Power supply. What is geography?
Vidpovid. Geography that looks at the earth's surface, describes and shows the nature of the Earth, and its natural riches.
Power supply. What information do geographers give for help?
Vidpovid. Information about the relief, about natural objects - rivers, lakes, mountains, about climate, population of the Earth, natural zones and much more. Geography is represented on maps. A geographical map is a change in the image of the earth's surface on a flat surface behind the help of intelligent signs and on a singing scale. Cards can be thematic or universal. A selection of maps is called an atlas.
Power supply. How to depict land relief on maps?
Vidpovid. On the maps, the relief of the land is depicted with the help of ball faring. Lowlands - green or light brown, high and flat mountains - brown. Burn dark brown.
Power supply. What can be found on the map about water reservoirs?
Vidpovid. You can find out about the water basin on the map:
River - name, dzherelo, girlo, straight flow, tributaries, like places of spreading on the banks;
Lakes - the name, rosemary, contours of the coast, as the map allows, then the depth. Yakі rivers flow in and whimper out of the lake.
Power supply. What do geographers say? What kind of my stench can give information about the earth's surface?
Vidpovid. Geography shows the features of the earth's surface, establishes the characteristics of natural objects - rivers, lakes, lowlands, mountains. Vivchenu іnformatsiyu stink to represent like geographic maps.
Power supply. Why does the geographic map change according to the plan of the city?
Vidpovid. A geographical map is a change in the image of the earth's surface on a flat surface behind the help of intelligent signs and on a singing scale. In the plan, it looks like scale. Plan to explore small expanses, but in maps depict whole regions, lands, and navit the whole Earth.
Power supply. What can you find out about the place on the map? What information is expected on your plan?
Vidpovid. You can find out about the place on the plan: the number of houses, the street. Appointment of deyakikh budіvel that sporud. Chi є garden, parks. Like roads and stars go to the place, where the place is, like rivers, strings run through the city.
According to the map, one can recognize, on such a form of relief one can find a place, in a certain natural zone one can know up to different places, between states. Behind the thematic maps, you can find out about the climate, the locality, the occupation of the population.
Manager. Take a look at the map. What information is presented on it?
Vidpovid. For the help of a geographical map, you can put together a report description of whether the territory of the Earth is. Vaughn gives information about the distribution of geographic objects and the expansion of geographic phenomena. Also, the geographic map is the main source of geographic information.
On the map on p.49 you can find out about the relief of mainland Australia and the islands adjacent to it. You can know the extreme geographic points of the mission. Like seas and oceans wash over Australia, like depths in them, like rivers flow, like deserts, nayvischi burn. Yaki and de roztashovani mista.
What can be identified with a geographical map
Power supply. What lines are on the maps of the main directions of the sides to the horizon?
Vidpovid. Directly on the sides of the horizon, you can recognize the parallels and meridians. Parallels (lines parallel to the equator) show directly at the sunset of Skhid; meridiani - show the direct lines from pivnochі to pivday.
Power supply. How do the maps depict the most beautiful mountains, the deepest places of the seas?
Vidpovid. Land and water expanses on a physical map are depicted with a different color. Reservoirs, like and plans, apply with a blue color, and on the surface of the land with smaller squares. With green color they signify the lower reaches, with yellow - the heights, with brown - burn. The darker it is, the darker it is, the more dry it is above the level of the sea. Dark brown color, showing high mountains, mountain ranges, dark green color - lower reaches, rose below the sea level. The deep and dry seas of the seas and the oceans are filled with shades of blue color.
Power supply. What information can you get about land, a river, a lake, looking at a geographical map?
Vidpovid. About geographic objects, you can recognize the following information: land - elevation above the sea level, length, understanding, what is known on it.
River - dzherelo, girlo, tributaries, straight flows.
Lake - rosemary, rosemary, shape, coast line. Like rivers fall in, like rivers wind up.
Manager. Take a look at the geographic map on the back of the handkerchief lining. Name the islands and the islands that are located on the pivnochi of our country.
Vidpovid. On the pivnochi of our country there are:
Islands-Nova Zemlya, Ushakov, Franz Josip, Novosibirsk Islands.
Pivostrova - Taimir, Yamal, Chukotsky, Kamchatka, Kolsky
Manager. Describe where the listed places are known: Chita, Rostov-on-Don, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, Tyumen.
Chita - near Transbaikalia, belya pіdnіzhzhya gіr Skhodі kraїni.
Rostov-on-Don, in the Pivdni region.
Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky on the pivnіchny descent of the edge, on the island of Kamchatka.
Tyumen on pіvnochi, on the river.
Manager. Name the turns of the river Angara and Ob. What are the great places to stand on these rivers?
Vidpovid. Angara: Dzherelo - Lake Baikal, Listvyanka settlement, Irkutsk region, Irkutsk region.
About: vitik - angry river: Biya and Katun; girlo - Obska Bay of the Kara Sea
Manager. Bring the buttocks of the city, yak roztashovani on the way in and out of the capital of Russia and on the day of the city of Volgograd.
Vidpovid. Moscow is the capital of our Batkivshchyna.
At the exit from Moscow roztashovani - Volgograd, Chelyabinsk, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, Tyumen.
Zahidnishe - St. Petersburg, Kursk, Tula, Kaluga, Novgorod, Pskov.
On the day from Volgograd - Astrakhan.
What and how is depicted on a historical map
Manager. Discuss what kind of century the life of the Russian state is shown on this historical map.
Vidpovid. On the map, Russia is depicted in the 14th - first half of the 15th century. We can recognize it between the Moscow princedom of 1300 years, between the Moscow princedom of 1462 years, the land arrived to Moscow from 1300 years to 1389 years; from 1390 to 1462 roku. Mi Bachimo, like places were at that hour, when those other people lingered.
Manager. Know on the map the places, which were not included before the Moscow princedom until 1462.
Vidpovid. These places are: Novgorod, Pskov, Yelets.
Manager. Adjust the physical and historical maps. Why does it smell like and why does it have vodminnist?
Vidpovid. Similarities: showing the distribution of places, rivers, lakes, scale. Vіdminnіst - for the help of spherical filling on the historical map - the historical underside is shown, on the physical map - the surface relief.
Power supply. What is shown on historical maps?
Vidpovid. On the historical map, the territory of the country is depicted, the months and dates of the most important historical approaches, the direct routes of military campaigns, trade routes are indicated. On the map for the help of mental signs, give a subdivision, dates. With a different color, shading, they show how the territories of the powers changed. Historical maps tell the period of the hour, to what extent it will lie.
Power supply. What are the forms of sushi on historical maps? Chi are depicted by waterbearers?
Vidpovid. Forms of sushi on historical maps are not to be fooled. Reservoirs are depicted without improving the depths of the seas and oceans.
Power supply. How to depict the territory of the country on historical maps?
Vidpovid. The territories of the powers are marked with different colors and shading. So goloshuyut and between the powers. Mustache tse vіdbivaєtsya in mental designations.
Image icon of heights on the map
Relief depicted on topographic maps near horizontal lines - closed curves of linear elevation above the sea level.
Appointment 1
Horizontal- Line of equal absolute heights of the earth's surface.
The little ones and mutually expanding the horizontals show the visible position, the connection and the shape of the irregularities of the image surface. The horizontals may have the following characteristics: height of the cross section and mortgage.
Appointment 2
Height of contour lines- stand (in height) between the summіzhnymi sіchnymi surfaces.
The height of the cross section depends on the nature of the space and the scale of the map. This characteristic is shown on the skin arcuate card in the text form under the frame on the left side.
Appointment 3
Horizontal mortgage- stand on the map between two summary horizontal lines, so that you can lie in the height of the peretina relief on this map and the steepness of the scale. stand between the summed horizontals on the map.
This characteristic shows the goodness of the skill: the less mortgage, the greater the cut of the bad.
See horizontal
Distinguish the following contour lines on the map:
- main chi sucilnі. The stench is applied with thick lines in a vertical line up to the height of the cut;
- half horizontal, otherwise, on the horizontal, as it is carried out by uric lines through the $½$ of the chosen height, the cross section will serve to highlight important details.
- additional horizontals, yakі show even more subtle features of the relief and be applied approximately through ¼ of the height of the cut with intermittent lines with short lances
- pushing the horizontal- all the main horizontals, which give a five-fold height to the cross section. Їх vіdpovіdno to the name vikreslyuyut potovschenno and vikoristovuyut for easy card reading.
butt 1
Also, at the bottom of the map, it says “Successive horizontal lines drawn through $100$ m”, which means that thin sucillary lines – strong horizontal lines – are drawn through the skin of $100$ m, and thin horizontal lines are drawn through the skin of $500$ m.
Choose the height of the peretina
As a rule, the height of the cross section is chosen according to the scale of the map and the type of mass. For even and hunchbacked masses, the height of the cross section is covered as $0.02 to the scale of the map. For high-altitude areas, an additional height of the cross section is taken, tobto. $0.04 $ magnitude scale. For flat-level regions, on the other hand, the height of the cross section becomes half normal, that is. $0.01 $ magnitude scale.
butt 2
On the map of the Moscow region (rіvninna mіstsevіst) at a scale of $1:100\000$ the horizontal lines are drawn every $20m, and on the map of Nepal (highland region) at a scale of $1:100\000$ they are at a distance of $40m. On a map similar to the scale of the images of the flat Tavdinsky district of the Sverdlovsk region, the main horizontal lines pass through $10$ meters.
At a map scale of $1:10\000$, flat horizontal lines will be drawn through $2$ meters, for high-level maps – through $4$ meters, and flat – through $1$ meters.
Appointment directly schiliv
Horizontals show on the map only the height of the objects and their mutual expansion. Behind the closed lines, it is often difficult to distinguish the form of the relief. So, on the map, the ridge and the hollow, depicted only behind the help of horizontal lines, can look the same. Adzhe tsі forms razrіznyayut less directly skhilіv. To that, on the addition to the horizontal line, begrshtrihi are applied to the map.
Appointment 4
Bergstrіch- A short little picture, like to be placed on horizontal lines perpendicular to it, sound on the place of the virgin, and indicate on the card the fall of the scheme.
Crimea bergshtrihiv, directly schiliv on the map allow you to designate the applied vertical signs:
- icons of contour lines - digital signatures of horizontal lines, which show the height above the sea level in meters. Moreover, the top of the numbers is applied at the top of the top part of the schema.
- height signs - digital signatures of characteristic points of the mountain (the peaks of the hillocks and waterways, the water's edge, the lowest points of the valleys).
The accuracy of the signature of the tall icons depends on the scale:
- $1:100 \ 000$ and more - up to $0.1$ m
- $1:200 \ 000$ and more - up to $1$ m.
Clever signs of elements in relief
There is a system of special designations for objects and relief details, which can be depicted by horizontals. Before them one can see shavings, skelі, osipi, yari, ravines, valleys, road mounds and vimki, mounds, pits, karst virvi. Signs of natural relief relief and accompanying signatures (visible heights or depths in meters) are brown in color, pieces are black.
In black color, there are also works of natural objects: a bunch of stones, or around large stones, rocky outcrops, grottoes, tunnels.
On the maps of the mountains, the mountains also show the passes from the designated heights and the hour of the month. The relief of firnovyh fields and ice-floods and accompanying signatures and signs are shown on the maps by blue-coloured horizontal lines.
Peculiarities of relief images on fine-scale maps
On maps with a scale of $1:500\000$ and $1:1\000\000$, the relief is also depicted behind additional horizontals and smart signs. However, on a larger scale, the image may have a more pronounced character. Show yoga zagalni risi - structure, stages of articulation and basic forms. The main contour line for flat areas is $50$ m, for highlands - $100$ m. In addition, on maps at a scale of $1:1\000\000$ for areas at an altitude of $1000$ m above the sea level, the height of the pereline is $200$ m.
Clever signs of objects in relief are shown in every obsyaz, how much stench is necessary to characterize the orientation of the white. For whom there are changes in standard symbols.
In addition, the mountainous relief on fine-scale maps is shown more or less to ball-bearing obstacles behind the steps of heights and vіdmivannyam. Posharov's zabarvlennya vykonuetsya orange farboy of different tones with a set of intensity for greater heights. Farbi tone can be changed after $400$, $600$ or $1000$ m depending on the absolute sign of the heights of the mass that is displayed. the scale is drawn in the same way as the horizontal lines are cut under the picture frame from the left side.
Adding shadows to the images of the sketches of the main forms of the mountainous relief, which gives a greater volumetric relief to the relief. Moreover, the tone of inspiration is also indicative of the steepness and height of the sky. For help, the mountain ranges, canyons, and valleys are clearly depicted.
The relief of the mass is the agglomeration of the irregularities of the physical surface of the Earth. According to the nature of the relief, the fallow land is divided into mountain (Fig. 31), humpback (Fig. 32) and rіvninna (Fig. 33).
Up to the mountains, one can see areas that lie more than 500 meters above the level of the sea and that are formed by rectilinear or arcuate mountain lancets, which are subdivided by later and transverse valleys.
The hunchbacked mass is characterized by uninterrupted curves that are small in height, but the movement and lowering of the physical surface of the Earth are clearly distinguished.
Rivninna mіstsevіst vіdіznyаієє mіzhe povnoy vіdsutnіstyu mnіrazhenih nerіvіnosti.
All the different forms of the relief of the masonry sound up to the next five main (typical) forms (Fig. 34).
1. Mountain (hump, height, hill) - dome-like or finite height. The base of the mountain is called the bottom, and the highest part of the mountain is called the top. From the top to go the slopes, or they’ve skimmed, which are lowered on all sides. The peak near the Maidanchik is called a plateau, and the mountain top is called a peak.
2. Basin - buried at the looking bowl. At the bottom, the bottom is cut out, which is on all sides of the bottom, and the outskirts - between the transition-basin in a superfluous form of relief. The lakes are filled with water hollows.
3. Ridge - the height of the great protyazh is vityagnut, it is surrounded by the lower part of the two sides with deep hollows. The main line of the ridge is called a water-diver or simply a water-diver. Some people call it a topographic ridge.
4. Hollow - the vityagnute of the destruction of the mystic, which descends like one straight. The narrowest line of the hollow is called the thalweg, or the spillway line. The thalweg is often the bed of a watercourse. Bichni skhili hollows are sometimes called scocks.
Wide hollows with small scales are called valleys. Vuzky and deep hollows in the mountain regions sound like gorges.
A variety of gorges is a canyon, which is a deep, narrow valley with steep slopes, a wide river.
On the slopes of the highlands under the river running down the water, the verges of burying are established, as they are called scours. The ravine, which has grown, transforms into a deep ravine with mayzhe vertical scales. Thickets of yari, which have pinned down their growth, are called beams. Roztashovani іnоdі along the slopes of the hollows maidanchiki, which may look like a ledge or chablis with a larger or smaller horizontal surface, are called terraces. Terraces on the banks of the rivers grow especially often
5. Sіdlovina - lowered part of the mass between two peaks. Here the mass on the two sides moves up and on the two sides it decreases. The sidlovina near the mountains is called a pass.
The top is on fire, the bottom of the ridge and the lowest point of the slope are the characteristic points of the relief.
Vodil and thalweg are the characteristic lines of the relief.
The characteristic points and lines of the relief make it easier to recognize four forms of yoga on the moon and on the map and plan.
The way of depicting the relief on maps and plans is to give the ability to judge the straightness and steepness of the slopes, and also to allow marking points on the map. Vodnochas vіn maє buti naochnym.
There are such ways of depicting relief on maps: perspective images, shading, drawing, captions, a dot, horizontal lines, a ball-and-socket and an in.
On some Russian maps of the 19th century, the relief of the images is marked with strokes (gashures), moreover, the number of strokes and strokes between them are changed at the stony fallows due to the steepness of the slopes.
Lighting up the sharpness, the way of strokes without giving the possibility to draw on the map is such a task, as it is precisely the steepness of the slope, the sign of the point is thin. .
The essence of the way of the horizontal field in the attack.
We can see a mountain that is washed by water (Fig. 35). If the heights are measured in the water, then the coastline is characterized by the fact that the height of the skin point is equal to zero.
The line that connects the points with the same heights (the line of equal heights) is called the horizontal (or iso-gypsum).
Projecting the coastline on a horizontal plane, we take a zero horizontal image with a height that is closer to zero (Fig. 35).
For the image of the horizontals, everything burns visibly, that it is divided, for example, by two equally distant horizontal planes. The vertical vertical hcech between the dry land flats is called the height of the cross section of the relief. The lines of the crossbar of the planes from the surface of the mountain are horizontal lines with marks, equal to hsich and 2 hsіch vydpovidno. Changes in horizontal projections to horizontals on the plan.
Yak Bachimo is small. 35 skin horizontal - closed curved line. Such is the first power, be it horizontal.
Shards of the horizontal line appear at the result of the peretina of the physical surface of the Earth with horizontal planes, which are higher above the outer level, then the horizontal lines are impossible to peretinatisya. Tse friend of the power of the horizontals.
The horizontal projection and the line of the largest slope of the mass between the points U and T (Fig. 35) is called the laying of the slope. The line of the largest slope is the normal to the horizontal: the horizontals do not go straight, but across the slope.
The vertical cut v1 (the cut that lies near the vertical plane) between the horizon of the U point and the line of mass is called the cut of the UT line.
It is clear that the fallow land is between the layings of the slope, the height of the cross-section of the relief and the cut of the slope of the slope.
Z of a rectangular tricot Ut "T (Fig. 35) is required
The tangent of the kuta nahilu line of mistevity is called її uhil. Uhily sounds virazhayutsya in thousand parts or in hundreds.
We analyze viraz (2.20).
Let the height over the relief hsich take the permanent value, and then the nahily v change. Obviously, with your mind, the laying of the ramp and will change with the increase in the cut of the frail v and increase with the change in the rest. Tse - the third power of the horizontals, is also important for the correct judgment of the plan or the map with the horizontals about the steepness of the slopes: what is the lesser distance (laying the slope) between the horizontals on the map or the plan, the steeper the slope.
If the cut of the sickly v is left behind, and the height of the cross relief Lsech changes, then, as can be seen from the viraz (2. 20), the laying of the shield changes in direct proportion to the change in height of the cross relief. This is the fourth power of the horizontals.
The horizontal image of the main forms of relief is shown in fig. 34.
In a short way, the contour lines are small, the accuracy of the image to the relief is equal to the perspective image or the image with strokes (Fig. 36). To make it easier to read the relief, depicted by horizontal lines, in some of them, short lines should be drawn directly lowering the slopes. Qi risochki are called bergstrokes. Recognition of the decrease in slopes is also supported by signatures Sign of horizontals: provide numbers for direct straight lines, and the direction of decrease in mass.
Commentary: It is better to beat the robot with cuts, successively picking up the task to the contour maps. To increase the card, just click on it. You can also change the size of the side for the additional one-hour keys Ctrl and "+" or Ctrl and "-".
REQUEST
For the visitor, we will look at the atlas on sides 12, 13, 14 and 15 .
1. Write on the map of the river, the lower part, the flat mountain and the mountain, indicated in the text of the assistant.
The text of the assistant has the following objects:
Gori:
- Andy;
- Ural Mountains;
- Himalayas;
- Mountains of the Caucasus.
Rivnini:
- Zahidno-Sibirskaya Rivnina;
- Skhіdnoevropeiska rіvnina.
Lowlands:
- Amazon lowland;
- Caspian lowland (depression).
Flat calf:
- Arabian flat ridge;
- Middle-Siberian flatland.
2. Write down the names of the heights of the highest points of the skin continent.
- Eurasia - Mount Everest abo Chomolungma (Mountains of the Himalayas) - 8848 m;
- Pivdenna America - Mount Aconcagua (mountain Andy) - height 6960 m;
- Pivnіchna America - Mount McKinley (mountains of the Cordilleri) - height 6193 m;
- Africa - Kilimanjaro - height 5895 m;
- Antarctica - peak Vinson - height 4892 m;
- Australia - Mount Kosciuszka - altitude 2228 m.
3. Find out on the physical map the world of land plots that lie below the sea. Put them on the map, signifying the minus sign for the altitude that is equal to the Light Ocean.
- shores of the Dead Sea (Eurasia) - surface elevation - 422 lower per sea level;
- shores of Lake Assal (Africa) - surface elevation - 155 m below sea level;
- Laguna del Carbon - (Pivdenna America) - surface height - 105 m below the sea level;
- Death Valley (Pivnichna America) - surface height - 86 m below the sea level;
- Caspian lowland - (Eurasia) - surface height - 28 m below the sea level;
- shores of Lake Eyre - (Australia) - surface height - 15 m below the sea level.
4. See the greatest lowland with green color, and find the mountain system of our planet with brown color. Enter signs up to smart signs.
- The largest lowland of the planet is the Amazon lowland.
- The planet's founding system is Andi.
The relief is the most important element of the mass. Relief images on topographic maps are given outside and report on the unevenness of the earth's surface, their shape and mutual expansion, displacement and absolute height of the points of mass, which outweigh the steepness and length of the slopes.
The relief on the topographic maps is depicted by horizontal lines at the bottom with the symbols of the urvish, skel, ravine, gullies, stone rivers, firnov fields toshcho. The images of the relief are replenished with heights of the characteristic points of the mass, with the inscriptions of the horizontals, the heights of the heights (depths) and the indications of the slopes (bergstrokes). On all topographic maps, the relief is depicted near the Baltic system of heights, so the system of calculation of absolute heights from the middle level of the Baltic Sea. Horizontal- The line on the map, which points to the relief with such a height above the sea level. Separate the following horizontal lines:
- the main (sucile) - vіdpovіdnі vіsoі peretin relief;
- potovschenі - skin patches of the main horizontal; seen for clarity of reading the relief;
- supplementary horizontals (napіvhorizontalі) - to be carried out with an alternating line at the height of the cross relief, which is the dominating half) of the main;
- dopomіzhnі - are depicted by short thin thin lines, on a dovіlnіy height.
Stand between two summary main horizontals in height called height across the relief. The height of the cross-section of the relief is inscribed on the skin sheet of the map under the scale. For example, "Successful horizontal lines carried out in 10 meters."
On topographic maps, the main height of the cross section (in meters) is taken from Table 1.
Table 1. - Main heights of the crossbar per meter
| Characteristic district |
The main height of the cross-section of the relief on scale maps, m | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1:25 000 | 1:50 000 | 1:100 000 | 1:200 000 | |
| flat with a knack Mistevnosti up to 2° |
2,5 | 10 | 20 | 20 |
| Te same in frozen areas |
5,0 | 10 | 20 | 20 |
| Rivninnі crossing that humpbacked with chins mistevity up to 6 °. |
5,0 | 10 | 20 | 20 |
| Those same at vіdkritikh areas with sickness mistevity up to 4 °. |
2,5 | 10 | 20 | 20 |
| Low load Middle Irish. |
5 | 10 | 20 | 40 |
| High caliber | 10 | 20 | 40 | 80 |
The main heights of the relief for maps of scales 1:500,000 and 1:1,000,000 are set vertically to the vertical belts behind the advancing changing scale (Table 2).
Table 2. - Changed scale of vertical belts.
Additional horizontals (napіvhorizontalі) are used for displaying the characteristic forms and details of the relief (overgrowths of scales, peaks, saddles thinly), so that the stench is not expressed by the main horizontals. In addition, stop for the image of equal plots, if the laying between the main horizontals is too large (more than 3-4 cm on the map).
Additional horizontals are used for depicting but few details of the relief (saucers near the steppe regions, depressions, and hillocks on a flat mountainous area), as they are not transmitted by the main or additional horizontals.
For additional characteristics of the relief on the maps, signs of heights of the characteristic points of the mountain are signed: the peaks of the mountains and the hills, the highest points of the waterways, the passes, the saddles, the lowest points of the bottom of the valleys, as well as the point that is the landmarks (at the crossroads of the roads along the curves and and etc.). Signs of heights of the most important points of the mass (command - to find the greatest height and allow a good look at them for the most important points of the mass) are seen in a larger font. Such badges are chosen at a quantity of 3-4 on the arcade card.
Horizontal signatures are given at such a number and placed at the same heights of the points so that it is easy to easily assign the height of those points on the map.
In order to be able to read the shape of the relief and clearly bachiti, in some way the slope is lowered, to put short lines on the horizontals. indicators directly schiliv or berghashes. The stench is straightened out at the bottom of the slope.
For a practical indication of the steepness of the slopes on the map (right-handed to scale), a chart of the mortgage is included. Vin is given for two heights: one - for the foundation between the main ones, the second - for the foundation between the horizontal horizontals. When the steepness of the scheme is determined according to the chart, the mortgage (Figure 1) must be drawn with a compass, a line or a female paper in the middle of two summed main or thickening horizontals, put it before the chart and read the number of degrees of the base (Figure 2).
Figure 1. - Designation of steepness of slopes: a - behind the schedule of the mortgage; b - behind the formula.
Figure 2. - The designation of the steepness of the slopes for an additional compass.