked at by A.A. Bogdanovym (1873 - 1928) like a foe and at the same hour of the occurrence of mystical enchantment one person. On the thought of a grandiose, the necessary additions to "comrade's spivpratsi" become spivpratsya with nature. Bogdanov was the first to describe the feasibility of a peaceful alternative to atomic energy, and the first to outstrip people about the dangers of nuclear life.

The methodological plan has a pardon, like an overbroadening of the role of nature, and an underestimation of geographic officials. In the other half of the XX century. the manifestation of the need for a revolution is confirmed, tobto. peaceful, blessed evolution of the nature of humankind, about the dotality of intermingling uncontrollably that ill-conceived scientific and technical force to nature, about the need to set the mark of activity with її zasobami and traces.

The strategy of co-evolution, to its roots, succumbs to the Chinese cultural tradition as the principle of "wu-wei". "Wu-wei" - the principle of passiveness, and the diversity of people, created for nature and to accept the realization of power forces.

Explaining the sense of the term "coevolution", N.M. Moiseyev u roboti "Modern Rationalism" (M., 1995) wrote about the need for a human being to respect nature according to the Kermanich principle: the strength of the flow, the wind is thin).

In the idea of ​​co-evolution, the emphasis is not on the struggle between reasons and freedom, but on the process of cooperation, cooperation, mutual exchange of energy. People are the bearers of revolution, the integrity of nature and the suspense. As long as a person sees the tension in mutual modality, she becomes the subject of life. Otherwise, two options are possible:

a) degradation to pre-human nature, її lower stanіv;

b) the transformation of people into a simple factor of technical progress. Koevolyutsionizm - people and world change to the world, characterizing the interdependence of nature, technology and people, the purpose of the ideology of saving nature, and also, self-saving of people.

Butts of human-sized complexes in medical-biological, ecological objects, biotechnologies, "human-machine" systems (including informational complexes and systems of piece intelligence). In the course of the practical development of such complexes, a special role is played by the knowledge of fences on the deeds of the strategy of mutual modality, which potentially avenges catastrophic consequences in oneself, which transfers the inclusion of axiological and ethical factors to the warehouse explaining the situation.

1.2 Dynamics of nature from inanimate to living. Life is like a value

Modern science, regardless of whether it stands on the positions of internal and external (from falling meteorites) the birth of life on Earth, calls the following stages of the birth of living things: the appearance of chemical and nadal carbonic slugs, proteinaceous acids; їх з'єднння have given rise to colonic droplets, like the first signs of life; vinification of white bodies; appearance of unicellular and multicellular organisms.

The first signs of the Earth's life appeared about 3.8 billion years ago.2 billion years ago, the first cells were born, building up to the last century the energy of the sleepy light for chemical reactions, which have kysen. Vinicla biosphere.

A person resists nature, one hour out - її part and generation. The uniting cob is working, which is characterized by exchange processes between the success and nature. Viniknennya people have begun to form the noosphere, the sphere of the mind. In the 20s of the XX century. tse ponatya zaprodaviv Leroy. It was destroyed by Teilhard de Chardin and V.I. Vernadsky. Remaining at his practice "Philosophical thoughts of a naturalist" characterized the noosphere as a new form of biogeochemical energy, as the energy of human culture.

The result of virobnitstva є piece mistse іsnuvannya, "a friend of nature." Created by human inanimate objects and living organisms (growths, creatures, created by human beings, to piece collection and genetic engineering) and technomas. The growth of the technosphere, the technical medium of the foundation. Spivіsnuvannya nature and people є єdnistyu biogeochemical and social processes.

As a "friend of nature" the same culture acts - mastered, transformed by human nature. Just as nature can do without culture, then without nature culture is impromptu;

Life from the other half of the XX century. у філософії та природознавстві розглядається зазвичай у двох основних підходах - субстрактному (називаються носії властивостей живого: білкові молекули, нуклеїнові кислоти) та функціональному (виділяються основні властивості живого: обмін речовин, дратівливість, здатність до саморегуляції, зростання, розмноження, адаптації до умов середовища) .