Germany and the GDR are a proportional table. Economic development of FRN and NDR. Political status and the prospect of expanding the FRN

1969-1974 Gustav Heinemann 1974-1979 Walter Scheel 1979-1984 Carl Carstens 1984-1990 Richard von Weizsacker Federal Chancellor Nіmechchini 1949-1963 Konrad Adenauer 1963-1966 Ludwig Erhard 1966-1969 Kurt Georg Kizeinger 1969-1974 Willy Brandt 1974-1982 Helmut Schmidt 1982-1990 Helmut Kohl

Zahidna Nimechchyna, officially Federal Republic of Nimechchina(nim. Bundesrepublik Deutschland), FRN (BRD) was voted on May 23, 1949 in the territories that were spread to the American, British and French occupation zones of the Nazi Germany (Trizonia). It was transferred, that in a year to the warehouse of the Federative Republic of Nimechchina, other German territories would be seen, that it was transferred and secured by a special article 23 of the Constitution of the FRN.

History [ | ]

Nіmechchina at the first rock after capitulation[ | ]

After the occupation by the German allies (“Chotiri Powers” - the USA, Great Britain, France and the SRSR), the territory was divided into chotiri zones of occupation - Radian, French, British, American and Berlin with a special status (also subdivided). Until 1949, the Western powers united the administration of their occupation zones in Trizonia. The hidden part of Nіmechchini, like before, was abandoned under the ceramics of the Radyansk Union.

Voting of the Federative Republic of Nimechchina[ | ]

Political status and claims to the entire German territory[ | ]

From the very beginning, the FRN detachment saw itself as the only legitimate representative of the entire German people, and the FRN as the only power-follower of the German Empire, and for this there are few claims on all the territory that the German Empire lies on among those on the territory of the NDR, Western Berlin and Poland and the Soviet Socialist Republic "a lot of lost regions". The preamble of the constitution of the FRN slandered the pragnia of the German people before the rise in the united state. The FRN unit in the first place has been unique in every possible way whether there were any direct contacts with the NDR unit, in order to avoid the possible clouding of such contacts as recognition of the NDR as an independent power.

The German state, as soon as it didn’t pinch the collapse, saves itself and after 1945, navit as it was created on the basis of the Basic Law, the structure of Timchas is divided into parts of the territory of the central state. Also, the Federative Republic of Nimechchina is identical to the German Empire. Judgment of the Constitutional Court, 1957 - BVerfGE 6, 309 (336 ff., Zit. Abs. 160, Abs. 166)

Great Britain and navituvalis thought that the FRN was the rightful offender of the German Empire, Prote France supported the idea that the German Empire had emerged as a power in 1945. US President Harry Truman, speaking out against the signing of a peace treaty with the FRN, shards, on the other hand, would mean the recognition of the foundation of two German powers. At the New York conference of the ministers of foreign affairs of the three powers in 1950, a number of official appointments were made to the status of the FRN. The powers recognized the claims of the FRN order for the right of a single legitimate manifestation of the German people, however, they were moved to recognize the FRN order as the order of the Nazis.

Through the absence of the NDR, the legislation of the FRN knew far away the reason single German community, which resembled the hulk of the German Empire, that called its hulks simply German hulks and did not respect the territory of the PDR with a cordon. For reasons of reason in the country, having continued the law on the bulk of the Nazis of 1913, and not adopted a new law on the bulk of the FRN. It is clear that the same law on the enormity of the Germans in 1913 continued to work in the NDR until 1967, and the Constitution of the NDR also recognized the basis of a single German enormity. In fact, such a situation meant that if any "German hulk" from the NDR could officially take away a foreign passport from the FRN, leaning on its territory. In order to zapobigti tsoma, the NDR unit legislated for its residents to withdraw their passports from the FRN. Less than 1967 the fate of the NDR zamіst German society bulo introduced vlasne bulkiness PDR, as was given to all German citizens, who lived on the territory of the NDR at the time of its creation and did not waste the right to the NDR's bulkiness for low reasons. In the FRN, the basis for the special enormity of the PDR was officially recognized as early as in 1987, if the Constitutional Court of the FRN praised that, be it a person, it took away the enormity of the NDR in the order of naturalization, automatically abrogating the n_Rmetske gromadyanstvo.

The non-definition of the basis of the PDR was shown in the geographic atlases as well as the designation of the cordons of the krai. So, in the sights of 1951, the FRN maps, like before, it was the same Nimechchina at the borders of 1937. At the same time between the FRN and the NDR, as well as the Oder/Neisse line (new cordon from Poland) and the cordon between Poland and the SRSR near the Northern Prussia, the ice is indicated by visible dotted lines; the territories that entered Poland and the SRSR, as before, enter the warehouse of the single Nimechchina, although signed as “territories under the Polish and Radianian administrations”, and the toponyms, as before, bear the old German names. About the basis of the NDR is also not to be found. In 1971, the date of designation of borders is already indicated by a more clear dashed line, but the prote is still marked by lines that designate sovereign cordonies.

Development of the middle region[ | ]

Zavdyaki helped us side by side with the United States behind the Marshall Plan, and also as a result of the implementation of the plans for the economic development of the country, expanded under the leadership of Ludwig Erhard, in the 1950s, the Swedish economy was reached in the 1950s. For satisfaction, use cheap labor force FRN supported the influx of migrant workers, most importantly from Turechchini.

Since 1954, on 17 chervnya in the country, the “Day of German Unity” is celebrated in honor of the speeches on 17 chervnya 1953 in Shidny Berlin. Zі kasuvannyam kupatsіynogo regime 5 January 1955 the Federative Republic of Nіmechchini officially became a sovereign power. Whose sovereignty is expanding beyond the scope of the "Basic Law" and including Berlin and other territories of the German Empire.

Until 1969, the party of the CDU ruled the country for the time being (sound in the bloc of the CSU and similar to the VDP). In the 1950s, low overarching laws were broken up, a lot of organizations, including the Communist Party, were fenced, and professions were fenced. Bulo continued the internal political course, po'yazaniya z denazifikatsiyu, to usunennia nasledkіv perebuvannya nazis under power, preventing the revival of Nazi ideology and organizations. In 1955, the FRN moved up to NATO.

Zovnishnya politika that vіdnosiny iz PDR[ | ]

The FRN detachment did not just recognize the basis of the NDR, and for the first time (from spring 1955 to the year 1969) the doctrine was extended, as a result of which all diplomatic vodnosiny z be-thy powers , officially recognized the PDR. Truly, having explored diplomatic vouchers from the appointed reasons, becoming two: 1957 to the fate of Yugoslavia and 1963 - to Cuba.

Prapori FRN and NDR

After the establishment of the PDR of Berlin Moor in 1961, the FRN began to discuss more and more often about the possibility of recognizing the PDR as an independent power. With Willy Brandt's entry into the landing of the Chancellor of the FRN in 1969, a new stage began in the borders between the FRN and the PDR and between the FRN and the socialist lands of Schidnoy Europe in the heat. The signing of the 1970 year of the Moscow Treaty, for which the FRN was carried out in the name of its domogans in the vast areas of the German Empire, which marked the beginning of the era of the "new politic".

The largest influx political parties:

Communist party of Nimechchin ( Kommunistische Partei Deutschlands, KPD, KKE) - the largest lion of the most pleasurable parties, did not vote for the Bonn constitution, in spite of the parliamentary clamor for the sake of representing all the lands, including 5 consigned lands, in 1956 the bula was fenced, created in 1968, a political party deputy to whom Deutsche Kommunistische Partei, DKP, NKP) I didn’t swear with a serious splash
Social Democratic Party of Nimechchin ( Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands, SPD, SDPN) - rightist of the KKE, supported the Bonn constitution, ale left the FDP, left the wings sympathized with the KKE
Vilna Democratic Party ( Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP, VRT) - right for the SDPN, left for the CDU, supported the Bonn constitution
Christian Democratic Union ( Christlich Demokratische Union, CDU, CDU) - right of the VDP, supported the Bonn constitution
German Conservative Party - German Rights Party ( Deutsche Konservative Partei – Deutsche Rechtspartei) - naypravіsha z vplivovyh, did not support the Bonn constitution, in 1950 joined the German imperial party ( Deutsche Reichspartei, DRP) in 1964 the party was fenced, created in 1964 by the party of the National Democratic Party of Nimechchini ( National Demokratische Partei Deutschlands, NPD) did not swell with a great infusion

ship system[ | ]

The highest court instance is the Federal Court ( Bundesgerichtshof), judge of the appellate instance - Oberlandesgericht ( oberlandesgerich), judges of the first instance - landgerichti ( landgericht), the first lanka of the ship system - amtsgerichti ( amtsgericht):

Schleswig-Holstein Oberlandesgericht ( Schleswig-Holsteinisches Oberlandesgericht) (Schleswig-Holstein)
Hanseatic Oberlandesgericht ( Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht) (Hamburg)
Kamergericht ( Kammergericht) (Western Berlin)
Oberlandesgericht Celle ( Oberlandesgericht Celle) (Lower Saxony)
Oberlandesgericht Braunschweig ( Oberlandesgericht Braunschweig) (Lower Saxony)
Oberlandesgericht of Oldenburg ( Oberlandesgericht Oldenburg) (Lower Saxony)
Hanseatic Oberlandesgericht of Bremen ( Hanseatisches Oberlandesgericht Bremen) (Bremen)
Oberlandesgericht Hamma ( Oberlandesgericht Hamm) (Pivnichny Rhine-Westphalia)
Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf ( Oberlandesgericht Düsseldorf) (Pivnichny Rhine-Westphalia)
Oberlandesgericht of Cologne ( Oberlandesgericht Koln) (Pivnichny Rhine-Westphalia)
Oberlandesgericht of Koblenz ( Oberlandesgericht Koblenz) (Rhineland-Palatinate)
Palatinate Oberlandesgericht ( Pfalzisches Oberlandesgericht) (Rhineland-Palatinate)
Oberlandesgericht of Frankfurt an der Oder ( Oberlandesgericht Frankfurt am Main) (Hesse)
Saarland Oberlandesgericht ( Saarlandisches Oberlandesgericht) (Saarland)
Oberlandesgericht Karlsruhe ( Oberlandesgericht Karlsruhe) (Baden-Württemberg)
Oberlandesgericht of Stuttgart ( Oberlandesgericht Stuttgart) (Baden-Württemberg)
Oberlandesgericht of Munich ( Oberlandesgericht Munich) (Bavaria)
Oberlandesgericht of Nuremberg ( Oberlandesgericht Nürnberg) (Bavaria)
Oberlandesgericht of Bamberg ( Oberlandesgericht Bamberg) (Bavaria)

Nayvischa judicial authority of administrative justice - Bundesferwaltungsgericht ( Bundesverwaltungsgericht), judge of the appellate instance of administrative justice - oberferwaltungsgerichti ( Oberverwaltungsgericht), judges of the first instance of administrative justice - Fervaltungsgerichti ( Verwaltungsgericht):

(Spіlny) Oberferwaltungsgerіcht of the lands of Lower Saxony and Schleswig-Holstein ( (Gemeinsames) Oberverwaltungsgericht für die Länder Niedersachsen und Schleswig-Holstein) (Schleswig-Holstein and Lower Saxony)
Oberferwaltungsgericht of the Vilny Hanseatic Town of Bremen ( Oberverwaltungsgericht der Freien Hansestadt Bremen) (Bremen)
Oberferwaltungsgericht of the Land of Pivnichny Rhine-Westphalia ( Oberverwaltungsgericht für das Land Nordrhein-Westfalen) (Pivnichny Rhine-Westphalia)
Oberferwaltungsgericht Rhineland-Palatinate ( Oberverwaltungsgericht Rheinland-Pfalz) (Rhineland-Palatinate)
Oberferwaltungsgericht Saarland ( Oberverwaltungsgericht des Saarlandes) (Saarland)
Hesse administrative court ( Hessischer Verwaltungsgerichtshof) (Hesse)
Administrative Court of Baden-Württemberg ( Verwaltungsgerichtshof Baden-Württemberg) (Baden-Württemberg)
Bavarian administrative court ( Bayerischer Verwaltungsgerichtshof)

Organ of the prosecutor's office - the Bundesprosecutor General at the Federal Court ( Generalbundesanwalt beim Bundesgerichtshof), the Prosecutor's Office of the Bavarian Higher Regional Court, the Prosecutor General's Office and the Prosecutor's Office:

Schleswig-Holstein Attorney General's Office ( Schleswig-Holsteinische Generalstaatsanwaltschaft) (Schleswig-Holstein)
Attorney General of Hamburg Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Hamburg) (Hamburg)
Attorney General's Office of Berlin Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Berlin) (Western Berlin)
Attorney General Celli ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Celle) (Lower Saxony)
Prosecutor General's Office of Oldenburg ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Oldenburg) (Lower Saxony)
Attorney General's Office of Braunschweig ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Braunschweig) (Lower Saxony)
Attorney General Hamm ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Hamm)
Attorney General's Office Düsseldorf ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Düsseldorf)
Attorney General's Office Cologne Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Koln)
Attorney General's Office Koblenz ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Koblenz)
Attorney General's Office Zweibrücken ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Zweibrucken)
Attorney General Saarbrücken ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Saarbrücken)
Attorney General's Office Frankfurt am Main ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Frankfurt am Main)
Attorney General's Office Karlsruje ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Karlsruhe)
Attorney General's Office Stuttgart ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Stuttgart)
Attorney General Munich ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Munich)
Attorney General Nuremberg Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Nürnberg)
Prosecutor General's Office Bamberg ( Generalstaatsanwaltschaft Bamberg)

In 1988-1989, the number of representatives in the legal profession at the FRN became:

Professional judges - 17627 people. (294 individuals per 1 million population);
Sovereign accusers - 4560 people. (75 cases per 1 million population);
Lawyers - 54107 people. (902 individuals per 1 million population).

Great number of lawyers. The NDR had 1 lawyer falling on 2 state accusations and 2 judges, while the FRN had 3 lawyers on 1 judge;
More number of professional judges. The FRN had 294 courts per 1 million population, and the NDR had 90 courts.

With the number of sovereign accusations against the NDR and the FRN in 1988-1989, the rotation was equal - 75 cases per 1 million population.

Power structures[ | ]

Economy [ | ]

Groshova unity - mark ( Deutsch Mark) (32 kopeks SRSR, 1 US dollar - 2 marks 75 cents ) bula is presented

The Bundesbank was given the order of the regional state-owned wealthy banks:

Bavarian State Bank ( Bayerische Landesbank)
State Bank Stuttgart ( Landesbank Stuttgart)
Hessian Land Bank ( Hessischen Landesbank)
State Bank of Rhineland-Palatinate ( Landesbank Rheinland-Pfalz)
Landbank Saar ( Landesbank Saar)
Western Land Bank ( Westdeutsche Landesbank)
Gamburzsky Land Bank ( Hamburgische Landesbank)
Bremen State Bank ( Bremer Landesbank)
Lower Saxony Land Bank ( Niedersachsische Landesbank)
State Bank Schleswig-Holstein ( Landesbank Schleswig-Holstein)
Berlin sparing casa ( Berliner Sparkasse)

From private banks, the main role was played by 3 largest banks:

Railroad transportation operator - Bundesbahn ( Bundesbahn), povitryanyh transportation - "Lufthansa" ( Deutsche Lufthansa), postal and telephone call - Bundespost ( Bundespost).

Collect mass information[ | ]

Supra-regional newspapers:

Supra-regional public-political tyzhneviki:

Party organizations:

"Vorwarts" - the organ of the SDPN, which was seen in Bad Godesbers;
"Social Democrat Magazin" ("Sozialdemokrat Magazin") - the socialist socialist party that was seen in Bonn;
"Freie Demokratische Korrespondenz" - the VDP newsletter that was seen in Bonn;
"Unsere zeit" ("Unsere Zeit") - a good newspaper, Central Organ of the DKP, seen in Essen
"Union in Deutschland" ("Union in Deutschland") - tizhnevik CDU
Deutsches Monatsblatt, monthly magazine, organ of the CDU, published in Bonn;
"Bayern-Kurier" ("Bayern-Kurier"), schotizhneva newspaper, organ of the CSU, published in Munich
"Deutsche Wochen-Zeitung", a newspaper published in Hannover

The FRN had regional tele- and radio centers:

Pivnichno-Nimets radio ( Norddeutscher Rundfunk) (Schleswig-Holstein, Lower Saxony and Hamburg)
Pivdenno-Nimetske radio ( Suddeutscher Rundfunk) (part of Baden-Württemberg)
Zakhidno-Nimetske Radio ( Westdeutscher Rundfunk) (Pivnichny Rhine-Westphalia)
Pivdenno-zahіdne radio ( Sudwestfunk) (part of Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate)
Hessian radio ( Hessischer Rundfunk) (Hesse)
Bavarian radio ( Bayerischer Rundfunk) (Bavaria)
Bremen radio ( Radio Bremen) (Bremen)
Saarske radio ( Saarlandischer Rundfunk) (Saarland)

2 foreign state television programs were broadcast:

Radio stations were moved to the cordon:

Deutsche Welle ( Deutsche Welle) 3 mov;
Deutschlandfunk ( Deutschlandfunk) 14 mov, also the middle of the FRN moved one more program.

Religion [ | ]

Most of the Lutherans and part of the Calvinists were represented by the Evangelical Church of Nimechi ( Evangelische Kirche in Nіmechchinі), which is added up with:

Evangelical Unionist Church ( Evangelische Kirche der Union), yak united like Lutheran, so і Calvinist hulks, which took shape in their circle:
- Bremen Evangelical Church ( Bremische Evangelische Kirche)
- Churches of Lippe ( Lippische Landeskirche)
- Evangelical Church of Westphalia ( Evangelische Kirche von Westfalen)
- Evangelical Church of the Rhineland ( Evangelische Kirche im Rheinland)
- Evangelical Church of Kurgessen-Waldeck ( Evangelische Kirche von Kurhessen-Waldeck)
- Evangelical Church of Hesse and Nassau ( Evangelische Kirche in Hessen and Nassau)
- Evangelical Church Baden ( Evangelische Landeskirche in Baden)
- Evangelical Church of the Palatinate ( Evangelische Kirche der Pfalz)
- Evangelical Reformed Church ( Evangelisch-reformierte Kirche)
United Evangelical Lutheran Church of Nimechchin ( Vereinigte Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche Deutschlands), what has developed at its edge:
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Schleswig-Holstein ( Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche Schleswig-Holsteins)
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hamburg ( Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche im Hamburgischen Staate)
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Lübeck ( Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche in Lubeck)
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Hanover ( Evangelisch-lutherische Landeskirche Hannovers)
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Oldenburg ( Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche in Oldenburg)
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Braunschweig ( Evangelisch-lutherische Landeskirche in Braunschweig)
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Schaumburg-Lippe ( Evangelisch-Lutherische Landeskirche Schaumburg-Lippe)
- Evangelical Church of Württemberg ( Evangelische Landeskirche in Württemberg)
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Bavaria ( Evangelisch Lutherische Kirche in Bayern)

The minority of Lutherans were represented by the Independent Evangelical Lutheran Church ( Selbständige Evangelisch-Lutherische Kirche), part of the Calvinists - the Union of the Evangelical Reformed Churches of Nimechchin ( Bund Evangelisch-reformierter Kirchen Deutschlands).

The Catholics were represented by the dioceses united by the Fulda Conference of Catholic Bishops:

Metropolia of Munich-Freising
- Archdiocese of Munich and Freising
- Diocese of Regensburg
- Diocese of Passau
- Diocese of Augsburg
Metropolia of Bamberg
- Archdiocese of Bamberg
- Eichstet diocese
- Diocese of Würzburg
- Eparchy of Shpaier
Metropolia of Freiburg
- Archdiocese of Freiburg
- Diocese of Rottenburg-Stuttgart
- Diocese of Mainz
Metropolia of Cologne
- Archdiocese of Cologne
- Diocese of Münster
- Diocese of Trier
- Diocese of Aachen
- Diocese of Limburg
- Diocese of Osnabrück
Metropolia of Paderborn
- Archdiocese of Paderborn
- Diocese of Fuldi
- Diocese of Hildesheim

Judaist buli were represented by the Central Rada of Jews in Nimechchini ( Zentralrat der Juden in Nіmechchinі), which is added up with:

Land Federation of Jewish Religious Communities of Bavaria ( Landesverband der Israelitischen Kultusgemeinden in Bayern)
Jewish religious community of Württemberg ( Israelitische Religionsgemeinschaft Württemberg)
Jewish religious community of Baden ( Israelitesche Religionsgemeinschaft Baden)
Jewish community of the Saar ( Synagogengemeinde Saar)
Land Federation of Jewish Communities of Hesse ( Landesverband der Jüdischen Gemeinden in Hessen)
Land Federation of Jewish Communities of Rhineland-Palatinate ( Landesverband der Jüdischen Gemeinden von Rheinland-Pfalz)
Land Federation of Jewish Communities of Pivnichnoy Rhine Region ( Landesverband der Jüdischen Gemeinden von Nordrhein)
Land Federation of Jewish Communities of Westphalia-Lippe ( Landesverband der Jüdischen Gemeinden von Westfalen-Lippe)
Land Federation of Jewish Communities of Lower Saxony ( Landesverband der Jüdischen Gemeinden von Niedersachsen)
Jewish Community of Hamburg ( Judische Gemeinde Hamburg)
Jewish Community of Bremen ( Judische Gemeinde im Lande Bremen)
Land Federation of Jewish Communities of Schleswig-Holstein ( Landesverband der Jüdischen Gemeinden von Schleswig-Holstein)

Zgіdno z kakoyu on the historical Nіmets'kіy territorії recognized the presence of two of the German powers. The official text of the agreement on the residual regulation of Nimechchini also called the country "Federal Republic of Nimechchini"

After 1990, Russian language adopted the form “Federal Republic of Germany” I”, which confirms the completion of the process of unification of the German people in a single state - the Nimechchina. At the present time, the FRN at that time is called the Federative Republic of Niemechchina, and the Federative Republic of Niemechchina. In addition, RIA Novosti Vikoristova has insulting options.

Tim, for an hour at the FRN, the theory of two powers was seen. The FRN, for the most part, did not recognize the NDR as a subject of the international right-bearer, but respected itself as the only full-fledged successor of the German Empire. Tse was picked up by the press. For example, right up to 1989 rock magazine Die Welt.

In the NDR, the FRN was vikoristovuvalis like the shorthand "FRN", and the form "Zahidna Nіmechchina" and navit "Nimetska Federativna Respublika" (GFR) for analogy with the NDR. Until the mid-1950s, the radian press had also won the option of the DFR (Nimets Federal Republic). For example, the name "Nimetska Federal Respublika" was won by the stars before the football match of 1955 between the SRSR and the FRN.

Until 1974, the FRN and NDR continued to win the introduction of the international automobile code in 1910 D(Deutschland), which did the same thing to the swindler. Since September 1974, the NDR began to win the code DDR, which was formed, like the Great Radiansk Encyclopedia, following the “separatist policy of the Western powers”. For example, in the 1960s seen in Leipzig (NDR), the dark dictionary "Duden" had the articles "Zakhidny Berlin" and "Berlin"; in the rest of the world, it was confirmed that Berlin was the capital of Nimechchina. In the publications of the PDR publications, the same name was given to “democratic Berlin” for the identification of a similar part of Berlin.

At the FRN, that at Zahidny Berlin, the self-designation was victorious West-Berlinі Berlin (West), Chim podkreslyuvalosya, scho zahіdna part of the place is part of a single place, and not an administrative unity. Adopted in 1949, the constitution of the FRN looked at the whole Greater Berlin as a federal land and part of the FRN, as before, which was favorably favored by Zahidny Berlin, adopted in 1971, looked at the western sectors of the place behind the zone of the FRN of the constitution. The name Skhidny Berlin was not officially adopted by either the FRN or the NDR. The names of Berlin (Ost)і East-Berlin.

Div. also [ | ]

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Plan

Entry

1. Education of FRN and NDR. Por_vnyalny characteristic of їхніх sovereign systems

2. Bonn constitution. Її the main provisions and changes after the rise of Nimechchini

Visnovok

List of references

ATvedennya

The merger of the NDR and the FRN, which took place on July 3, 1990, completely changed the status of Nimechi. Today Nimechchina is one of the richest and most prosperous powers in the world. Among the European powers of Nimechchina, there is the greatest economic potential. Follow-up riches of scientific and historical centers prophesy Nіmechchinі further prospects for the growth of the economy, the solution of problems in the social sphere, and announce social stability.

On special respect, the meritorious policy of Nіmechchini 1969-1972 rr. This principle eventually became the main one in the Final Act of the Global European Convention on the Security of Defense (1975). Pіznіshe vіn bv confirmations at the Charter of Paris in 1990. This policy was directed to the strengthening of the stagnation of force and threaten by force against the territorial integrity and political independence of any power, the establishment of the world that security, the establishment of military defense in Europe.

The actuality of this point is due to the role of united Germany at distant light podias. The very beginning of the unification of Nimechchini became a possible year for the creation of a united Europe. Revolutionary undertakings of 1989-1990 years. became a post office until the establishment of the city between the European powers. The sign is one of the vibuho-unsafe political nodes of the wartime Europe - he undermined the German nation. Tsі podії mali great value for the share of Nіmechchini and Єvropi.

It is important to note that the unification of Nimechchini became the beginning of the disintegration of the systems of socialist sympathy in the whole world. The fall of socialist regimes has become unbearable for rich theorists and politicians. The crisis in the PDR has shown that society without democracy, without freedom of specialty, is late to self-development and step by step enters the stage of political, economic and spiritual decay.

1. LightingFRNіNDR.Equal characteristicіof all state systems

After the defeat of Nimechchini in another world war and capitulation of the Hitlerite army, the territory of Niemechchini was occupied by the troops of allied powers: the Soviet Socialist Republic, the USA, England and France. Until the decision of the Potsdam Conference (17 March - 2 April 1945), the country was divided into 4 occupation zones. The administration was administered by the Allied Control Rada. Krasheninnikova N. A. The history of the state and the rights of the rozvinennyh krajn. Part 2-a. Assistant for universities. 2nd seen. - M .: vidavnicha group NORMA - ІNFA M, 2004. - p. 236. In the spring of 1947, the anger of the British and American occupation zones reached Bison.

Late in the fall of 1948, by order of the western occupying powers, a separatist power was created in their territory. On April 1, 1948, the French occupation zone and the Anglo-American were angry until Trizonia and already on September 1 by the Western powers, it was confirmed by the Parliamentary Rada. The Rada was formed from 65 deputies, who were elected by the Landtags of the lands, and 5 representatives from West Berlin with a cheerful voice. In early 1949, they drafted a Constitution for the Zahidnoy Niemechchina, which included the territories of three western occupation zones.

On January 8, 1949, the Parliamentary Council, which sat in Bonn, adopted the draft Basic Law and submitted it for ratification to the Landtags (representative bodies of the lands).

In the period from 18 to 21 January 1949, the parliaments of all the lands, the Crimea of Bavaria, praised the draft Constitution. With the adoption of this act, having omitted the name of the Basic Law and looked like a timchasovy: it was important that the constitution would be adopted for all of Germany after it was split.

The new Constitution of the FRN came into effect on May 23, 1949. Tse is important on the day of the adoption of the FRN.

Vіdpovіdno to Potsdamskoy please shidnu part of Nіmechchini: lands of Brandenburg, Mecklenburg, Tyuringіyu, Saxony, Saxony - Anhalt okupuvav SRSR. For the management of a similar part of Nymechchyna, a special body of the Radianska Viyskovoi Administration of the Nimechchyna SVAG (Radyansk Administration of the Viyskovoi Nimechchini) was created.

The Socialist Unity Party of Nimechchini (SED) was brought to the ranks of the ranks, as it settled in the quarter of 1946 after the anger of the communist and social-democratic party organizations. In spring-zhovtnі 1946, elections were held in all the Skhіdnіy Nіmechchini to organize the mass self-regulation and land parliaments - landtags (legislative bodies of the lands). The SED took over 50% of the votes in the high elections and 47% in the elections to the Landtag.

Also, a part of Nіmechchini was conceived of socialist reforms: mine monopolies were confiscated, an agrarian reform was carried out. Bulo was taken as an orientation towards the collectivization of the strong state.

At the birch tree of 1947, the German People's Congress of the Skhidnoy Nymechchini appointed a distant share of the state. Vіn having formed the German People's Rada and entrusting you with the rozrobity of the constitution of the future PDR.

On July 7, 1949, the People's Rada voted for the introduction of a new constitution into the creation of the German Democratic Republic as an independent state. Vodnochas Narodna Rada transformed itself like Timchasov Narodna Chamber of the NDR.

Already, the Timchasov People's Chamber adopted a law on the establishment of the Timchasov order of the NDR, and this formation was entrusted to Otto Grotenvol, who hung on the landing of the Prime Minister of the RPN faction.

On the 7th of spring 1949, the Bundestag decided to establish a coalition order on the basis of Konrad Adenauer from representatives of the Christian Democratic Union (CDU), the Christian Social Union (CSU), the Free Democratic Power Party and the rozmetskoy, I completed the party.

The SED and that with it the Radyansk Viysk administration were completely reconsidered from it, that it is no longer necessary to develop it again, as it is based on the panuvannya of capitalism, those who will repeat the German imperialist aggression can give a guarantee from the future.

The work of the NDR under the hour of the creation of a great power was revisiting the main meta - the destruction of the new war in Europe. In the sphere of the internal development of the PDR, it was necessary to become a political alternative to the imperialistic FRN.

Sovereign system FRN

The new constitution of the FRN came into effect on May 23, 1949. In the history of Germany there is the fourth Constitution (three constitutions were adopted in 1849-1919). Основний закон розробили комісією німецьких правознавців, які діяли за вказівками прем'єр-міністрів західнонімецьких земель, обраних ландтагами (законодавчий, зазвичай однопалатний, орган кожної землі), але підпорядковувалися також губернаторам трьох окупаційних зон, що були під керівництвом Великобританії, США, Франції.

The governors were recognized as powers-perpetrators after the defeat of the Hitlerite Nimechchini. The constitution of the Nymechchini forged a lot of fascist orders, and it came out of the principles of the most important human values: democracy, equivalence under power, justice. All the power went out to the people, who voted for the coins of choosing a different kind of voting, as well as through special bodies - legislators, vikonavchi and judges. Baglai M.V. Constitutional law of the rozvinenyh krajn. - M .: "Norma", 2000. - p. 485.

FRN prompted the beginning of federalism. Vono settled down from 10 lands, independent in their own budget and independent, one kind of one. Skin from the lands is small for its Landtag and its order, which can mean autonomy.

Legislative power belonged to the Bicameral Parliament: the Upper House - the Bundesrat (Union Rada), the lower - the Bundestag. The Bundesrat, for its own purposes, is becoming an independent greater federal body, which manages its own rights, without looking out of the side of another body and imposing any directives. Vin having robbed his head of the term for one river. Regulating your work by regulations. So the Bundesrat itself will do its own thing; mav independent budget at the borders of the federation, yogo head was the head of the service department of officials at the Bundesrat. The Bundesrat was formed not from members elected by the people, but rather from representatives who were recognized and recognized by the ranks of the lands. The Bundesrat vyslovluvav in the interests of the subjects of the federation. The number of members that the skin land could send to the Bundesrat was determined by the number of votes of the land. Skin land is small less than 3 votes; lands with a population of up to 2 million people may receive 3 votes, from 2 to 6 million - 4 votes, and for over 6 million - 5 votes. The Bundesrat has 41 members with the right to vote.

The Bundestag, having been turned over by all the people of Nymechchini, was formed from 496 members. Vіn also did not look at the side of another organ and did not bind with the daily orders. He robbed his own head, yoga intercessors and secretaries of the Bundesrat himself. Vin himself appointed his own organization and procedure according to the supplementary regulations - an autonomous statute.

Half of the deputies in the constituencies scrambled for the majoritarian system of voting power by way of direct voting. The other half - behind the party lists, which are exhibited at the skin of the earth behind the proportional system. Two votes were given to the skin selection of the FRN. The first one is for the election of a deputy in the electoral constituency, the other one is for the elections for the land lists. The party, which won less than 5% of other votes, had representation in parliament.

If the organization of the Bundestag can be turned into a classic type of bourgeois parliamentary chamber - if there are heads, a bureau of the chamber, commissions, and some deputies united in a faction, then the Bundesrat may have specific features. Vіn the characteristic principle of narrow voting, tobto. voices of the representatives of the lands, which are cast as one voice. Yogo members mali imperative mandate. Land councils instructed their representatives, as if they were guilty of voting for the meals that were being discussed.

The system of central bodies in the structure of state power was grounded on the principle of sub-government.

Vіdpovіdno before the constitution, the head of the FRN and the head of the vikonavchoї vlady buv Federal President, who leaned on 5 years - specially chosen by the Federal Elections - a body that consists of members of the Bundestag and such a number of members, like the Landtags of the Lands are taken in ambush proporіnosti. Let's call the moment buti skin nіmets, which may be more active in choosing the right and reach 40 years. The President could take part in the meetings in a row, and dissolve the Bundestag in certain situations. However, for most of the president's assets, the obov'yazkova countersignature of the federal chancellor or the senior minister was required.

Vikonavcha vlada bula zoseredzhena is real in Uryadі, especially in the hands of the yogo head - the Chancellor. The candidature of chancellor is promoted by the president. Let's win the most votes in the Bundestag. The chancellor appoints and appoints the sovereign ministers, determines the internal and external policy of the state. Vin is the only minister from the constitutional point of view, who carried the stand before the Bundestag.

The federal order may have the right to see decrees with the method of violating federal laws, and to instruct the review of general administrative orders. The order takes an active part in the legislative process. Vono may have the right to proponuvat the president of the republic for the sake of the Bundesrat to vote on the legislators' needs. In this rank, the Bundestag is approved by the adoption of laws.

The Constitution has established a folding order of guilt of mistrust to the order. The chancellor can only be replaced by a path to the new chancellor.

In the system of the central powers, the FRN bodies took a special place in the Federal Constitutional Court, which out of two senates, 8 courts each in the dermal court. Yogi's competence is entrusted to the court authority. Members of the court are robbed of their equal number by the Bundestag and the Bundesrat.

Constitutesian Court of Maloku competent- Tlumachenna Constitutions, transfer of the Vidpovіyth Federal Law of the Land of the Basic Law, Rod-Gazhvo at the Constitutions-Rights Conflicts of the federal federal surrounds by the lands of the lands at the vipads of the rosbias about the rights of the federal federation legal nature between the Federation and the lands, or within the boundaries of the same land, considering the power of convenience for the form and the difference between land law and the Basic Law or the decision of federal law. The court can also uphold parliamentary laws, as long as they do not comply with the Basic Law.

Until 1960, the party political system of the FRN was formed from three parties. Її osoblivіst believed in the fact that as a party, scho utavlyayut order, acted two main political organizations: the Social Democratic Party of Nimechchini (SDPN) and the bloc of two clerical-Christian parties - the Christian Democratic Union (HDS Fіsnuіh ukri ) that Christian Social Union (CSU, dіє within the framework of one land of Bavaria). The Third Bourgeois-Liberal Democratic Party of Vilnius (FDP) was part of the order as a “young partner”, a balance of power.

The tripartite zahіdnonіmetsku model can be called only mentally, the shards of the party were unequal to each other.

Sovereign system PDR

The People's Chamber was voted by the supreme body of power at the Constitution. The won was composed of 400 deputies, 100 intercessors and 66 representatives of the city of Berlin with the right to vote. The deputies scrambled for 4 years in a way of wild, direct and equal elections with secret voting. The People's Chamber robbed its Presidium, in which the skin faction was represented, which has no less than 40 deputies. The Chamber established the principles of the rank and file policy, solidified the warehouse in a row, established control over the activities of the order and yogo replies, ruled that controlled the entire activities of the state, adopted decisions about the state budget, the people's government plan and іn. The order of the lands was established by the Chamber of Lands, which was collected by the Landtags of the Lands. The Chamber of Lands took away the rights: it could take 14 days to protest against the law, praised by the People's Chamber, but the rest of the decision lay until the end.

Before the competence of both chambers lay the election of the president. Obsyag povnovazhen President buv dosit vuzkim. Vіn leaning on 4 fates, representing the republic at the international vіdnosinah, having received diplomatic representatives, having granted the right of pardon at once from the People's Chamber, too thinly. The first president was the representative of the SEPN Wilhelm Pik.

The supreme organ of the Vikonavchos voted the Order. It was molded by a representative of the faction, which was the strongest at the People's Chamber. The People's Chamber solidified the warehouse in line with that yoga program. Order buv vіdpovіdalny in front of the People's Chamber.

In 1949, the first elections were held to the People's Chamber of the NDR. The stinks were carried out on the basis of a joint selection program from the top lists of candidates for the National Front of the Democratic Nimechchini.

In 1952, the historical division of the borders on the earth was liquidated and a new administrative-territorial division of the PDR was established into 14 districts and 217 districts. Bulo appealed to the Chamber of Lands and the Landtags of the Lands. Vlad on the missions began to organize district and district gatherings, they took away their guards (organi vikonavchoi vlady).

In 1952, at the REPN conference, a decision was made about those that the German Democratic Republic was a socialist power and in the future a socialist path. After 16 years of the next, the new constitution of the NDR of 1968 declared the victory of the socialist virobnichestvos.

The new Constitution has expanded the scope of the constitutional regulation of the political system. The principles of organization and functioning of political systems, interdependence of parties, community organizations, and labor collectives have been fixed in the new one. The Marxist-Leninist communist robotic parties were consolidated as leading political institutions, recognized as the single "core and direct force" of the supple and sovereign life. The constitution also showed a rich party spirit, blaming the importance of the mass suspense-political associations and popular movements.

As an economic basis of socialist supremacy, the hromada power (sovereign (sovereign people) and cooperative), the planning of the people's statehood, was pointed out. In the system of organs of state power, the president of the PDR was replaced by the Sovereign Rada, as if his head had gone crazy. Closing a wide range of rights and freedom of the people and the greater choice of the right. Bulo skasovano pozbavlennya choice of the right of the judge. In the new edition of the constitution of 1974, the NDR voted “invisible part of the socialist union”, and the allied forces of the SRSR voted “eternal and indestructible”.

Formally, apparently before the Constitution, the NDR was one of the most democratic powers in the world. Zhoden law was nabouti the chivalry of the People's Chamber of the Crimea, the activity, which was regulated by the rules, protecting the traditions of German parliamentarism. Relatively razbrolen viborcha system created change of mind and manifested the will of the greater population.

The main political party of the NDR was the bula Socialistic Unity Party of Nimechchini (SEPN). Vaughn represented the robotic class and stole Yogo's interests. Other versions of the population outside of the country were to protect the parties: a federal democratic german constitution

Christian Democratic Union (CDU);

Liberal Democratic Party of Nimechchin (LDPN);

Democratic Peasant Party of Nimechchin (DKPG);

National Democratic Party of Nimechchin (NPD).

The richness of the party signified those that the only youth organization of the PDR was formally tied to the SED, and united young people of different religions and confessions at their lavas.

The trade unions of the NDR (Association of German Trade Unions, OSNP), as if they were chimalim, represented many of the working people of the republic.

However, the democratic decorations were no longer masquerading for the absolute dictatorship of a narrow group of people, as they are the "party-state core" of the republic, and on the other hand, one people, as if the ruler of the RPN was created by her power.

Not respecting the constitutional norms, all the party organs were violating, other instances were less likely to confirm already. But the most important thing, which called out to a blatant hostility, was the presence of a glimpse of the Ministry of State Security (MDB), the agents of which penetrated literally skrіz.

2. Bonn Constitution. Її the main provisions and changes after the rise of Nimechchini

In 1990, the 3rd anniversary of the FRN Chancellor Helmut Kohl, Minister of Foreign Affairs Hans Dietrich Genscher and President of the SRSR M.Z. a person who completed the ob'єdnanny Nіmechchini. From this point on, the sovereign and legal order of the PDR has pinned its foundation, and the sovereign-legal order of the FRN has expanded over the entire territory of the vast NDR. From the point of view of international law, the PDR pinned the foundation as a subject of international law, and from the point of view of sovereign-legal - five lands of the vast NDR became warehouse parts of the German Federation. Strashun B.A. Zagalnaya part. - M: BEK, 2000. - p. 303.

Those that the capital of the united country would be Berlin, were fixed at the Constitution of the FRN 1949 before the unification. The German lawyers, during the creation of the Basic Law, slandered about the improvement of the capital's nutrition. Bonn was recognized as the Timchas's capital of Zakhidnaya Nіmechchini - that is the country, as it was also called the FRN. Ce bulo was fixed at the Law and at the program of the ruling Christian Democratic Union and also the Great Democrats.

For a decade, the Christian democrats and other forces of Germany said that after the unification, Berlin itself would be the capital. And then after the union, the parties called protests and speeches. The stench stood up for the suspense-political democratic character, which was established after the Other Holy War in the western part of Nimechchina, that symbol of Bonn, the very capital of that symbol.

Someone who has taken the turn of Berlin as a symbol of the past Nimechchini, a symbol of the Reich, as a symbol of the First and Other Holy Wars.

Voting on 20 June 1991, with less than 17 votes, praised the decision to move the capital to Berlin (against - 337 "for" and 320 "against"). The solution was praised by the minimum number of votes.

Bonn on today's day of recognition as the administrative capital of Nimechchin. Vin becomes a political center and acquires the status of a “federal city”. Alabastrova I. A. Constitutional (sovereign) law of the rozvinenykh krajn. - M.: Jurisprudence, 2000. - p. 152.

Other ministries will have their own representations at Bonn. Near Bonn, a number of other federal bodies will be relocated from other places.

From the moment of the unification of the Nimechchini, the praise of the new constitution was not carried out. The basic law of the FRN of 1949 became the single law for the united Nimechchini. In this rank, apparently before the Constitution, the Federative Republic of Nimechchina is a democratic and social federal state. The Federative Republic of Nimechchini began to take shape from 10 "old" and 5 "new" lands, the Constitutional arrangements of the lands are responsible for the basic principles of a republican, democratic and social and legal power. The Basic Law is not allowed to be amended when amending these principles, as well as the rights of the people, the Federation on the land and the principles of land participation from the legislation, amended to the Basic Law. For whom it is necessary to praise the special law by two thirds of the voices of members of both chambers of parliament. The capital of the united city of Germany is Berlin.

The basic law is to avenge the right and freedom of the people and vote their obov'yazkovist for the legislator, the ruler of the justice. At the same time, the Constitution is broadcast and the possibility of allowing the Federal Constitutional Court to grant fundamental rights is quiet, who is evil with freedom of thought, seals, publications, gatherings, associations, secret listings, mail order and telecom, power to the right of the lock. On this same platform, political parties can be fenced. Crimea for the promotion of the possibility of the fence of parties, recognized by non-constitutional ones, the Basic Law was enacted in the national elections of the president and immediately surrounded by this renewal, was inspired by the holding of referendums on the federal level, having established a mechanism, calling to prevent a protracted crisis.

According to the Basic Law, the system of organs of state power of the FRN is based on the principle of sub-government.

The most legislator power in the FRN belongs to the two-chamber parliament: the lower house - the Bundestag and the upper house - the Bundesrat may have a different status, both in the order of their formation, and oblige again. Legislative initiative to belong to the members of both chambers and the Federal order. I will play the role of the legislative process of the Bundestag. Order to submit bills to the Bundesrat, which can pass your idea to the Bundestag no less than six days. In particular terms, the council may, after the completion of three years, pass the bill directly to the Bundestag.

The Bundestag is going to vote on chotiri rocky with a path of wild, direct elections with a taem vote. The choice to take the fate of the bulk, yakі reached 18 years. Half of the deputies are elected in single-mandate constituencies, in order to slander the territory of the country, for the majority system. The other half of the deputies scavenge for land party lists from rich mandate constituencies. Kozhen is elected in such a rank two votes: for an individual candidate and for the party list. Half of the seats in the Bundestaze are split between parties in proportion to the number of votes taken away. Oskіlki proportionate selection system in a clean look guarantees representation for other parties, which can create folding problems in the molding process. At Nіmechchini, a p'yativіdsotkovy bar'єr was ordered. The seats in the Bundestaze are occupied by less than 100 parties, which either received at least 5 hundred votes for party lists, or they won no less than 3 single-mandate electoral districts. The results of the FRN may have led to the emergence of other political parties from the political arena. For the establishment of the Bundesstasis, the party (or inter-party) faction requires the presence of at least 5 hundred deputies.

The president of the Bundestag, following the old German constitutional tradition, is elected from the members of the strongest parliamentary faction. Together, from Chotirma, I establish the presidium of the Bundestag as intercessors for the wines. At meetings of the Bundestag, the head of one of the members of the presidium.

The Fundamental Law of the FRN provides an imperative mandate, for which the party imposes on its members a clear decision on how to vote. In accordance with the Constitution, deputies are not allowed to have a direct fractional primus when voting. Ale navіt yakscho yogo will be excluded from the party chi factions for the violation of party discipline, the deputy mandate for him is saved.

The Bundestag plays the main role of the area of legislation: it accepts laws and has the right to introduce bills. In addition, you choose the Federal Chancellor, take part in the election of the Federal President and federal judges, take part in the formation of the order, exercise direct control over the action of the order, have the right to introduce a constructive vote of distrust to the Federal Chancellor by way of the decision of the very same order insert.

The Bundesrat is the upper house of the German Parliament, which sets the interests of the 16 FRN lands. The President of the Bundesrat is collected only from the ministers-presidents of the lands in a line one river from the next sequence: first from the largest land, then from the bottom to the smallest. The reinstatement of the Federal President at the time of the impossibility of violating his functions and pre-linear zvіlnennya s planted by the President of the Bundesrat. Like the Bundestag, the Bundesrat establishes various committees.

The Bundesrat, as the legislative body of the Federation, has the right to legislate initiatives, the right to vote its own decree before the draft laws in the federal order, to praise or not to praise the laws, to adopt any necessary yogo Basic Law), the right to participate in the formation of the policy of the Federation of European Powers, to participate in the formation of the Federal Constitutional Court. Praised by the Bundesrat, also normative and administrative acts, which are seen by the Federal Council, are supposed to stink directly in the middle of the interests of the lands. The Bundesrat may commend (or vidhility) the denunciation of the defense war.

The head of state in Nimechchyna is the Federal President. Yogo povnovazhennia svіdomo obmezhenі on the merit of the Federal Order and very much of the Federal Chancellor. The federal president wins over importantly representative functions, making himself a power (all presidents acted as their party membership for an hour in their settlement) and at times use acting as an intermediary and arbitrator in conflict situations. The real role of the president is rich in what to lay low in the form of special authority. Topornіn BN Sovereign right of Nіmechchini. - M: Institute of Power and Law of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 1994. - p. 75.

The federal president is elected by the Federal Assembly - a body that is formed specifically for the membership of the Bundestag and equal number of representatives of the lands, which are collected by the Landtags (Land Parliaments). The Federal Assembly often delegates authoritative public figures, clergymen, mits, and members of the Landtags. The candidacy is honored, as it won the majority of votes of all members of the Federal elections. Even if neither the first nor the other round of elections bring victory to one of those who are running, in the third round of elections it is enough to get the most votes of the members, so that they take part in the voting.

With the right to defend the president, the FRN's hulks are fighting, for they may have the right to defend the Bundestag and have reached the 40th century. The President can but we can say more than two terms.

The federal president is not able to pay more for the settlement, to establish commercial and professional activities, to enter the warehouse of the core business organizations, to collect profits.

Laws adopted by the Bundestag, drafted by the constitution, formalized by the Federal President and published. If the president thinks that by praising the law, he breaks the Constitution, and the Bundestag does not wait for him, he can turn to the Federal Constitutional Court.

The supreme body of the Vikonavcho - the Federal Council - is composed of the Federal Chancellor and the Federal Ministers.

The chancellor, as the head of the order, zgіdno s the Basic Law, may have a special status. Vіn otrimuє power without intermediary in the Bundestag and rely on the proposition of the Federal President without debate. As a rule, the president promotes the candidacy of a representative of the party of the rank-and-file coalition, which won in the elections to the Bundestag. The candidate can get the absolute majority of the votes of the members of the Bundestag, so I call. Upon confirmation, the Federal President appoints the office of the Federal Chancellor. Ale, in the Basic Law, the second option was passed.

For the entire hour of the FRN's foundation, the Federal Chancellor was constantly looking around at the hour of the first round of elections. However, if a candidate is urged by the president, if the first round is not challenged, then another round is assigned. For 14 days, the Bundestag can extend the majority of votes of its members to the seat of the chancellor of your candidate. As if there were no attempts to win, the third round will be held. As a result of the votes of the third round, having won the votes of the majority of the members of the Bundestag, the Federal President extended seven days after the election to appoint him chancellor. If, after taking away more than the majority of votes of the present deputies, the president may decide to prodovzh seven days: either recognize yoga, or dissolve the Bundestag.

Appointment and order of the Federal Ministers to conduct the Federal President at the proposition of the Chancellor. The Bundestag does not have any formal right to vote. The chancellor carried a voice of confidence before the Bundestag for the policy of the state. The federal order is rebuying under power for the entire period of legislature to the Bundestag, tobto. stretching out chotyrokh rokiv.

Dissolution of the Federal order of powers at the time of the appointment (or death) of the Federal Chancellor; as a result of a constructive vote of disbelief that maw was successful; in connection with the approval of the Bundestag by the Federal Chancellor, the power to approve and dissolve the Bundestag by the Federal President.

The basic law fell asleep at the FRN federal form of the territorial arrangement. After uniting 16 lands at once to form a single state (Federation). Federative ustriy - the historical recession of Nіmechchini, like a protracted century, was fragmented into impersonal great and other powers, and after their unification in 1871. the federation was deprived for the whole hour, for the blame of 12 years of the Nazi regime, and a couple of decades of a separate foundation of the PDR (which has a federal principle of scaling) and the FRN.

The basic law will vote the inviolability of the federal structure of Nimechchini. Prote tse means guarantees of the foundation of specific lands, as well as the inviolability of their territories. At the borders of the Federation, the territory of the lands can be changed, from the main lands, it can be replaced by a new one, or a small warehouse land, a piece of land can be angry at one new chi, one land can be a warehouse other. Usі podіbnі zmіni teritorialno - administrativnym osmozhut zdіysnyuvatisya only through federal law, which can be praised by the Bundesrat, and navit by a referendum, yakі zatsіkavlenih lands chi parts of the land. So, for example, in herb 1996 p. A referendum was held to fuel the power of the federal states of Berlin and Brandenburg. Vin gave a negative result.

Federal lands are sovereign powers. The stinks don't waste the right to voddilennya. Be-yaka diya, directed to the other part of the federal territory, punishment for the law. Wanting to set the principles for the current policy before the federation, the lands are allowed, with the permission of the federal order, to lay agreements with foreign powers (butt of the regulations of Bavaria 1965, concordat with the Vatican).

The constitutional way of the federal lands can support the basic principles of a republican, democratic and social legal power.

In Nіmechchini the functioning of the court system has been delineated, as there cannot be one greater judicial body either in the federation or on the lands. Tse spetsializovana ship system. Crimea constitutional justice - the Federal Constitutional Court and the Constitutional Courts of the Lands - five years of justice: legal, administrative, labor, financial and social justice. The skin of the ship’s power is its supreme body (Supreme Court), which is called differently: the Federal Court of Justice (except for the system of criminal courts), the Federal Administrative Court, the Federal Financial Court, the Federal Court of Labor Laws, the Federal Court of Social Laws. The constitution establishes that the federation can create other judges, the law of the military-criminal, and stink. Names of five higher court bodies are independent according to one to one of those other bodies. If they blame the differences between them, then the people of the representatives of these bodies come together, as they praise the decision that ensures the unity of ship practice.

The skin nail of the court authority (Crimea of constitutional justice) may have a few instances: chotiri instances - at the high courts, three - at the decision of the courts.

The special body of constitutional control in Nimechchina is the Federal Constitutional Court (FCC). The FCC is an independent and independent federal body of power, may have equal rights to coexist with other federal bodies. Previously, the judiciary organ with similar renovations was created in 1949.

The FCC is composed of two chambers (senates), 8 judges each. Offended by the Chambers, it is very difficult to change: one examines constitutional squabbles and takes decisions on how to control the implementation of stagnant norms; take a different decision with the power of the sovereign organization. The function of the court and the judiciary of the Senate is regulated by special legislation on the FCC.

Visnovok

In 1990, roci 3 years, if the FRN Chancellor Helmut Kohl, the Minister of Foreign Affairs Hans Dietrich Genscher and the President of the SRSR M.S. Gorbachev has gone ahead, so that the number of new German military forces cannot be overestimated 346 thousand. people, the sovereign and legal order of the PDR having pinned its foundation, and the sovereign-legal order of the FRN expanded by extending the territory of the vast NDR. Having analyzed the paths of the constitutional development of the two German powers of the PDR and the FRN, we become aware that it is more capitalistic, more democratic, and more democratic, the foreign power at the time of the union reached a political, economic and spiritual level. In her place, the hideous Nimechchina was going through a crisis in all spheres of suspenseful life. Dosvid NDR showing that the socialist political system is not capable of self-development.

Podіl nіmetskoї natsії itself looked like podіl one people on "their" and "strangers". It is important that at the Constitution of the FRN of 1949, the fate of the German legal experts looked at the German people as if they respected the unification of Germany as inevitable.

The main feature of the common process of Nimechi was to see the hour of the hour. From a historical point of view, it became simply bliskavichno.

From the constitutional point of view, it is necessary to see that such a power, like the PDR, has completely spent its constitutional development and nabula of the scope of the Fundamental Law of the FRN (Bonn Constitution).

Prote dosvіd ob'ednanny Nіmechchini showing, to inspire the powers with different state structures of the building to unite for a short period. The unification of the German nation can become a butt for the trend that has begun to bring some lands of the SND to Russia. For example, some of the elements of such a union could be worked out in detail and could be stoked for the union of Russia and Belarus.

listliterature

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short description

On May 23, 1949, the Federative Republic of Nimechchina (FRN) was voted. Until now, the warehouses of the fascist Germany, roztashovan in the British, American and French zones of occupation, have gone. A special article of the constitution of the FRN admitted that it was given to the warehouse of the newly created power to see that other German territory.

Through the occupation of Berlin, that special status of the capital of the country was transferred to the provincial town of Bonn. On October 7th, the German Democratic Republic (NDR) was voted in the Radian occupation zone. Її the capital was recognized as Berlin (in fact, it was only a small part of the place, as it was under the control of the NDR). The advent of 40 with too many fates, the two German powers founded the city. Until the 1970s, the government of the krai of the FRN categorically did not want to recognize the PDR. Later, they began to recognize "susidiv", but only more often.

The peaceful revolution in the NDR, which took place in the autumn of 1990, led to the fact that 3 years of the territory were integrated into the warehouse of the FRN. So the capital of the FRN was turned to Berlin.

Now we know more about these podias in more detail.

Podil Nіmechchini after capitulation

If the military allies (America, the Soviet Socialist Republic, Great Britain and France) occupied the fascist Niemechchina, the territory was divided between them into chotiri zones of occupation. Subdivision buv i Berlin, prote vin nabuv special status. In 1949, the western allies united the occupied territories and named the whole region Trizonia. The lost part of the country, like before, was lost under the occupation of the Radyansk Union.

Adopted FRN

On May 24, 1949, the parliamentary council sat in Bonn (the place, as it lay before the British occupation zone), under the strict control of the Viysk governors, the FRN voted. Until now, new creations at that time were brought to the warehouse, areas that lie up to the British, American and French occupation zones.

On the same day the constitution was adopted. Article 23 of the document declared a wide extension to Berlin, which formally could only often enter the FRN. The main provisions of the statute also conveyed the prospect of broadening the constitution and other German lands. In this rank, the foundation was laid for the entrance to the FRN of all the territories of the German Empire, which had been founded earlier.

The preamble of the constitution clearly indicated the need to unite the German people with the stability of the established state. The document itself was positioned as timchasovy, that was officially named not a constitution, but the “Basic Law”.

The oskelki Berlin, given a special political status, it was impossible to save the capital of the Federative Republic from the new one. The zv'yazku z tsim was praised for the decision to recognize the provincial town of Bonn, for which the vote was taken for the edge of the FRN, її timchasovoy capital.

NDR creation

The German lands of the Radyansk occupation zone were not small enough to recognize the laws of the FRN, adopted on May 23, 1949. On May 30, the delegates of the German People's Congress, elected two days earlier, adopted the constitution of the PDR, recognized as 5 lands of the Radian occupation. On the basis of the adopted constitution in the republic, as it called itself the Skhidnaya Nimechchina, an organ of sovereign power was created.

On the 19th of Zhovtnya, we went to the Chamber of Lands and the People's Chamber of the First Call. The head of the Socialist Unity Party of Nimechchini (SEPN) Wilhelm Pik became the President of the NDR.

Political status and the prospect of expanding the FRN

On the cob, the order of the Federal Republic of Nimechchina clearly indicated that such a FRN. Vono positioned itself as a single representative of the interests of the German people, and the FRN itself as a single successor of the German Empire. It is not surprising that there were claims on all the lands that the empire lay before the beginning of the expansion of the Third Reich. Before these lands lay zokrema, the territory of the NDR, the Western part of Berlin, as well as "a lot of similar regions" that Poland saw to the Radyansk Union. The first steps after the establishment of the FRN її ranks were aimed at uniquely direct contact with the ranks of the NDR. The reason is that he is a witness to the recognition of the NDR as an independent power.

America and Great Britain are also deprived of the Duma, which is the legitimate offender of the empire and the FRN. France was aware that the German Empire had come into existence as early as 1945. Harry Truman, 33rd President of the United States, having signed a peace treaty with the FRN, the shards did not want to recognize the basis of two German powers. In 1950, at the New York conference, the ministers of foreign rights of three countries came to the sleeping banner at the food court “what is the FRN?”. To the order of the republic, a single manifestation of the German people was known. Prote vyznavati ryad kerіvny organ usієї Nіmechchini vіdmovilis.

Through the identification of the PDR, the legislation of the FRN recognized the basis of the single bulk of Nimechchini, to that it called its bulkers simply Germans, and the territory of the NDR did not look like a zakordon. For the same reason, in the country there is a law on enormity, praises of the fate of 1913. That very law until 1967 was the birthplace of chivalry in the NDR, as it was also a hoarder of a single community. In practice, the situation meant that any German living in the PDR could come to the FRN and take out a passport there. In order to save this, the workers of the Democratic Republic blocked її residents from retrieving passports in the Republic of Nimechchina. In 1967, the rozі stink introduced the enormity of the NDR, which took away official recognition from the FRN in less than 20 years.

The need to recognize the borders of the Democratic Republic appeared on maps and atlases. So, in 1951, roci near the FRN were seen maps, in some Nimechchina, it is still small between them, like in 1937 roci. When he subdivided the republics, and also subdivided lands from Poland, the Radyansk Union was marked with an ice commemorated dotted line. On these maps, the toponyms that were seen by the enemy were left behind under the old names, and for some reason the sign of the NDR simply did not exist. It is noteworthy that the maps of 1971 should be remembered, if the whole world is clearly aware of what is the FRN and NDR, the situation has not changed much. The hatched lines became more memorable, but, like before, they seemed to be quiet, like to recognize the cordoni between the powers.

Rosvitok FRN

Konrad Adenauer became the first chancellor of the Federal Republic - an informed lawyer, administrator and activist of the Center Party. The concept of ceramics was based on the social market economy. At the plantation of the chancellor of the FRN, the wines were left for 14 years (1949-1963). In 1946, the fate of Adenauer fell asleep and named the Christian Democratic Union, and in 1950, he fell asleep. Kurt Schumacher, the head of the opposition social-democratic party, is a big fighter of the Reichsbanner, a kind of stalker in the Nazi concentration camps.

The beginnings of the USA's support for the implementation of the Marshal's plan and Ludwig Erhard's plans for the economic development of the country in the 1960s, the economy of the FRN rushed uphill. In the history of this process, having taken the name “Nimetska economical miracle”. In order to satisfy the need for an inexpensive labor force, the Federative Republic raised an influx of guest workers, the head rank of Turechchini.

In 1952, the lands of Baden, Württemberg-Baden and Württemberg-Hohenzollern were merged into a single land of Baden-Württemberg. The FRN became a federation made up of nine lands (member powers). In 1956, after the referendum and the signing of the Luxembourg treaty by France, the Saar region, which was earlier under the protectorate of France, went to the stock of the FRN. Її official arrival to the Republic of Nimechchina (FRN) took place on September 1, 1957.

On May 5, 1955, the fate of the occupation regime of the FRN was officially recognized by a sovereign power. Sovereignty poshiryuvavsya only on the zone of the dії timchasovoї konstitutsії, so that Berlin did not slander that much territory of the empire, as if at that time the NDR lay.

In the 1960s, it was broken up and implemented low overhead laws, as if they imposed a fence on the activity of low organizations (including the communist parties), as well as on professional professions. The country led an active denazification, in order to fight against the legacy of being reborn under the rule of the Nazis, and with all their strength, they tried to ensure the impossibility of reviving the Nazi ideology. In 1955, the fate of the FRN moved to the warehouse of NATO.

Vіdnosini z PDR ta zovnіshnya politika

The order of the Republic of Nimechchina did not recognize the NDR and until 1969 it was necessary to enter into diplomatic relations with the powers, whose position is supported by it. Vignatok became the heaviness of the Radian Union, which recognized the NDR, but entered the warehouse of some of the occupying powers. In practice, the reason was assigned only two reasons, which led to the opening of diplomatic certificates: from Yugoslavia in 1967 and from Cuba - in 1963.

Back in 1952, Stalin spoke about the unification of the FRN and the PDR. On the 10th of the same fate of the SRSR, having propagated to the us-occupying powers, it was clear to the spivprats іz zagalnіmetsky detachments to develop a peace treaty with Nіmechchina, and to send the draft of this document. The Radyansk Union is fit for the union of the Nimechchini and for the minds of non-participation in the military blocs to allow for the admission of the military and the military trades in the army. The Western powers actually rejected the proposition of the SRSR, influencing the fact that the united country is responsible for its mother's right to join NATO.

Berlin wall

On September 11, 1961, the People’s Chamber of the NDR praised the decision about the construction of the Berlin Wall - an engineering and defense line with a length of 155 km, which spans the cordon between the two German republics. As a result, at night on the 13th sickness, life was rosy. Until the first year of the night, the cordon between Zahidniy and Skhidniy Berlin will be more and more blocked by the Vietnamese NDR. On the 13th of March, people, as if loudly straight to the western part of the place for work, stumbled behind the support of law enforcement agencies and militarized patrols. Until the 15th sickle, I went up to the cordon with a prickly dart, and the fence was started. On the same day, the metro line was closed, as if two parts of the city were reminded. Potsdam Square, as it was in the cordon zone, it was also closed. A lot of houses and living houses, which lie down to the line under the Skhidny and Zahidny Berlin, were hung. Vіkna, scho went on the territory of the FRN, were laid in a whole. Later, at the hour of the reconstruction of the fence, the judges would have carried it away.

Budіvnytstvo that pereobladnannya sporadically thrived until 1975. On the back of the head, it was a parkan made of concrete slabs or slabs of stone masonry, possessed by a prickly dart. On deyakih dіlyanki tse were simple Bruno's spirals, yakі it was possible to hem up for the help of a sprit haircut. The defectors were hustling back, as if they were going to go through the police posts.

Until 1975, the rock wall was already impregnable and it could be crushed with a collapsible spore. Vaughn was formed from concrete blocks of 3.6-meter curtains, cylindrical bars were installed on the yak. Uzdovzh wall bula obladnana fenced area with a large number of crossings, guard posts and lighting fittings. The fenced zone was formed from a simple wall, a large swath of anti-tank hedgehogs or metal thorns, a fence from a metal mesh with a prickly dart and a system of signal rockets, a road for patrols, a wide swarm of sand that is regularly seen, and, nareshti, impregnable nature, described.

Change of Chancellor

If, in 1969, Willy Brandt entered the landing of the chancellor of the Federative Republic of Nimechchina, a new round rose up in the waters between the FRN and the NDR. The Social Democrats, who came to power, weakened the legislation and recognized the inviolability of the military cordons of power. Willy Brandt and yoga successor Helmut Schmidt painted the walls of the Radyansk Union.

In 1970, the Moscow Treaty was signed, in which the FRN was established as a domogan in similar regions of the former German Empire, which followed the war of the Soviet Socialist Republic and Poland. The document also declared the possibility of uniting the republics. The decision marked the beginning of a "new shidnoy policy." In 1971, the FRN and NDR parties signed the Basic Agreement, which regulates them mutually.

In 1973, the fate of the offending republics was replenished by the UN warehouse, as before, that the FRN wanted to recognize the international legal independence of the PDR. Prote the status quo of the Democratic Republic, fixing it with the Basic Agreement, having warmed up at the ports of the “susides”.

"Peaceful Revolution"

In the spring of 1989, the NDR blamed the oppositional movement "New Forum", which is often formed by members of political parties. The next month, the republic was swayed by a flurry of protests, the participants of which supported the democratization of politics. As a result, the REPN clergy filed a resignation, and representatives of the dissatisfied population settled the same place. 4 leaf fall near Berlin saw mass benefits from the power of the rally, the participants of which fought for freedom of speech.

On the 9th of the fall of the leaf fall, the people of the NDR denied the right to free (for no good reason) exit for the cordon, which led to the spontaneous fall of the Berlin mura. After the elections that took place in the year 1990, the new order of the NDR opened active negotiations with representatives of the FRN about the prospects for a union.

Association of Nimechchini

On the last day of 1990, the FRN and NDR signed an agreement on the unification of the country. Vіn handed over the liquidation of the Democratic Republic and the entrance to the Republic of Nіmechchina in sight of five new lands. At the same time, the two parts of Berlin were united, and the status of the capital was renewed.

On spring 12, 1990, representatives of the PDR, the FRN, the USA, the SRSR, Great Britain and France signed an agreement that would regulate the German food supply. Accordingly, before the first document before the constitution of the FRN, the guilt of the Bula was included, an amendment was included about those who, after the creation of the state, were ruled by claims on other territories, if the German empire lay.

In fact, in the process of unification (the Germans respect it more briefly to say “resurrection” or “renewal of unity”) no new state was created. The lands of the vast territory of the NDR are simply accepted to the FRN warehouse. At the same time, the stench began to subdue the “timchas” constitution of the Republic of Nimechchina, which was adopted in 1949. When the state was created, it became simply called Nimechchina, but from a legal point of view, the price of the new country, and the FRN was expanded.