During his visit to the United States in Cherny 2010, the President of Russia, Dmitro Medvedev, saw California in order to especially marvel at Silicon Valley and get to know the heads of the largest technology companies that appeared in it. This interest is not out of the question - the Russian innovation project "Skolkovo" will be created with an eye on the American legacy.
The leaders of Skolkovo in Russia have turned their interest to the industrialization of high technologies, and to the Silicon Valley as the most brilliant symbol.
The place, roztashovan in the state of California between San Francisco and San Jose, calls out less and less smiles, if it is called Silicon Valley. Silicon (English silicon), tobto silicon and silicone (silicone), a polymer, which, zokrema, vicorist during plastic operations, are two different materials. In English it is important to get confused. Those who in one pivkul are associated with high technologies, in another pivkul are associated with women's breasts. At tsomu є schos is symbolic.
Map of the inflow of San Francisco
There are no administrative cordons in the valley. There are no geographical landmarks, which clearly marked Silicon Valley. The valley of the shoulder was the name of the area, squeezed between the towns of San Jose and Palo Alto at the peak and the peak, by the ocean stream at the exit, and by the mountains of Santa Cruz at the entrance. At the same time, two places are considered to be the capitals of the Valley - San Jose and Palo Alto. The very name Silicon Valley Bula was coined by the entrepreneur Ralph Weirst and yoga friend Don Hefler. The rest of the publication of a series of articles under the title "Silicon Valley USA" in the newspaper Electronic News in 1971 roci. Along with Silicon Valley, the specific Santa Clara Valley was conceived, as it is located in the area of the San Francisco stream. The name of the new San Francisco movie is no longer given a new name and simply the Bay Area.
This year, high-tech enterprises gradually populated the entire region of Zatoka and navit veyshli її mezhі. And until the 1970s, the Santa Clara Valley was called the Valley of the Heart of Salt. Poetic, isn't it? Dzherelo sank the bulo near the flowery gardens, which occupied the whole valley. The local inhabitants and tourists loved to climb on the mountain peaks, to have picnics and enjoy the view of the snowy apple trees, cherries, pears and peaches, which traveled dozens of kilometers. In clear, sunny weather, having climbed one peak in the Santa Cruz mountains, one could easily watch the mountain ridge on the other side. Behind the words of one of the founders of Apple, Steve Wozniak, see the old fluffy valley and gir - the whole river, for which wine at once I can. In the 1980s, they practically virubled more and more, and the kraevdi from the navkolishnіkh gіr at once strongly psuє zmіg.
Historians love to vindicate history by turns. Let's look at the origin of craftsmanship in the 1940s. Vinnyknennya Valley in California sound explain three facts: sensible and illuminated people, the weather and wealthy investors. All three factors seemed to be divas in one place and they created the ground for the growth of innovations. To these reasons, it is often necessary to add sovereign assistance and military protection. Razberomosya, skіlki tsikh facts of truth and skіlki speculative.
The weather here is truly miraculous. Silicon Valley is planted between two low mountain ridges near Pivnichniy California, close to the ocean. It's not cold and smoky there, but practically smoky. Here you can surf in the ocean surf at once, look at the beaches and ride mountain licks. Everything is within the boundaries of 3 years by car.
For the sake of Skolkovo, Craig Barret, the head of the conspiracy, resurrected several stages of the project implementation: physical presence in the Skolkovo private business, participation in the last activity with leading international universities, commercialization of advanced technologies in the sector. Barrett is up to the task that the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) can give a lot of credit to the project. MIT Rector Rafael Reif confirmed that the university is ready to fully cooperate with the Skolkovo innovation city. And Vekselberg said that Medvedev's visit to the United States from MIT would be signed with agreement on spivpratsy.
There is a great number of sensible and enlightened people, like the founder of Apple, Steve Jobs, is the main one at the appearance of the Valley - the same fact. Навіть не заглиблюючись у статистику - в якому місті найбільше нобелівських лауреатів на душу населення і який університет лідирує за кількістю наукових праць або ступенем цитованості, - легко помітити, що у всіх таких списках неодмінно фігуруватимуть два всесвітньо відомі університети: Стенфордський (Stanford University) та Університет Berkeley (University of California, Berkeley). Offending universities were on the lists of nai-nai and 60-70 years ago.
The myth about wealthy people who like to settle in Silicon Valley and invest in innovative ideas can also serve as a basis. The majestic nature, the unique architecture of San Francisco and its environs, the explosive fusion of cultures through the active influx of immigrants to California will always be addictive for people with a penny. It should not be forgotten that historically San Francisco was one of the financial centers of the United States. Here such banking monsters were born, like Bank of America and Wells Fargo. Living in San Francisco and the Zatoka area was prestigious before.
Russian and foreign innovators at the St. Petersburg Economic Forum were celebrating the need for transformation in Russia in order to create an innovative economy and implement projects like innovation at Skolkovo. The participants of the discussion discussed the idea of developing a comprehensive program of innovative development, which is still unknown.
In the appearance of the Valley, a great role was played, obviously, by the state with yogo military intrigues. The University of Berkeley was one of the leading centers for the development of nuclear bombs in the 1940s. The father of the nuclear program, Robert Oppenheimer, became professor at Berkeley, and the radiological laboratory of Ernest Lawrence became the basis for the creation of centers for the development of nuclear weapons in Los Alamos and Livermore. The University is the curator of both laboratories, and the Livermore Center is named after Ernest Lawrence. Edward Teller, father of the American water bomber, was also professor of physics at Berkeley. Participation in the nuclear program has become a life of gold for the university, opened new fields in science and technology, earned a great number of studies for work at the university, and increased the prestige of learning and working at my mortgage.
Stanford University is back to back happy with the programs of the Other World War. Stanford is a private university, while Berkeley is a state one. Therefore, the priority of participation in the military projects of the former Berkeley. The “dawn hour” for Stanford came in 1951, when Frederik Theremin turned to the new one, who worked at the university until the war, and who became the dean of the Faculty of Engineering. Before the hour of the war, Theremin looked at the great laboratory of the proto-local struggle at Harvard University. 850 people took part in yoga ceremonies. The laboratory has expanded the outbuildings, to give the ability to detect the detection of aircraft in the allies by the German PPO locators. At the airfield, the bombers threw out lines of foil, creating radio transmissions. Such a technology has become the first way to fight against PPO, which has eliminated the massive challenge in aviation.
After turning to Stanford Theremin, the yogo robot over military projects continued in the same sphere. A lot of projects were kept secret for a long time, and the vast majority knew about them only after the end of the cold winter. The university has developed the development of radio surveillance for the launch of radar ballistic missiles, systems for analyzing signals from ground-based and tracking radars. The spy planes U2 and SR-71, which often broke the cordons of the SRSR and the Warsaw Pact, carried on their board the possessions, which had been disassembled in Stanford laboratories.
Alley near Stanford University
Everything that was necessary for the appearance of the valley was just right in the area of the inflow: the weather, pennies, people that kept watch over the victorious charms. Alecia would not be enough.
A landing of venture businessmen from the USA has landed near Moscow. The Americans have been rewarded with the highest level. On Tuesday, May 25, 2010, President Dmitro Medvedev received them at his office at Girkah. The head of the state honestly recognized that he is guilty of large-scale plans for the innovative development of the country, however, in order to break the process from a dead point, Russia catastrophically does not get a risk capital. One hope for foreign investors.
Skhіdne that zahіdne zberezhzhya USA vіdrіznyayutsya not only geographically. Historically, Skhid was conservative, and Zahid was liberal. Stereotyped Skhid - backwaters, stock exchanges, banks, people who work in the spring of the year from a call to a call and carelessly follow the dress code. Zahid, in opposition to the Gathering, - tse Hollywood, hip, freedom in the arts, slippers and shorts in the workplace in the order of speeches. Silicon Valley is thriving in close proximity to San Francisco, the most liberal place in the United States, the place of artists and poets, the place of protest, freedom, pacifism, alternative culture and sex men.
San Francisco. XIX century on aphids hmarochosiv
In the 1930s and 1940s, Berkeley and Stanford already vibrated intelligent people. Mіstsevі unіversititі pobuvali v rozkіtі, аlе nіkrаshі іnzhenerі, vyhovanі іn thіs walls, after graduating from university skhіd - іn New York, Boston, Chicago, Detroit, Tudi, de bula robot, pennies developed technologies. San Francisco is not associated with high technology. In the shortest time, the young engineer instantly moved to Los Angeles for a day in California, where he gave birth to the monster of the western coast.
One of the quiet ones, who, despite the talents of young people, will be deprived of Stanford and its outskirts, is Frederik Theremin, whose genius is often attributed to the idea of creating the Valley. Theremin rozumiv, that the young university students are the generator of many ideas, the stench is creative and ready to bring their ideas into life. I don’t get more than one thing - the ability to create a business that brings money to them. Roughly seeming, material incentive.
Theremin, having allowed the graduates and students to pick up the rozrobki, zroblenі them for an hour of study or work at the university, free of charge. Frederik himself helped young entrepreneurs organize private companies, seek out investors and clients. The university was sharing its clients and contracts. The same, in 1939, the company was founded by the famous company Hewlett-Packard. Theremin was a scientific scholar of Bill Hewlett and Dave Packard. But Bill and Dave's guide, if they organized the company, took 538 dollars from the first investors and became the first "garage" company in the history of the Valley. The headquarters of the company was effectively located in Dave's garage. The first product that Hewlett-Packard brought to the market was the sound generator. The know-how was based on the simplicity and the supremacy of the scheme. The generator is simple and costly, it can be four times cheaper than the products of competitors. One of the first great clients of the young company was Disney.
Frederic Theremin
After turning away from Harvard in the 1950s, Theremin continued the program, as if he had started at thirty. The University has a large area of land that has been reduced to its founder, Leland Stanford. It was decided to grant land for rent to a private business at discount prices. In 1951, the Rotary University began to create an office park on the ground, where you can lie. The park is named after the Stanford Industrial Park. This complex was taken over by the first university technopark, which is more focused on technology. For its time, it was a smarter idea. No one gave guarantees that such a large-scale project would pay off and bring dividends to the university. At the same time, options for the selection of the territory in the university were bulo rich: at about one hour the fashionable Stanford shopping center was also opened. The university did not dare to put all the eggs in one cat.
In 1954, Stanford, having adopted a program of cooperative training, allowed students and graduate students of the university to take a job with a job at a local company. Undertakings at their own buli goiter pay the university for an hour of daily students at a fixed rate. Tse appeared more like a pributkovy law and for the university, and for private business. Hewlett-Packard moved its headquarters to the territory of the university, hitting two birds with one stone: the company blocked the rent of offices and denied access to the university's best talents. The program really worked, if “serious” corporations – General Electric and Lockheed – moved to the technopark. Before the speech, the headquarters of Hewlett-Packard dosi is located at the Stanford technopark.
Hewlett-Packard Headquarters Vkazivnik
Chergovy vіhoyu in the history of the Valley can be considered the transfer of the Nobel laureate and one of the winemakers of the transistor William Shockley in 1956. Shocked by his recognition at the walls of the famous Bell Labs, behind the awards (among them - 7 Nobel Prize winners) such achievements are respected, like the development of the first lasers and the creation of the Unix operating system. Bell Labs is headquartered in New Jersey, near New York. For a long time, the corporate monster AT & T was one of the most advanced science and engineering centers in the United States. A job at Bell Labs, prestigious and financial, was considered the pinnacle of career for a scientist. Shock, however, rose among the thoughts of colleagues and kerіvnitstvom and virіshiv pokukat happiness beyond the borders of the laboratory. The new company of the scientist was named so - Shockley Semiconducter Laboratory. Shocked by the talent of a team of senior engineers and engineers, but with his paranoid character, he quickly brought the company to collapse. Vіsіm main spіvrobіtnіkіv, having spent the rest of the hope to work from Shockley, in 1957 the parties left Shockley and created a new one - the startup Fairchild Semiconductor. Among the spokesmen were Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, future founders of Intel.
Robert Noyce, CEO of Intel
Fairchild Semiconductor has become a reference forge of personnel for the electronics industry. And not less than personnel, but whole companies! Fairchild itself has seen such monsters as Intel, AMD and National Semiconductor. Rich in why the Fairchild Valley has become "silicon": one of the variants of the integrated circuit of the wines itself Noyce. The patent, and then the Nobel Prize, the truth, having taken away Jack Kilby from Texas Instruments, but the cob design is not necessary technologically and can be achieved with a proper German circuit with microwiring, which includes all the elements of the circuit, and without taking away the mass jamming. Noyce's planar schemes based on silicon and fusion conductors were richly cheap for manufacturers. The 1960s began the mass production of integrated circuits.
One of the first microcircuits, 1960
Another important milestone in the history of the valley was the adoption in 1958 of the Small Business Investment Act. The law officially allowed the Small Business Association to license small private investment companies. In addition, small businesses have been given access to the federal budget, which is cheap pennies.
The project of an innovation city, which was supposed to be a utopia, which is guilty of becoming the leading center of innovative modernization, has specific details. an interview with Viktor Vekselberg, a ceremonial worker of the future fund, which will be an innovation city that has appeared in the Russian press over the last few days, and academician Sergiev Aldoshin, who is engaged in a project from the side of the Russian Academy of Sciences, allow understanding, like creating a new place, and what work.
The idea was simple. Great investment companies are not in line with the trends in small business. The great business of cultivating great ideas. But at the early stages, the idea does not require great investments. At that very hour, the assessment of risky skin ideas will require expertise in a specific subject area. The process of attracting great investment firms from the creation of small businesses. Small investment companies are closer to entrepreneurs and can evaluate the idea more effectively. Often small investment companies were created by large investors, engineers and scientists, as if they came to small business from the great one. We don't need experts, the stench themselves were experts. In addition, the preamble to the law said that stimulating small business would become a locomotive for the science and technology spur from the Radyansk Union. That's how it went.
Venture funds started investing in high technology practically in line with the law. One of the best examples of a successful project was Fairchild. Early on, Fairchild was invested in by Venrock Associates, a private equity firm backed by the Rockefeller homeland.
Such venture firms, like Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers and Sequoia Capital, which became the same icons of Silicon Valley, like the multibillion-dollar corporations that were named as a result of their cooperation with them, appeared in the Valley of New Years in 1972. The boom of venture capitalism has come to a head. In 1978, the total investment of venture capital firms was estimated at 750 million dollars. Not so rich, it's bigger on the scale of the USA. The right momentum for investment began in the 1980s following the success of such companies as Digital Equipment Corporation, Genentech, Apple Inc., Intel. Although at the beginning of the 1980s the Valley had only a dozen active venture capital companies, by the end of the decade there were already 650 such companies.
Note the Sand Hill Road. Addresses for hundreds of venture companies. At the dot-com office, the most important offices of the world knew themselves here. Ale and at once rent an office, the roads are more expensive, lower in Manhattan and in London's West End
Chi bula such a unique valley? Call me. In the 1960s, electronics and other high technologies experienced the same (or more) world at the exit of the USA - near Boston (Massachusetts), and at the entrance - at Seattle (Washington), as well as at Texas. Why, let's say, filthy Boston? There are also two universities named after them: Harvard and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). There were Digital Equipment Corporation, Data General, who were insane leaders in the development of mini-computers right up to the 1990s, the great corporation Raytheon, which works on the defense industry, Analog Devices, a pioneer in microelectronics and signal processing devices.
The high-tech area near Boston is also known as Route 128 - on the name of the road, which passes along the campus of companies (128 is also a double step; do not forget that modern computers operate at a double system). Until the end of the 1990s, Boston, as a colossus of innovation, was quoted as a peer from Silicon Valley. However, in the 1990s, after the entry of Digital Equipment Corporations into another plan, and a sharp increase in the number of new startups near Boston, the Route 128 area quickly established its position. Possibly, the main reason for the fall was the corporate culture of Skhidny uzberezhzhya, those very stately promises and shameless fates of the growth of companies, which turned them into bureaucratic monsters, unable to adapt to the climate of the market, which is changing. Tue, and the weather is not good for Boston.
A sign on Route 128 as a symbol of the dawn of the computer industry in Boston
Let's explain why high-tech hasn't grown at the same rate as in the valley, in Pivdenny California? In the 1960s and 1970s, there was also a rіs of the military-industrial complex, but the sovereignty did not end. The University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) has robbed the world of the same number of qualified personnel, like a cousin from Berkeley. The California Institute of Technology (CalTech) is as prestigious as Stanford. The weather in Pivdenniy California is more beautiful, lower near Pivnichniy. Warmer, more sleepy days, that beach is better.
It is not so easy to explain the dominance of Silicon Valley in the sphere of high-tech. Buli change your mind and Los Angeles, and Boston become the team that the Valley has become. Ale stinks have played a competitive fight. Late afternoon, Tue, Pivdenna California (not only Los Angeles, but also Orange County and Sustained San Diego), Boston, Seattle, Texas (Dallas and Austin) and see the newfangled colossus of startups - Boulder (Colorado) - show commemorative growth in the activity of start-up business and venture capital, if you want Silicon Valley to catch up with the next decades, it’s unlikely to go: it’s a great wind.
Another reason for the successful marriage in Silicon Valley itself, the moment of involvement with it, is that the companies that worked in it were less involved with the great military corporations and large-scale military engagements. Received in the cities of Boston, Los Angeles and Seattle, the monsters of the military-industrial complex - corporations Raytheon, Hughes, McDonnell Douglas, Boeing and others - were installed for distribution. n_koli were not the main forerunners. It is more important for people from the new idea of the Russian project than for the private sector than for the university. It came to historical incidents. For example, about those that the first serial microprocessor was split not at Intel (i4004), but at Garrett AiResearch Corp on the US U.S. Air Force in 1968, the world was recognized for only 30 years by that. Secrecy is richly serious. Tsіkavo, that the serial production of the processor was inaugurated in Santa Clara by the company AMI on behalf of the young firm Intel, they did not know anything about the distribution of the Vіyskovs. The first commercial processor from Intel was modified for calculators. The whole peaceful expansion became a revolution, and the military establishment was abandoned to the fakhivtsy.
We share this story with an anecdote about the appearance of the world of Apple. Steve Wozniak created the first prototype of a personal computer at Hewlett-Packard's workplace. In addition, there are breech parts. HP wanted engineers to get into experimental development. From experiments and hobbies of spivrobitniks, cicadas were often popularized. Behind the law, Wozniak's guilt is more like a robot-seller. Stiv wiyshov with his development to the company's construction. Well, honestly, HP was busy building a mass computer. HP managers, however, did not realize that the computer was important to the most important people and acted on the development of the project. Zreshtoy, the stench allowed the author to take away his wine. Absolutely harmless.
The promise of high technologies is similar to crystal. On the back, the center of crystallization is established. To the center, the germ of the crystal, the Daedals begin to rise more molecules. Crystal growth. The degree of crystallization is deposited depending on the concentration of molecules and the minds of crystallization. The centers of crystallization in high-tech are universities - a start for young specialists, entrepreneurs and new ideas. For the growth of the crystal, you need to wash your mind for a few centers. Їx rich, ale є smut. Need information and proof of fahivtsi. It is necessary for a young entrepreneur to live in such a center, it is necessary for investors who are ready to invest pennies in young ideas. І all components of mutual relations. One is not practicable without the other. A startup cannot appear without a penny. Without a successful startup, there is no penny. All that was left was to mix with the necessary proportions. In Silicon Valley, the minds of crystallization were the best, lower in other places. This is the first university, having inspired a technopark and allowing specialists and students to work at a private company without a source of education and scientific activity. І tse concentration of talents, yakі pragnate to use your ideas for the final product. Vaughn was just a troch bigger than herself in the valley, and not yet here. As a result, the “silicone crystal” has grown faster than others.
Now, if someone ever thinks about the idea of creating a hell of a startup, then I'm going to visit venture capitalists on Sand Hill Road, and not P'yatu Avenue or Santa Monika Boulevard. If it comes to hiring people on the right, then it appears that Silicon Valley is ready to kick the hell out of a fox. More devils are ready to take a risk with a new start-up, that stench wants to become Google or Apple. Nowhere else in the world can one know such a sum of the spirit of innovation, acquisition and pool of talents in different specializations and different cultures, like in Silicon Valley. Vaughn choked on a palm tree, but she didn’t dare її vіddavati. Tshe th Babylon, de pratsyyut people from the usіh kraїn svіtu. It is similar to the great idealized NDI FAQ from the novels of the Strugatskys, de young scientists, the head creative force, recruited from folk fairy tales to the world. Here you are Sinbad the seafarer, programmer, and Alyosha Popovich, a specialist behind the bunks, and Batman, the head seller, and Koshchiy Bezsmertny, a venture capitalist, is looking after them all.
Re-reading the interview that help the pioneers of electronics, I got Federico Faggin to ask about those who are in Italy, who came to California with the exchange of dosvid with Fairchild, with their university, America, having abandoned the scientific practice in Italy.
Federico Fagin (levoruch)
Federico Fagin is a retailer of the first commercial microprocessor in the Intel 4004 suite. Vin was the head retailer of Intel 8008, 8080, and then the founder of the Zilog company and the retailer of another famous processor - Z80, which started the revolution in home computers. Federico and in our days continue to be a serial successor. I have dozens of companies in my portfolio, and I have taken a fate in my portfolio. Vіn, to the point, one of the wines of the touchpad (coordinate touch panel), which is practical for any modern laptop.
The axis of this word: “I came to California at the fierce fate of 1968. California, full of flourishing apartments and orchards, gave me and my squad a paradise. Because we left Milan. The weather in Milan at the same hour was unacceptably wet. And then it was spring! I immediately sighed. And my squad tezh suffocated in the weather, that beauty of the city. Obviously, at that hour the valley was covered with gardens, not the same at the same time. That was fantastic! The six first months we spent in the valley were, perhaps, the best hour of our lives. We have a small majestic vibe at the weekend, where you can enjoy the beauty of Californian nature: Yosemite Park, Carmel, a little place on a birch on the ocean - everything that is always good.
Yosemite National Park
Isn't the weather and nature important for pennies? “I was immediately chanted on pratsyuvati. I chose from two new projects... I started one project myself... I didn't know how to work it... I was taken over by a robot...»
The most advanced high-tech companies have chosen the world near San Francisco, near California, in a place called "Silicon Valley". Stanford University is located here, here, having started its long-standing pioneer in electronics Li, the richness of the world has grown to such an extent.
Nearly eight hundred thousand people work at the Valley at once. Vaughn has become literally a home for hundreds of key American corporations that specialize in the development of modern information and electronic technologies. The distribution company is investing in the average ten billion dollars. New ideas are constantly being blamed, new projects are being launched (called start-ups), they are merging into them. So since Google and Apple were started, they literally constructed their first projects at garages.
The name "Silicon (or Krem'yana) Valley" appeared to be the dawn of a revitalized here for the production of electronic technology and navprovidnikov. First, this term was chosen by journalist D. Hofler in 1971 roci. Technopark praised the idea, after which the word became the official name.
In Russia, the term “Silicon Valley” is often used, the shards in the correct translation “silicon” mean “silicon”. The word "silicon" is similar to "silicone", for some reason and began to wink for recognition of the Technopark. Regardless of the formal correctness of the first option, the remaining term should be expanded further.
Silicon Valley has no administrative cordons (not marked on the maps). There are no obvious landmarks that signify this territory. Tse mayzhe the entire economic zone from San Francisco to San Jose. The center of the Valley is a building for renting its own great territory.
The meta of the building in the Dovgostrokovu lease, as if Leland Stanford had exchanged it at his commandment, was considered to be the center of high technologies, to which included enterprises, close to the university. So, in 1946, the Stanford Doslednitsky Institute was founded, which is necessary for the promotion of the economy of the region.
In 1951, an office park was founded, which took away the name "Stanford Industrial Park". The first object, directing on technology. The first IT company to be accepted by Silicon Valley was H'yulet Packard. For the training of talented young scientists, different programs of financial support began to be carried out.
Today, Silicon Valley is the largest high-tech center in the United States, and, for good reason, the whole world. The offices of the largest and most powerful companies that produce electronics and software security can be found here. The robots have close to three hundred thousand specialists.
Silicon Valley USA is not the only project of its kind. The wording of today is wild, denoting the zone of high technologies. In other lands of the world, zocrema, in Russia, the works are being carried out to create an analogue of the Valley (Skolkovo).
Yakby the state of California, having become a great power, then, without a doubt, becoming one of the most prosperous in the world. Tse Batkivshchina computer revolution, a symbol of scientific and technological progress in the United States. In the rest of the decade, the world repeatedly turned over the world at the plan of technological developments. It is a unique number of creative minds on a small space of the earth to work Silicon Valley with a vision for inheritance in the richest corners of the world.
What is Silicon Valley?
Persh, the lower region, having omitted the name, the first lower region, becoming the center of high-tech companies and corporations, was the land of dominating gardens. Vaughn was called so - Valley of Delight Hearts or "Prunes' capital of the world." Geographically, the place is called the Santa Clara Valley. Here, the production of conductors and electronic equipment was laid down, and silicon itself (in the translation from English - silicon). The very name "Silicon Valley" was propagated by the Californian entrepreneur Ralph Verst, and his friend, Don Hoffler, in 1971 published a number of articles under the name "Silicon Valley USA", in which stories about the largest IT companies in California.
How everything started
Idea to create a zone of new technologies to lie Stanford University. There were no pennies for the development of the university in the war years. The land was less than the one that belonged to the university. I mortgaged the construction of the land from the dovgostrokov lease to companies, as they were engaged in innovative developments in the field of technology. And the university itself has become a doslidnitsky center here. More than that, such a decision has also spilled over to those who are talented university graduate students without any problems to work, and did not expect from California in the wake of pracevshtuvannya. "Vitok mіzkіv" buv pripineniya. So, for example, many graduates of Stanford University William Hewlett and David Packard lost their jobs in Silicon Valley, having fallen asleep the company, as if it had become a giant of the IT industry. Famous Hewlett-Packard was one of the first in Silicon Valley.
What is Silicon Valley
Investing great capital in new developments was a great risk. Ale vin is not the same as telling the truth. Usі vitrati paid off a thousand times! Beginning in 1951, near the former centers Silicon Valley new corporations were regularly introduced, as they were engaged in silicon microcircuits. The so-called “Treacherous Visimka” appeared, as if it had created a coup in this galaxy on the basis of the growing Silicon Valley. Already in the 70-0s of the past century, the companies and the backwaters of the navprovidnikovo industry dominated here. And since the 90s, new computer developments and software security have become a priority. Vidkrittya, yakі drank the world, roamed from the Silicon Valley right "land of miracles".
Who and what to enter at Silicon Valley
The territory, as they call it, is approved by 30 places in the state of California. Also, the warehouse includes 5 universities in the region and about seven thousand software and hardware companies. Among these are companies and corporations that are well known to everyone: Adobe Systems, Apple Inc., Google, Intel, Hewlett-Packard, Nintendo, Symantec, Yahoo and others. A lot of IT corporations, although they can’t directly link to Silicon Valley, but they have their own representatives there, for example, Microsoft, PayPal, Netscape.
Valley of Millionaires
Do you know which region of the USA has the largest number of millionaires? Zavdyaki computer rozrobkam and vineyards, here they earn unbelievable pennies. The axis of that Silicon Valley is called Valley of millionaires. The average salary of a simple programmer is about $108,000. Axis of good specialists and help to spend on a job in Silicon Valley.
Why are you successful?
Then why is the secret of unbelievable success? Why has it become so popular? Maybe pennies? Or maybe, little ones? Chantly, i those, th іnshe at the same time. Here, do not be afraid to risk and invest pennies in innovation. Here, do not be afraid of vigaduvati and entangle in life schos shalen. Here we all trust one to one, but a lot of supernicks spivpraceyut. No one here gives you respect, what color you have and your religion. Here the struggle of intellects began to trivaє. Here the skin can have the right to pardon and not be afraid to have mercy, which is the worst. Workaholics work here and have a good understanding of God. Here we believe in high technology and digital future. More than that, everything here is struggling for the sake of it.
Significant city of Silicon Valley
It dawned on me that the capital Silicon Valley name San Jose. You will be in any place, see the Moscow water park and Budinok Winchester. The museums of the place reveal a rich cultural heritage. So, for example, you can visit the National Museum near the Bella Vista Fortress. Here, there are no less than objects of art, but also a lot of historical documents, artifacts, how to tell about the history and culture of San Jose. Unparalleled is the Jade Museum, which exhibits a variety of decorations with jade and expensive metals, as well as the Museum of Gold with a collection of jewelry and expensive artifacts.
Zagal in the region to finish a lot of sacred reminders, which can satisfy the taste of mandriving: parks, gardens, arboretums, wineries and vineyards. Instruction from Silicon Valley to know two famous wine regions of the state - Sonoma ta Napa. Having curled up to the winery, you don’t even know how fragrant licorice wine turns, but you can taste yoga and buy a couple of little balls from gifts for loved ones. Zvichayno, varto will return to abo
Perebuvayuchi in Silicon Valley, You can dine absolutely free in the office of giant companies, hang out on the streets of the same Mark Zuckerberg, see the favorite cafes of investors and entrepreneurs Coupa Café in Palo Alto or the city, de love to get together with startups Cafés-Business Venetia, drop by. Take a look at the campus of Stanford University, the university door, where the names of famous graduates are written on the walls, so, perhaps, just take a picture on the aphids of the famous IT offices. Even though there is no ancient decay here, chimerical life and monuments, there are people here, moreover, no more so. And yet - try to know the robot. I don't go at all Silicon Valley!
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Silicon Valley in the USA is the home of the country and one of the oldest technopolies in the country. Vaughn is a symbol of that point of reference for the whole world. Silicon Valley occupies an area of about 15 miles and about 50 km of a day trip to the Santa Clara Valley. The route from San Francisco to Silicon Valley passes the famous Highway No. 1 that saves the Pacific Ocean to Santa Barbary. On the way up the legendary 17 Mile Drive you can see a wonderful view of the rocks above the ocean, redwoods and eucalyptus foxes and old Spanish buds.
On the other hand, this city was a typical rural subdar region, where fruits and vegetables were grown. Її smutty place, San Jose, was an economic center from the developed grub industry and machine-building. In the nineteenth century, the arrival of Leland Stanford, who, having fallen asleep at the university, the little town of Palo Alto became far beyond the borders of the state. Under the hour of another light war on the appointment of the military headquarters of the United States, the release of electronics for the defense industry was launched here. And in 1955, the fate was blessed with the production of conductors based on silicon (silicone).
The term itself was coined by Californian entrepreneur Ralph Waerstrom and popular journalist Don Hefler, who wrote a series of articles “Silicon Valley. USA” for the newspaper “Elektronik News”, 1971. On the back of the head, the name slandered the enterprises of the development of computer possession and software security, as well as services related to the Internet.
Silicon Valley is thriving in climate friendly minds. The rain falls less than the winter, and the temperature does not fall below 200C, and the wind does not rise above 300C.
On more than 700 square kilometers of Silicon Valley, at the given hour there are over six thousand associated companies, de pratsyuє over a million people. There are offices of such companies as Adobe Systems, Apple, eBay, Mozilla Foundation, Electronic Arts, Google, Intel, Microsoft, PayPal, Sun Microsystems, Symantec and Yahoo. Many of these companies are vouched for the visits of tourists and promoted by their services in the field.
Also here you can see the headquarters of the first manufacturer of sports electric cars Tesla Motors or the largest retailer of mineral and organic products Whole Foods Market. Tourists do not need to leave without respect that vіdvіduvannya universitetskogo mіstechka that look to the very first mortgage in Berkeley.
Silicon Valley - the area of craftsmanship without smoke pipes and noise. Її the landscape includes more boudinkas, which stomp along the beautiful greenery. The region is densely populated, so as not to become unruly to the local population. Tourists, as they see Silicon Valley in the past, represent the best bagmen, as a rule, in full working uniforms - in suits, white shirts, kravats, with a briefcase in their hands and polished boots. I immediately take away the shock. The presidents of firms here do not hesitate to wear jeans, sneakers and tee shirts. Only a few stinks stink at the staff, who often come to work in shorts and sandals.
Silicon Valley is not only a science and technology center. There are a lot of attractions, numerical recreation areas, gardens, museums, rose parks, stadiums and shopping centers. So at the same time with intellectual excursions, here you can not rotten and grow up.
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In the state of California, in the beer garden of Santa Clara County, the stake of the information revolution (information and technology pole of the Earth) was stashed. Siliconova (Silicon) valley- the world's first science and technology zone, the largest high-tech technopolis on the planet. The technopolis of creations near 50 rocks on the main road from San Francisco and stretching for 40 km from Palo Alto to San Jose (about 1 million inhabitants) is the administrative center of the district and the "capital" of the Valley. The name resembles silicon, which formed the basis of the mass production of heaters. The English name of the Valley "silicon valley" is not known to be an exact translation of the Latin name of silicon (Silicium).
Fragment of the territory of Silicon Valley
Sign from the Internet
The year 1909 is familiar, if the rector of Stanford University has invested 500 dollars worth of capital in order to build the first pilots on the basis of a vacuum triode. Rozroblenі on ts_y osnovі zvukovі pіdsilyuvachі vykoristаl for obladnannya intercontinental zv'yazku.
In 1931, the Russian vintner Volodymyr Zvorikin, who worked in America, opened the first electronic tube, which transmitted the image. Then, in the mid-1930s, Stanford graduates of the electronic fluorescent lamp began the era of television.
In 1937 Stanford's graduate student created a sinusoidal generator. At the famous garage in Palo Alto, a partnership with a colleague was led to the creation of Hewlett-Packard (in the name of the founders) with a cob starting capital of 538 dollars. Today in the famous company that has become, pratsyuє 350 yew. man, and capitalization exceeds $130 billion. HP has become one of the world's leading companies in the field of computer technology.
At the Stanford laboratories, an electric vacuum attachment was created, which allows the radar installations to reach beyond the horizon. As a result, under the hour of Another light war, British radars overran German bombers on the foothills of Foggy Albion.
The fate of the people of Silicon Valley (The Stanford Industrial Park) became 1951, if the idea of the dean of the Faculty of Engineering, professor of electrical engineering, Stanford, about leasing a plot of land to companies specializing in the development of high-tech galleries, was realized. At the same time, the students' robot was looking for registration at the technopark of the company or for the government business. For as long as the Valley was famous for producing plums, apricots and cherries, then a fruitful man-made tree appeared in the university technopark, grown on the ground of university science and venture (risik) capital. The first source of knowledge was the development of the electronic (conductor) industry based on the operation of the transistor.
If the first machine was created in the USA, it was not only majestic, but also a large number of undesirable vacuum tubes. І їhnya alternative so itself was created in Silicon Valley, de bouve founding a crystal triode - a conductive transistor. The epoch of microelectronics began, vicorist extensions of the natural element - silicon. Tsya technological revolution has brought to the mass production of cheap microcircuits.
In 1971, the integrated electronics company Intel was created, which introduced the first microprocessor of 490 dollars to the market in 1971. Over the coming ten years, the price fell to 8 dollars.
Massive development of chips of electronic conductor integrated circuits has created a change of mind of the Cherg technological revolution - the creation of a computer on a chip. Silicon Valley has turned into a Computer Empire. Microprocessors zgіdno іz Moore's law kozhnі two rok zbіlshuvali іlkіst digital logical operations in a second to milionіv і milіardіv. And if the inter-growth is not far off, new nanotechnologies are going to change.
At 50 years in the Valley, the General Electric company, the Lockheed Corporation and the recent creations of the IBM Center (1952), NASA (1958), and in the distant Xerox (1970) ruled. The IBM and Xerox companies - with headquarters in New York and Connecticut - have settled in the Valley of the Presidnitsky and the provadzhuvalny center. Representation in the Valley May Corporation Microsoft, the headquarters of which has been restocked at the seat of Seattle.
The giant of the American military-industrial complex, the Lockheed corporation, has been here for 50 years of business, de Bulo was broken up new, based on microelectronics zbroyu - space rockets. The availability of qualified personnel, the significant potential of the defense industry, the unique weather conditions for testing aviation and space technology, and the strategically important geopolitical camp of California have brought development here to the center of scientific research of the military-industrial complex. Nadalі the line between the military and civil sectors of the economy is now being erased. In the mid-80s, Silicon Valley firms produced approximately one third of the light production of microprocessors (or, English, chips), based on silicon crystals. Microsystems for computers are made of flint (latin - silicone). The name of the technopolis that has become a model for other similar centers for the production of computers - Silicon Beach (Santa Barbara), Silicon Forest (Portland) and іn.
In Silicon Valley, there are American, Western European, Japanese, Pivdenno-Korean and other firms. The reduction in taxes on export and re-export components has attracted international cooperation. Significant part of the assembly and other jobs in microelectronics is located in new industrial countries under the conditions of foreign investment and a remarkably low wage. The share of unlimited re-import of liquor carriers from Malaysia, Singapore, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Philippines, Mexico and other countries reached 80% until 1985.
The basis for the development of the technopolis is the rich financial support for the financing of scientifically advanced and design programs on the side of the state and private capital, that tax policy for the development of microelectronics. On all levels of taxation of taxes (federal, state, county and district), electronic promiscuity may be important. Donations are shortened by 20-25%, as capital is invested in science and design projects. The State shall ensure the training of personnel for electronic engineers, the development of the infrastructure of the territory, which is being hired.
The management of the technopolis is being founded in 1978. a group of "suppliers (manufacturers) of Santa Clara", which includes the largest firms. For the development of the region, the control of the policy in the field of living life, employment and taxes, the minds of the lease of land and transport communications, enlightenment, protection of health and the development of the natural environment.
Today's Silicon Valley loomed between its cob cordons. The Valley has 30 cities and 5 universities, among them Stanford has a star of the first magnitude. Silicon Valley has become a colossus of high technologies. At the Valley, which occupies an area of close to 4 yew. sq. km, living 2.5 million people, among which 1/3 was born in the United States, 45% can see the light. In computer industry, where 70% of the employed become people, in the average leather worker bring the company up to $ 200 thousand. gross income. There are no preferences for the industry of Silicon Valley in the presence of large foreign technopolises. A unique combination of programmers and engineers from informed managers and venture capital and “thinking for the minds” gives a high effect. Capitalization of the largest companies in the Valley will exceed $100 billion.
"Geopolitics of Superpowers"
