How and when did the word "Ukraine" appear? “Ukrainians” (“Ukrainians”, “Ukrainians”) from the 12th to the 17th centuries were called the various border lands of Russia. In the Іpatiїvsky litopis n. In the I Pskov Chronicle No. 6779 (1271) - there is a description of the villages of the Pskov "Ukraine". The Russian-Lithuanian treaties of the 15th century include "Ukrainian places", "Ukrainian places", "Ukraine that place".
Smolensk, Lubutsk, Mtsensk rose under them. The treaty of two Ryazan princes in 1496 named "our villages in Mordovian in Central Ukraine". Before the Moscow-Crimean cordon from the end of the 15th century, it was said like this: "Ukraine", "Our Ukraine", "our Ukrainian city".
In 1571, a copy was compiled of "A painting for watchmen from Ukrainian places in Polish Ukrainians along the Pine, along the Don, along the Mech and other rivers." A number of "Tatar Ukrainians" were also called "Kazan Ukraine" and "German Ukraine". Documents of the end of the 16th century tell about the "Ukrainian service" of Moscow service people: Sovereign of Ukraine, and the sovereign having punished buti in the foremost in the Ukrainian regiment.
The Russian legislation of the 17th century often suggests "Ukraine", "Ukrainian places", "State Ukraine", "Our Ukraine", "Ukrainian/Ukrainian places of the wild field", Ukraine". The concept is very broad: "... Siberia and Astrakhan and other far Ukrainian places are near". However, at the turn of the XV-XVI century the Muscovite State also established Ukraine in a narrowly comprehensible word - Okska Ukraina ("Ukraine beyond the Eye", "Crimean Ukraine"). The Russian legislation of the 16th-17th centuries repeatedly lists such places in Ukraine: Tula, Kashira, Kropyvna, Oleksin, Serpukhov, Torusa, Odoev. A number of them were founded by Slobidskaya Ukraine of the Moscow State.
For example, in the XVI - I half of the XVII century, the word "Ukraine" in a narrow sense of the word also began to mean the lands of the Middle Dnieper - the central region of modern Ukraine. At the Polish dzherelakh (royal and hetman's universals) "castles of that place of ours Ukraine", "the place of that place of Ukraine", "Ukraine of Kiev" are conjured. In the Russian legislation of the 17th century, the figures "Ukraine Malorosijska", "Ukraine, as if called Little Russia", the right bank of the Dnipro was called "Polish Ukraine". Little Russia and Slobidska Ukraine in the Russian legislation clearly shared: "Little Russian places of the inhabitants come to the Moscow state and in Ukrainian places ...".
What was the name of the inhabitants of the cordon Ukrainians? In the Іpatiїvsky litopisі pіd 6776 (1268), the inhabitants of the Polish borderland are guessing fate - "Lyakhovo Ukrainians" ("... and for the news they gave them Lyakhovі Ukrainians"). In Russian-Lithuanian treaties and embassy documents of the middle of the XV - I third of the XVI century, "Ukrainian people", "Ukrainian our people", "Ukrainian servants", "Ukrainian people", "Ukrainians", that is, residents of Smolensk, Lyubutsk, Mtsensk, are called. Polish documents from the end of the 16th century have the words "Our old age of Ukraine", "Lord of the leaders and old age of Ukraine", "people of Ukraine", "inhabitants of Ukraine", "Cossacks of Ukraine", "Ukrainian senators". Such a name has no ethnic identity. The documents also say "Ukrainian warrior people" and "Ukrainian places" of the Crimean Khanate.
The inhabitants of Russia, like before, called themselves Russians, so they themselves were called by foreigners. At the same time, Polish and Russian dzherels call "Ruska churches" in Lutsk, "Ruska clergy" and "religion (religion, faith) Ruska", as well as "our Russian people" (immediately - "inhabitants of Ukrainian Ukrainians"), " Rusin", "Russian People", "Russian People". The text of the Hadiatsky treaty of Ivan Vigovsky and Poland talks about the population of Ukraine, like the "Russian people" and "Russians". The followers of the Moscow state were called so: "Russian people", "your great sovereign's warrior people, Ruski and Cherkasy".
Where did the word "Ukrainians" get used more firmly? In the Muscovite state, "Ukrainians" were called the Ukrainian people (priordonniki), as they served in the ox Ukraine - in the Upper and Middle Poochchi - against the Crimeans.
At the birch tree of 1648, the Moscow Duma Dyak Ivan Gavrenev wrote a note at the Razryadniy Nakaz about the preparation to the additional low right, at the yakіy, zokrem, under the sixth paragraph, it was briefly said: "Ukrainians, who are now alive, do not trim and let them in." The word "Ukrainians" was not dubious, without explaining it, obviously, in Moscow it was on the ear and did not require explanation. What it meant, became clear from the coming documents. In the spring of 1648, the fate of the zv'yazku zі sensitively about the possible attack of the Crimeans on the Moscow cordoni was voiced by the selection of Ukrainian people from the Ukrainian cities - Tuli, Kashiri, Kozlov, Tarusi, Beleva, Bryansk, Karachova, Mtsensk. At the order to the voivods Yuri Buinosov-Rostovsky and Miron Velyaminov on May 8, laid down for the additional charge of the dyak Gavrenev, zokrem, it was said: "... At that place, the voivods were signed, so that the voivods of the children of the boyars and nobles sent all kinds of serving people to the sovereign's service it's negligible to them." Little Russian Cossacks were already formed in the service of the Moscow state in 1648, but they were called not "Ukrainians", but "Cherkasy" (they are also mentioned in Gavrenev's notes).
The adoption of the word "Ukrainians" in the Moscow state was not earlier than in the second half of the 16th century, it can be seen from the fact that in the Ryazan payment books of 1594-1597, Ukrainians - the nobles of the Kam'yansky camp of the Pronsky district - are guessed. At the letter of 1607, the fate was served by a man Grigoriy Ivanov, son of Ukrainians, who took care of the appearance of Tsar Vasil Shuisky on the Ryazsky district (now the Ryazan region). Dobre vіdomiy dumniy dyak Omelyan Ukraїntsіv (correct: Ukrainian, 1641-1708), who signed in 1700 the Constantinople peace treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. In 1694, Omelyan Ukrainians slaved for the Order of the Order of the Ukrainian clan, apparently, the Ryazan nobleman of the middle of the 16th century Fedir Andreev syn Lukin on the honor of Ukrainians. Yogo father called "premises in Ryazan", tobto deshcho on the skhіd vyshchedannyh mіst okskoї ukraїna, nasledko і could blame the name "Ukrainian", and then the nickname "Ukrainian". Greater for everything, Fedir Ukrainets was not a mythological specialty: the very same onuks were guessed at the books of 1594-1597, and the great-grandson - at the letter of 1607.
Okska Ukraine itself was molded for defense in the form of orders and nabula of special significance from the cob of the 16th century. have a connection with partial raids of krimtsiv. 1492 year "Totars came to Ukraine for Oleksin's towns". "Lead the Ukrainians, those people" who successfully imagined the Crimean raid "for the Grand Duke in the region of Tulsk" are already guessed at the letter of 1517. Against the Crimeans, in 1507-1531, near Tula, Kashira, Zaraisk, Kolomna, forts were built, posting garrison posts, Ukrainian nobles were lulled. In 1541-1542, active battles erupted at the junction - under Pronsk (in the Ryazan region), which could lead to the transfer of some Ukrainians there.
In the second half of the 17th century, the service people of okskoy Ukraine - "Ukrainian children of the boyars" and "Ukrainian nobles" - are often guessed at by Russian legislation. In the Story about the Sea of Azov, "Ukrainians" are thinking in the same sense ("You are sovereign people of Ukrainians", "lead the sovereign people of Ukrainians", "Euro sovereign people of Russian Ukrainians"). The rank book, rewritten in the second half of the 17th century, read: "And the tsar came to the Crimea before him on another Thursday on the great days, and broke on the Thin Waters, and let the Ukrainians let go of the murz two or three with small people we got about the tsar and they called the Grand Duke." Inhabitants of Little Russia were not called "Ukrainians".
In the world, the word "Ukrainians" is pushed out to the front of the Russian cordon. In 1723, Peter the Great's turn of the "Ukrainians of Azov and Kiev provinces" - Ukrainians, including those from Slobidskoy Ukraine. At the same time, it is clear to see the spirit of the "Little Russian people". In 1731, the Ukrainian line began to form in Slobozhanshchina, as it protected Russian cordons from Crimea. Anonymous author of "Notes about those people, I remember about the Crimean and Tatar walks", a participant in the 1736 campaign against the Crimeans, writing about those, like the Tatars stuck with "our light troops (Zaporozhians and Ukrainians)". For Єlizaveta Petrivnya from the "Ukrainians" regiments of the Slobidskaya landmilitsia were formed. In 1765, the Slobidsk Ukrainian province was founded here (this was the name of the Kharkiv province in 1765-1780 and 1797-1835). In 1816-1819, at the Kharkiv University, the very popular "Ukrainian Bulletin" was seen.
If the word "Ukrainian" in the past began to get used to Little Russia? In the first half - the middle of the 17th century, the word "Ukrainian" (Ukraincow) was implanted by the Poles - this is how the Polish gentry were called in Ukraine. Mykhailo Hrushevsky quotes from 2 report of the crown hetman Mykola Pototsky in 1651 to the fate of the translation from Polish into the modern Ukrainian language, in which the hetman lives the term "panove ukraintsy" for the designation of Polish helpers in Ukraine.
The Poles did not in any way spread yoga on the Russian population of Ukraine. Among the villagers of the village Snyatinka ta Stare (Ninі - Lviv region) in the Polish document of 1644, some of the special names "Ukrainets" (Ukrainiec), as well as "son-in-law of Ukraine" (Ukraincow ziec) are guessed. Pokhodzhennia of such a name is not entirely clear, but it is obvious that the reshta populated by "Ukrainians" did not have such a rank. From the middle of the 17th century, this term disappeared from Polish documents.
In the 2nd half of the 17th century, the Moscow piddans began to get used to the word "Ukrainians" like the Little Russian Cossacks. The Moscow ambassadors Afanasy Pronchishchev and Almaz Ivanov, sent to Warsaw in 1652, indicated that six messengers of Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky, the middle of God, "Ondrei Lisichinsky from Volyn, Ukrainian, are alive," were sent to the Polish capital. Other representatives of Khmelnytsky were natives of the central left-bank Ukraine. It is noteworthy that only one Lisichinsky was named "Ukrainian" in the middle of the last century. In such a rank, Pronchishchev and Ivanov were small on the street, because Lisichinsky was a great Polish gentry, so they were corristled with Polish terminology.
Croatian Vihіdets Yury Krizhanich at his practice, written in Tobolsk sent in 1663-1666 (it was published only in 1859), the word "Ukrainian" is used as a synonym for the word "Cherkasy". Krizhanich wrote his own practice, which later took away the name "Politics", in the Latin script of the piece of eclectic mine - sumish of church-slovak, common Russian and literary Croatian. The word "Ukrainian" Kryzhanich could be easily constructed from Russian language and independently constructed: born in Bikhachi, not far from the Extreme, where the Ukrainians lived (they were Horutans, abo-Slovenians).
In the last third of the 17th century, the word "Ukrainians" is like Cossacks, so it is also used by the slobid Ukrainians in the part of Little Russia, which reached the Russian state, - among the Promosk stakes of the Cossack elders and the clergy. The most important document to whom we should remind you of "Restoring Ukraine" (1669) - a journalistic treatise, writings, more for everything, punished by the Kiev colonel Vasil Dvoretsky. "Ukrainians" the author calls the Cossacks of the Right-Bank Ukraine, which is how the message is addressed (as synonyms for the victors, there are also "Cossacks", "Panov Cossacks", "Russian Cossacks", "Ukrainian people"). Whenever the entire Little Russian population is engulfed in understanding "the people of the Russian (s)", "Russian Christians", "Rus" (twist: "Moscow and Rus"; in other words, the understanding of "Rus" and "Rus" expands to the Moscow state). The author of the text demonstrates good knowledge of the situation in the middle of the Russian state. "Restorer" was revealed in the XIX century at the warehouse of the Dvoretskys' handwritten collection; prihilnik prorosіyskoї orientatsiї Dvoretsky repeatedly came from Moscow and took away the nobility there, in 1669 he himself was arrested from hetman Peter Doroshenko, having arrived to the Russian capital, de mav єnієnantsіyu from the king, and turning to the tsar, and turning to the tsar. "Perestoroga" could have been written entirely in Moscow, the style of the document itself is similar to the drafting of Dvoretsky's promo, handwritten by him near the Russian capital.
Once the word "Ukrainians" (among the meanings of the Cossacks) is embedded in "Crowns about the land of Poland" (1673) by the hegumen of the Kiev-Mikhailiv Golden-Domed Monastery Theodosius Sofonovich, a kind of buv knows about "Perestorogoya". In the leaf of Archimandrite of Novgorod-Siversky Monastery of the Savior Mikhail Lezhaysky to the boyar Artamon Matveev in 1675, it was said: and in the night of light to the great sovereign; be kind, so that in such visits the leaders were unsafe and such unseemly signs were not made and the Little Russian troops were not embittered; unsafe, so that in the small spark the great fire did not ignite. It is quite obvious that the archimandrite lives on understanding, is well known at home in Moscow, and may be taken away by the cordial military people (cossacks) of Ukraine.
At the verses of the Little Russian poet Klimenty Zinov'ev, who wrote during the hours of Tsar Peter and Ivan Mazepi, the only time they guessed "Ukrainian breed of Little Russian" (at the chosen sensi), that was introduced clarification, about some very slobid "Ukrainians" went into . The chronicle of Samuil Velichka (stored between 1720 and 1728) includes a document of a summative trip dated 1662 by rock - a list of Zaporizhians to Yuri Khmelnitsky. There are offensive phrases at the document: “Do not forget that we, the grassroots constipation, will not hesitate to attack you, and together with us, stand up and all the usual Ukrainians, our brother, and many others are afraid to avenge you for the image of that wickedness. for some time and from some side to fly on you a tuft and drink and see you from Chigirin, you yourself don’t know, and the Poles and Tatars will be far away from your defenses. "Ukrainians" called the Cossacks on both banks of the Dnieper. Cossack-Russian people". In the Lizogubivsky litopis (after Volodymyr Ikonnikov - 1742) they said "dniestrians and zabuzhani and other Ukrainians"; in such a rank, "Ukrainians" here were called the Cossacks - the Viysk people of the various outskirts of Little Russia.
Yakiv Markovich (1776-1804), a descendant of a native Little Russian family, wrote in his "Notes about Little Russia, and the Meshchantsy" (St. Chernigivshchyna) "under the names of Ukraine, Styopa and Poliv, why even local Meshkans are called Ukrainians, Stepoviks and Poleviks". Markovich also called them "steppe Little Russians" and appreciated that they stink like Russian Polovtsians, as if they adopted the Cossack way of life. The Polish King Stefan Batoriy set out against the Crimean Tatars "near both banks of the Dnieper". “Ukrainians look like Cossacks, like they laid us in front of the Little Russian military: the leftovers of it are the essence of the Cossacks; but the stench is no longer a warrior, but a rural citizen,” Markovich baldly. Vіn also said that the “Ukrainians”, although they began to settle in the Katerynoslav and Novorossiysk provinces, became special camps and did not mock with the Little Russians.
If "Ukrainians" began to call all the population of Ukraine-Little Russia? Prominent military engineer Major-General Oleksandr Rigelman (1720-1789) - Russified German, who served in 1745-1749 in Little Russia and Slobidsky Ukraine - settled in the city of Chernigovo, writing letters vzagali "(1785-1786). As it was already said, Cossacks lingered in the Chernigiv region, for some victors the name "Ukrainians" was called. "Ukraine" and "Little Russia" were also celebrated by him as the same. , Stepan Lukomsky and in.) the word "Ukrainians" in such a meaning is not victorious.
The Polish count-emigrant, a Russian official, Jan Pototsky (1761-1815) saw in 1795 in Paris my French anthology of urivkiv from ancient and early middle writers under the name "Historical and geographical fragments about Scifia, Sarmatia". At the beginning of the navіv list of words of the Yan peoples, among them were "Ukrainians" or "little Russians" - a lot of "Russian" words of the Yan people, which for a long time had been divided into 4 tribes: glades, drevlyans, tivertsіv and siveryans. Pototsky stubbornly (episodically) vikoristav the word "Ukrainian" as an ethnonym. It means that it appears only 3 times, but once in two forms of writing (les Uckrainiens, les Ukrainiens). Like the thought of the Polish count, the Russian people, resembling the Slovenes of Novgorod, and the Krivichi, Dregovichi and Buzhans, merged into the warehouse of the Ukrainian, Russian and partly Polish peoples. "The tribes of Galicia and Volodymyr" (Galicia and Volin) were vibrated by Pototsky in the form of Sarmatians. The author did not turn any further to Ukrainian themes, and the concept itself did not take off the development in Pototsky’s other works, nor any of the contemporary ones.
However, Rigelman and Pototsky were not taken care of. The word "Ukrainians" in literary and political creations continued to take root in many meanings until the middle of the 19th century. The Kharkiv writer Illya Kvitka, the Odessa historian Apollon Skalkovsky, and also Oleksandr Pushkin (imovirno, after Markovych and Kvitka) called the Little Russian Cossacks "Ukrainians". At the drama "Boris Godunov" (1825), Grishka Otrep'ev says to himself: "I came from the cell of the big city / To the Ukrainians, in the riotous smoking, / To lead the horse and learn the sword ..." (scene "Nich. Garden. Fountain ") It is clear that the Russian version of the word has a small voice in a different warehouse (Ukrainian), the same as in the Polish (according to the rules of the Polish voice) - in the forward (Ukrainian).
There was a lot of Peter's meaning of the word. The Decembrist Pavel Pestel (1792-1826) in his "Russian Truth" divided "the people of Russia" into five "intelligences", which are divided, in one thought, only "in the manner of their management" (that is the administrative system): "Russians", "Bіlorutsіv", "Russnakіv", "Little Russians" and "Ukrainians". "Ukrainians", like having named Pestel, inhabit Kharkov and Kursk provinces. Kharkiv playwright Hryhoriy Kvitka (Osnov'yanenko) (1778-1843), in a small drawing "Ukrainian" (1841) he wrote: "The people who inhabited the ninth Kharkiv province, the best Ukrainians and the little ones. ale from the hour of their settlement, they significantly grew up among them until the litter of the litter ... "
Expanding the interpretation of the vicorist could be done in a vipadkovo way. Kindratiy Rilєєv in his drawings sing "Nalivaiko" (1824-1825) writing: "... Pole, Jew and Uniate // Without a turbo, they run amok, // All are happy to live; // Some Ukrainians manage...". Tsey urivok ("Spring") was the first to be published less in 1888. In 1834, a group of young botanist Mikhailo Maksimovich, having seen "Ukrainian folk songs" near Moscow, wrote in comments to some extent: "Ukrainians or Little Russians make half of the Pivdenny or Black Sea Rus, which is in its middle, the blessed city of Kiev." However, later, having taken up the study of the history and culture of Little Russia, Maksimovich sounded the understanding of "Ukrainians": on the other hand, this is how the fields of the meadows were called - the Cossacks and the inhabitants of the Middle Podnіprov'ya. Maksimovych, without respecting the "Ukrainians", is distinguished by the ethnos.
If under the "Ukrainians" began to understand the language of the word "Yan people (ethnos)"? At the turn of the 1845-1846 years in Kiev, with the initiative of a young professor at the University of St. Volodymyr Mikoli Kostomarov (learned by Maksimovich) called "Cyril-Methodian Brotherhood", as he set himself the task of fighting for the creation of the words of the Jansk Federation, where Ukraine is small and free. At the Statute of the Brotherhood, Kostomarov wrote: "It is accepted that when the skin of the words is established, the tribe can mother its own independence, and such tribes are known: pivdenno-Rusiv, pivnichno-Rusiv with Belarusians, Poles, Czechs from (slo) vinces, Luzhans, Iliro-Serbs with Hurutans and Bulgarians". In this rank, the author of the Statute took the word “pivdenno-Rus” for a piece, compared to him “pivnіchno-Russians with Belarusians”. Kostomarov's pribinik Vasil Bilozersky, having written an explanatory note before the Statute, had the following phrase: "The day from the words of the Yang tribes, I can’t help the world to practice self-property and zbudzhuvati іnshih brethren, like me, Ukrainians". From this document itself, one can trace the history of the introduction of the word "Ukrainians" into the ethnic understanding.
Bilozersky, Chernigivsky native and great scholar of history, did not know Rigelman’s manuscript, which was taken from the Chernigiv county marshal Arkady Rigelman, and historians, who were actively victorious. Yogo's brother Mykola Rigelman (an official of the office of the Kiev Governor-General, a spokesperson for the Timchasov Commission for the analysis of old assets) was friends with members of the Cyril-Methodius Brotherhood. In 1847, the manuscript was handed over to Moscow by Osip Bodyansky, another good friend of them. After Bilozersky’s notes appeared, Kostomarov wrote his proclamation “Brothers of Ukraine”, which said: “... We accept that all words are to blame for themselves. others; so, the skin of the people mav their language, their literature, their suspіlniy devices, such peoples are known: Great Russians, Ukrainians, Polyakiv, Chekhov, Luzhichans, Khorutan, Illiro-Serbs and Bulgarians.<...>Axis brothers Ukrainians, bagmen of Ukraine on both sides of the Dnieper, we give you all your thoughts; read it with respect and don’t hesitate to think, how to reach it, and how to do it better ... ". The phrase "offended the sides of the Dnieper" often got used to Rigelman's practice, that he suffocated Bilozersky and Kostomarov.
This is also the evolution of the adoption of the word "Ukrainians" in another participant of the "Brotherhood" - Panteleimon Kulish. In 1845 Kulish (in the same spelling: Kulesh) started publishing his novel Chorna Rada in the journal "Suchasnik". The postal version (Russian language) suggested "Little Russian people", "Little Russians", "Pivdenno-Russian people", "Ukrainian people", the ruling їm "spirit of Russia", and it was also said that the inhabitants of Ukraine - "Russians". "Ukrainians" in the novels, as was customary from the end of the 17th - 18th centuries, the Little Russian Cossacks were called. This word was also used in the early works of Kulish. For example, in the story "The Fire Serpent" there was such a phrase: "A folk song for Ukraine can have a special sensation." Opovid bula was tied with the town of Voronezh near Glukhov (the fatherland of Kulish itself) - on the cordon of Slobozhanshchina, that nearby town, where Cossacks settled behind Markovich. It is important to note that in the other practice of Kulish the very "Cossack songs" were praised.
The appearance of Kulish, in such a rank, was close to looking at Maksimovich. Prote same from 1846 to the fate of Kulish reminded the word "Ukrainians" with a different light. Because of this fierce fate (that was immediately after the appearance of Bilozersky's notes) I began to write my "Tale about the Ukrainian people" at the St. Petersburg magazine "Zirochka". They figured "the people of Pivdennorosіysky, or Malorosіysky" and "Pivdennorus, or Ukrainians". The author has designated, what are the special words of the Yang people, who live in Russia and Austria, and in the form of "pivnіchnorusskih" are considered "my, cloak, sound like that sound", and the history of yoga began with Prince Askold. Tsikavo, that in the rest of the paragraph of his practice, Kulish nevertheless stated that "Cossacks-villages, the covers of the local Cossacks... are resplendent among other Ukrainians with the purity of the folk type." Prote the introduction of the word "Ukrainians" into the ethnic sense in the middle of the 19th century was vipadkovym and the floorings were piecemeal, like the understanding of "pivdennorus". Offending people who understood the same world did not respect self-names.
The word "Ukrainian" as an ethnonym for a wide walk did not take away the whole hour. It is noteworthy that one of the most radical participants in the "Brotherhood" Taras Shevchenko did not use the word "Ukrainians" in any way. Since the 1850s, Kulish has been living yoga in his historical works in a row with "Little Russians", "Pivdenny Rusichs", "Polish Rusichs". At the same time, the representation of "Ukrainians" as an ethnos was taken into account, and he wrote this: "Pivnichny and Pivdenniy Russian people are one and the same tribe." In private listings, "Ukrainians" were clearly identified as "Galicians".
Having looked at his own number, Kostomarov wrote in 1874: "In the popular promo, the word "Ukrainian" did not get used and does not get used to the senses of the people; it means only a bag of land: be a Pole, a Jew - it's all the same: you're a Ukrainian, if you live in Ukraine "; however, as, for example, a Kazanian or a Saratovitian means a resident of Kazan and Saratov." Neither in Little Russia, nor in Great Russia, the word is not a little ethnographic sensation, but a little more geographic." in other words, they were partly "pivdennorusivs" or "little Russians", which would be more correctly called "Rusyns".
In the same way, the statement of the end of the 17th - 18th centuries about the Cossack etymology of the word "Ukrainians" was saved. In the verse of Pavel Chubynsky (1862), which was the basis of the modern anthem of Ukraine, it was said: “Neither glory nor freedom have died in Ukraine, Yet we, brothers of Ukrainians, will laugh our share!<...>And it is shown that we, brother, are of the Cossack family.
Descho later in the magazine "Kyivska Starovyna" was published the verse of an unknown author "Vidpovidi malorosіyskih kozakiv ukrainskim slobozhans [Satire on slobozhans]", in which the word "Ukrainian" figured for the recognition of the kozakіv. The text was not known to the Hlukhiv archives of the Little Russian Collegium, it was not dated, but it seemed to be an old one. The prototype of the original text of "Vіdpovіdі" is nevidomy, as the style allows you to judge what really happened not long before publication. Varto signify that Kostomarov zokrema, having taken into account the presence of the word "Ukrainian" in the old texts of the old Little Russian songs, is one of the signs of refinement.
Historian Sergiy Solovyov in 1859-1861 coined the word "Ukrainian" for the identification of the Meshkants in various Russian outskirts - both Siberian and Dnipro. Count Oleksiy Tolstoy in his satirical "Russian history from Gostomisl to Timashev" (1868) wrote about Catherine II, as if spreading slander against Malorosiya: "...I prikrypil / Ukrainians to the ground." In view of this similar wording, the radical publicist Vasyl Kelsiev was able to understand them for the recognition of Galicians-Ukrainophiles.
At the turn of the 19th-20th century, the word "Ukrainians" sounded not in ethnic, but in geographical sense (followed by Rigelman and piznim Kostomarov), denoting the population of Ukraine. The geographic meaning of the understanding of "Ukrainians" began to actively win over the robots of the hromada dyach Mikhail Dragomanov (1841-1895), which were published from the 1880s. Spersha Dragomanov divided "Ukrainians" ("Russian Ukrainians", "Ukrainian-Russians") and "Galician-Russian people" ("Galicians", "Rusyniv"), gave them an account of "Rusyn-Ukrainians". It didn’t happen there, before the cordons of the “Ukrainian Land” it included the territories of Malorosiya, Novorosiya (without Crimea), Don and Kuban regions, Polissya, Galicia and Pidkarpattya. Drahomanov's niece poet Larisa Kosach-Kvitka (1871-1913, pseudonym - Lesya Ukrainka) also distinguished between "Ukrainians" and "Galicians" ("Galician Rusyns"), but respected them as one people. Tsikavo, what is the master translation of my German Hamlet monologue "To be or not to be? .." (1899) Lesya Ukrainka signed as follows: "Aus dem Kleinrussischen von L. Ukrainska" (literally: "From the Little Russian woman L. Ukrainian"). In other words, L. Kosach-Kvitka understood her pseudonym not in ethnic, but in geographical sense (a resident of Ukraine). Ivan Franko, who wrote about the united "Ukrainian-Russian people", calling himself "Ruthenian".
At the periode of Pershovoi, the Russian authorities of the Rusiniv (Galichan) that "Ukrainians", Rosumiychi Vіskovoi Sykhovikh, the Don, showed, "Kremenenysky Polkovoi, There are two hundred Ukrainians of Sichoviks on the heights, where some officers have planted their wives."
When did the word "Ukrainian" become more actively used in the current ethnic meaning? Professor of the Lemberg (Lviv) University (in 1894-1914), the head of the Ukrainian Central for the sake of that academician Mikhailo Grushevsky (1866-1934) in his "History of Ukraine-Rus" (10 volumes, the word was seen in 1898-1934) " Ukrainians" in ethnic meaning. Hrushevsky actively introduced the concept of "Ukrainian tribes" and "Ukrainian people" into the historiography of Old Russia and the pre-powerful period. At one time, in this "Istoria" the word "Ukrainci" ("Ukrainian") gets used quite a bit until the 17th century, very rarely. Under this circumstance, the terms "Russian" and "Rusin" are often confused, as a synonym for those in Hrushevsky and speaks of the concept of "Ukrainian". In their political activities, Hrushevsky and those of one mind actively promoted this word in the newspaper "Ukrainian News" (published in 1906 in St. Petersburg) and the journal "Ukrainian Life" (published in 1912-1917 in Moscow). Only at the beginning of the 20th century, it is beginning to be written to understand "Ukrainian" and "little Russian".
Less than after the victory of the Lute Revolution of 1917, the word "Ukrainian" gradually began to become commonplace in Russia. In official documents, as before, it was rarely victorious - in the station wagons of "Central Radi" it appears only two, moreover, it is rather victorious, the world is changing the political situation. At the 2nd Universal (3 limes of 1917) "Ukrainians" are understood by the geographic sensation: "The citizens of the Ukrainian land.<...>Що стосується комплектування військових частин, то для цього Центральна Рада матиме своїх представників при кабінеті Військового Міністра, при Генеральному Штабі і Верховному Головнокомандувачу, які будуть брати участь у справах комплектування окремих частин виключно українцями, оскільки таке комплектування, за визначенням Військового Міністра, технічного боку можливим without destroying the military capacity of the army". III Universal (7 leaf fall, 1917), after slaughtering the power in Petrograd by the Bilshoviks, slapping the word "Ukrainians" with an ethnic meaning: "Ukrainian people and all peoples of Ukraine!<...>Before the territory of the People's Ukrainian Republic, there are lands settled near the majority by Ukrainians: Kiev region, Podila, Volyn, Chernigiv region, Poltava region, Kharkiv region, Katerynoslav region, Kherson region, Tavria (without Krim)".
In the ethnic sense, as a self-name, the word "Ukrainians" on the official level remained rooted only in the creations of the URSR. In Galicia, it became less important to enter the її territory to the warehouse of the SRSR / Ukrainian SSR in 1939 roci, in Transcarpathia - in 1945 roci.
Father:
1. Spopchatka (since the 16th century) "Ukrainians" were called cordial service people of the Moscow state, who served according to the Ots against the Crimeans.
2. From the other half of the width =, as well as Ukrainians on both banks of the Dnieper in literary and political works until the middle of the 19th century continued to get used to many meanings. The Kharkiv writer Illya Kvitka, the Odessa historian Apollon Skalkovsky, and also Oleksandr Pushkin (probably understood in the geographical sense: that, following Markovych and Kvitkoy) called the 17th century under the Russian influx, the understanding of "Ukrainian languages" expanded a little At this hour, step by step, they began to get used to the very Little Russia.
3. Until the end of the 18th century, first try Russian and Polish writers to get used to the word "Ukrainians" for the entire Little Russian population.
4. The use of the word "Ukrainian" in the ethnic sense (for the meaning of the word "Janian ethnos") emerged from the middle of the 19th century among the stakes of the Russian radical intelligentsia.
5. "Ukrainian" as a self-name took root only for radian hours.
Fedir GAYDA
http://www.regnum.ru/news/polit/1410406.html
"Kyiv Telegraph" website "United Batkivshchyna"
Did the Ukrainians come from the sounds? Who stink? What is the root and what is the role of the created tієї power, how is it today called Ukraine? This food is praised by historians until this day, and until this day there are no unambiguous evidence from them. At the same time, the Ukrainian national idea began to take shape over 100 years ago - at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Like once, Ukrainian nationalists dreamed about Ukraine for Ukrainians, and they believed that it was an independent place to shed rivers of blood. And the future ideologist of the OUN (fortified in the Russian Federation) Dmitro Dontsov, bringing the need for a safe fight against Russia. Learn about the origin of the Ukrainian national ideology and first try to recognize yourself as a nation.
Little Russian or Ukrainian
Quiet little Russian night. The autumn wind roared the bagmen at the houses, and the Theater Square of Kharkov at night on August 31, 1904 was empty. Deeply beyond the penny of the kilka people went to the monument to Pushkin with swedish croque, they drained the white of the new, shapeless bag and hurried on the way. Nezabar prolunav vibuh. The pedestal was practically rebuilt, but there were errors in the most important booths. At the local level, the police published leaflets calling for fighting for the national freedom and independence of Ukraine.
It turned out that one of the leaders of the Ukrainian national movement, Mykola Mikhnovsky, became the organizer of the terrorist attack, and members of the radical radical group “Defence of Ukraine” became vikonators. Similar swings on the monuments of Oleksandr Sergiyovich began in Odessa and Kiev. According to the idea of the organizers, the vibukhas were small to symbolize a protest against the holy celebration of the 250th anniversary of the entry of Ukraine to the warehouse of Russia.
Ukrainian nationalists did not immediately take up the bombs. Tsom was blown away by old historical, cultural and philosophical super girls. And, as often happens, the stench of terminology began. Even more than a hundred years ago, the nation did not have a single shady name. In the Russian Empire, the current Ukrainians were called Little Russians.
The term "little Russian" resembles the Greek tradition. Greece itself was called Little in those distant hours, and Great Greece - all the Greek lands together with the annexed territories of Italy. The tradition of speaking about Ukraine as about "Little Russia" appeared in the XIV century for the recognition of the territory of the Galician Orthodox eparchy, as in the revealed church hierarchies it became the head of Russia. Over the years, this name has been transformed to Little Russia, has lost its ecclesiastical sense and expanded to represent the entire Dnieper region. Obviously, the Meshkants in these territories began to be called Little Russians. 
Tsіkavo, scho rich vyhіdtsіv z Malorosії brought to the very tsyu self-name. For example, a Kiyanin, the head of the Synod and an associate of Peter I Feofan Prokopovich. As an explanation of one of the largest contemporary historians, Oleksiy Miller, protruding this term and giving it the meaning of a small fatherland, Prokopovich drew close to the territory within the framework of a single empire. I would like to use toponymy.
Although the first couples of Ukrainian national ideology appeared in the nineteenth century, Little Russian identity began to take shape earlier - in the XVII-XVIII centuries. Why did Zhaluvan sing the letter to the nobility of Catherine II, as in fact, she called the Cossack foreman, the ruling class of Ukraine, with the Russian nobility, which brought her to the top of the social pyramid of the empire.
Applying successful little Russians is more than enough: Oleksandr Bezborodko became Minister of Foreign Affairs of Russia, Kirilo Rozumovsky became the Academy of Sciences, and Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich commanded the Russian army from the Poles and Turks. The role of the Little Russians was significant, as Yevgen Grebinka, the author of the romance “Ochi Black”, called Petersburg “a colony of illuminated Little Russians”.
With all the unanimity of thoughts, there were no such things, as it is right to call yourself, among the Ukrainians of the future. The deyaks of them did not accept the “Little Russian” approach to the self-name of the city of Ukrainians in the world. Under the influx of ideas of romanticism, the Ukrainian intelligentsia abandoned cultural and historical jokes. The first result was the Cyril-Methodian brotherhood, which began in the middle of the 19th century. Yogo members supported the cultural identity and diversity of the development of Ukraine in Russia. Vtim, they didn’t come far. The leader of the fraternity, Mykola Kostomarov, respected the Little Russians with a part of the single Russian people.
All the other half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century passed in the post-surgeries and ideological conflicts between the representatives of the political Ukraine, oriented towards the waters of Russia, that Little Russian, which acted for the loyalty of the empire. The main mouthpiece of Ukrainians in the specialty of the "Company of Ukrainian Progressives" was the newspaper "Rada". The Suspіlstva was vyznachni in the future Ukrainian national movement Mikhailo Hrushevsky, Symon Petliura, Volodymyr Vinnichenko and others. Members of the Association stood for the very "Ukrainian" self-name and identity. 
Opponent of "Radi" became "Kiyanin", the other organ of the Kiev club of Russian nationalists, the patron of such a prime minister-minister Petro Stolipin. The Russian nationalists of Kiev stood for the term "little Russians" to denote the future Ukrainians and stood up for unity with the Great Russians. On the sides of "For the sake of" stench, they were presented as black-hundreds, reactionaries and patriots of the powerful nation. For the "Kiyanin" Ukrainian progressives were mazepins, schismatics, Russophobes and agents of outside forces. Under the ovnishnimi forces, not only the Poles, but the skies of Austria and the Nimechchina, were malyssed on the uvaz.
In the 19th century, the children of the Ukrainian national movement quarreled not only about the name, but also about the history, because, in the meantime, it was necessary to understand it correctly. The first power of modern Ukraine was Rus - a small part of Novgorod, then Kiev. Zim didn’t talk to anyone, but far away they began to read.
Within the framework of the Russian historical school, it was accepted to respect that after the decrease in the role of Kiev in the XII century and the beginning of interethnic relations, the sovereign tradition of Russia to switch to a pivnіchny skhіd, to the Volodymyr-Suzdal princedom, and then to Moscow, as an initiative to collect the land Professor of History of Lviv University Mykhailo Hrushevskyi will show such a scheme. Vіn was born and virus in the Russian Empire, prote in 28 years moved to the Austro-Ugric region.
There, at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries, the wines were developed in the air and the original concept of the history of Ukraine - Rus, as in modern Ukraine became official. Nibito Rus was a peaceful power of ethnic Ukrainians. And after the reduced role of Kiev, the sovereign tradition of Russia passed to the lands of Western Ukraine, in Galicia-Volinsky princedom.
If the Galician-Volyn princedom weakened and conquered Lithuania and Poland, the Ukrainians, following the version of Grushevsky, played a great role in the cheruban powers. Truthfully, the Ukrainian nobility gradually became Polish and converted to Catholicism, which made Ukrainians reorient themselves towards Orthodox Moscow. The signing of such a change in orientation was the signing by Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky of Pereyaslavsky to an agreement on the entry of territories controlled by him (Hetmanate) to the warehouse of the Russian kingdom in 1654.
And then, according to Hrushevsky's thought, the Moscow tsars fooled and saved the Ukrainians. Russia nibito steadily surrounded their freedom. Vіn stverdzhuvav, scho and in Poland, and in Russia, Ukrainians were either powerless slaves, otherwise they were in opposition to the ruling regime. In the robots of Grushevskogo, Ukrainians act like the Russian people, who have the power of history, traditions and culture. 
Western
Hrushevsky and similarly Ukrainian politicians respected that a nationally voluntary movement in Ukraine would emerge from Galicia (at that time part of the Austro-Ugric region - approx. "Lenti.ru"), or Galicia, as they themselves and most of the Little Russians called this region. Hrushevsky Navіt urged to call it "Ukrainian P'mont". P'emont is a region on the pivnіchny entry of Italy. The Savoy dynasty of the 19th century, ruling there, could conquer foreign rulers and unite the country under power. From that hour P'emont became the sole name of the region, for which the cultural renaissance of that unification of the state begins.
At the beginning of the 20th century, Mykhailo Hrushevskyi was inspired by having seen a few articles arguing for Galicia's right to be first in Ukrainian nutrition. In the last decade of the 19th century, Galicia became the center of Ukrainian development, and while the Ukrainian lands of Russia played the role of a cultural arsenal, they were created to the fullest of the national, cultural, and politically-suspile invigoration of the Ukrainian people.
But here Professor Grushevsky has changed something. On the right, in the fact that today Galicia was one of the largest regions in Europe, the Ukrainians occupied a nearby camp. The nobility was German and Polish, the bourgeoisie was molded by representatives of these peoples themselves, as well as Jews. In the social village of Galicia, the Ukrainians were destined for the role of villagers, servants and masters. Under the leadership of the Russian Empire, in the Austro-Ugric region, Ukrainians did not become chancellors, academicians and field marshals.
In other words, Galicia had no brains for the national and cultural renewal of the Ukrainian people, about which Hrushevsky wrote. The region did not have Ukrainian pennies, which could have supported that protection of renewal. But there were more pennies. Galicia from the 14th century was under the flood of Poland.
After three divisions of the Commonwealth in the other half of the 18th century, the whole region passed under the control of Austria, the Poles saved in the new privileged camp. They were not dominated by the loss of independence, for the sake of remembrance of such a stench they actively fought in the Napoleonic wars, and also raised two great anti-Russian rebellions in the 19th century. Soon, however, the Polish force became soft.
Zokrema, Polish scholar, historian Valerin Kalinka in the middle of the 19th century organized in Lvov, the capital of the sub-Austrian Ukraine, a boarding school for loyal Ukrainian youth, trained by Greek Catholics and prepared to fight against Russophiles. “Middle Poland and Russia live a great people, neither Polish nor Russian,” wrote Vin. - Poland has wasted the good fortune of the Polish through the weakness of its own civilization. You won't be a Pole, but can't you be a Muscovite? Let Russia [Little Russia] be deprived of itself and let it be with another rite, but if it will be Catholic, then Russia will never turn back to Poland until today. Then Russia will turn around at its natural cordons - and beyond the Dnieper, the Don and the Black Sea will be more.
The version about the Polish influence on the Ukrainian national movement was supported by a member of the Kiev club of Russian nationalists and a deputy of the State Duma Vasyl Shulgin. At the article "Ukrainian and mi" wines to induce a number of other leaders of the Polish movement of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century, as they advocated the development of Ukraine for the weakening of Russia. Knowing Shulgin's position to the Ukrainian progressives, it could be suspected of being ahead of the curve, prote the attack, the rise of the Ukrainian national leaders themselves, confirming his suspicions.
The first of the radicals
“Mykola Mikhnovsky (the organizer of Kharkiv vibukhivs - approx. Lenti.ru) laying down to the cohort of thinkers, who cannot be called "a man of his hour." Vin yoga viperejav. At that hour, when the students of the time timidly voted for the autonomy of Ukraine, loudly and firmly standing up for Ukrainian independence and approaching it with specific rights, ”the doctor of historical sciences, the author of school assistants in the history of Ukraine Fedir Turchenko, considers. 
Mikhnovsky
The most zhorstky nationalism, which at the same time shifts from radicalism, having robbed Mikhnovsky of the iconic peculiarity of the Ukrainian national movement. In 1900, the fate of the vines approached the Revolutionary Ukrainian Party (RUP). This was a socialist party with a national trick, but a tactful alliance with similar Polish and Jewish parties was small, as well as the RSDLP. Mikhnovsky buv, who is closely familiar with the RUP and yogo, was asked to put together the party program.
The brochure “Self-Reliable Ukraine” has managed the effect of the bombing, which was torn apart among the current Ukrainian politicians. He Mikhnovsky declares a new development from Russia. On the other hand, Ukraine can control the history of sovereignty, I won’t tie with Russia in any way. Vіn vibudovuє logical lіchіch іstorії, zagali іtоgіv Hrushevskyi, prote z nuances.
Mikhnovsky was aware that in the middle of the 17th century, Ukraine did not voluntarily go to the warehouse of the Russian kingdom, but created a confederation with Russia. The tsar's advancing fates utterly destroyed Ukraine, and as a result, they lost their independence. This is followed by the traditional reincarnation of Ukrainian claims to Russia: free will, blasphemy of language, “tsarism of the working people in the world” and so on. 
Mikhnovsky vvazhav, that the freedom of Ukraine can be given to less than a third generation of intellectuals (the first two were sold in succession to Poland and Russia, apparently). Vіn having become, perhaps, the first, who has launched a vicious insurrection against the Russian government for the sake of independence. “Everyone who is not for us in Ukraine is against us. Ukraine is for Ukrainians, and as long as we want one enemy enemy to be left behind on our territory, we have no right to lay down a streak,” he wrote. In the first place, the words “One, one, undivided, free, independent Ukraine from the Carpathians to the Caucasus” faded out. Mikhnovsky didn’t give any proof of Ukraine’s claims to freedom from all the lands, maybe, and didn’t let go.
Ideas, published in the brochure, formally became the same concern for Russia, and for the Austro-Ugric region, shards between the possible unity of Ukraine, Mikhnovsky, who was appointed at the borders of Volodin and two empires. Under this “Independent Ukraine”, they calmly abused Lvov and illegally transported it and expanded it in Russia. It's wonderful, but I'll stay at all the places of Ukraine, Mikhnovsky doesn't criticize Austria and doesn't think about it.
At the Russian Empire, the brochure was officially fenced, but the fight against “Russian blasphemy” did not ring out. Protesting against the fences, Mikhnovsky left a message to the Minister of Internal Affairs Dmytro Sipyagin, writing this on the monument to the Ukrainian poet Ivan Kotlyarevsky near Poltava: It is your fault to get your own permission in the face of national and political slavery, even if rivers of blood are shed!”
Over the years, those ideas have become more and more radical. In 1902, a nationalistic wing hung from the RUP, as if it had created the Ukrainian People's Party (UNP). Through river Mikhnovsky, he formulated the її political credo, as it went down in history as “10 commandments of Mikhnovsky”: “Ukraine is for Ukrainians!”; “All people are your brothers, but Muscovites, Poles, Ugrian, Romanians and Jews are the guardians of our people, the docks of the stench panic over us and rob us”; “Start that Ukrainian language everywhere. Let not your squad, nor your children desecrate your house of foreign-spoilers, ”toshcho.
Austrian grants
Mikhnovsky's ideas were cutting edge for their time - before Bandery and Shukhevych came into politics, there was still more to come. And in those years, the socialist ideas were significantly more popular, like a clear nationalist image on the Ukrainian soil. Becoming Dmytro Dontsov, he became one of the key ideologists in the Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists (OUN).
Having been born at the post office in the pivdni of Ukraine, he successfully graduated from the law faculty of St. Petersburg University. After being promoted to the Ukrainian Social-Democratic Labor Party (USDRP), having disregarded the ranks, not leaning on hard labor and, zreshtoy, moved to Galicia. In the ideological sense of wine, he started as a Marxist. So, for example, in 1910, he wrote to the fate of vins that in the “fight for the nationally allowed Ukrainian proletariat to act not under the blue-yellow ensign of Ukraine, but under the red ensign of social democracy.”
But for an hour of living in the Austro-Ugric region, Dontsov's ideology changed. At the front of the war, the fates of the vins were taken up by Vidnya and became a journalist near Lvov. The closer the First World War was, the more different the anti-Russian and pro-Nimets ideas were. Having acted in 1913 to announce an addendum “The present-day camp of the nation and our leaders”, Dontsov declared the imminence of the war of Russia with the Austro-Ugric and Nimechchina. Winning that all progressive Ukrainians can take anti-Russian positions. The first light war of wines was taken for an ideal hour for political separation from Russia.
Orientation to the Austro-Nimets bloc was revealed by the whole world of 1914. A few days after the ear of the First World War, 4 sick days, together with other Ukrainian socialists from the Russian part of the country, falling asleep near Lvov, the Union of Volunteers of Ukraine (SOU). In the course of this struggle for the liberation of Ukraine, that financed Austrian Ministry of Foreign Affairs was engaged. 
Wilhelm Franz von Habsburg
The brochure “Ukrainian sovereign idea and war against Russia” has become the key yoga robot for the time being. In a new wine, write that the only way to uplift the imperial aspirations of Russia, to divide it. At the same time, behind the cordons, buti create buffer powers, building a stream of Russia. Ukraine, according to Dontsov, is ideal for this role.
Im'ya їm Legion
And not less publicistic activity was occupied by the Union of Volunteers of Ukraine. The First World came and the warring powers loudly demanded new and new soldiers. SOU came to help. Immediately after the beginning of the war, the Ukrainian political parties of Western Ukraine united and created the Head Ukrainian Rada. Crimea, the Ukrainian scout organizations "Sokil" and "Plast" created the Ukrainian Fighting Council.
Jointly, three organizations organized the formation of the Legion of Ukrainian Sich Riflemen. Scouts and other national military associations worked in Western Ukraine back to the beginning of the war, that Austrian detachment needed more than a month to form the Legion and bring the legionaries to the oath. Out of 28,000 volunteers, 2,500 cases were picked up, and over the course of the year, the warehouse expanded to 7,000.
I Ukrainian politicians, and the Austrian detachment positioned the Legion as the basis for the possible Ukrainian Ukrainian state, as if it were under the protectorate of the Austro-Ugric region. With the help of the Austrian method, the rule of serving to the Legion of one of the members of the ruling dynasty, the 19th Archduke Wilhelm Franz von Habsburg. This lad virіs in Galicia and looked like a contender for the Ukrainian throne. To get closer to the people, wearing a vyshivanka, for which they called him Vasil Vishavanim.
Tsіkavo, scho to fidelity Spіlka vyzvollennya Ukraїni vyyavivsya respected and Mykhaylo Hrushevsky. Until the beginning of the First World War, having lived in Western Ukraine, the stars of the Vidnya, de proving along with the Ukrainian politicians for the coordination of the work of the Ukrainian national groups in the territory of the Ukrainian subcontinent. The stench is small to conduct anti-Russian propaganda and provoke the rebellion.
For the purpose of the mission, Hrushevsky veiled to Kiev, de near the fall of 1914, the police arrested the fate of the city. After a few months in the yaznitsy, they hung up to Simbirsk, having taken the wine off without a bar, he allowed them to move to Kazan. There, I summoned the mischievous liberal intelligentsia to myself. Members of the Academy of Sciences clamored for the new, and as a result, Moscow became the avenue of “strengthening,” de vin is alive until the fierce 1917 fate.
For the irony of the share of the fighting crosses of the legionnaires, the defense of the Mount Makivka against the Kuban Cossacks, which nationalities are recorded in Ukrainians, began. The battles lasted this day and although they ended in the capture of the Austrian positions, in a flash, looking at the losses, that military disposition ended not far away for the Russian army. Shcho tsіkavo, pіd the hour of the battle to the Russian full, having consumed the future head of the OUN Yevgen Konovalets.
Year, at the spring of 1916, the fate of the hour of battles for the Lison's hillock and at the linden 1917, the fate of the grooms of the Russian army, the girls defeated the Legion. More than 400 men were lost behind the pіdbags of both battles in the ranks, and the Legion was brought into the teel for reformation.
At the same time, Ukrainian politicians launched a propaganda campaign against the captured Ukrainians from the Russian army, the captured Germans and the Austro-Ugric army. They were taken in okremih encampments by a savage group of up to 80 thousand people. Schools, libraries, courses in Ukrainian history and literature, theaters and much more were organized for them. Propaganda vyyavilas zagal effective.
In the Austro-Ukrainian region, one rifle division was formed from the captured Ukrainians, in the Nimechchyna two more, five thousand skin people each. In the course of time, they suffered the fate of the Hromadyansky war, which formed the basis of the army of the Ukrainian state, Hetman Pavlo Skoropadsky.
Until 1917, the Ukrainian national ideologists reached the peak of success. The terms "Ukraine" and "Ukrainian" although not accepted by the majority of the population, nevertheless could become part of the mainstream. Ukraine emerged as an original concept of history, as it could easily obstruct the ancient ethnic group and, more importantly, the right to independence of the state. Ukrainians found their own national army, let them go to the warehouses of foreign armies. It was given, nothing was left before the creation of the vlas state. Ale Persha, the war of light flowed smoothly from the revolution to the Gromadyan war, and from them a new stage of the struggle of Ukrainians for national self-determination and independence emerged.
Dali be...
The Great Anti-Russian Project There are two main parts to the creation of the Ukrainian people and the state. This is the creation of a false history of the unknown Ukrainian nation and the endowment of the її with the vlass, the dictatorship in the form of a historically taman Russian language.
Let's marvel at how the myth about the foundation of the Ukrainian nation and some subtleties of the past might have come to light for whom.
Let's put the food: if and how they started up in the future, such understandable people appeared - "Ukraine" and "Ukrainian"? How did the new “Ukrainian nation” “swim”?
Let's get to our analysis of historical facts.
A review of the historical facts has brought us, as we would rather lower, to the point of the crown of whiskers, and to allow us to understand the nature of today's wines of Russia and Ukraine, as well as to predict their further development.
Let's go back to the ancient history of Russia of the epoch 9-13 centuries.
Zagalnovіdomі litopisnі dzherel zіstoriї 9-13 ct, tobto. For the 5th century, to name the population of Russia, they used a number of terms: “Rus”, “Russian rіd”, “Russian”, “Rus”, “Rosi”, “Russian people”. But in the basis of all of them lie two key words - "Rus" and "Russian". This is how the inhabitants of Russia self-originated themselves in that hour far from us. They didn’t call themselves “small Russians”, “great Russians”, “similar words”, “pivdennoruska narodnistyu”, but “pivnіchnaya”, “Russians”, and even more “Ukrainians”. All these terms are the fault of the new hour and from the scientific point of view, the dawn does not have the right to win retrospectively from the past era. Therefore, in order to recreate the objective picture of the past, maybe once and for all, let's see terminological speculations on the subject of liberal-communist and Ukrainian historiography as pseudo-science and anti-historical. In lithographs, the term “Ukraine” is used, but the meanings “cordon”, “cordon region”, “outskirts” are used in chronicles. The toponym "Ukraine" is not in the old Rus'! Try the “Ukrainians” retroactively to stick to them with a clear falsification and falsification of real historical facts. Tobto. neither in the ethnic nor in the cultural plan, Ancient Rus did not harbor anything "Ukrainian" in itself, and it no longer aroused the riddle about the "Ukrainians" as such an ethnic group.
At the same time, the names “Little Rus” and “Bila Rus”, as well as “Great Rus” are called. Tsei subdued the territory, and not the Russian people, into the “ethnos” with the sights of “Ukrainians” and “Belarusians” supported by political podias. From the 14th to the 18th centuries, the Russian people were divided between two powers: the similar Muscovite kingdom and the western one, where the Poles and the Lithuanians ruled. For the purpose of identifying the territories that are known under the rule of the Poles and Lithuania, the names “Little Rus” and “Bila Rus” were zastosovulysya. Neither in the chronicles, nor in the historical documents of that hour, neither "Ukraine", nor "Ukrainians", nor "Belarus", nor "Belarus" are mentioned in the same row.
The Polish-Lithuanian occupation of Little and White Russia, inhabited by the Russians, was shaped by the Russian language, the culture of those people. The Russian language was filled with a singing world: it drank a lot of Polish words and more and more began to transform into a “mova”, began to rise to the Russian light. The other classes of Little Russia begin more and more often to align with the Poles, speak Polish, some of them go over to the Catholic faith, give their children to the Polish primary mortgage, “transform” into the Poles, the Daedals are more reoriented to Zahid.
However, in the other half of the 16th century, the "Polish language" of the words of the Yanorsk language did not go too far - the "Ruska Mova" of that Russian language was even less pronounced. І in Kiev, and in Moscow, the language was taught at the same time according to the same assistant - “Gramatsі” by Meletiy Smotrytsky.
Tobto. the assimilation of the “upper” in Little Russia did not lead to the assimilation of the “lower”, even though here they recognized significant losses, ahead of cultural development. Prote people, as a whole organism, without spending their “Russian nature”, saved the Orthodox faith, native language, batkiv traditions, which stunned the nationally-wilful war against Poland in 1648–1654. that historical decision of Pereyaslavskaya For the sake of the resurrection of Little and Great Russia.
Після возз'єднання південної та північної Русі в 1654 р., коли вплив польської мови припинився, почався зворотний процес поступового витіснення всіляких полонізмів під загальним впливом загальноросійської літературної мови, у створенні якої вирішальну роль, між іншим, зіграли якраз вихідці з Малоросії: Мелетій Єпіфаній Slavinetsky, Arseniy Satanovsky, Semion Polotsky, Feofan Prokopovich and others, to speak about the principle of ignoring them “movie” as a piece of art and non-lifelike. Before the speech, at the very Grand Duke of Lithuania until 1697. the Russian language was victorious as an official sovereign language.
The Russian people were separated by sovereign cordons as a way to preserve their national unity, and prepared spiritual, material, military changes of mind for the liquidation of the foreign panuvannya over the Little Russian state and the rise of the nation. The Russians are a self-determined people who live on the territory of Lesser Russia.
Not "Ukrainians", but the Russians fought for six years against pansky Poland, shaming themselves with glory, which did not fade. Not “Ukrainians”, but Russians stood for faith, freedom, the right to be themselves, and not the half-life Polish “claps”. Sending to Bohdan Khmelnytsky: near the red 1648, rushing to Lviv, the hetman gave the bagmen a place: “I come before you as the savior of the Russian people; I will come to the capital city of Chervonoruska land to free you from Polish captivity.
And the axis of the wedding of another contemporary, from standing against the camp - the Polish hetman Sapieha: All the people of Russia from forces, forces, small towns, places, tying bonds of faith and blood with the Cossacks, threatening the vikorinity of the gentry tribe and bringing the Rich Commonwealth from the face of the earth. As you can see, there is less to talk about the Russian people. Not for "independent Ukraine" was the struggle, but for the resurrection of two parts of Russia, the unification of Russians in one state.
As far as “Ukrainian” (tobto the outskirts), then the term, as before, stagnates in the dzherels to other territories. In the Polish villages of the 16th century, the word “Ukraine” is often used (with a voice in a different warehouse and with a small letter), in view of which, in two centuries, Little Russian independents will lead their fantastic country “Ukraine”, inhabited by the same fantastic “Ukrainian people”. Even if the Poles were close to “Ukraine”, they were small on the borders, but they did not tie the borders to any specific territory. It is not for nothing that the synonyms of “Ukraine” in Polish language were the words “Ukrainian”, “borderline”.
The Polish king Stefan Batoriy, for example, writing in his universals: “To the elders, the elders, the rulers, the princes, the panamas and the liquor, in Ukraine, the Russian, Kiev, Volyn, Podolsk and Bratslav live” or “to all our old people in the winter”. The Polish historian Maciej Strijkowski (born in 1582), the author of the “Chronicle of Polish, Lithuanian, Zhmudian and All Rus”, mentions the following passage: “Albrecht, the king’s nephew, heading zbitkiv in Ukraine (tobto on the cordon) Polish land. “The pennies were seen from the treasuries of the cinema and writing captains in Ukraine, Moscow and Tatar”, - tobto. on the cordon with Russia and the steppe.
In chronicles and documents of the tsієї epoch, the terms “Ukraine” and “Ukrainian” are also not used. The people who inhabit Little Russia, almost feel like calling it like “Ukraine” and “Ukrainian”.
In the middle of the 17th century, more than a part of the territories of Little and White Russia came to the Muscovite kingdom, and another part of the territory moved to the same warehouse, for example, in the 18th century, before the hour fell to Poland.
Idemo gave, the 18th century. Katerina Velika took away the share of the Western Russian lands, most of which lay in the 18th century of Poland. Polish nutrition was tied to us by the rights of the Orthodox population in Poland and Lithuania - their rights were infringed upon the greed of the Uniate Church. The Prussian King Friedrich "Zidysnyuvav defender of the rights of Protestants in Poland." The Polish Sejm was inspired by the recognition of the rights of the non-Catholic part of the population (that is, Orthodox and Protestants, moreover, Poland itself had a confrontation between different parties of the Polish nobility), Russia, Prussia and Austria intervened, and on the right ended under the role of Poland in 1772. Prussia occupied Zahidna Poland, as it was populated by the Poles, Austria took over Galicia, inhabited by Poles and Russians, Russia occupied Polotsk, Vitebsk and Mogilov, inhabited by Russians. If so, it would be fair to say that those Russians, like they inhabited Galicia at that time, spoke the Russian-Polish dialect of the Russian language, and the regions that went to the Russian region, - the Russian-Polish-Lithuanian dialects (signed ).
In 1791, the Polish Sejm, having praised the new constitution, turned over the vast Polish state with weak centralized power. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was formally included before Poland, which for Lithuania and Western Russia meant a strengthening of the colonization policy. The publication of the constitution provoked a civil war in Poland. Dissatisfied with her, the conservative stakes of the Polish nobility were waiting for Katerina to speak. Russia made the rules of the war and paid for Warsaw. Another division of Poland occurred in 1793. Russia took away a significant part of the minority of Belarus and Ukraine - Minsk, part of Volyn and Podillya. Prussia occupied Posen.
In 1974, the rebellion broke out near Warsaw, and it was organized by Polish patriots on behalf of Tadeusz Kosciuszko. A Polish revolutionary order was formed, which voted for the war of Russia and Prussia.
Katerina hung the best military on choli from Suvorov, after which Poland ceased to exist as an independent power. In 1795, the third division of Poland took place, as a result of which Prussia took Mazovia at once from Warsaw, Austria took Mala Poland from Krakow, Russia - Courland, Lithuania and the western part of Volin (the territory was populated by ethnic Russians, Lithuanians and Latvians).
As a result of the subdivision of Poland, Russia turned its back on its own land near the western-western Russian lands, the Crimean Holm, Galicia, Carpathian Rus and Bukovina. Later, until the 19th century, the Russians were raised to a single state, but the stench continued to be abandoned by the Russians.
For the time being, there were no riddles about the origin of new ethnic groups - "Ukrainians" and "Belarusians" - they did not know such words and did not get used to them.
Navіt is written like the 18th century “History of Rusіv” does not know the current “Ukrainians”, even if the position of the author is stovіdsotkovo ukraїnsk. And even though we don’t know anything about the background of the “Ukrainians”, we don’t need to try to show their presence in the epic before the 19th century, in the forties the stench already loudly declares about itself. But if you don’t overdo the galas, raising them like the first witnesses (to convince yourself) of the “Ukrainians”, but if you go as far as the purely arithmetic joke of the prepared Ukrainian forces, then you’ll show up, you’ll go about the callos, in the presence of the forces of thousands of people!
The period of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th.
The exact date of the appearance of the first "Ukrainians" is the end of the 18th-early 19th centuries. At the same time, in one of his robs, Count Jan Pototskyy won the name "Ukrainians". The Ukrainian ideologist who came after him, also the Pole Count Thaddeus Chatsky, having unraveled and destroyed this Russophobic myth, voiced that “Ukrainians look like Ukrainians, especially Ordi, as they came to the city of Ukraine through the Volga near the 7th century.” In fact, such an order never happened. The type of Ukrainians is Ukraine, the type of Ukraine is “Ukrainians” – this is how Chatsky propagated the scheme for the ethnogenesis of the “Ukrainian people”. The thoughts of Jan Pototsky and Thaddeus Chatsky about the non-Russian adventures of the “Ukrainians” were transferred through these osibs to the soil of the left bank of Little Russia and Slobidskoy Ukraine, and they were much wider here. If Russians appeared in small Russia, then “Ukrainians” appeared, it’s not like nationality is special.
Vtіm, the phenomenon is not a trivial, theoretical one. In fact, the number of "Ukrainians" at that time was counted by hundreds of Russophobic Little Russian marginals, and a dozen incompetent authors of works in Russian-Polish surzhik. Знадобилося дві сотні років невпинної підривної роботи цієї спільноти етнічних мутантів, підкріпленої щедрою фінансовою, моральною та політичною підтримкою найбільших держав світу, катастрофа кількох революцій та воєн з нещадним антиросійським терором у Малоросії, щоб зробити від цих кількох сотень пару мільйонів особин, з певною часткою визначено can be classified as "Ukrainians". Ale and this year, like two hundred years ago, the union is not a nation, but a political party.
Mykola Ulyanov writes: “The Poles rightfully can be venerated by the fathers of the Ukrainian doctrine… So, the use of the words “Ukraine” and “Ukrainian” began to be inculcated in the literature for the first time… Poles did not rule over “Malorosiya” or “Malazhen Rus”… »Charked for Oleksandra I, Kolya," sobbing "Kyiv, having shifted the entire pyvdeniyad of a denser extent of his own lifes, sleeping Poland Uonvertet from the Harki Uniberta, the Poles of the rotes, the Poles, edge Vіdomy istorik Kostomarov, who was a student of Kharkiv University in the 30s, having recognized the new trends of propaganda.
Not someone else, like the historian M.I. Kostomarov (1817-1885) in the middle of the 19th century introduced the concept of "great Russian people". Kostomarov himself denounces the inhabitants of Great Russia and Little Russia as "two Russian nationalities." Calling the people no nonsense, and replacing the Russian "great people", Kostomarov, like the other founders of "Ukraine", robbed nothing else, like an application for the transition of Old Russia from the recessions of the "Ukrainians", resting on those that the "great people" were formed richly 9-12 century.
The very first category of bad luck and woe is the “three eagles” of the Russian people: “little Russians”, “great people”, “white-haired people” - “nationality”, which they did not deprive of their daily traces of their activity in historical gerels. The reason is rather banal: such ethnic groups never existed. The names, for which the name of the skin "gіlka" was broken, - Mala, Velika, Bila Rus - did not carry in their own ethnic, national zmіsta, serving only for the identification of the territories inhabited by the Russian people, which were denounced after the Tatar army and the Polish army powers.
The concept of the "three Russias" that appeared in the 14th century - Great, Small and White - was in use for a long time, right up to 1917. Ale is less at the 19th century. They began to be "inhabited" by three different nationalities, moreover, including among the illuminated people. The people understand about it not maw. I'm sorry people, like in the hours of Kievan Rus, for their national identity they victorious one ethnonym - "Russians". Moreover, it is typical for all Russians, they didn’t live in the stench: in Maliy, Whitey chi Great Russia.
Even at the turn of the 19-20th century, the concept of "Russian" meant Great Russians, Little Russians and Belarusians at once. In this sensi yoga, both representatives of the Russian intelligentsia (for example, P. Struve), and the “Ukrainian” (P.A. Kulish) took root.
N.I. Ulyanov, a legacy of Ukrainian separatism, writes: “...“ Great Russia ”is the birth of the mentality of the 19th-20th centuries.” Showing guilt and strength, zatsіkavlenі in the expanded tsієї piece, anti-historical terminology: Ukrainian separatism and liberal-revolutionary movement: Among the assistants of geography, the type of “great Russian” appeared - bearded, in bast shoes, in self-styled time and leather, and women in multicolored sarafans, kokoshniks, and pidviyniks. On the same common folk types, the ethnography of “little Russians” and “Belorussians” was developed. Respect was accentuated in front of us on the vіdmіnnosti pobutі, zvichai, regional dialects. And with these regional authorities, there was the appearance of a large number of nationalities, the woeful three of them. It was not those who sank, but those who roared that rose.
The famous Little Russian falsifier of history Mykhailo Hrushevsky (who is considered the founder of “Ukrainian” history) introduces the example “skhidnі” one hundred and fifty times the word “words”. For a while, he himself was inspired by “similar words”, replacing them, consciously, with “Ukrainians”. From 1897 to 1901, the first 4 volumes and future 10-volume "History of Ukraine - Russia" appeared.
For example, in the 19th century, the “Ukrainian” and “Belarusian” intelligentsia were founded ruhi, so that they could defend their special mov in the grip of the Russian. Moreover, the development of these ruhіv was sown ... by the Russians themselves. The academic world is being put up to Ukrainian propaganda absolutely tolerantly. Vіn vdavav, scho do not commemorate її. Having established the law, the right to lie was recognized as the right for the independents. Vikrivati їх was respected as a sign of a filthy tone, right "reactionary", for which a person reckoned to take away the title of "high-ranking gendarme" or "general of history". One word of such, for example, giants, like M. A. Dyakonov, S. F. Platonov, A. S. Lappo-Danilevsky, was enough to turn Grushevsky’s cunning gossip into gunpowder. Natomist Hrushevsky calmly drukuvav at St. Petersburg his political pamphlets under the title "History of Ukraine". Liberals - so, like Mordovians at the "St. Petersburg News", Pipin at the "News of Europe" separatists stole independence more, less separatists themselves. "Visnik Evropi" looked like a Ukrainian-language magazine.
Tim, for an hour, the appearance could not be called innocent. Hrushevsky's "practices" played a great role for "Ukrainian historiography". Sergiy Rodin writes in his book “Speak of the Russian name”: “From the host of “Ukrainian historians” Grushevsky, maybe, like no one else in the speech of Gogol’s character Nozdryov. Moreover, it didn’t appear there with an important rank, but with a literal similarity, for it’s a lie. Having deceived in a vidchaydushno and without a litter of litter, wanting to go to the vіdmina in the vіd vіd of the Volodar, they killed the horn-colored suit and the size of the ribi, far from being dishonorable ... Starting wine modestly. Having acquired the name of the old Polish Rus “Ukraine” to the spokonvichnoy and having taken away the fantastic country “Ukraine-Rus” in such a rank, Grushevsky settled in it with such a fantastic “Ukrainian-Russian nationality” (just like that!). Ale to Kostomarov's view, not succumbing to what he had achieved, not trying to reconcile with that signet of "Russianness", as if his people had no inventions. As one of the facilitators of ignoring Russians from Russia and Little Russia wines, scrounging together for the term "skhіdnoslovyanskі narodnostі" with the method of vanishing, for the best knowledge, » i, nareshti, «Russian» in the meaning of Ukrainian(!).
Juggling with terms didn’t help much: the “Ukrainians” were not seen in any way by the comrades of the Russians and did not show themselves in any way on the territory for them in the recognized era, with devilish cunning masquerading as ... Russians! The zatiya became hopeless, but here the “father of Ukrainian historiography” shone more brilliantly for its simplicity of solution: now, using the terms “Russian”, “Rus”, “Malorosiya”, automatically replacing them with the words “Ukrainian”, “Ukrainian” "…. As a result of this simple operation, the Ukrainian professor, having spent many years arranging “a thousand years of Ukrainian history”, having secured the self-styled “historical roots”, without some kind of stench looked not just impostors, but people who were not in their own right. Grushevsky himself spoke the essence of his “voidkrittya” in a remarkably short and accessible way: the rogue in terms of the “Ukrainians” thought about the pivdenny Russia and the Russian population “firmly and boldly accept the name “Ukraine”, “Ukrainian” ... "
In such a simple way, the Russians were “created” from Kiev and Lesser Russia, and the “Ukrainians” were transformed into її undivided rulers. Technology firing the enemy Primitive: the whole of the most so -the -line Material of Yogo Popular “Ilyustini Istoriya Ukrainians” forget on “Movi”, the sloppy custody in the PIDSVIDOMOSTISKYASKY, SHOBISHISHISHISHIS, SHOSTISHITS, SHOSTISHITS, SHOTISHITS, SHOTISHITS, SHOS , showcases from bilin є in different periods the development of "Ukrainian culture". The trick of repaying those who read is a dense fool, I’m just, hopelessly stupid and lazy, or I want to be short-sighted and not able to sort out Greek and words of Jansky write on these coins, seals, and letters. Axis on side 77 images of coins, under them is the text of Grushevsky: “Save the coins of Volodymyr with his portrait”, and on the coin itself it was written: "Volodymyr is on the table, and this is his silver", then. The Russian writing in the Ukrainian version, according to the author's idea, gives the right to honor Prince Volodymyr not as a Russian, but as a "Ukrainian"! The daughter of Yaroslav the Wise, being the Queen of France, is signed "Ana" clearly before her Russian name - Hanna, and the author's text under the facsimile is sung, which is the signature "Ukrainian prince Hanni" (p. 89). Under the facsimile of the contract of Lubart and Casimir, laid in 1366 p. and written in the purest Russian language, Hrushevsky's signature, which explains that the agreement was written in the "old Ukrainian language" (page 145), then. etc. stretching out the entirety of the book: cheeky, shameless nonsense, zdatna perekonati hiba scho povnih idiotiv. "Ukrainian historian" is the least likely to tell the truth, vin is the creator of myths, and not a swindler of truth, an ideologist, not opinions, a direct representative, who is not a hundred years old before science.
The first axis of the “robot” itself lies at the basis of all “Ukrainian” historiography.
The food about the journey of the Ukrainian nation is one of the most debatable and super eloquent. Historians of the “independent” state that the root of the Ukrainian ethnos was found in Europe, and in other lands they are encouraged to speak.
Today, in the Ukrainian spit, more and more often and more boldly, hypotheses are being expressed, which may lead to some kind of history of the Ukrainian ethnos. A version is seriously considered, zgіdno z any Ukrainian ethnic group becoming the basis for the emergence of the Great Russian and Belarusian peoples.
Київський журналіст Олесь Бузіна з приводу цієї гіпотези іронізував: «Тобто, за логікою її послідовників, якийсь пітекантроп, вивівшись з мавпи в Африці, прийшов на береги Дніпра, і тут потихеньку переродився в українця, від якого походять російські, білоруси та інші до індусів» .
Ukrainian historians, as they try to make their roots more ancient, forget that by stretching more than a thousand rocks in the lands from the Don to the Carpathians, they recognized the invasion of Sarmatians, Gunivs, Goths, Pechenigs, Polovtsians and Tatars, repeatedly changed their image.
Thus, the wasteful Mongol conquest of the other quarter of the XIII century littered a large number of inhabitants of the Dnieper region. “Most of the people of Russia have been slaughtered or taken into captivity,” wrote the Franciscan Giovanni del Plano Carpini, who saw the land.
For the last hour, a lot of the territory of the Kiev princedom was destroyed by social and political turmoil. Until 1300, the stench was rebuked at the warehouse of the Nogai ulus, from the XIV century they ate under the rule of the princedom of Lithuania, and two centuries later, the Commonwealth came there. The first mіtsny element of the old Russian ethnos is revealed in a ground manner.
In the middle of the 17th century, Cossack rebellions against the Polish panuvannya were fired, as if they were the first samples of the renewal of national identity. Їx result - "Hetmanate", which became the butt of pіvdennoruska autonomy under the Cossack administrations.
Until the middle of the 17th century, the term "Ukrainian" was not used as an ethnic concept. Tse recognize the founding historians of the "independent". Natomist in the documents of that hour, other words are spoken - Russians, Rusyns, Little Russians, and Navit Russians.
The “Protestation” of 1622 to the fate of the Kiev Metropolitan Ivan Boretsky has the following lines: “To the skin of similar piety to the people of the Russian people ... to all the pious churches, I will be blessed by the great people of Russia, whether I become spiritual and godly people.”
Zaporizhzhya / Illya Repin
And the axis is a fragment of a sheet dated 1651 to the fate of Hetman Bogdan Khmelnytsky to the Turkish Sultan Mehmed IV: “... and all of Russia, as it lives here, as it is with the Greeks alone in faith and in them there is a cob ...”. Before the speech, at the recording of the kobzar from the Chernigiv region, Andriy the Jester thinks: “Well, we have Hetman Khmelnitsky, Rusyn.”
Archpriest Simeon Adamovich of Nizhin was specific to the list of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich: “... and from my quiet labors for the grace of your tsar, I didn’t want to Moscow, knowing the inconsistency of my brothers of the Little Russian inhabitants…”. The word “Little Russia”, as the name of the sub-Dnipro lands, was first recorded in 1347 in the envoy of the Byzantine emperor John Kantakouzin.
The term "Ukraine" first appeared in 1213 roci in the chronicle about the return of Prince Danilo Galitsky to the cordon from Poland in the Russian cities. There, zokrema, it is said: “Danilo went with his brother and Priya Berestii, Ugrovesk, Stovp, Komov and all Ukraine.” Such an early riddle about a debatable term is often called out as a proof of the ancient Ukrainian nation.
However, in the literary context, in vlasne, as in the context of the thієї epoch, “Ukrainians” were called different borderlands, outlying lands in the Muscovite kingdom (“Siberian Ukraine”) and the Commonwealth (“Polish Ukraine”).
Pismennik Volodymyr Anishchenkov seems to say: “The science of ethnology does not slander such a people as a “Ukrainian” right up to the 19th century. Moreover, Poles, then Austrians and Germans, began to be called "Ukrainians" among the inhabitants of the city. The svіdomіst malorosіv tse naming vprovadzhuvalos kіlka stіlі. Starting from the 15th century.
In the meantime, among the Cossack elites there is a single ethnic group, which lives on the territory of Little Russia, becoming a vodokremlyuvatysya and opposes the suds even in the other half of the XVII century. Zaporizhsky otaman Ivan Bryukhovetsky at the age of up to hetman Petro Doroshenko wrote:
Taking God to the rescue, beating your enemies to Moscow, then Muscovites, you don’t dream of friendship with them anymore ... so we know about such a Moscow and Lyatsky us and Ukraine, we don’t have a good fortune, prepared to destroy the checks, and to ourselves and all the Ukrainian people to a known zanepad they did not make themselves happy.
Before the inhabitants of the Western regions of Ukraine, who entered the warehouse of the Austro-Ugric region, the term "Ukrainian" came to the last - on the cob of the XX century. "Westerners" traditionally called themselves Rusyns (in the German version, "ruthenians"). Tsikavo, that Taras Shevchenko sings the pride of the Ukrainian nation in his own creations without getting used to the ethnonym “Ukrainian”.
Natomist at yoga sent to countrymen є such rows: Nіmets say: You could. “Mughal! Moghuls! Golden Tamerlane is taught naked. At the sight of Berlin in 1925, the Russian emigrant and publicist Andriy Storozhenko wrote:
Beware of the strife of the races to show that in the coming generations, if they are crossed between the borders of one people, there are less, individuals can be born, they work with a pure looking ancestor of someone else's blood. Knowing the children of the Ukrainian movement, beginning in 1875, not for books, but in living images, we were amazed that the “Ukrainians” are the very individuals who have shrunk in the form of a foreign Russian type in the wake of the ancestors of foreign Turkic blood.
Adzhe is one of the most popular images of Ukrainian folklore "Cossack-litsar Mamai" - a direct confirmation of such an admission. Are the sounds of the character of folk pictures pure Tatar? What are the faults of the beklarbek Mamai, whose caps were used at the molding of the Cossacks in Ukraine?
In the translation of the Turkic language "Cossack" - tse "rozbіynik", "vignanets". This is how they called themselves in the armies of Genghis Khan, they didn’t tell the despot, they settled in the steppe regions of the lower Ukraine. The middle Polish chronicler Jan Dlugosh wrote about the Crimean Tatars, who attacked Volin in 1469: “The Tatar army was stockpiled with vtikachiv, zdobuvachiv and vignantsiv, they call them Cossacks with their stench.”
The results of archeological excavations at the site of the Battle of Berestechka (1651) give rise to thoughts about the Tatar roots of the native Ukrainian nation: it appears that the Zaporizhian Cossacks did not wear their own crosses. Archaeologist Igor Svіchnikov confirmed that the statement about Zaporizka Sich as a stronghold of Christianity was greatly overstated. Nevipadkovo the first church near the Zaporizhsky freemen appeared only in the XVIII century, after the Cossacks praised the Russian piddanstva.
It is impossible not to respect the ethnicity of the population of present-day Ukraine. Ethnographers confirm that the livers, Polovtsy and Tatars played an important role in the molding of the "wide" Ukrainians, as well as the Rusyns, Poles and Jews. Genetics in a flash confirms the same admission.
Similar studies were carried out by the Laboratory of Population Genetics of the Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, vicarious genetic markers of the Y-chromosome (which are transmitted along the human line) and mitochondrial DNA (female lineage). On the one hand, the results of the study revealed a significant genetic similarity between Ukrainians and Belarusians, Poles and residents of the Sunset of Russia, and on the other hand, they showed a significant difference between the inner Ukrainian and trioma clusters - Western, Central and Central.
In another study, even American scientists from Harvard University, it was more thoroughly analyzed that Ukrainians were divided into haplogroups. It turned out that 65-70% of Ukrainians have haplogroup R1a, which is typical for the steppe peoples. For example, among the Kyrgyz it is common in 70% of the population, among the Uzbeks - in 60%, among the Bashkirs and Kazan Tatars - in 50%. For por_vnyannya, in the Russian regions of the pivnіchny entry - Novgorod, Pskov, Arkhangelsk, Vologda regions of the R1a group, there are 30-35% of the population.
Other haplogroups of Ukrainians were divided as follows: three of them - R1b (western European), I2 (Balkan) and N (Finno-Ugric) may account for approximately 10% of the representatives, another one - E (Africa, Western Asia) for approximately 5%. As far as the native bagmen of the territory of Ukraine are concerned, genetics is powerless here. “The genotypes of modern Ukrainians cannot say anything about the long history of the population of Ukraine,” says American geneticist Peter Forster.
Tse need to know Bodai until the 20th century independence
How and when did the word "Ukraine" appear? “Ukrainians” (“Ukrainians”, “Ukrainians”) from the 12th to the 17th centuries were called the various border lands of Russia. In the Іpatiїvsky litopis n. In the I Pskov Chronicle No. 6779 (1271) - there is a description of the villages of the Pskov "Ukraine". The Russian-Lithuanian treaties of the 15th century include "Ukrainian places", "Ukrainian places", "Ukraine that place".
Smolensk, Lubutsk, Mtsensk rose under them. The treaty of two Ryazan princes in 1496 named "our villages in Mordovian in Central Ukraine". Before the Moscow-Crimean cordon from the end of the 15th century, it was said like this: "Ukraine", "Our Ukraine", "our Ukrainian city".
In 1571, a copy was compiled of "A painting for watchmen from Ukrainian places in Polish Ukrainians along the Pine, along the Don, along the Mech and other rivers." A number of "Tatar Ukrainians" were also called "Kazan Ukraine" and "German Ukraine". Documents of the end of the 16th century tell about the "Ukrainian service" of Moscow service people: Sovereign of Ukraine, and the sovereign having punished buti in the foremost in the Ukrainian regiment.
The Russian legislation of the 17th century often suggests "Ukraine", "Ukrainian places", "State Ukraine", "Our Ukraine", "Ukrainian/Ukrainian places of the wild field", Ukraine". The concept is very broad: "... Siberia and Astrakhan and other far Ukrainian places are near". However, at the turn of the XV-XVI century the Muscovite State also established Ukraine in a narrowly comprehensible word - Okska Ukraina ("Ukraine beyond the Eye", "Crimean Ukraine"). The Russian legislation of the 16th-17th centuries repeatedly lists such places in Ukraine: Tula, Kashira, Kropyvna, Oleksin, Serpukhov, Torusa, Odoev. A number of them were founded by Slobidskaya Ukraine of the Moscow State.
For example, in the XVI - I half of the XVII century, the word "Ukraine" in a narrow sense of the word also began to mean the lands of the Middle Dnieper - the central region of modern Ukraine. At the Polish dzherelakh (royal and hetman's universals) "castles of that place of ours Ukraine", "the place of that place of Ukraine", "Ukraine of Kiev" are conjured. In the Russian legislation of the 17th century, the figures "Ukraine Malorosijska", "Ukraine, as if called Little Russia", the right bank of the Dnipro was called "Polish Ukraine". Little Russia and Slobidska Ukraine in the Russian legislation clearly shared: "Little Russian places of the inhabitants come to the Moscow state and in Ukrainian places ...".
What was the name of the inhabitants of the cordon Ukrainians? In the Іpatiїvsky litopisі pіd 6776 (1268), the inhabitants of the Polish borderland are guessing fate - "Lyakhovo Ukrainians" ("... and for the news they gave them Lyakhovі Ukrainians"). In Russian-Lithuanian treaties and embassy documents of the middle of the XV - I third of the XVI century, "Ukrainian people", "Ukrainian our people", "Ukrainian servants", "Ukrainian people", "Ukrainians", that is, residents of Smolensk, Lyubutsk, Mtsensk, are called. Polish documents from the end of the 16th century have the words "Our old age of Ukraine", "Lord of the leaders and old age of Ukraine", "people of Ukraine", "inhabitants of Ukraine", "Cossacks of Ukraine", "Ukrainian senators". Such a name has no ethnic identity. The documents also say "Ukrainian warrior people" and "Ukrainian places" of the Crimean Khanate.
The inhabitants of Russia, like before, called themselves Russians, so they themselves were called by foreigners. At the same time, Polish and Russian dzherels call "Ruska churches" in Lutsk, "Ruska clergy" and "religion (religion, faith) Ruska", as well as "our Russian people" (immediately - "inhabitants of Ukrainian Ukrainians"), " Rusin", "Russian People", "Russian People". The text of the Hadiatsky treaty of Ivan Vigovsky and Poland talks about the population of Ukraine, like the "Russian people" and "Russians". The followers of the Moscow state were called so: "Russian people", "your great sovereign's warrior people, Ruski and Cherkasy".
Where did the word "Ukrainians" get used more firmly? In the Muscovite state, "Ukrainians" were called the Ukrainian people (priordonniki), as they served in the ox Ukraine - in the Upper and Middle Poochchi - against the Crimeans.
At the birch tree of 1648, the Moscow Duma Dyak Ivan Gavrenev wrote a note at the Razryadniy Nakaz about the preparation to the additional low right, at the yakіy, zokrem, under the sixth paragraph, it was briefly said: "Ukrainians, who are now alive, do not trim and let them in." The word "Ukrainians" was not dubious, without explaining it, obviously, in Moscow it was on the ear and did not require explanation. What it meant, became clear from the coming documents. In the spring of 1648, the fate of the zv'yazku zі sensitively about the possible attack of the Crimeans on the Moscow cordoni was voiced by the selection of Ukrainian people from the Ukrainian cities - Tuli, Kashiri, Kozlov, Tarusi, Beleva, Bryansk, Karachova, Mtsensk. At the order to the voivods Yuri Buinosov-Rostovsky and Miron Velyaminov on May 8, laid down for the additional charge of the dyak Gavrenev, zokrem, it was said: "... At that place, the voivods were signed, so that the voivods of the children of the boyars and nobles sent all kinds of serving people to the sovereign's service it's negligible to them." Little Russian Cossacks were already formed in the service of the Moscow state in 1648, but they were called not "Ukrainians", but "Cherkasy" (they are also mentioned in Gavrenev's notes).
The adoption of the word "Ukrainians" in the Moscow state was not earlier than in the second half of the 16th century, it can be seen from the fact that in the Ryazan payment books of 1594-1597, Ukrainians - the nobles of the Kam'yansky camp of the Pronsky district - are guessed. At the letter of 1607, the fate was served by a man Grigoriy Ivanov, son of Ukrainians, who took care of the appearance of Tsar Vasil Shuisky on the Ryazsky district (now the Ryazan region). Dobre vіdomiy dumniy dyak Omelyan Ukraїntsіv (correct: Ukrainian, 1641-1708), who signed in 1700 the Constantinople peace treaty between Russia and the Ottoman Empire. In 1694, Omelyan Ukrainians slaved for the Order of the Order of the Ukrainian clan, apparently, the Ryazan nobleman of the middle of the 16th century Fedir Andreev syn Lukin on the honor of Ukrainians. Yogo father called "premises in Ryazan", tobto deshcho on the skhіd vyshchedannyh mіst okskoї ukraїna, nasledko і could blame the name "Ukrainian", and then the nickname "Ukrainian". Greater for everything, Fedir Ukrainets was not a mythological specialty: the very same onuks were guessed at the books of 1594-1597, and the great-grandson - at the letter of 1607.
Okska Ukraine itself was molded for defense in the form of orders and nabula of special significance from the cob of the 16th century. have a connection with partial raids of krimtsiv. 1492 year "Totars came to Ukraine for Oleksin's towns". "Lead the Ukrainians, those people" who successfully imagined the Crimean raid "for the Grand Duke in the region of Tulsk" are already guessed at the letter of 1517. Against the Crimeans, in 1507-1531, near Tula, Kashira, Zaraisk, Kolomna, forts were built, posting garrison posts, Ukrainian nobles were lulled. In 1541-1542, active battles erupted at the junction - under Pronsk (in the Ryazan region), which could lead to the transfer of some Ukrainians there.
In the second half of the 17th century, the service people of okskoy Ukraine - "Ukrainian children of the boyars" and "Ukrainian nobles" - are often guessed at by Russian legislation. In the Story about the Sea of Azov, "Ukrainians" are thinking in the same sense ("You are sovereign people of Ukrainians", "lead the sovereign people of Ukrainians", "Euro sovereign people of Russian Ukrainians"). The rank book, rewritten in the second half of the 17th century, read: "And the tsar came to the Crimea before him on another Thursday on the great days, and broke on the Thin Waters, and let the Ukrainians let go of the murz two or three with small people we got about the tsar and they called the Grand Duke." Inhabitants of Little Russia were not called "Ukrainians".
In the world, the word "Ukrainians" is pushed out to the front of the Russian cordon. In 1723, Peter the Great's turn of the "Ukrainians of Azov and Kiev provinces" - Ukrainians, including those from Slobidskoy Ukraine. At the same time, it is clear to see the spirit of the "Little Russian people". In 1731, the Ukrainian line began to form in Slobozhanshchina, as it protected Russian cordons from Crimea. Anonymous author of "Notes about those people, I remember about the Crimean and Tatar walks", a participant in the 1736 campaign against the Crimeans, writing about those, like the Tatars stuck with "our light troops (Zaporozhians and Ukrainians)". For Єlizaveta Petrivnya from the "Ukrainians" regiments of the Slobidskaya landmilitsia were formed. In 1765, the Slobidsk Ukrainian province was founded here (this was the name of the Kharkiv province in 1765-1780 and 1797-1835). In 1816-1819, at the Kharkiv University, the very popular "Ukrainian Bulletin" was seen.
If the word "Ukrainian" in the past began to get used to Little Russia? In the first half - the middle of the 17th century, the word "Ukrainian" (Ukraińców) was implanted by the Poles - this is how the Polish gentry were called in Ukraine. Mykhailo Hrushevsky quotes from 2 report of the crown hetman Mykola Pototsky in 1651 to the fate of the translation from Polish into the modern Ukrainian language, in which the hetman lives the term "panove ukraintsy" for the designation of Polish helpers in Ukraine.
The Poles did not in any way spread yoga on the Russian population of Ukraine. Among the villagers of the village Snyatinka ta Stare (Ninі - Lviv region) in the Polish document of 1644, some of the special names "Ukrainets" (Ukrainiec), as well as "son-in-law of Ukraine" (Ukraińców zięć) are guessed. Pokhodzhennia of such a name is not entirely clear, but it is obvious that the reshta populated by "Ukrainians" did not have such a rank. From the middle of the 17th century, this term disappeared from Polish documents.
In the 2nd half of the 17th century, the Moscow piddans began to get used to the word "Ukrainians" like the Little Russian Cossacks. The Moscow ambassadors Afanasy Pronchishchev and Almaz Ivanov, sent to Warsaw in 1652, indicated that six messengers of Hetman Bogdan Khmelnitsky, the middle of God, "Ondrei Lisichinsky from Volyn, Ukrainian, are alive," were sent to the Polish capital. Other representatives of Khmelnytsky were natives of the central left-bank Ukraine. It is noteworthy that only one Lisichinsky was named "Ukrainian" in the middle of the last century. In such a rank, Pronchishchev and Ivanov were small on the street, because Lisichinsky was a great Polish gentry, so they were corristled with Polish terminology.
Croatian Vihіdets Yury Krizhanich at his practice, written in Tobolsk sent in 1663-1666 (it was published only in 1859), the word "Ukrainian" is used as a synonym for the word "Cherkasy". Krizhanich wrote his own practice, which later took away the name "Politics", in the Latin script of the piece of eclectic mine - sumish of church-slovak, common Russian and literary Croatian. The word "Ukrainian" Kryzhanich could be easily constructed from Russian language and independently constructed: born in Bikhachi, not far from the Extreme, where the Ukrainians lived (they were Horutans, abo-Slovenians).
In the last third of the 17th century, the word "Ukrainians" is like Cossacks, so it is also used by the slobid Ukrainians in the part of Little Russia, which reached the Russian state, - among the Promosk stakes of the Cossack elders and the clergy. The most important document to whom we should remind you of "Restoring Ukraine" (1669) - a journalistic treatise, writings, more for everything, punished by the Kiev colonel Vasil Dvoretsky. "Ukrainians" the author calls the Cossacks of the Right-Bank Ukraine, which is how the message is addressed (as synonyms for the victors, there are also "Cossacks", "Panov Cossacks", "Russian Cossacks", "Ukrainian people"). Whenever the entire Little Russian population is engulfed in understanding "the people of the Russian (s)", "Russian Christians", "Rus" (twist: "Moscow and Rus"; in other words, the understanding of "Rus" and "Rus" expands to the Moscow state). The author of the text demonstrates good knowledge of the situation in the middle of the Russian state. "Restorer" was revealed in the XIX century at the warehouse of the Dvoretskys' handwritten collection; prihilnik prorosіyskoї orientatsiї Dvoretsky repeatedly came from Moscow and took away the nobility there, in 1669 he himself was arrested from hetman Peter Doroshenko, having arrived to the Russian capital, de mav єnієnantsіyu from the king, and turning to the tsar, and turning to the tsar. "Perestoroga" could have been written entirely in Moscow, the style of the document itself is similar to the drafting of Dvoretsky's promo, handwritten by him near the Russian capital.
Once the word "Ukrainians" (among the meanings of the Cossacks) is embedded in "Crowns about the land of Poland" (1673) by the hegumen of the Kiev-Mikhailiv Golden-Domed Monastery Theodosius Sofonovich, a kind of buv knows about "Perestorogoya". In the leaf of Archimandrite of Novgorod-Siversky Monastery of the Savior Mikhail Lezhaysky to the boyar Artamon Matveev in 1675, it was said: and in the night of light to the great sovereign; be kind, so that in such visits the leaders were unsafe and such unseemly signs were not made and the Little Russian troops were not embittered; unsafe, so that in the small spark the great fire did not ignite. It is quite obvious that the archimandrite lives on understanding, is well known at home in Moscow, and may be taken away by the cordial military people (cossacks) of Ukraine.
At the verses of the Little Russian poet Klimenty Zinov'ev, who wrote during the hours of Tsar Peter and Ivan Mazepi, the only time they guessed "Ukrainian breed of Little Russian" (at the chosen sensi), that was introduced clarification, about some very slobid "Ukrainians" went into . The chronicle of Samuil Velichka (stored between 1720 and 1728) includes a document of a summative trip dated 1662 by rock - a list of Zaporizhians to Yuri Khmelnitsky. There are offensive phrases at the document: “Do not forget that we, the grassroots constipation, will not hesitate to attack you, and together with us, stand up and all the usual Ukrainians, our brother, and many others are afraid to avenge you for the image of that wickedness. for some time and from some side to fly on you a tuft and drink and see you from Chigirin, you yourself don’t know, and the Poles and Tatars will be far away from your defenses. "Ukrainians" called the Cossacks on both banks of the Dnieper. Cossack-Russian people". In the Lizogubivsky litopis (after Volodymyr Ikonnikov - 1742) they said "dniestrians and zabuzhani and other Ukrainians"; in such a rank, "Ukrainians" here were called the Cossacks - the Viysk people of the various outskirts of Little Russia.
Yakiv Markovich (1776-1804), a descendant of a native Little Russian family, wrote in his "Notes about Little Russia, and the Meshchantsy" (St. Chernigivshchyna) "under the names of Ukraine, Styopa and Poliv, why even local Meshkans are called Ukrainians, Stepoviks and Poleviks". Markovich also called them "steppe Little Russians" and appreciated that they stink like Russian Polovtsians, as if they adopted the Cossack way of life. The Polish King Stefan Batoriy set out against the Crimean Tatars "near both banks of the Dnieper". “Ukrainians look like Cossacks, like they laid us in front of the Little Russian military: the leftovers of it are the essence of the Cossacks; but the stench is no longer a warrior, but a rural citizen,” Markovich baldly. Vіn also said that the “Ukrainians”, although they began to settle in the Katerynoslav and Novorossiysk provinces, became special camps and did not mock with the Little Russians.
If "Ukrainians" began to call all the population of Ukraine-Little Russia? Prominent military engineer Major-General Oleksandr Rigelman (1720-1789) - Russified German, who served in 1745-1749 in Little Russia and Slobidsky Ukraine - settled in the city of Chernigovo, writing letters vzagali "(1785-1786). As it was already said, Cossacks lingered in the Chernigiv region, for some victors the name "Ukrainians" was called. "Ukraine" and "Little Russia" were also celebrated by him as the same. , Stepan Lukomsky and in.) the word "Ukrainians" in such a meaning is not victorious.
The Polish count-emigrant, a Russian official, Jan Pototsky (1761-1815) saw in 1795 in Paris my French anthology of urivkiv from ancient and early middle writers under the name "Historical and geographical fragments about Scifia, Sarmatia". At the beginning of the navіv list of words of the Yan peoples, among them were "Ukrainians" or "little Russians" - a lot of "Russian" words of the Yan people, which for a long time had been divided into 4 tribes: glades, drevlyans, tivertsіv and siveryans. Pototsky stubbornly (episodically) vikoristav the word "Ukrainian" as an ethnonym. It means that it appears only 3 times, but once in two forms of writing (les Uckrainiens, les Ukrainiens). Like the thought of the Polish count, the Russian people, resembling the Slovenes of Novgorod, and the Krivichi, Dregovichi and Buzhans, merged into the warehouse of the Ukrainian, Russian and partly Polish peoples. "The tribes of Galicia and Volodymyr" (Galicia and Volin) were vibrated by Pototsky in the form of Sarmatians. The author did not turn any further to Ukrainian themes, and the concept itself did not take off the development in Pototsky’s other works, nor any of the contemporary ones.
However, Rigelman and Pototsky were not taken care of. The word "Ukrainians" in literary and political creations continued to take root in many meanings until the middle of the 19th century. The Kharkiv writer Illya Kvitka, the Odessa historian Apollon Skalkovsky, and also Oleksandr Pushkin (imovirno, after Markovych and Kvitka) called the Little Russian Cossacks "Ukrainians". At the drama "Boris Godunov" (1825), Grishka Otrep'ev says to himself: "I came from the cell of the big city / To the Ukrainians, in the riotous smoking, / To drive the horse and learn the sword ..." (scene "Nich. Garden. Fountain ") You can see that the Russian version has a little voice in a different warehouse ( Ukrainian), the same as in Polish (according to the rules of the Polish voice) - in front ( Ukrainian).
There was a lot of Peter's meaning of the word. The Decembrist Pavel Pestel (1792-1826) in his "Russian Truth" divided "the people of Russia" into five "intelligences", which are divided, in one thought, only "in the manner of their management" (that is the administrative system): "Russians", "Bіlorutsіv", "Russnakіv", "Little Russians" and "Ukrainians". "Ukrainians", like having named Pestel, inhabit Kharkov and Kursk provinces. Kharkiv playwright Hryhoriy Kvitka (Osnov'yanenko) (1778-1843), in a small drawing "Ukrainian" (1841) he wrote: "The people who inhabited the ninth Kharkiv province, the best Ukrainians and the little ones. ale from the hour of their settlement, they significantly grew up among them until the litter of the litter ... "
Expanding the interpretation of the vicorist could be done in a vipadkovo way. Kindratiy Rilєєv in his drawings sing "Nalivaiko" (1824-1825) writing: "... Pole, Jew and Uniate // Without a turbo, they run amok, // All are happy to live; // Some Ukrainians manage...". Tsey urivok ("Spring") was the first to be published less in 1888. In 1834, a group of young botanist Mikhailo Maksimovich, having seen "Ukrainian folk songs" near Moscow, wrote in comments to some extent: "Ukrainians or Little Russians make half of the Pivdenny or Black Sea Rus, which is in its middle, the blessed city of Kiev." However, later, having taken up the study of the history and culture of Little Russia, Maksimovich sounded the understanding of "Ukrainians": on the other hand, this is how the fields of the meadows were called - the Cossacks and the inhabitants of the Middle Podnіprov'ya. Maksimovych, without respecting the "Ukrainians", is distinguished by the ethnos.
If under the "Ukrainians" began to understand the language of the word "Yan people (ethnos)"? At the turn of the 1845-1846 years in Kiev, with the initiative of a young professor at the University of St. Volodymyr Mikoli Kostomarov (learned by Maksimovich) called "Cyril-Methodian Brotherhood", as he set himself the task of fighting for the creation of the words of the Jansk Federation, where Ukraine is small and free. At the Statute of the Brotherhood, Kostomarov wrote: "It is accepted that when the skin of the words is established, the tribe can mother its own independence, and such tribes are known: pivdenno-Rusiv, pivnichno-Rusiv with Belarusians, Poles, Czechs from (slo) vinces, Luzhans, Iliro-Serbs with Hurutans and Bulgarians". In this rank, the author of the Statute took the word “pivdenno-Rus” for a piece, compared to him “pivnіchno-Russians with Belarusians”. Kostomarov's pribinik Vasil Bilozersky, having written an explanatory note before the Statute, had the following phrase: "The day from the words of the Yang tribes, I can’t help the world to practice self-property and zbudzhuvati іnshih brethren, like me, Ukrainians". From this document itself, one can trace the history of the introduction of the word "Ukrainians" into the ethnic understanding.
Bilozersky, Chernigivsky native and great scholar of history, did not know Rigelman’s manuscript, which was taken from the Chernigiv county marshal Arkady Rigelman, and historians, who were actively victorious. Yogo's brother Mykola Rigelman (an official of the office of the Kiev Governor-General, a spokesperson for the Timchasov Commission for the analysis of old assets) was friends with members of the Cyril-Methodius Brotherhood. In 1847, the manuscript was handed over to Moscow by Osip Bodyansky, another good friend of them. After Bilozersky’s notes appeared, Kostomarov wrote his proclamation “Brothers of Ukraine”, which said: “... We accept that all words are to blame for themselves. others; so, the skin of the people mav their language, their literature, their suspіlniy devices, such peoples are known: Great Russians, Ukrainians, Polyakiv, Chekhov, Luzhichans, Khorutan, Illiro-Serbs and Bulgarians.<...>Axis brothers Ukrainians, bagmen of Ukraine on both sides of the Dnieper, we give you all your thoughts; read it with respect and don’t hesitate to think, how to reach it, and how to do it better ... ". The phrase "offended the sides of the Dnieper" often got used to Rigelman's practice, that he suffocated Bilozersky and Kostomarov.
This is also the evolution of the adoption of the word "Ukrainians" in another participant of the "Brotherhood" - Panteleimon Kulish. In 1845 Kulish (in the same spelling: Kulesh) started publishing his novel Chorna Rada in the journal "Suchasnik". The postal version (Russian language) suggested "Little Russian people", "Little Russians", "Pivdenno-Russian people", "Ukrainian people", the ruling їm "spirit of Russia", and it was also said that the inhabitants of Ukraine - "Russians". "Ukrainians" in the novels, as was customary from the end of the 17th - 18th centuries, the Little Russian Cossacks were called. This word was also used in the early works of Kulish. For example, in the story "The Fire Serpent" there was such a phrase: "A folk song for Ukraine can have a special sensation." Opovid bula was tied with the town of Voronezh near Glukhov (the fatherland of Kulish itself) - on the cordon of Slobozhanshchina, that nearby town, where Cossacks settled behind Markovich. It is important to note that in the other practice of Kulish the very "Cossack songs" were praised.
The appearance of Kulish, in such a rank, was close to looking at Maksimovich. Prote same from 1846 to the fate of Kulish reminded the word "Ukrainians" with a different light. Because of this fierce fate (that was immediately after the appearance of Bilozersky's notes) I began to write my "Tale about the Ukrainian people" at the St. Petersburg magazine "Zirochka". They figured "the people of Pivdennorosіysky, or Malorosіysky" and "Pivdennorus, or Ukrainians". The author has designated, what are the special words of the Yang people, who live in Russia and Austria, and in the form of "pivnіchnorusskih" are considered "my, cloak, sound like that sound", and the history of yoga began with Prince Askold. Tsikavo, that in the rest of the paragraph of his practice, Kulish nevertheless stated that "Cossacks-villages, the covers of the local Cossacks... are resplendent among other Ukrainians with the purity of the folk type." Prote the introduction of the word "Ukrainians" into the ethnic sense in the middle of the 19th century was vipadkovym and the floorings were piecemeal, like the understanding of "pivdennorus". Offending people who understood the same world did not respect self-names.
The word "Ukrainian" as an ethnonym for a wide walk did not take away the whole hour. It is noteworthy that one of the most radical participants in the "Brotherhood" Taras Shevchenko did not use the word "Ukrainians" in any way. Since the 1850s, Kulish has been living yoga in his historical works in a row with "Little Russians", "Pivdenny Rusichs", "Polish Rusichs". At the same time, the representation of "Ukrainians" as an ethnos was taken into account, and he wrote this: "Pivnichny and Pivdenniy Russian people are one and the same tribe." In private listings, "Ukrainians" were clearly identified as "Galicians".
Having looked at his own number, Kostomarov wrote in 1874: "In the popular promo, the word "Ukrainian" did not get used and does not get used to the senses of the people; it means only a bag of land: be a Pole, a Jew - it's all the same: you're a Ukrainian, if you live in Ukraine "; however, as, for example, a Kazanian or a Saratovitian means a resident of Kazan and Saratov." Neither in Little Russia, nor in Great Russia, the word is not a little ethnographic sensation, but a little more geographic." in other words, they were partly "pivdennorusivs" or "little Russians", which would be more correctly called "Rusyns".
In the same way, the statement of the end of the 17th - 18th centuries about the Cossack etymology of the word "Ukrainians" was saved. In the verse of Pavel Chubynsky (1862), which was the basis of the modern anthem of Ukraine, it was said: “Neither glory nor freedom have died in Ukraine, Yet we, brothers of Ukrainians, will laugh our share!<...>And it is shown that we, brother, are of the Cossack family.
Descho later in the magazine "Kyivska Starovyna" was published the verse of an unknown author "Vidpovidi malorosіyskih kozakiv ukrainskim slobozhans [Satire on slobozhans]", in which the word "Ukrainian" figured for the recognition of the kozakіv. The text was not known to the Hlukhiv archives of the Little Russian Collegium, it was not dated, but it seemed to be an old one. The prototype of the original text of "Vіdpovіdі" is nevidomy, as the style allows you to judge what really happened not long before publication. Varto signify that Kostomarov zokrema, having taken into account the presence of the word "Ukrainian" in the old texts of the old Little Russian songs, is one of the signs of refinement.
Historian Sergiy Solovyov in 1859-1861 coined the word "Ukrainian" for the identification of the Meshkants in various Russian outskirts - both Siberian and Dnipro. Count Oleksiy Tolstoy in his satirical "Russian history from Gostomisl to Timashev" (1868) wrote about Catherine II, as if spreading slander against Malorosiya: "...I prikrypil / Ukrainians to the ground." In view of this similar wording, the radical publicist Vasyl Kelsiev was able to understand them for the recognition of Galicians-Ukrainophiles.
At the turn of the 19th-20th century, the word "Ukrainians" sounded not in ethnic, but in geographical sense (followed by Rigelman and piznim Kostomarov), denoting the population of Ukraine. The geographic meaning of the understanding of "Ukrainians" began to actively win over the robots of the hromada dyach Mikhail Dragomanov (1841-1895), which were published from the 1880s. Spersha Dragomanov divided "Ukrainians" ("Russian Ukrainians", "Ukrainian-Russians") and "Galician-Russian people" ("Galicians", "Rusyniv"), gave them an account of "Rusyn-Ukrainians". The ancestors of the "Ukrainians" Drahomanov vvazhav polyan.
It didn’t happen there, until the cordons of the “Ukrainian Land” it included the territories of Malorosiya, Novorosiya (without Krim), Don and Kuban regions, Polissya, Galicia and Pidkarpattya. Drahomanov's niece poet Larisa Kosach-Kvitka (1871-1913, pseudonym - Lesya Ukrainka) also distinguished between "Ukrainians" and "Galicians" ("Galician Rusyns"), but respected them as one people. Tsikavo, what is the master translation of my German Hamlet monologue "To be or not to be? .." (1899) Lesya Ukrainka signed as follows: "Aus dem Kleinrussischen von L. Ukrainska" (literally: "From the Little Russian woman L. Ukrainian"). In other words, L. Kosach-Kvitka understood her pseudonym not in ethnic, but in geographical sense (a resident of Ukraine). Ivan Franko, who wrote about the united "Ukrainian-Russian people", calling himself "Ruthenian".
At the periode of Pershovoi, the Russian authorities of the Rusiniv (Galichan) that "Ukrainians", Rosumiychi Vіskovoi Sykhovikh, the Don, showed, "Kremenenysky Polkovoi, There are two hundred Ukrainians of Sichoviks on the heights, where some officers have planted their wives."
When did the word "Ukrainian" become more actively used in the current ethnic meaning? Professor of the Lemberg (Lviv) University (in 1894-1914), the head of the Ukrainian Central for the sake of that academician Mikhailo Grushevsky (1866-1934) in his "History of Ukraine-Rus" (10 volumes, the word was seen in 1898-1934) " Ukrainians" in ethnic meaning. Hrushevsky actively introduced the concept of "Ukrainian tribes" and "Ukrainian people" into the historiography of Old Russia and the pre-powerful period. At one time, in this "Istoria" the word "Ukrainci" ("Ukrainian") gets used quite a bit until the 17th century, very rarely. Under this circumstance, the terms "Russian" and "Rusin" are often confused, as a synonym for those in Hrushevsky and speaks of the concept of "Ukrainian". In their political activities, Hrushevsky and those of one mind actively promoted this word in the newspaper "Ukrainian News" (published in 1906 in St. Petersburg) and the journal "Ukrainian Life" (published in 1912-1917 in Moscow). Only at the beginning of the 20th century, it is beginning to be written to understand "Ukrainian" and "little Russian".
Less than after the victory of the Lute Revolution of 1917, the word "Ukrainian" gradually began to become commonplace in Russia. In official documents, as before, it was rarely victorious - in the station wagons of "Central Radi" it appears only two, moreover, it is rather victorious, the world is changing the political situation. At the 2nd Universal (3 limes of 1917) "Ukrainians" are understood by the geographic sensation: "The citizens of the Ukrainian land.<...>Що стосується комплектування військових частин, то для цього Центральна Рада матиме своїх представників при кабінеті Військового Міністра, при Генеральному Штабі і Верховному Головнокомандувачу, які будуть брати участь у справах комплектування окремих частин виключно українцями, оскільки таке комплектування, за визначенням Військового Міністра, технічного боку можливим without destroying the military capacity of the army". III Universal (7 leaf fall, 1917), after slaughtering the power in Petrograd by the Bilshoviks, slapping the word "Ukrainians" with an ethnic meaning: "Ukrainian people and all peoples of Ukraine!<...>Before the territory of the People's Ukrainian Republic, there are lands settled near the majority by Ukrainians: Kiev region, Podila, Volyn, Chernigiv region, Poltava region, Kharkiv region, Katerynoslav region, Kherson region, Tavria (without Krim)".
In the ethnic sense, as a self-name, the word "Ukrainians" on the official level remained rooted only in the creations of the URSR. In Galicia, it became less important to enter the її territory to the warehouse of the SRSR / Ukrainian SSR in 1939 roci, in Transcarpathia - in 1945 roci.
Father:
1. Spopchatka (since the 16th century) "Ukrainians" were called cordial service people of the Moscow state, who served according to the Ots against the Crimeans.
2. In the other half of the 17th century, under the Russian influx, the concept of "Ukrainian" expanded to include the Slobozhans and the Little Russian Cossacks. At this hour, step by step, they began to get used to the very Little Russia.
3. Until the end of the 18th century, first try Russian and Polish writers to get used to the word "Ukrainians" for the entire Little Russian population.
4. The use of the word "Ukrainian" in the ethnic sense (for the meaning of the word "Janian ethnos") emerged from the middle of the 19th century among the stakes of the Russian radical intelligentsia.
5. "Ukrainian" as a self-name took root only for radian hours.
... In this manner, having vindicated the late 16th century and gradually expanding from Moscow to Transcarpathia, the word "Ukrainians" has completely changed its sense: the word "Ukrainians" has completely changed its sense: a bunch of people who served on the cordon of the Muscovite state, there, zreshtoyu, took on the meaning of a specific word...