One of the most beautiful and ostentatious rice of the Russian traditional pobutu has long been respected for drinking tea at a samovar. The samovar was a great belonging to the home state, and to its own isolation prosperity, family calm, well-being. Yogo was included in the girl's habit, handed down at the falls, bestowed. Relatively cleansing, I flaunted myself on the most visible and most beautiful place in the room.
Twilight. On the table, blischachi, An evening samovar hissed, A Chinese teapot was heating up, A light steam swirled under it. Poured by Olga's hand. In cups with a dark strumen Already winter tea is big ... "Eugene Onegin", Pushkin.
Samovar - Russian tea machine - that's how they called it in Europe. The word "samovar" passed from us to all of us. The similarity of this word is now not understood by everyone, the shards of "cook yourself" in the future, the word "water" is wrong. But more than a hundred years ago, the word "cook" got used not only zhodo zhі (cook soup, riba), but before water, like the word "boil". Moreover, they did not only boil water in samovars, but boiled meat and meat. So you can use the samovar as the great-grandfather of the latest multi-cookers :)
There is a legend that Peter I brought a samovar to Russia from Holland, but in truth the samovars appeared after the death of Tsar Peter. The samovar began to work in the Urals at the back of Russia. 275 years ago, the first samovar appeared at the Irginsky plant in the Urals. The history of his creation to finish the cicava and povchalna. Garniy butt of anti-crisis management in the period of "strengthening the role of the state in the economy of the country".
And in China, the signs of bringing tea to Russia, disputed accessories, in which case the pipe was blown. But there is no better samovar anywhere else, if only in other lands you can make tea with a sprinkle of water, something like cava.
Chinese ho-go, "cousin" to the samovar
With my appearance, the samovar goiter is for tea. Tea was brought to Russia in the 17th century from Asia and stagnated like the faces of the middle nobility.
Tea was imported to Moscow, and later to Odessa, Poltava, Kharkiv, Rostov and Astrakhan. The tea trade was one of the great and most important commercial enterprises. In the 19th century, tea became the Russian national drink.
Tea was a competitor of beaten, loved by the drink of Old Russia. This hot drink was prepared with honey and medicinal herbs in a whip. The sbitennik called the teapot, in the middle of which there was a pipe for laying the vugill. The chewing trade of beaten went on at the fairs.
In the XVIII century in the Urals and Tula, samovar-kitchen appeared, as if they were a brother, divided into three parts: a hedgehog was cooked for two, and tea for a third.
Sbitennik and the samovar-kitchen appeared as the front of the samovar. Zovni zbitnik guessed a teapot with a large curved spout, and in the middle in the new soldering glechik, where they put a vugillya (before such an attachment of glechika is used in samovar), and at the bottom of the zbitnik - it blew. Such fighters fought near Tula. The stench served to prepare a hot fragrant folk drink (beaten) of water, honey, spices and herbs.
Samovar-kitchen, first half of the 18th century. Sbitennik and the samovar-kitchen appeared as the front of the samovar.
URAL SAMOVAR. WHAT IS NOT VIN BUV FIRST IN RUSSIA?
N. KOREPANOV, scientific researcher of the Institute of History and Archeology of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences (Yekaterinburg)
In 1996, Tula marked two hundred and fifty years of a country samovar. As a matter of honor to the greater number of illustrious people, two and a half centuries ago, mister zbroyariv began to craft a unique virob. For the last date - 1746 - a riddle about a samovar was taken, which was found in the description of the lane of the Onezsky monastery. Prote, not everything here is unambiguously the same flawlessly. Three Ural backwaters are called the Crimea of Tuli, the fatherland of the samovar - Suksunsky, which lay Demidov, Troitsky, as a kind of Volodya Turchaninov, that Irginsky, who became rulers of deyak Osokin. Telling about the history of technology and its reach, we often talk about "shulgi" - the Russian mindless minds. Although there is nothing nameless in history, but only forgotten names. Let's try it out, who is the "author" of the first samovar?
Let's go back to the historical documents that are saved from the Sovereign Archives of the Sverdlovsk Region. One of them is more than cicavi and should serve a mith. There is no one to know about those who, on the 7th of February 1740, were delivered to Yekaterinburz’s mitnitsa from the river Chusovoy, from the Kur’їnskoy pier Akіnfіy Demidov, deyakі bruchenі comrades, and to themselves: six tubs of honey, six balls of hot and medium samovar. The merchants of the Irginsky plant appeared to be the victims of this right. The servants of the mitnica transported honey and peas, described the virib: "The samovar is medny, tinned, with a 16-pound vag, factory-made work with the hands." Like a bachimo, the mitniki did not show a miracle. It should be noted that the word "samovar" in the documents of the garnichizavodsk Urals was not used earlier. To explain this, the merchants and the stars were carrying a samovar, to avenge them, for the tribute of mittens, 16 pounds in midi with tin.
For a month, the plant on the river Irgіnі, the tributary of Silvi, near the ore mountain Chervoniy Yar, fought in 1727 two companies: three Moscow merchants from Kaluga against townspeople from Balakhni - Peter and Gavril Osokin, cousins. Treasury pіdtrimala Osokinih... I saw the first mid Irgіnsky plant near the baby in 1728. Mіd hoch and bula with a great vіstom zalіza, but it was still suitable for coinage.
Zvіdki Osokini recruited people to their factory, they didn’t know anything, they just took skargs from the Kungur Voivode in Yekaterinburz: And they came, coming from these factories, to repair the Kungur povita to the villagers of battle ... But it’s impossible to slander them, for you can walk with wealthy people, and, making a fuss, tick on the backwaters. The factory clerks also squirmed, but one on one. Neskіchenni began to call for the mines of that fox: Irgіna and susіdnіy Suksun turned into supernikіv.
Suksunsky plant Akinfiya Demidova On Іrgіnі, the new breeders did not take maisters. The midi swimmers in the Saxon ovens with the water-drying farm of the mother started two masters from Yekaterinburg. The copper-boiler Master Stepan Loginov was sent by Kazan, the copper-maker Oleksiy Strezhnina - Perm. At that hour, the wares of the mint were handed over for the supply of money for mint karbuvannya. Vlasne kazhuchi, factory-made copper dishes were born here from penny blanks. If in Yekaterinburz they pinned karbuvati square pennies - so the ranks of boards (skіlki koshtuє for a vaga - such a denomination), and the karbuvannya of new coins has not yet been transferred, General Gennin, the head commander of the mining factory in the Urals, decided to blow the factory windshield. This is how the Yekaterinburg copperware factory appeared, and after it, it was the same - and in other places.
Ale, let's turn to the inscriptions of fakhivtsiv. Boiler maker Loginov, having prepared two mines for the Irginsky plant, Strezhnin, a cooker, having scored nine uchniv і, having checked the river, arbitrarily went home: do not hesitate to succumb to the need for streaming virobnitstv. For the new, which virіs іz self-taught leaf-breaker, leather virіb maw buti is unique, inimitable. And then mass production was being sharpened. І nine yogo uchnіv-pіdlіtkіv were appointed to be trained by Loginov young Semyon Zilevim and Ivan Smirnov. Tsі eleven people і laid down the staff of the boiler factory.
I axis sho tsikavo. Krim Zileva, reshta dozens of people spoke "in Nizhny Novgorod" - they were fellow countrymen from the Nizhny Novgorod province. Meister Smirnov is a schismatic from the village of Malinivka, Nizhny Novgorod archbishop's village, seven out of nine scholars were born in the schismatic families of the villages of Koposov and Kozin (the patrimony of the Trinity-Sergiev monastery). The fathers of them went to the Urals in 1728-1730 at once from thousands of other schismatics. And having paved the way for him to the Irginsky plant, yogo clerk, a villager-vt_kach from the same Koposov Rodion Fedorovich Nabatov. Vіn i prihovuvav, skіlki moment, those who in the mid-1730s, with the cob of factory censuses, gave the gіrnichizavodsk government a goof. That's how it turned out that the Irginsky plant is succesfully built up from rozkolniks, from the Nizhny Novgorod province! Quiet themselves from the Kerzhensky volost, nicknamed "Kerzhants" in the XVIII century, and "Kerzhaks" in the XIX century.
Tim an hour until 1734 on Irgіnі already all the utensils were produced (miners, cauldrons and pots) and turnings (kitchen, kungani, balії, quarters and teapots), robbed and distilleries fittings (kazani with pipes). The crockery was consumed at the house of the Osokinikh house, and at Balakhna, at the Irbitsky and Makar'evsky fairs, for sales at Kunguri, at the state-owned Yagoshikha plant (de ninishnya Perm), at Yaik. Selling dishes and at the factory. For chotiri, the roki beat this product with a big vag 536 poods, and tretina yogo - 180 poods - rose to the factory itself. Dishes were used for free sales, and for chronic penniless - for payment to practitioners.
On the 25th of spring, 1734, the fate of Osokin was divided: Pyotr Ignatiyovich got the Irginsky plant, Gavrila Poluektovich - the discovery of the Yugovsky plant. And a month later winds of change blew in: Zhovtnі in Yekaterinburz changed The head commander of the Ural factory. Deputy of the Dutchman Villim Ivanovich Gennin priyshov Vasil Mikitovich Tatishchev.
Nezabar private factories scattered treasury chief masters, stood on par with clerks and began to explain how it was necessary to live and practice. On Іrіnі, the clerk Nabatov was read out a mandate: I will trade in crockery, and I will sell copper from zlivka to Yekaterinburg for a firm price. The clerk explained to the clerk that the discovery of the rudi "stuck, and the accumulated digging is less until the summer." If the treasury can’t do without a midi, then let’s put the rudi up to 25 thousand pounds. Indeed, in 1735, about 20,000 pounds of position ore were taken from the Yagoshikha plant in Irgina. In the same year, the Bashkirs rose up. And in the autumn, the persecution of the dissenters began, they got into trouble, while they lived under the ceremonies of the tolerant Dutchman Willim Gennin.
At the Veresni Vostan, having served the plant, Rodion Nabatov. With three Demidivsky clerks, he signed a letter of voucher "for all old-timers", asking for two or three priests, "for old-timers to save the faith." And honestly, ahead of it, that for the positional copper ore, the ruler Osokin did not get ripped apart, so that he would not let all the melting of the metal into the dishes, rather into the distillery.
The Bashkir rebellion of 1735-1740 gave rise to the famous "freemen" - volunteer corrals of factory residents and assigned villagers to calm the Bashkirs. So, on the 14th of February 1736, the masters of the Irginsky plant were organized to work, divided into groups and marched to Kungur - to sign up with the hundreds of battles for the "Bashkir war". First, they were recorded without any proper order, until the government set a boundary: five part of the practical work of the factory and the village. And only two backwaters - Irginsky and Yugovsky - knew the "freemen" of their own. Mayzhe all the practitioners and more than half of the assigned villagers were thoroughly indulged in their past lives.
The first, іrgіnska "freemen" turned to budinki vzhe to the lime tree, even though forty people were lost in the campaign. They were schismatics, yakі ryatuvalis, yak pomіl, in the face of a steep onslaught, in the form of peaceful and non-peaceful urge to go to the bosom of the official church. And here a new clerk, Ivan Ivanovich Shvetsov, did not take anything in a moment, because the record with the "freemen", in other words - in the flow, was allowed.
Then to whom, among the volunteers of those far away, forgotten wars with the Bashkirs, who knew in their own country in Irgina different middle of the day, the thought of a portable kitchen appeared? About the pokhidny boiler, which would soon be played without rudeness, that bagattya, easily hovavsya in a travel bear and instantly create a homely calm in the heavy minds? Zreshtoyu, leather wines є in the world, if in the new є need.
And the factory life was troubling for an hour. Pozikov ore was smelted ogidically. For 20 thousand poods they took away only 180 poods of pure midi. It’s not yet bankrupt, but ... Bailiff Shvetsov slammed the Yekaterinburg bosses with scum: “I ask that my masters be punished from the position of state-owned rudi melted copper near the dishes and sell them to free minds.” At the fate of 1738 Yekaterinburg praised the decision. At Versnі about the new it became known to Irgin: to work dishes and sell them wherever you want. Ale - rise!
І axis, having taken away freedom, the breeder Petro Osokin and the clerk Ivan Shvetsov were little swayed. You don’t tempt anyone with the traditional, splendid middleware, it’s rich with it. And the axis of what can be true, then the distillery owns. Rodion Nabatov is ahead of the curve: Mr. Osokin will pay for the borgo, having let it go on sale at the Kungur glass door, at the private and state-owned distilleries there will need expensive accessories - cube, Kazan and blow. Trumpet that Kazan. Blow and ... Is that a samovar?
Later, at the spring of 1738 on Irgina, there were 180 poods of midi, which I threatened with churns, and a special one allowed the restoration of dishes in the nearest future. A pound of pure midi at a fixed price for a treasure chest of 6 kopecks, but it was allowed to prepare "for the ruling court" "for the ruling of the courts" and sell it more dearly, to turn the borg penny.
The first axis is now anew about the second anniversary of the fate of the Catherine Burgers in the 16-pound variety. It was estimated by the merchants at the addition of 4 rubles 80 kopecks. At that hour, for a cow, fallow in the season that century, they paid two and a half to two rubles. Ten rubles were made for the middle hand of a budinok, twenty - a decent budinok.
In the spring of 1738, the fate of Irgina was respected by these boilermen, who were left behind, quiet themselves, who started mastering with Oleksiy Strezhnin and Stepan Loginov. Their names were: Ivan Smirnov, Petro Chesnokov, Sergiy Drobinin, Fedos Zakoryukin, Larion Kuznetsov, Matviy Alexiev, Mikita Fedorov. Now, from recent documents of the 18th century, from which the evidence began, we can see that the hands of these irginsky miltsy spratsyuvali between the spring of 1738 and the fierce 1740 rock "svіy virib", like the stench they called it.
It’s important that the samovar vines are widened in Russia for tea. Ale, the schismatics did not drink tea, they planted zbiten - drink on a honey basis. (Not badly in the fierce fate of 1740 to Yekaterinburg at once from the samovar delivered bowls of honey.) And if you were a sign, let me tell you, like a richly sleepy man at the samovar with a beater.
The samovar is pear-shaped. 1940s rocky.
Samovar with a vase. Renaissance. Nickel-plated brass. The beginning of the XX century.
Samovar Florentine vase. Mid. Karbuvannya. 1870 rec.
Samovar Egyptian vase. Nickel-plated brass. 1910s.
True, like the nineteenth century, a gas samovar appeared, and the factory of the Chernikov brothers created a production of samovars with a side pipe, which helped the wind blowing and slowed down the process of boiling.
On the eve of the Soviet war of 1812, the largest enterprise for the production of samovars was the plant of Peter Silin, which was located in the Moscow province. There were about 3,000 wines on the river, and until the 1820s, the city of Tula began to play an increasingly important role in samovar production, as they called the samovar capital. rіk ta impersonal іnshih mіdnih vrobіv.
For the beginning of the 19th century, such styles are characteristic: egg-shaped with loop-like handles, "empire", "crater", which guesses an ancient Greek vessel, a vase with curved ovals looks especially urochist through the legs at the look of left paws. Everything was ordered at the same time to the pan-style style, characteristic of the decorative and uzhitkovo art at the beginning of the 19th century. The cream of the most beautiful samovars was prepared by road workers. Znіmnі nіzhki zmіtsnyuvalis spetsіalnі grooves. Shape - rectangle, cube, bagatohedron. Such samovars are good for transportation, for hiking, for picnics.
XIX century - the "golden century" of the samovar workshop in Russia. The leather factory used to make its own samovar, unlike other samovars. There is such a variety of samovar forms: end, smooth, faceted, kulyast, in the neo-Greek style, which inspired the ancient forms of amphoras. Vkrai raznomanіtnі buli rosemіri and єmnostі samovarіv: in flasks up to twenty liters. For example, the 19th-early 20th century samovars were mali nayriznomanіtnіshi povyakdenny names that indicate the shape of the viroba: "jar", "cup", "vase", "shlunok", "muzzle", "rіpka", "Great egg", "half" i" "and so on.
The samovar is egg-shaped. Brass. Ear of the XIX century.
Road samovar. Mid. The beginning of the 19th century.
Empire samovar. Brass. The beginning of the 19th century.
Buffet samovar. Nickel-plated brass. 1923
Samovar Tula - Misto-Hero. Nickel-plated brass. 1978
Samovar Teremok Brass. The beginning of the XX century.
At the same time there were whispers of the universal vikoristanny of samovars: samovars-kavniks, samovars-kitchens, home samovars, road cars were created.
However, most of them did not become wider, and in the 20th century, they began to vicorate only samovars for boiling and serving to the tea table. Three typical forms of samovars appeared in the life: cylindrical, conical (like a vase) and spherical splash (like a ripka). At the same time, the designs of faucets, handles, legs, burners became different. At this hour, a samovar is often accompanied by a bouillotte (from the French bonillir - boil) - a small vessel on a stand with a spirit lamp. Bulіyka sounded put on the table, filled with hot water. For additional alcohol, the water was heated in the camp of boiling, until the samovar, poured with cold water, boiled again. The greatest development of samovar production in Russia reached in 1912-1913, if only 660 thousand pieces were produced in Tula. The first world war has started the release of samovars, which was only after the end of the civil war.
It was not easy to destroy the craft of a samovar.
The axis of which is determined by the old-timer-samovar of the village of Maslovo N. G. Abrosimov: "We will learn from 11 years. at twelve priyomіv Brass from one side was cut with teeth and then with hammer blows they creaked along the happy seam, after that they carried it to the forge, then the maister (navigator) repeating the operation of laying the seam behind the additional hammer and drank and close it in the maistra to the kuz. maister and back, the lads-uchnі and step by step were surprised, like a pratsyuє maister.
A lot of sweat has been shed and sleepless nights have been spent, the wall has been shattered for the manufacturer's work. And you will bring a factory owner to Tula, to make some clothes. The work is richly stained, but there is nothing to take away. The work of an important man, but I pokohav її, it was good, if you make a marvelous wall from a sheet of brass.
Folding and versatile process of preparing the "Tula diva", which became 12 priyomіv. At the virobnitstvі іsnuvav suvoriy rozpodіl pratsі. Mayzhe buv vipadkiv, if the master has prepared the whole samovar. The samovar’s workshop had a lot of main specialties:
Navіdnik - bending the mid-leaf, soldering yoga and viroblyav vіdpovidnu form. For tyzhden vіn mіg prepare 6-8 pieces of blanks (marveling at the shape) and taking from the average 60 kopіyok per piece.
Tinker - tinned the inside of the samovar with tin. Having robbed 60-100 pieces per day and took 3 kopecks per piece.
Turner - sharpening at the turntable and polishing the samovar (with the help of a worker, a kind of twisting turnstat (spinner) having taken 3 rubles for a day). Tokar can get 8-12 pieces per day and charge 18-25 kopecks per piece.
Slyusar - breaking the handles, drainingly (handles - up to 3-6 samovars per day) and 20 kopecks per leather pair.
The warehouse worker - from the last few parts, picking up the samovar, soldering the taps thinly. On this day, I made up to two dozen samovars and earned 23-25 kopecks from one.
Cleaner - cleaning the samovar (up to 10 pieces per day), taking 7-10 kopecks per piece.
A wood turner - making wooden cones to the tops and handles (for a day - up to 400-600 pieces) and paying 10 kopecks per hundred.
A trivaly process of preparing a samovar, the first time to appear at such a sight, in which mi yogo called bachiti.
The factories were stockpiling and refurbishing. Preparing details - by booths. It seems that the whole village was preparing one detail. The delivery of finished products was scheduled once a week, sometimes two days. They brought ready-made products for delivery on horseback, well packed.
The samovars have grown to a leather booth, have become a characteristic rice of the Russian pobut. Boris Sadovskoy sings in front of the collection "Samovar" writing: "The samovar in our life is unfamiliar to ourselves, it occupies a great space. the spring wind, the mother's hymns, the merry calling whistle of the strong whirlwind.
On the eve of the Soviet war of 1812, the largest enterprise for the production of samovars was the factory of Peter Silin, which was located in the Moscow province. There were about 3,000 wines on the river, and until the 1820s, Tula became a greater role for samovar production.
The samovar is a part of the life and share of our people, depicted in yogo adjectives and orders, in the creations of the classics of our literature - Pushkin and Gogol, Blok and Gorky.
Samovar - tse poetry. All good Russian hospitality. There are many friends and relatives, warm and calm at heart.
Wrap the verandah with hops, summer night, with sounds and smells, in the presence of such hearts in the world, near the light in the lamp with a mother's quiet lampshade, and, sig-
The Tula samovar... Our language has long become stable. Stupid, on the yogo thought, A.P. Chekhov's vchinok is equal to the trip "to Tula with a damp samovar."
Even at that hour, there were sayings about the samovar ("To boil the samovar - do not order to go", "De tea, there is a paradise"), songs, verses.
The newspaper "Tulsk provincial vіdomosti" for 1872 rіk (No. 70) wrote about the samovar as follows: "The samovar is a friend of the family fire, the faces of the overwhelmed traveller..."
The history of the Russian samovar is not long enough - close to two out of half a century. But today the samovar is an invisible part of the Russian tea bath. You can buy Russian samovars at the antique market. The price of such samovars is to lie down, obviously, depending on the popularity of the company or maistra, on saving the mind, on the material being used. Prices for collection samovars start at $500. Najdorozhchi samovars - samovars made by C. Faberge, prices for yaks can reach up to 25,000 dollars.
A samovar can create a completely warm and calm atmosphere in a booth, add a unique color to family and friendly gatherings, tell fortunes about long forgotten, and also take Russian traditions.
One of the most beautiful and ostentatious rice of the Russian traditional pobutu has long been respected for drinking tea at a samovar.
The samovar was a great belonging to the home state, and to its own isolation prosperity, family calm, well-being.
Yogo was included in the girl's habit, handed down at the falls, bestowed. Relatively cleansing, I flaunted myself on the most visible and most beautiful place in the room.
Who cares that the samovar is a truly Russian wine. However, outbuildings, similar to a samovar, were built in ancient times, in ancient times. For example, the ancient Romans, when they wanted to drink okrip, took a vessel, filled it with water and threw a larger yakomoga stone there, after which the water boiled.
Stozharov V.F. "At the samovar" Years and years in Europe, similar outbuildings began to appear, prote with a more advanced design. And in China, to wind up an attachment, that having guessed the samovar, that it blew the pipe.
Russian tea machine
The Russian tea machine, as it was called in Europe, was the first winery of Russia during the reign of Peter I. That same tsar often visited Holland, bringing stars with impersonal ideas and other objects, among them, and a samovar. Naming the wine, obviously, in a different way, with a Dutch flavor, until now it has not been called a deyshla and an accessory like a samovar.
With my appearance, the samovar goiter is for tea. Tea was brought to Russia in the 17th century from Asia and stagnated like the faces of the middle nobility. Tea was imported to Moscow, and later to Odessa, Poltava, Kharkiv, Rostov and Astrakhan. The tea trade was one of the great and most important commercial enterprises.
Nagornov V.A. "Fairs" In the 19th century, tea became the Russian national drink.
Tea was a competitor of beaten, loved by the drink of Old Russia. This hot drink was prepared with honey and medicinal herbs in a whip. The sbitennik called the teapot, in the middle of which there was a pipe for laying the vugill. The chewing trade of beaten went on at the fairs.
In the XVIII century in the Urals and Tula, samovar-kitchen appeared, as if they were a brother, divided into three parts: a hedgehog was cooked for two, and tea for a third. Sbitennik and the samovar-kitchen appeared as the front of the samovar.
Zhdanov Volodymyr Yuriyovich, "Birch Sun" First samovar
When did the first samovar show up? Who is Yogo Vinayshov? Unseen. Vіdomo less, scho virushayuchy to the Urals in 1701 roci, Tula farrier-promislovets I. Demidov, having taken from himself the master’s robots, the master’s masters. It is possible that samovars were made in Tula.
During the hours of Peter the Great in the Urals, there was a new development of craftsmanship, there was a great number of copper smelters and metallurgical plants.
The axis at one of these factories began to produce hand-made pottery with midi for the population, but in the 30s of the 18th century, teapots with a handle began to be produced. Trohi of the backwaters began to vibrate Kazan and gural with pipes.
The first riddle about the samovar in historical documents dates back to 1746, but it is impossible to name the exact date and place when the first samovar appeared. However, it is obvious that before the end of the 18th century, the principles of work and the attachment to the samovar were already formed residually, moreover, the dots remain unchanged.
V. Nesterenko. "Lamb Zuckerki" The bells of the first samovars, nevertheless, were churned up a little by the modern ones. At that time, the stench was assigned mainly for the coronation in the minds of the dead, after which there were small differences and small sums.
The largest expansion of the samovars was 3-8 liters, although even more volumes were issued for a large number of people, 12-15 liters.
In connection with the fact that in most of the territory of Russia the climate is cold, people drank a cup of tea a day.
From the cold, with the warmth of the samovar it was possible to warm up the place well. All this led to the fact that the samovar, having become even more popular among the people, to inspire irrespective of its far from low rank.
Mіzh іnhim, yogo vartіst started in the fallow land in the yogo vag, to whom the samovar is important, the tim vin cost is more expensive.
Making a samovar
Making a samovar is a laborious process. Yogis have worked as workers of different specialties: navіdniki, yakі zginali mednі leaves that set the form, tinkers, turners, slusars, pickers and purifiers. Maistris made okreme parts from the villages, brought them to the factory, where they took ready-made pieces.
The cities of the village were engaged in the preparation of samovar parts of the tsiliy rіk for the wine of the litas, if the work was carried out in the fields.
Morev Andriy. "Still life with a samovar" 
N. Bogdanov-Belsky. "New masters (Chavannya)" The back of the samovar was made from red (pure) and green midi, cupronickel, and then they began to beat more cheap metal like brass. Samovars were made from expensive metals - gold and silver. The shape of the samovar was also more varied, and there were more than 150 species in Tula.
The reason for various factories to produce samovars was to have rich floorings, so in order to designate a samovar, they began to affix a brand on the tops of samovars, which is a leather factory. There was a sign of a trade mark, which could be used to recognize a virobnik.
Kuznetsov Valery 
Most expensive for today's day of recognition of the samovar, prepared on the cob of the last century at the Faberge masters. Silver and gilding were used for victorious victories. Also, unique techniques for karbuvannya, vibivannya, littya and prosіchennya were zastosovulysya.
The Tula samovar, containing 250 liters of water and weighing 100 kg, was made in 1922 by the head of the VTsVK Kalinin. Water boiled 40 hvilin and reached two days. At that time, this samovar was the largest in the world.
On this day, the record for the largest samovar in the world belongs to Ukrainians. The wine should be over 3 centners, the height is 1.8 m, and the volume is 360 liters! Samovar pratsyuє at budіvlі zaliznichny station of Kharkiv and can serve for a day up to 10 thousand osіb.
The smallest samovar in the world entered the 3.5-millimeter "microsamovar" of the slyusar of the Institute of Radio Engineering and Electronics of the Academy of Sciences of the Soviet Socialist Republic V. Vasyurenko. Vіn repayments for boiling 1 drop of water. The absolute record was set by "Russian Livsha", Mikola Aldunin, Master of Microminiature. Yogo samovar curls less than 1.2 mm! Made from gold and consists of 12 parts.
Our days
It's our time to pamper yourself with a cup of tea from the samovar. Stinks are sold in antique shops and special samovar shops. A samovar can create a completely warm and calm atmosphere in a booth, add a unique color to family and friendly gatherings, tell fortunes about long forgotten, and also take Russian traditions.
Today in the life of a modern person, a samovar is not an obligatory attribute, which can be on the table, if the whole family is gathered at once. Shvidshe, vіn є divinoy, yak dosit often nabuvayut like an element of the interior.
Text: Yana Malinka
1. If you decide to buy a samovar, do not allow yourself to be deceived - when buying a samovar, turn over the nose carefully so that water does not leak from it. For re-wiring, you can fill in water or submit it to the faucet. It's not guilty to pass.
2. Also, when buying a varto, pay attention to the handles prepared for any material, and the stench was made from a heat-resistant material.
3. Important is the material of any preparation of the samovar. The original brass will require cleaning, because it is dark. That's why nickel plating is important.
4. When buying an electric samovar, it is obov'yazkovo pereviryaetsya yogo heating part.
By the stretch of the second century, samovars were an invisible part of the Russian poo. The stench is an attachment for boiling water and making tea. On the back, the water in them was heated by an internal firebox, as if it were a high pipe, which reminded the villages of the Vugills. The troubles of the year turned out to be gas, electric and other types of samovars. Ninі stinks mayzhe everywhere vitіsnenі teapots.
Old-fashioned samovars: traces of history
Today's old-fashioned outbuildings with beautiful artistic decorations are popular among collectors and just right prices.
In Russia, the tradition of tea bathing, as it seems, came from the Gathering, where for the preparation of tea drinks, having created special utensils. And yet, the samovar, as a usable addition to us, was invented by the Russian masters themselves.
It is easy to name the exact date of the appearance of such varieties, but the 19th century is the peak of their popularity. At the same time, a large number of factories throughout the country were announced that produce such products. And among them, Maistri Tuli herself became especially famous. Such manufacturers, yak Lisitsyn, Kapyrzin, Lomov, Shemarin, Gornin, Vorontsov, Batashevi, Teile and so on, yak yak in Russia, and in Europe.
The first samovar builders near Tula were the Lisitsyn brothers, who, for example, in the 18th century, made a samovar mortgage. These virobi were famous for their vishukani forms. So well in the old Tulsk samovars of the Lomovykhs, they let out about 1000 samovars on the river.
As a rule, every family was engaged in the production of products, and their knowledge and tools were handed over from the fall. To that very fact, on one occasion, there could be a sprig of marks of the masters. Tula samovars were made not only without a trace in Tula itself, but also in its outskirts, but it did not matter to call all samovars from these places Tula.
For the preparation of the cob, copper was used (to be more precise, metal midi with zinc). Ale, the oskіlki were taken and polished to a gleam, the middle samovar was already out of tune. After a certain hour, the maistri began to victorize brass and cupronickel.
See designs
According to the heating method, the old samovars are divided into:
- Zharovі (vugіlnі, drov'yanі), from which the history of the samovar celebration began. For heating water, it is possible to vicorate practically whether it is wood, combustible materials (wood, wood, pine cones).
- electrical. Water is heated behind the help of the heating element. The main advantage is the presence of Dima and Kiptyavi.
- Combination, which allows you to combine two types of water heating - the type of electricity and the type of heat, the fire that burns.
At the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, new types of samovars began to be produced: gas, “Parichko” vario, and Chernkov’s middle fittings with a side pipe.
Likewise, old samovars are distinguished by their shape. The ones who find the best value are the banks, then for the growth of the price a cup, a sack and a vase, an egg.
Volume of samovars
Qi extensions are divided according to the volume.
The most popular old-fashioned samovars are vugs of 3 to 7 liters. If less than 3 liters, sound more expensive for your great counterparts, the stinks of the stink are folded at the ready and are sharper.
Electric samovars are available from 1.5 to 3 liters. Great roses traplyayutsya seldom.
Material for preparation
Samovars are made from different materials. The widest are brass slabs, as well as midi, cupronickel and tompak.
Mid-day samovars were respected by saints, that is why they are dear. At the same time, they are sold mainly in brass with medium coatings, but you can also find an old-fashioned, medium-sized samovar. For sale, brass extensions of a golden color are most often used (they look even more staggeringly, but require a careful look behind their surface) and brass with nickel-plated coatings (mayut a bright color, they look beautiful, but do not require a special look).
Widely wide and brass samovars with painting.
Hot samovars
In view of the antique value, the most privablіvіst is the samovar itself on the vugillia, which is mostly palevo – vugіllya. Shards in those hours of the fire were far from being for everyone, for the firebox, firewood was often-densely beaten, as if they were laying at the inner pipe.
Among antique dealers, the least demand is for old wood-burning samovars. Visually, in the presence of coal analogues, the stench is little disturbed. Ale, the right pozіnovuvachі old days їх razrіznyayut mittevo.
The greatest value can be found in the 17th century - the cob of the 19th century, the skin of which is unique and a work of art. The master's brand is considered the standard of the highest quality of an old-fashioned samovar.
Perevagi and short wood-burning samovars
This is the right old samovar, which means that you can reach the right Russian tradition of tea bathing, which has already been two hundred years old. Plus, the heat blasts - the heated water in them reaches more.
You can see the middle of the shortcomings:
1) Hot old samovars (prices are different on them) need to be heated, if the stench is filled with water. If you don’t follow this rule, the stench can be soldered. Therefore, if it is necessary to add water to the outbuilding, it is necessary to fill up the motherland, and then we will re-route it. It’s not easy to melt a samovar that’s been extinguished, the one who is better for everything does not have to refill, but to anger the water, clean up the old fire, pour the water and drink it again.
2) You can only heat the coal samovars at the open spaces, or you can insert the pipe at the special drawstring.
3) Hot samovars are expensive for similar electric ones.
Electric samovars
Tsі virobi came to replace the hot analogues already in the era of guilty socialism. For its design, the stench of the power is richly simpler and does not forget the traditional embroidery of forms and elements. For the very same reason, electric samovars may have the least collection value.
Advantages and shortcomings of electric samovars
Electric options are easier to draw, moreover, if you need to, drive (abi buv cover TEN). The stench can win over at closed places. Largest electric samovars and thermovimic.
The main disadvantage of an electric samovar is that it is not a samovar, but a smaller electric kettle of non-standard shape. Here you can’t smell the smell of cones or apple trees. After heating the wines more than the heat holone, the shards in the middle of the new one can not quite reach the vugill. You can’t squirm in nature, because there are no electricians there.
Combined old samovars
Shards of progress do not stand on the spot, the purchase of a combined samovar will be farther away, which will combine the advantages of heat and electric brothers. You can heat such an attachment with firewood, and if the water is cool, you can use electricity. Vikoristovuvat yoga can be like in nature, and in the occupied.
The only minus of combined samovars is their versatility, as well as for firewood, and for an electric version of a similar connection and form.
How many pieces of an old samovar?
An old-fashioned samovar without special problems can be put into the old samovar in their booth without any problems, which can even successfully secure all those who live in such virobs, which are inspired by the old-fashioned look, yakistyu, artistic impressions, hourly preparation, everything. Forgive the buyers, on the lookout for collectors, it’s hard to find it in all thin places, wanting to find collectors not to know how to evaluate that chi other variety. Adzhe, for example, only one Tulsk factory of V. S. Batashev prepared over 50 forms of rozmіrіv rіznih samovarіv, and if you turn out the other varieties, it is not so easy to determine the value of a popular product.
As we have already said, the variety of old samovars can be different, which can be deposited in rich factors. And we are here before the respectful same vіk virobu (chim vіn the eldest, tim tsіnіshiy). For example, attachments, which were issued for the royal hours, at a time, they are valued more expensively, lower radian counterparts.
Important value may also be the uniqueness of the samovar. Exclusive speeches, handmade robots were always valued highly, and even if the century is solid, then, without a doubt, antiques. What can be said about the form.
Another criterion that contributes to the price of a samovar is the popularity of the factory-maker, whether the stamp of the factory-maker or the brand of the manufacturer appears to the stamp. So, for example, an old-fashioned samovar with medals worth much more expensive. In addition, the safety of the artistic value of decorative elements is important.
Usy samovars can be mentally subdivided into 3 categories:
- Old-fashioned samovars (the prices for them are very expensive). The stench is prepared, as a rule, on the most artistic equal and vikonan from expensive material. On the antique market, such specimens are rarely used and the quality here is, as a rule, the seller. Buyers are left either to buy for a higher price, or to buy for a higher price. Vartіst such goods syagaє kіlkoh desyatkіv tysyach dolarіv.
- To tsієї categorії to lie in a variety, yakі mаyut garne khudozhnє opratsyuvannya, non-standard form, vkritі srіblom. There are more such samovars on the market, so the seller and the buyer can get by at the price. The range of prices is no more than 10 thousand. dollars
- This category includes products that are mass-produced, simple and simply functional. The price for such a product is propagated, as a rule, by the buyer. Cost of such samovars can be approximately 500 dollars.
Julia Korinkova
« History of the Russian samovar»
Tsіl: get children to Russian folk culture, expand the glowing skygazer,
know the tradition of drinking tea in Russia, history of the appearance of the samovar,
vikhovuvati patriotism, love to the Fatherland.
Today we are special, I will ask you, friends, but are you ready to go with me? At the miracle world, I call you.
Even more often behind the podia that the dead of days, we don’t remember our old days,
forget about her, and want more water for us on the month Russian sounds, Let's guess our old time.
I have on my table an arc of a cicava river. Guess what?
Outside the divak has golden sides,
naїvsya triska to vіdvalu,
let the strings go to Dima, bet.
Plyache glossy chobit,
from the neck bleed okrip.
That's right, ce samovar.
What is samovar? Are the stars of the wine appearing? Would you like to know about it?
Samovar- tse pristriy for preparing dill. Cooking yourself is the right word. By my appearance samovar goiter for tea. In Russia, tea was delivered from the 17th century, and they won yoga like licks for rich people (nobility). At the 19th century, tea has become Russian national drink.
Tea was a competitor of zbitnya, loved by the drink of Ancient Russia, yoga was prepared with honey and medicinal herbs in zbitnik. Sbitennik sounded the teapot, in the middle of which the chimney of laying the vugill was passing.
At the 18th capital in the Urals, that Tula appeared samovars - kitchens, yakі were a brother - divided into three parts - two of them cooked hedgehog, and the third - tea. Sbitennik i samovar- kitchen boules kinsmen samovar.
De and if the first ones appeared samovar? Who is Yogo Vinayshov, it is unknown. Apparently, that attacking the Urals in 1701, the Tula farrier, the craftsman Demidov I. having taken from me the master's robots, the middle masters' references. Possibly, already at the Tula metro station, they were preparing samovar.
Do you want to know the design of the samovar and quiet maistriv, who prepared yoga Listen to marvel. Kozhen samovarconsists of advancing parts: glechik, handle, grati, faucet, steamer, dipper, comforter, lid. All in the middle samovar Cabin: smoke pipe, exhaust valve, combustion chamber, grates, cleaning tray.
AT samovar right in Russia was the same as the main professions, samovar reference maistriv: 1-nav_dnik - bending the mid-leaf, soldering yoga and vibrating the form;
2- tinker - vilujuvav vnutrishny part samovar;
3- turner-turning on the verst and polishing samovar;
4 - slyusar - breaking the handles of the crane;
5- zbirac - zbirav samovar from the usual parts;
6-purifier - cleaning samovar;
7-turner on wood - making wooden cones to the tops and handles.
Samovar enter into the symbol Russian hotel, a symbol of goodness and a calm in the booth. Yakscho samovar"sleeping songs" if you boil - tse to good. A brewing kettle was placed on top, wine tezh "spіvav, feast, shipіv". Pouring tea, primovlyali - on zdorov'ya! Samovar hot trimali all day long, having tea for a long time and used to drink 20 cups of tea. The steel was breaking in the fresh malt and partaking. Chayuvannya s samovar became a national tradition in Russia.
Publications on the topic:
Interview with the senior group "The history of the Russian people will be taught""The history of the Russian people will be taught" styles: Gelashvili A.V.
Traditions of the Russian people as a Russian wedding with children of the preschool age Municipal Budgetary Pre-School Primary Mortgage Children's Garden "Damirak" Dopovіd on the topic: Traditions of the Russian people yak zasib.
Non-intermediate illumination activity "History of the Russian costume" Non-intermediate illumination of activity: knowledge, communication, socialization, reading of artistic literature. Topic: “History of Russian.
Synopsis of the integrated lesson "Introduction to the Russian people" Synopsis of uninterrupted enlightenment activities. Integration of the illuminating areas "Information development", "Movlennevy development".
Topic: “History of the Russian folk costume” “Dressing Vanya in a Russian costume” Pedagogical meta. Show the children the unexplained link between.
Kvіtchenko Ol'ga Mikhailivna, teacher Vikova group of children: the first young (age 2.5 to 3 years). Occupation type: integrated Purpose: continue.
Ranok is the most important part of the day, even the ear of the ear. І like mine early - so mine all day. Therefore, the correct early is the guarantee of a successful day. A lot of people start their day with cavi, the shards help to get out, and the invisible aroma raises moods. However, є і tі, hto volіє start your day with tea. І in tsimu tezh є schos! Tea, behind its brown power, is rich in what I turn over kava, like the aroma of antrohi does not compromise kava. It doesn’t matter to whom I drink a person is given a lie, we get used to it “automatically”. We boil the kettle, to brew tea or kava, and do not think about the process of living, I will drink, do not think about the history of winemaking, and also about those, as it was before. In these articles, we will talk about tea bathing, and I’ll talk about traditions and things myself, without which the tea ceremony could not do, as well as dosі є її symbols.
The skin country has its own, absolutely not similar to other, tea traditions and attributes that accompany it. But only Russian tea is associated with a samovar, which can be discussed below. Prote, it is impossible to tell about the most important attribute, without which the Russian tea bath cannot do without a word about tea. Aja same with the appearance of tea in Russia, a samovar appears.
If they began to drink tea in Russia
It is important to say, if in Russia they themselves began to drink tea. Prote, zgidno z istorichnym vіdomosti, the first acquaintance with tea in Russia was in 16-17 centuries, which is significantly earlier, lower in England and Holland. So, they already knew about the use of tea in 1618, if the Cossack Ivan Petelin with his corral fared far away to China, from some wine he brought a small box of teas especially for Mikhail Fedorovich Romanov. Ale, it’s a pity that this drink in those distant hours was not worthy of a king. Another acquaintance of Moscow with tea came in 1638. Then the Mongolian Altin-Khan, through the Russian ambassador Vasil Starkov, ventured to convey tea as a gift to the tsar. Alas, the attempt to bring the love of Russia to new drinks did not end in success, and Tsar Mikhailo Fedorovich gave precedence to traditional Russian drinks.
And only after thirty years I drank tea again to Russia. The reason for this was the ailment of the son of the king - Oleksiy Mikhailovich, who was given tea by the court healer like a lika. At the link with this drink, before which people called so today, in the distant 17th century, having become respected calmly by the medical care.
Prote, already like the 17th century, the setting before tea is radically changing, and the first traditions of tea ceremonies are born in Russia.
Varto signify that at this hour the king's families, boyars, nobles and rich merchants, shards of wine, even dear ones, could afford to treat themselves to tea. Let's forgive people for tea not for the gut. And it’s not surprising, even in that hour there was no overseas success or other options for transferring, and to deliver tea from China to Russia for a total of 16 months. For such a term, land caravans were driven between lands. We’ll drink expensive tea until the 19th century, the docks didn’t show up for that maritime success, as well as new postal workers. As a result, the price of this miraculous drink has significantly decreased, and tea has become available to all countries.
Tse tsikavo know.
- Deyakі istorichnі dzherel ascribe to the city the appearance of tea in Russia to Peter I. Prote tse verdzhennya pardon. PeterI lay down the supply of kawi, and inspire yogo merit in Russia, wine and the first samovar.
- Statistics proves that there was no increase in tea consumption in 1830 - 1840. there was a significant decrease in the popularity of mіtsnih alcoholic drinks.
- In St. Petersburg until the 19th century, you can only get tea in one shop! At that hour, as in Moscow, tea was sold for over a hundred.
If the first samovar appears
Let's drink traditional tea before the advent of tea in Russia buv zbiten. Water, honey, as well as medicinal and spicy herbs were used for yoga preparation. Preparing this traditional Russian drink at the dock, as if at a given hour it was customary to put a samovar in front. Vaughn was called - zbitennik. Like a samovar, in the lower part the beater was blowing, and the old yogo looked like a teapot. In the middle of such a "teapot" was a special vessel for the vugill. Just like your older brother (like a beaten man) a samovar and put the same vessel on the table.
When tea appeared in Russia, it was like the birth of new traditions, and economic and industrial development. This appearance has become the reason for the rapid development of international trade networks, the emergence of new factories and factories. So, the first factory for the production of samovars in Russia was founded in Tula by the slyusar Lisitsinim. Before the speech, zbitenniki, about which there was more, they were also let out in Tula. Until that moment, the production of samovars was artisanal.
The first samovars have been vibrated in the Urals since 1738, the same - in Suksun, Prote, and even a small number. The first ones were samovar-kitchen, which were assigned not only for making tea. Such samovars were divided into three parts, two of which were used for preparing hedgehogs, and the third was victorious for brewing tea.
Often vvazhayut, scho samovar є spokonvichno Russian winemaker. Ale tse duzhe hibne hardness. For example, є vіdomosti, deyaki pristroї, yakі can be called the prototypes of samovars, which were known to the ancient Romans. In order to boil water, the Romans vikoristalis a vessel with water and a stone. The stone threw itself into the vessel, as a result of which the water boiled at him. And the axis of China was attached, similar to a samovar, I blew in the new and blew.
From Russia, as it was said above, the first samovar was brought by Peter I from Holland.
In Europe at that time the samovar was called a "tea machine".
Tse tsikavo know.
Zagalna name "samovar" did not appear immediately. Attachments for boiling water in different regions were called differently. For example, in Kursk they called yogo "self-boiling", in Yaroslavl vіn mav they called it "samogar", and in V'yattsі they called it "self-heating".
With the constantly growing popularity of tea making in Russia, samovars became more and more in demand, and in a day's time, factories that are engaged in the preparation of samovars, there were more than 28. Up to 120 thousand samovars were let out on the river.
The preparation of samovars was done by a long and collapsible process, which vibrated in memory, in which the workers of the most advanced specialties began to work in the future, as if they folded the mid-leaves and set the shape, and finished with cleaners.
The material for the preparation of the first samovars was red and green copper, as well as cupronickel. Such products were more expensive. Ale, after a deaky hour, samovars began to be made from more cheap metals, such as brass.
Varity of the samovar was directly proportional to the yogo vazi - the samovar cost more dearly, the lower yogo vaga was bigger. The volume of the samovar, as a rule, was from three to eight liters. Samovars of such obsyagu were popular. Ale, for great companies, they let out samovars of a significantly larger volume - 12-15 liters.
Tse tsikavo know.
- The smallest samovar was made near Moscow. Vіn maє vysotu menshu, nizh 4 mm. І appointments for boiling water in a quantity ... less than 1 drop! Prote is not a single miniature samovar. Mikoli Aldunina, who is also called the "Russian shulga", went out of gold 12 details to pick up a samovar with a height of only 1.2 mm. Ale, in such a samovar, it is hardly possible to boil and pour a drop of water.
- Prepared in 1922 at Tula, a 260-liter samovar must be boiled for 40 strands. And the axis of the water was chilled in the sky, the next check was already two more. The weight of this samovar is 100 kg. Yogo Vlasnik was the head of the All-Russian Exhibition Center Kalinin, to whom the samovar was presented. In the first half of the 20th century, there was a single majestic samovar.
- And the axis of the world's largest samovar today is 360 liters. This samovar is about 2 meters high and 205 kg. The country is a virobnik of this giant - Ukraine. Zavdyaki such a samovar can give tea to 10 thousand people at once!
Different design of the samovar
From the moment of its appearance and until today, the samovar has recognized impersonal changes. The reason for this is both cultural trends and scientific and technological progress. For the whole hour, the foundation of the samovar wine changed its form and artistic design. Also, the methods of boiling water in new water were changed. And only the very construction of the samovar for a trival hour was left unchangeable.
Warehouse samovar:
- Capacity for water
- Vessel for paliva
- Kolo, which is near the upper part of the wall of the samovar
- Shiyka
- Two handles
- Piddon
- Repiyok - figurine dress, which is fastened to the wall of the samovar
- Faucet handle
- Donets
- steamer
- burner
- Gleck stew
However, for example, in the 19th century, at the factories of the brothers of Chernikovy, the samovar was broken up, the samovar was possessed with a beaten chimney, for the help of which, the sweat of the wind helped. The dawn of a new design, the hour, necessary for boiling the water, has been rapidly speeding up. Soon samovars appeared, which work on gas, as well as electric ones. Prote rest, in fact, it is important to call a samovar. Tse shvidshe electric kettle of non-standard form.
Nine samovars are the obov's tongue attribute. It was replaced by more mobile and handy butt technology - electric kettles. However, it does not mean that it is impossible to buy a samovar. The stench, like before, is a traditional symbol of a good Russian tea. And, besides, the right old Russian samovar is now respected as an object of art and antiques.
Warto say that all the same, with a right samovar, it is customary to bring in a hot samovar. The samovar itself will help to take away from a distant hour that indulges in tea with the improvement of Russian traditions. Drinking tea at the samovar creates an enchanting atmosphere filled with warmth, kindness and calmness.