Sofia Paleolog, there is Zoya Paleolog (Ζωή Παλαιολόγου) was born around 1443-1448. Її father, Khoma Paleolog - despot of the Sea (the middle name of the Peloponnese), who was the young brother of the remaining Byzantine emperor Kostyantin XI, who died at 1453 the fall of Constantinople.

After being buried in 1460 by Morea by Mehmed II, Zoya, together with her two brothers, survived all the hardships and flowed to the island of Kerkyra (Corfu), and then to Rome, de and took away the name Sophia.

Pislya Dead Old Man, Sophia lived the OPIKO PAPI RIMSIA, Yaki Knowledge of the Knowledge of their thoughts: for that, Shchobo Vidniti Florentishka Z'dnanny Church, Untit, Viriski Vitati Princess 1467 roci.

The Pope of Rome, having spoken with him through Vissarion of Nikeysky, a prominent Greek church clerk and educator, an adherent of the unification of Orthodoxy and Catholicism, who, in the fierce fate of 1469, sent to Moscow an envoy with the proposition of the Grand Duke of the hand of Sophia Paleolog. Ivanov III fell to the soul proposition to become related to the dynasty of Palaeologians, and in the coming month he sent his ambassador to Rome - the Italian Ivan Fryazin (Gian-Batista della Volpe).

At the thought of the friend Lorenzo Medici, Clarissa Orsini, young Sophia Paleologus was more than welcome: “Low height, like half a moon shone in the eyes, the whiteness of the shkir spoke about the nobility of the її kind.”

Already in 1472, Sophia Palaiologos sent a messenger from Rome to Russia, and on the 1st day of black, a messenger galloped off Pskov with an order to get ready for the appointment of the future sovereign.

Sophia, not hovering anywhere, at the escort of the Roman legate Antony, hastened to Moscow, where she arrived on the 12th leaf fall of 1472. On the same day, the wedding of її with Ivan III was celebrated, moreover, the coat of arms of the Russian prince with the Greek princess mav zovsіm іnshi іnshi іnshі, nіzh rozrakhovuvav Pope. Sophia zamіst heal Russia until the adoption of the Uni, adopted Orthodoxy; after Papi Roman's anger, they went to nothing.

The bilsh of that, the princess was great, the princess brought to the vsi, that overcroding the vіzantіskoi izhoi, she became famous for the Orthodox sovereign of the sovereign: so called “Symonia” (gaze), transferred the rights of the Vizantiy, my izhtiyskiy izhtysky, my izhtysky, my izhmovyskiy. possible (in the light of the new) Orthodox baubles.

Wholeheartedly vplinuv on the international authority of Russia and the Grand Duke power in the middle of the country. Behind the words of Bestuzhev-Ryumin, the fall of Byzantium played a great role, for us, in front of the right "choice of Russia" by Moscow, as well as in the development of the Russian national ideology of the Third Rome.

As a visible sign of the offensiveness of Moscow Russia in Byzantium, the dynastic sign of the Paleologians - the double-headed eagle - was adopted as a sovereign coat of arms, on the chest of which, at an hour, an image of the ancient coat of arms of Moscow appeared - the apex, which opposes the snake, with which apex I will imagine. George the Pobіdonostsya, so the Sovereign, who opposes with his list all the enemies of the Batkivshchyna and any anti-state evil.

The Great Prince's friend, Sophia Paleolog and Ivan III, had 12 children at once.

Following the two daughters, who died immediately after the people, the Grand Duchess gave birth to a son - Vasily Ivanovich, having been stunned by the Grand Duke to replace Ivan III - Dmitr, who was crowned for the kingdom.

Vasil III, for the first time in the history of Russia, was named tsar at an agreement in 1514 with the Roman Emperor Maximilian I, having receded into his mother a Greek image, images on one of the icons of the 16th century, which are exhibited in the State Historical Museum.

The Greek blood of Sophia Palaiologos was given as a sign in Ivan IV the Terrible, which is similar in its Mediterranean type of individual to a royal grandmother (directly parallel to her mother - the Grand Duchess Olena Glinskaya).

Sophia Paleolog adopted that, schob її cholovіk, dorimuyuchis tradition іmperiї, honing his writing and curls at court etiquette. In addition, from Western Europe there were called doctors, artists and architects to decorate the palace of that capital.

So, zokrema, buv inquiries from Milan and Alberti (Aristotle) ​​Fioravanti, like a maw to inspire the Kremlin peace. The Italian architect, having become one of the best in Europe fakhivtsem of underground shelters and labyrinths: first, lower, lay the walls of the Kremlin, having inspired the right catacombs under it, and in one of the underground casemates, they stole the books of the treasures, and the Palrikists became the treasures. screens with books, they sent for the Byzantine princess to Moscow. For the records of the contemporary, from these screens they saved not only the manuscript treasures of the hours of antiquity, but the best of those that were far away to vryatuvat the famous Oleksandriya library.

Aristotle Fіoravantі having inspired the Cathedral of the Assumption and the Annunciation. Moscow was embellished with the Palace of Facets, the Kremlin towers, as well as the Terem Palace and the Archangel Cathedral, which flourished on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin. The Grand Duke's capital was getting ready to become a royal.

But more than that, Sofia Fominichna flatly and consequently supported the willful policy of a man against the Golden Horde.

Chi you know, if a sculptural portrait of Prince Mary Staritskaya, the daughter of the disgraced Prince Volodymyr Andriyovich Staritsky, who fell to Ivan the Terrible as a cousin, had been consecrated, he was named after Sophia Paleolog, as a grandparent.

And also read:

Yogo was called Greek.

The famous orator, writer, philosopher and political fiend Mark Thulius Cicero was called a Greek in Ancient Rome

Iskander. I joke about the end of the myth.

What is the greatness of Alexander the Great? Yogo has won, Yogo has glory) It is possible, Yogo is true in the fact that he believes in his own world.

Patience is by no means funny.

An almighty share, and such a wise man, like Socrates (469 - 399 BC) did not know that honesty rises above her

Strokes of antiquity from the island of Samos - the fatherland of the great Pіthagoras

At the peninsular-shidny part of the Aegean Sea at a height of up to 1434 m spread over an area of ​​476 square kilometers.

Olga - queen of all Hellenes

The Greeks called their Queen Olga, the daughter of the Grand Duke Kostyantin Romanov, the Russian niece, the “Queen of all the Hellenes”.

El Greco

Nothing is known about this journey, but rather the place of the people - the village of Fodele near the place of Candiy in Crete.

Byzantine princess

Sofia Paleolog. Reconstruction of S.A. Nikitina. 1994. On May 29, 1453, the legendary Tsargorod, taxation by the Turkish army, fell. The remaining Byzantine emperor Kostyantin XI Palaiologos, dying in battle, conquering Constantinople.

Yogo is the younger brother of Khoma Palaiologos, the ruler of the small pet power of the Morea in the Peloponnese breeding island, ducks from a family in Corfu, that buv near Rome. Aje Byzantium, in support of the support of Europe to help in the fight against the Turks, signed the Union of Florence in 1439 about the unification of the Churches, and now the rulers could ask for their own altars at the papal throne. Khoma Palaiologos was able to bring the greatest holy places of the Christian world, including the head of the holy Apostle Andrew the First-Called. In return for the price of wines, having taken a house from Rome and a garniy boarding house from the papal throne.

In 1465 Khoma died, having lost three children - the blues Andria and Manuila and the young daughter Zoya. The exact date of the birth is unknown. It is admitted that she was born in 1443 or 1449 at the hands of her father in the Peloponnese, de otrimala cob vyhovannia. The adoption of the royal orphans took the wines of the Vatican, entrusting them to Cardinal Bessarion of Nicaea. A Greek for pohodzhennyam, Kolishnіy Archbishop of Nicaea, vіn bv a zealous recipient of the signing of the Florentine Union, after which he became a cardinal at Rome. Winning Zoya Palaiologos from the European Catholic traditions and especially speaking, so that she humbly humbly supported the principles of Catholicism, calling her “the daughter of the Roman Church”. Tilki in this mood, navіyav vіhovanka, the share will bestow upon you all. Prote folded all over.

At the fate of the Vatican, shukav allies, to organize a new crossroads against the Turks, mayuchi usir to get to the new of all European sovereigns. Todi for the joy of Cardinal Bessarion tato and having seen Zoya for the recently widowed Moscow sovereign Ivan III, knowing about the yogo pragnennya of becoming a late Byzantine basileus. In this way, two political numbers were re-examined. In the first place, they made sure that the Grand Duke of Muscovy would now accept the Union of Florence and bow down to Rome. And in a different way, you will become a mighty ally and twice the number of Byzantine troops, taking a part of them from the settlements. So, for the irony of the history of this dolnosny for Russia, the school is under the supervision of the Vatican. It was left to take away the city of Moscow.

At the fierce fate of 1469, the ambassador of Cardinal Bessarion arrived to Moscow with a letter to the Grand Duke, in which you were urged to join the lawful hat with the daughter of the despot of Moreysky. At the leaves of others, it was guessed that Sophia (Im'ya Zoya was diplomatically replaced by the Orthodox Sophia) had already given two crowned names, who were wooed before her - the French king and the Duke of Mediolan, without marrying a Catholic ruler.

Behind the manifestations of that hour, Sophia was already respected by an elderly woman, but she was even more accommodating, with completely garni, miraculous eyes and a lower matte skin, which in Russia was respected as a sign of miraculous health. And the smut, she looked up with a hospitable mind that statue, a good Byzantine princess.

The Moscow sovereign accepted the proposition. Vin sent his ambassador to Rome, the Italian Gian Battista della Volpe (yogi was nicknamed Ivan Fryazin by Moscow), to woo. The messages turned for a sprat of months, at the fall of the leaves, bringing with them a portrait of the betrothed. This portrait, which began the era of Sophia Paleolog in Moscow, is respected by the first secular images in Russia. Admit it, the stench was so excited that the chronicler, having called the portrait “icon”, did not know another word: “And I will bring the princess written on the icon.”

However, the courtship dragged on, to that the Metropolitan Philip of Moscow had long quarreled against the sovereign’s slut with the Uniate, who was already waving the papal throne, fearing the expansion of the Catholic infusion in Russia. Until the year 1472, having taken the age of the ierarch, Ivan III sent an embassy to Rome for the betrothed. Already on the 1st chern on the last night of Cardinal Bessarion in Rome, there was a symbolic voucher - the voucher of Princess Sophia and the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan, who was represented by the Russian ambassador Ivan Fryazin. At the same time, Sophia destroyed the red ones on the road with a venerable retinue and the papal legate Anthony, who, without difficulty, had a chance to change in his eyes in the gift of nadia, laid by Rome on his hat. Following the Catholic tradition, in front of them they carried a Latin cross, which caused great consternation and praise of the inhabitants of Russia. Having found out about them, Metropolitan Philip threatened the Grand Duke: “If you allow the blessed Moscow to carry the cross before the Latin bishop, then I will see you into the single gate, and I, your father, will see others out of the city.” Ivan III hung badly on the boyar's nazustrіch process with an order to take the cross from the sledge, and the legate had a chance to greet with great displeasure. The princess herself fell for it, how to identify the future rulers of Russia. Having entered the Pskov land, she saw the Orthodox church half-heartedly, de kissed the icons. The legate had a chance to reproach here: follow her into the church, and there he bowed to the holy icons and knelt on the image of the Mother of God for the order of the despin (in Greek, despot - “ruler”). And then Sophia denounced the slaughtered Pskovites of her zakhist in front of the Grand Duke.

Ivan III did not let us fight for the "spadshchina" with the Turks, nor did he accept the Union of Florence any more. І Sofia zovsіm did not choose to catholicize Russia. Navpaki, she showed herself a dial Orthodox one. Deyakі historians vvazhayut, scho was baiduzhe, yaku vіru spovіduvati. Others admit that Sophia, maybe, was vihovana in childhood by Athos elders, opponents of the Florentine Union, in the depths of her soul she was deeply Orthodox. Vaughn graciously adopted her faith from the mighty Roman "patrons", as if they did not give help to the fatherland, encouraging the innovations to ruin that death. So che іnakshe, tsey slub is more powerful than Muscovy, spriyayuchi її probably at the great Third Rome.

Kremlin Despina

Church process. Dependency fragment. 1498 In the first row with a tablion on the chest - Sophia Paleolog. Early on 12 leaf fall 1472 Sophia Palaiologos arrived in Moscow, when everything was ready until the spring tract, timed to coincide with the name day of the Grand Duke - the day of remembrance of St. John Chrysostom. That same day in the Kremlin, near the Timchasovy wooden church, which was erected for the Cathedral of the Dormition, which will be, so as not to accept divine services, the sovereign repented of her. The Byzantine princess first shook her man. The Grand Duke was young - only 32 rocks, garnied by himself, tall and stately. Particularly miraculous were the eyes of the ogo, "grizzly eyes": if they were angry, the women were not tired of the ogo terrible look. Earlier, Ivan Vasilyovich had a cool character, and now, having been born from the Byzantine monarchs, he pretended to be a dirty and sovereign sovereign. This was a great merit of this young squad.

The wedding ceremony near the wooden church brought a strong hostility to Sophia Paleolog. A Byzantine princess, wedged in Europe, richly greeted women. Sophia brought with her her statement about the courts and the power of power, and a lot of Moscow order did not fall to her heart. It was not appropriate that a sovereign person be deprived of a tributary of the Tatar Khan, that the boyars should be forced to behave freely with their sovereign. That the Russian capital, inspired by a strong tree, stands out of the patched forte walls and old stone churches. How to bring the sovereign's mansion in the Kremlin to the trees and how Russian women marvel at the light from the end of the lamps. Sophia Palaiologos celebrated the changes at court. The old Moscow monuments are dying to their vindications.

Vaughn brought a generous settlement to Russia. After the wedding, Ivan III took over the coat of arms of the Byzantine double-headed eagle - a symbol of royal power, placing it on the press. The two heads of the eagle are sent to Zakhid and Shhid, Europe and Asia, symbolizing unity, as well as unity (“symphony”) of spiritual and secular power. Well, the settlement of Sophia brought the legendary "liberia" - a library, brought by nibi on 70 shipments (most of them were yak "library of Ivan the Terrible"). The won included Greek parchments, Latin chronographs, ancient manuscripts, among others unknown to us, sing of Homer, the works of Aristotle and Plato, and navigating books from the famous Oleksandriya library. After helping the woods of Moscow, which burned after 1470, Sophia slandered for a share of belongings and for the first hour buried books in the stone church of the Rizdva Bogoroditsi on Senyah - the home church of the Moscow Grand Duchesses, prompted by the order of St. Dmitri, the widow. And I donated my money to the treasury, for the Moscow call, on savings in the Kremlin church of the Rizdva John the Baptist - the most important church in Moscow, which stood until 1847.

For instructions, she brought with her as a gift a human “brush throne”: a wooden stump all covered with plates of ivory and walrus tassels with plots on them on the biblical topics. This throne is like the throne of Ivan the Terrible: the king himself in new images by the sculptor M. Antokolsky. In 1896, a rotary throne was installed in the Assumption Cathedral for the coronation of Mykoli II. And then the sovereign ordered to put yogo for the Empress Oleksandriya Feodorivna (for other tributes - for her mother, as she widowed the Empress Mariya Fedorivna), and he himself encouraged to be crowned on the throne of the first Romanov. The first throne of Ivan the Terrible is the oldest one in the Kremlin collections.

Sophia brought with her a shard of Orthodox icons, including, as they allow, the traditional icon of the Mother of God “Blessed Heaven”. The icon was rebuked at the clerical rank of the iconostasis of the Kremlin Archangel Cathedral. Truthfully, for another retelling, the icon was brought to the ancient Smolensk from Constantinople, and if Lithuania took over the place, they blessed the Lithuanian prince Sophia Vitivtivna with such a rite on a school trip from the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasil I. old-fashioned image, vikonaniya for the order of Fyodor Oleksiyovich for example of the XVII century. According to the tradition, Muscovites brought water and lamp oil to the image of the Mother of God “Blessed Heaven”, as they were victorious with jubilant authorities, the shards of this icon are small especially, miraculous healing power. On the eve of the wedding of Ivan III, an image of the Byzantine Emperor Michael III, the founder of the Palaeologus dynasty, appeared in the Archangel Cathedral, from whom the rulers of Moscow were born. Thus, the offensive of Moscow by the Byzantine Empire was strengthened, and the Moscow sovereigns became the fallers of the Byzantine emperors.

After the wedding, Ivan III himself became aware of the need to reawaken the Kremlin to the mighty and impregnable citadel. Everything started from the catastrophe of 1474, if the Assumption Cathedral, which was built by the Pskov maisters, fell. The people suddenly became sensitive, that it became famously through the "Greeks", that they had previously changed into "Latins". While the causes of the collapse were being explained, Sophia pleased people with requests from Italian architects, who were the best masters in Europe. Your creations could make Moscow equal in beauty and majesty to the European capitals and enhance the prestige of the Moscow sovereign, and also boost the offensiveness of Moscow not only to the Other, but to the First Rome. Vcheni remembered that the Italians went to the unknown Moscow without fear, for the despina could give them protection and help. Every now and then, there is a firmness, but Sophia suggested a person’s idea to ask Aristotle Fioravanti herself, about whom she could hardly in Italy, or inspire the nobility especially, even if in the fatherland, yak “new Archimedes”. So tse chi nі, only the Russian ambassador Semyon Tolbuzin, under the rule of Ivan III to Italy, having requested Fioravant to Moscow, and that іz was happy to wait.

Moscow has a special, secret pledge on the new check. Fіoravantі slaved the master plan of the new Kremlin, which is to be built by yogo spіvvіtchizniks. Є pripuschennya, scho impregnable fortress arguing and the defense of Liberia. In the Assumption Cathedral, the architect built a deep underground crypt, where they put together a priceless library. Tsey's skhovanka and having shown vipadkovo Grand Duke Vasil III through rich fates after the death of the fathers. In 1518, when Maxim Grek arrived in Moscow for the translation of these books, he was asked to translate them in 1518, and Ivan the Terrible, the son of Vasil III, was told about them before his death. The library appeared during the hours of Grozny, until it was unknown. They joked in the Kremlin, and in Kolomenskoye, and in Oleksandrivskaya Sloboda, and at the Oprichny Palace on Mokhovaya. And now it has come to light that Liberia lies under the bottom of the Moscow River, in the dungeons, overlooking the chambers of Malyuti Skuratov.

The buildings of the old Kremlin churches are also named after Sophia Paleolog. The first was the cathedral in the name of St. Mykola Gostunsky, instigation of the birth of Ivan the Great. Previously, there was a buv orda door, where the khan's monks lived, and so the courtship despised the kremlin despina. St. Nicholas the Wonderworker himself appeared behind the instructions, Sophia, in a dream, and punished him to stay there for an Orthodox church. Sophia showed herself to be a subtle diplomat: she sent an embassy with rich gifts to the Khan’s squad, and, having sung about the manifestation of a miracle, asked the Kremlin to give up her exchange for a foreign position. The year was taken away, and in 1477 the wooden Mikilsky Cathedral appeared, after being replaced with stones and standing until 1817. (We guess that Ivan Fedorov was the deacon of this church). At the same time, the historian Ivan Zabelin, having taken into account that, following the order of Sophia Paleolog, another church was built near the Kremlin, consecrated in the name of Saints Cosmas and Damian, as it did not live up to our days.

Tell Sophia Palaiologos to be called the founder of the Spassky Cathedral, which, truly, when the Terem Palace was built in the 17th century, re-awakened and became likewise called Verkhospassky - through its roztashuvannya. Another retelling is to say that Sophia Paleolog brought to Moscow the icon of the Holy Savior not made by hands to the cathedral. In the 19th century, the artist Sorokin painted a new image of the Lord for the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. Whose image has miraculously survived to this day and is now known at the lower (stylobate) Church of the Transfiguration as the head shrine. Apparently, Sophia Palaeologus truly brought the image of the Savior Not Made by Hands, as if blessing Father. At the Kremlin Cathedral of the Savior on Bor, a salary was saved in this image, and on the analogy lay the icon of the All-Merciful Savior, also brought by Sophia.

From the Church of the Savior on Bor, which is the same as the cathedral church of the Kremlin's Spassky monastery, and another story is tied with the despina, the Novospasky Monastery appeared near Moscow. Since then, the Grand Duke is still alive at the wooden mansions, which hour after hour were burning in some Moscow fires. Once Sophia herself had a chance to rage in the fire, and she asked a man to make the palace murmur. Sovereign vyrishiv robiti retinues received that vikonav її prohannya. So the Cathedral of the Savior on Bor at once from the monastery appeared surrounded by new palace spores. In 1490, Ivan III transferred the monastery to the banks of the Moscow River, five miles from the Kremlin. From that hour, the monastery became known as Novospasky, and the Cathedral of the Savior on Bor was abandoned with a traditional paraffial church. Through the life of the palace, the Kremlin church of the Holy Mother of God on Senyah was not remembered for a long time, as it also suffered in the future. Only if the palace was still ready (and it was only for Vasil III), another one appeared on top, and in 1514 the architect Aleviz Fryazin lifted the Razdvyany temple to a new level, through which the wine and contagion can be seen from Mokhovo Street.

In the 19th century, at the hour of excavation near the Kremlin, a bowl with antique coins was found, carved under the Roman Emperor Tiberias. On the thought of the clergy, some coins were brought from the numerical mail of Sophia Paleolog, who were born in Rome and Constantinople. Few of them occupied state posts, became treasurers, ambassadors, and translators. A. Chicheri, the ancestor of Grandmother Pushkin, Olga Vasilivna Chicherina, that famous Radyansk diplomat, arrived at the retinue of the Despini in Russia. In the meantime, Sophia asked for doctors from Italy for the family of the Grand Duke. The occupation of jubilation was even more unsafe for foreigners, especially if the jubilation of the first individual of the state was on the right. It was necessary to wear more than the clothes of the next patient, at the time of the death of the ill, life was taken into the doctor himself.

So, the doctor Leon, signing Sophia from Venice, trusting his head, who forged the fall - Prince Ivan Ivanovich the Younger, the eldest son of Ivan III of the first squad. The priest died, and the doctor was spent in Zamoskvorichchi on Bolvanivtsi. At the death of a young prince, the people called Sophia: he could especially see the death of a degenerate, for she dreamed about the throne of her son Vasil, who was born in 1479.

Sophia was not loved in Moscow for її pouring into the Grand Duke and for the change in Moscow life - "not being great", like the boyar Bersen-Beklemishev hung. Vaughn vtruchalas and at ovnіshnopolitičnі spoljagayuchi, schob Ivan III ceased to pay Danina Orda khan and vіlnivsya vіd yogo vlady. For once, she said to the people: “I led my wealthy, strong princes and kings in my hands, for faith I went for you, and now you want me and my children to be tributaries; you have little wine in you? Yak designating V.O. Klyuchevsky, the masters, for the sake of Sophia, have always given the secret names of this man. Ivan III was right to pay the tribute and trampled the Khan's charter right at the Orda courtyard in Zamoskvorichchi, and then they called the Transfiguration Church. Ale and the same people having spoken on Sophia. Before leaving to the great station on the Ugria in 1480, Ivan III set up a squad with small children on Biloozero, for which he was credited with taєmnі namіri to throw power and battle with the squad, like Khan Akhmat took Moscow.

Having sprung from the khan's yoke, Ivan III saw himself as a sovereign sovereign. With the efforts of Sophia, the palace etiquette was guessing Byzantine. The Grand Duke made a “gift” for the squad: he allowed his mother to have a “thought” of the mail and to hold “diplomatic receptions” in his half. Vaughn received foreign messages and started a conversation with them. For Russia, there was no new innovation. The animals were changed for the sovereign's court. The Byzantine princess brought human rights to the state, according to the words of the historian F.I. Uspensky, the right to the throne of Byzantium, for which the boyars had a chance to rahuvatisya. Nasampered Ivan III, loving “for himself zustrich”, that is zaperechenny and superechki, but for Sophia, changing the reasons for the courtiers, becoming trimati inaccessible to himself, having special honors and easily falling into anger, once in a while imposing disgrace. These misfortunes were attributed to Sophia Paleolog.

Tim, for an hour, his family life was not bezkhmarny. In 1483 Sophia's brother Andriy saw his daughter marry Prince Vasil Vereisky, great-grandson of Dmitry Donskoy. Sophia gave her nephews a valuable gift from the sovereign's treasury for the wedding - embellishment that the first retinue of Ivan III Mary Borisivna had previously laid down, naturally respecting herself in full right to earn a gift. If the grand duke grabbing embellishment, so that the bride Oleny Voloshantsi, who gave him Dmitr’s onuk, blew such a storm, Vereisky had a chance to fly to Lithuania.

And indefinitely, a thundercloud hung over Sophia's head; At Ivan III, the name of the elder son, Dmitro's onuk, which was born in 1483, was lost. Sophia gave birth to you son Vasil. Who among them can get the throne? This insignificance became the reason for the struggle between the two court parties - Dmitri's followers and his mother Deer Voloshanka and Vasil's followers and Sophia Paleolog.

"Greekinya" was called at once at the broken legitimacy of the throne. In 1497, enemies told the Grand Duke, nibi Sophia, if you want to destroy Yogo Onuk, so that you can put a powerful son on the throne, that you will secretly see the fortune-tellers, that they will prepare a blast of zilla, and that Vasil will take the fate of these snakes. Ivan III, having accepted the bek of onuk, having arrested Vasil, ordered the fortune-tellers to be drowned in Moscow-rіtsі, and the squad looked like himself, defiantly strachuvav many members of the її "dumi". Already in 1498, he married Dmitri in the Assumption Cathedral as a fall to the throne. It is important to note that the famous “Tale of the Princes of Volodymyr” was born at the same time - a literary monument of the XV century - the beginning of the XVI century, deploring about the Monomakh's hat, like the Byzantine emperor Kostyantyn Monomakh nіbito nadіslav іz regalia Monomakhіvіvіvі knyaz In such a rite it was possible that the Russian princes were related to the Byzantine rulers during the hours of Kievan Rus and that the head of the elder, that Dmitro, had a legitimate right to the throne.

Prote zdatnіst weave the courtiers intrigue bula Sophia in the blood. Vaughn was amazed at the fall of the Deer Voloshanka, ringing її in pretentiousness to nonsense. Then the Grand Duke laid on the bride and onuk fell into disgrace, and in 1500 he appointed Vasil as a legitimate successor to the throne. Who knows, what way Russian history would have gone, yakbi not Sophia! Ale Sofії it was not long for her to be overcome. Vaughn died at the end of April 1503 and was buried with a posh at the Kremlin Ascension Monastery. Ivan III died two years later, and in 1505 Vasil III ascended the throne.

In our days of life, we were surprised by the skull of Sophia Paleolog її sculptural portrait. We have before us a woman with a clear mind and a strong will, who confirms numerical remonstrances, folded around її imeni.

Biography

family

Її father, Khoma Palaiologos, brother of the remaining emperor of Byzantium Kostyantin XI and despot of Morea (pivostriv Peloponnese).

Despotate of Morea 1450 roku

Її maternal lineage buv Centurione II Dzakkaria, the remaining Frankish prince Ahai. The centurion resembled a Genoese merchant family. Yogo father buv appointments to rule Achaia by the Neapolitan king Charles III of Anjou. Centurione, having fallen into power as a father, ruled the princedom until 1430, when the despot of Morea Khoma Palaiologos launched a large-scale attack on the yogi Volodinnya. The prince was embarrassed to come to his recessed castle in Messenia, de vin and died in 1432, two years after the peace treaty, he became friends with his daughter Katerina for yakim Khoma. After his death, the territory of the princedom was reduced to the warehouse of the despotate.

4 generations of Sophia's ancestors (ancestral tree)

The elder sister of Zoya Olena Paleologina Moreyska (1431 - 7th leaf fall, 1473) from 1446 was the retinue of the Serbian despot Lazar Brankovich, and after the capture of Serbia by Muslims in 1459, the roci beagle on the Greek island of Lefkas, de sheared at the blackberry. So Khomi had two blues that lived, Andriy Paleolog (1453-1502) and Manuil Paleolog (1455-1512).

Italy

Sixtus IV Vissarion of Nicaea

The fall of the Byzantine Empire became the beginning of the share of Zoya. Emperor Kostyantyn, having died in 1453 before the capture of Constantinople, after 7 years, in 1460, Morea was slaughtered by the Turkish Sultan Mehmed II, Khoma went to the island of Corfu, then to Rome, then died without a hitch. Zoya and her brothers 7-year-old Andrey and 5-year-old Manuil moved to Rome 5 years after the father. There she won the name Sofia. Paleologs settled at the court of Pope Sixtus IV (the deputy of the Sikstin Chapel). To take away the support, the rest of the fate of your life, Thomas crosses over to Catholicism.

After the death of Homi on January 12, 1465 (yogo squad Katerina died in the same roci three years earlier), the guardian of yoga children was taken care of by the teachings of the Greek, Cardinal Vissarion Nikeisky, the hospice of the university. The yogo leaf was taken away, from which the wines were given the support of vikladachevo Sirit. From the first sheet it is clear that tato, like earlier, will be allowed on their mornings 3,600 ECU for the river (200 ECU per month: for children, their clothes, horses and servants; plus the next deposit for a black day, and 100 ECU modest court, which included a doctor, a professor of Latin language, a professor of Greek language, translation and 1-2 priests).

After the death of Homi, the crown of Paleologs de jure fell to son Andriy, who sold it to different European monarchs and died among the evil ones. Another son of Homi Paleolog, Manuil, on the eve of the reign of Bayezid II, turned to Istanbul and returned to the mercy of the Sultan. Behind deakim dzherelami, vin having adopted Islam, zavіv sim'yu that served with the Turkish fleet.

In 1466, the Venetian seigneurial council propagated to the Cypriot king Jacques II de Lusignan the candidacy of Sophia as I would name her, but I would recommend her. Behind the words of Pirlinga, bliss of її ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії ії іѕ іѕ thе glory οf thе ancestral fοr hаѕ thе filthy stronghold against ottoman ships thаt cruised аt thе waters οf thе Mediterranean Sea. Close to 1467, Pope Paul II, through Cardinal Bessarion, poked his hand to Prince Caracciolo, a noble Italian wealth. The stench was urochisto zarucheni, but the hats were not seen.

Wesilla

Banner "Prophecy of John the Baptist" from the Oratory of San Giovanni, Urbino. Italian experts are concerned about the fact that in the present auditory images Vissarion and Sophia Paleolog (the 3rd and 4th characters are evil). Gallery of the province of the Marche, Urbino.

Ivan III was widowed in 1467, the first retinue of Mary Borisivna, Princess Tverska, died, having lost her only son, the fall of Ivan the Young.

Shlyub Sofії z Іvan III buv proponovaniya in 1469 Pope Paul II, imovіrno, in nadії on the strength of the Catholic Church in Russia, or, perhaps, the proximity of the Catholic Church and the Orthodox Church - to rebuild the Florentine church. The motives of Ivan III, imovirno, were connected with the status, and the recently widowed monarch had time to make friends with the Greek princess. The idea of ​​a blueprint, perhaps, was born at the head of Cardinal Bessarion.

Negotiate trivali three roki. Russian litopis opovidaє: February 11, 1469. the Greek Yuri, having arrived to Moscow from the name of Cardinal Vissarion to the Grand Duke with a leaf, Sophia, the daughter of the Amorite despot Homi, was named “Orthodox Christian” (about the transition of її to Catholicism). Ivan III was pleased with his mother, Metropolitan Pilip and the boyars, and made a positive decision.

Litsove litopisne zvedennya: “Thie winter in the fierce on the 11th day came from Rome from Cardinal Bessarion the Greek on the name of Yuriy to the Grand Duke with a letter, in which it is written that“ in Rome at the despot of Amorean Homi Old Testament in the kingdom of Constantinograd daughter Orthodox Christian; if you want to take її for the squad, then I will send її to your state. And the king of France and the great prince Medyadinsky sent before her the matchmakers, but she didn’t want to go to Latinism. More Fryazians came: Carlo im'yam, Ivan Fryazin, a Moscow penny, elder brother, and nephew, their elder brother son Anton. The great prince, having listened to these words, and thinking about his father, Metropolitan Pilip, and his matir, and the boyars, on the 20th day of spring in birch, sent Ivan Fryazin to Pope Paul and to that Cardinal Vissarion, princess. Vіn came to the papi, after pumping the princess and about those for whom he sent the pope and cardinal Vissarion viklav. The princess, having recognized that the Grand Duke and the whole land was in the Orthodox Christian faith, wanted for him. Well, papa, having enlisted the ambassador of the Grand Duke Ivan Fryazin, having admitted him to the Grand Duke in order to protect the new princess, but send your boyars for her. I gave his father letters of commendation to Ivan Fryazin about those who would voluntarily go to the ambassadors of the Grand Duke for two years in all lands, on which the papacy swear allegiance, to Rome.

Fedir Bronnikov. “Zustrich of Princess Sophia Paleolog by the Pskov posadniks and boyars in Embakh’s arm on Lake Peipsi” Sophia Paleolog in the journey to Moscow. Miniature of the face lithographic crypt

In 1469 Ivan Fryazin (Gian Batista della Volpe) moved to the Roman court to woo Grand Duke Sophia. Sophia's chronicle to commemorate that back to Russia with Ivan Fryazin there were messages of a portrait of the appointed one, and such a worldly painting was an extreme surprise in Moscow - "... and I will bring the tsar on the icon." (His portrait was not saved, which is rather vague, shards of the painter’s writings in the papal service, the generation of Perugino, Melozzo da Forli and Pedro Berruguete). The Pope received the ambassador with great honour. Vіn asking the Grand Duke to send for the named boyars. Fryazin suddenly went to Rome on September 16, 1472, and arrived there on May 23.

On June 1, 1472, at the Basilica of the Holy Apostles Peter and Paul, an extramural order was made. The intercessor of the Grand Duke buv Ivan Fryazin. Among the guests were the retinue of the ruler of Florence Lorenzo Chudovy Klarice Orsina and Queen Katarina of Bosnia. Tato, krіm gifts, giving the name of the dowry at 6 yew. ducativ.

24 worms 1472 p. the great convoy of Sophia Paleologus at once from Fryazinim and from Rome. I will name the supprovodzhuvav Cardinal Bissarion of Nikeysky, who is guilty of realizing the opportunity, which they declare, for the Holy See. There is a legend that before Sophia's collection there were books that form the basis of the collections of the famous library of Ivan the Terrible.

• Holy Sophia: Yuriy Trakhaniot, Dmitro Trakhaniot, Prince Kostyantin, Dmitro (ambassador of his brothers), St. Cassian the Greek. And so is the papal legate of the Genoese Antonii Bonumbre, Bishop of Achchi (who is called a cardinal in the chronicles). Behind her, the nephew of diplomat Ivan Fryazin, architect Anton Fryazin, arrived.

The route is more expensive than this: pіvnіch vіd Іtalії through Nіmechchina, to the port of Lubeck the stench arrived on 1 spring. (It was possible to speak about Poland, which the mandrіvniki called straight to Russia by land route - for an hour I tried with Ivan III, maybe a conflict). More expensive sea across the Baltic took 11 days. The ship's bailiff at Kolivani (present-day Tallinn), the cortege near Zhovtni 1472 passed through Yur'ev (present-day Tartu), Pskov and Veliky Novgorod. 12 leaf fall 1472 p. Sofia went to Moscow.

The next hour, the price of the appointed Russian lands became obvious that the plans of the Vatican to rob the її the conductor of Catholicism were recognized as a failure, the shards of Sophia demonstratively demonstrated the return to the faith of the ancestors. The papal legate Antony Bonumbre bov the opportunity to travel to Moscow, carry the Latin cross in front of you (div. Korsunsky cross).

The wedding in Russia took place on 12 (22) leaf fall 1472 in the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow. Povinchav їх Metropolitan Philip (behind the Sofiyskiy Vremennik - Archpriest Osiya of Kolomna). For deakim vkazіvkami, Metropolitan Philip Bov opposed the union with the Uniate. OFITICISHIKENISHKYAZHIK LITOPISPICE, SO MEMITOPLOPLAY Grand Duke, Ale Neofitziene Sklevnnya (at the folding Lіtopisіv Sofiysko II TO LOVIVKO) The fate of the Metropolitan of the Protopepa of Kolomensky, ascendly, to the tutesy.

Dowry

At the Museums of the Moscow Kremlin, a handful of objects are saved, which are worthy of mention. Among them - a sprig of expensive relics, which resemble the Cathedral of the Annunciation, whose frame was created, perhaps, already in Moscow. Behind the inscriptions, you can let go, what relics, what are in them, she brought from Rome.

"Savior Not Made by Hands". Doshka - 15th century (?), painting - 19th century (?), salary - the last quarter (17th century). Quote and fraction from the images of Basil the Great - 1853. MMK. Behind the legend written in Syria. 19th century icon of Sophia Palaiologos brought to Moscow from Rome.

The reliquary icon is breastplate. Frame - Moscow, another half of the XV century; cameo - Byzantium, XII-XIII cent. (?)

The icon is breastfeeding. Constantinople, X-XI centuries; frame - end of the XIII - ear of the XIV century.

Icon "Bogomatir Hodegetria", 15th century

Life with love

Sophia's family life, maybe, was far away, about how to certify the number of offspring.

For her in Moscow, special mansions and doors were built, but the stench was not barred, in 1493, they burned down, moreover, the treasury of the Grand Duchess died an hour later. Tatishchev conveys a note that nіbito, zavdyaki vtruchanny Sofіy, was thrown off by Ivan III the Tatar yoke: if for the sake of the Grand Duke Khan Akhmat danini discussed the power, and richly someone said, it’s better to appease the wicked with gifts, but don’t shed blood, then don’t shed blood entreated the squad to leave these vodnosins.

Before the bulk of Akhmat 1480, for the sake of security, with children, court, boyars and the prince's treasury, Sophia was sent back to Dmitrov, and then to Biloozero; and if Akhmat crossed the Oka and took Moscow, then it was said that he was far away on the pivnich to the sea. It gave a bribe to Vissarion, the lady of Rostov, to protect the Grand Duke from his envoys in the light of past thoughts, and to win pretentiousness to the squad of those children. In one of the chronicles, it is said that Ivan panicked: “I want to go to the river, and if I want to, I go to the beach, and my Grand Duchess Roman and the treasury of her ambassador to Biloozero.”

Sim'ya turned to Moscow with less than a fee. The Venetian ambassador Kontarin rozpovidaє that he was born in 1476. Introducing herself as Grand Duchess Sophia, she accepted Yogo emphatically, and kindly and peremptorily asked to bow to her most beautiful republic.

"Bachenny st. Sergius of Radonez, Grand Duchess of Moscow Sophia Paleolog. Lithography. Maisternya of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra. 1866

There is a legend related to the people of Sophia the son of Vasil III, who fell to the throne: at least one hour of pilgrimage to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, in Klementievo, Grand Duchess Sophia Paleologus was the birth of St. Sergius.

Dynastic problems and supernice

In an hour, another slub of the Grand Duke became one of the tensions at court. Two groupings of court nobility soon formed to finish, one of them supported the decline to the throne - Ivan Ivanovich the Young, and the other - the new Grand Duchess Sophia Paleolog. In 1476, the Venetian A. Kontarin, having declared that the fall is “in disfavor with the father, it’s disgusting to deal with the despinoy” (Sophia), prote already from 1477 Ivan Ivanovich zagaduetsya as the ruler of the father.

At the approaching fate of the Grand Duke's family, Sophia gave birth to the Grand Duke nine children - five blue and four daughters.

"Veil of Deer Voloshanka". Maisternya Deer Stefanivna Voloshanka (?) from the image of the ceremony of 1498. Sophia, perhaps, is depicted in the left lower cloak at the yellow cloak with a round stripe on the shoulders - a tablion, a sign of royal dignity.

Tim an hour, at the beginning of 1483, Ivan Ivanovich Molodyy became friends and fell to the throne. The daughter of the ruler of Moldova, Stefan the Great, Olen Voloshanka, became the retinue of the Yogo retinue; On July 10, 1483, the son Dmitro was born in them. After the arrival of Tver in 1485, Ivan Molodii is appointed prince of Tver by the father; in one of the older periods, Ivan III and Ivan Molodii are called "autocrats of the Russian land." In such a rank, by the end of the 1480s, the camp of Ivan Ivanovich as a legal fall was a cycle of mitzny.

The camp of the prihilniks in Sophia Paleolog was less obvious. So, zokrema, the Grand Duchess did not go far to see the royal estates for her relatives; His brother Andriy was born from Moscow, and his niece Maria, the retinue of Prince Vasil Vereisky (deceased Vereisko-Bilozerskogo princedom), was stunned by the rush to Lithuania at once from a man who had been appointed to the camp of Sophia. Zgidno z dzherelami, Sophia, who ruled the hats of her niece, that of Prince Vasil Vereisky, in 1483. gave relatives an expensive embellishment - “sazhinnya” with pearls and stones, which had previously belonged to the first squad of Ivan III Mary Borisivna. The Grand Duke, having encouraged Olena Voloshanka to give the “gardens”, having revealed embellishments, became angry and punished the rozshuk. Vasil Vereisky did not check in front of himself, and, having hoarded a squad, ducked off Lithuania. One of the results of the turn of history was the transition of the Vereysko-Bilozersk princedom to Ivan III at the request of the prince Mikhail of Vereisky, father of Vasil. Less than 1493, Sophia wailed Vasil the mercy of the Grand Duke: the disgrace was taken.

Prote until 1490 the rock was furnished with ceremonial new furnishing. Son of the Grand Duke, falling to the throne, Ivan Ivanovich fell ill with "kamchugu in the legs" (gout). Sophia wrote a doctor from Venice - “Mistro Leon”, who self-singedly denounced Ivan III for the fall to the throne; But all the efforts of the doctor turned out to be fruitless, and on 7 February 1490, Ivan the Young died. Lіkar buv stracheny, and across Moscow popovzli bits about otruєnnya spadkoєmtsya; a hundred years later, a little bit, even though it’s not transverse facts, writing down Andriy Kurbsky. Modern historians are put forward to the hypothesis about the destruction of Ivan the Young yak to the unverified through the marriage of dzherel.

On February 4, 1498, the coronation of Prince Dmitry took place in the Assumption Cathedral. Sophia and son Vasil was not requested. On April 11, 1502, the fate of the dynastic essence went to its logical conclusion. Following the words of the chronicler, Ivan III “put the disgrace on his grand duke Dmitr onuk and on matir yogo on the grand duchess Olena, and on that day did not order them to be commemorated in litanies and litias, nor narrated by the grand duke, and plant them for adjuncts.” After a few days, Vasil Ivanovich gave tribute to the grand princes; Nevdovzі Dmitr-onuk and yoga matіr Olen Voloshanka was transferred from house arrest to legalization. In this manner, the struggle in the middle of the Grand Duke's family ended with the victory of Prince Vasil; vin pretending to be the ruler of the father of that legitimate decline of a great power. The fall of Dmitr-onuk and his mother was also zoomed in by the share of the Moscow-Novgorod Reformation movement in the Orthodox Church: the Church Council of 1503, having residually defeated її; a lot of vidomih and progressive diyachіv tsgogo ruhu were stracheni. But if the dynastic struggle was played out to their own share, then it was summation: on September 18, 1505, Olena Stefanivna died in a state of aggravation, and in 1509 Dmitro himself died in prison. “Some people care that they died in the face of hunger and cold, others - that they suffocated in the presence of Dima,” Herberstein reminded him about the yoga of death.

Death

Death is the honor of the Grand Duchess

Vaughn was buried in a massive white-stone sarcophagus in the tomb of the Ascension Cathedral in the Kremlin, commissioned from the grave of Mary Borisivna, the first squad of Ivan III. On the roof of the sarcophagus, the word "Sophia" is tattered with a gostriment tool.

This cathedral was built in 1929, and the remains of Sophia, like the other women of the king's house, were transferred to the underground chamber of the pivdenny tributary of the Archangel Cathedral.

Features

Statement of attendees

The Byzantine princess was not a little popular, she was respected for her sensible, but proud, cunning and approachable. Before her, hostility was given as a sign to instill in litopres: for example, from the drive її turn from Biloozero, the litopian respects: “Grand Duchess Sophia ... begall the Tatars on Biloozero, and not kill them; And I went to some lands, there are more Tatars - like boyar serfs, like Christian bloodsuckers. Give it to them, Lord, for their deed and for their deceit.

Shroud from the Trinity-Sergius Lavra

Vasil III's disgraceful thoughtful person Bersen Beklemishev at the rozmovі z Maxim the Greek, speaking about her like this: “Our Russian land lived in silence near the world. Just as the mother of the Grand Duke Sophia came here for your Greeks, so our land and hesitated and the great greats came before us, just as you have at Tsar-grad for your kings. Maxim recited: “Sir, Grand Duchess Sophia from both sides was of a great family: by her father - the royal family, and by her mother - the Grand Duke of the Italian side.” Bersen answered: “I wouldn’t get out; she came before our unawakening. Nebuduvannya, after the words of Bersen, was signified by the fact that from that hour “the old prince calls the great change”, “our Sovereign, having closed himself, the third white light, can do everything.”

Prince Andriy Kurbsky was especially suvorian to Sophia. Vіn perekonaniy, scho "At the kind Russian princes, having sown the evil devil, especially the retinues of their evil and enchanters, as in the Israeli kings, more and more of them were drunk from foreigners"; I call Sophia in the death of John the Young, at the death of the Deer, at the visnovka of Dmitry, Prince Andriy Uglitsky and other features, contemptuously calling her a Greek woman, a Greek “charist”.

At the Trinity-Sergius Monastery, a shovka veil is saved, sewn by the hands of Sophia in 1498; її іm'ya is hung on the shroud, moreover, she calls herself the Grand Duchess of Moscow, and “the royal Tsaregorodskaya”. Mabut, she put her name high, as if she were remembering the new name after the 26th century.

Zovnishnist

If in 1472 the fate of Clarice Orsini and the courtier sings її man Luigi Pulchi were evidence of the correspondence friendship that was at the Vatican, Pulchi's spitting dotepnik, to comfort Lorenzo the Chudovy, who lost his undergrowth at Florence, directing his prostrate

“We went up to the room, where on the high platform sat a painted lyalka in an armchair. On her breasts were two majestic Turkish perlins, underwire, cheeks of torso, all appearances shone in fat, eyes flattened, like bowls, and next to her eyes so come fat and meat, not like a high damby on the Po. The legs are far from thin, so are all the other parts of the body - I am by no means a fan of such a funny and ogid individual, like this fair brazier. For the whole day, she was constantly bobtaling through the relay - the second time he was a brother, he was such a tow-legged cudgel. Your squad, nibi enchanted, bobbed into that monstrous beauty in the image of a woman, and the promotional shift obviously brought her satisfaction. One of our companions was filled with admiration for the stuffed lips of a lyalka and vowed that she was spitting marvelously finely. On a good day, until evening, she spoke Greek, but they didn’t give us anything to eat and drink, neither Greek, nor Latin, nor Italian. In the meantime, I would like to explain in the distance Donna Klarich, that on her lace and filthy cloth, I wanted the cloth to be with a rich seam and cut less from six pieces of fabric, so that they could cover the dome of Santa Maria Rotunda. From that hour, I’ll take off the fire of the olive, fat, lard, ganchir’ya and that other one is like a gidot.

Due to the response of the Bolognese litoprists, who described the passage of the process through the city, it was of low growth, small even for the eyes and marvelous whiteness of the shkiri. On the surface, the stench gave me 24 rocks.

Sofia Paleolog

Vidmirano good and evil
Therese domes of the nervous,
About Byzantine cholo,
Smack the bloodless lips!
Not by proof and not by a sword
Tsargorod buv vikuvanii i zlіpleny.
Naivny barbarian buv peace
Let's go to the well-to-do.
More than once mastery bogomaz,
Creativity on cypress planks
Yoga vіd ruynuvannya vryatuvav
Images of flat faces.
І de mezhі urochistostі,
If - zdobutu firebird -
They took the overseas queen
At the pershoprestolnu Moscow.
Yak sholomi buli dome.
The stench rang out in the bells.
Vaughn kept on the heart
Like the white lasts of the valley.
І buv is already not transverse
Law of the sword on the right...
Smell the bloodless lips
Vaughn blasted the Third Rome.

At the breast of 1994, the remains of the princess were found near Moscow. The stench was saved well (mayzhe povny skeleton of the Crimea is full of ancient brushes). Criminal Sergey Nikytin, Yakiye, the image of the method of Gerasimov, in hand: “Pislya Zistavlennna skull, ridge, krizhiv, kіstok pelvic і Nizhnіkh kintsovyk, Zhekhuvannyami of the Tovykhi, tissue tissue, do not see, povna, with oxen rice denunciation. Behind the stage, the overgrowth of the seams of the skull and the wear of the teeth of the biological age of the Grand Duchess was assigned at 50-60 years of age, which confirms the historical tribute. On the back of the head, the sculptural portrait was wrought out of special soft plasticine, and then a gypsum fork was made and the Carrara marmur was sunk.

Figures of the "Mediterranean" anthropological type in the age of Ivan the Terrible and the similarity with the grandmother on the Batkiv line remained a little bit quiet, that his mother Olena Glinska gave birth to yoga in the kohantsya.

Sofia, skull reconstruction

Vasil III, son

Ivan IV, onuk

Great-great-granddaughter, Prince Maria Starytska. For the affirmations of the vchenih, її disguise demonstrates a great similarity with Sophia

The role of history

Examine different versions of the role of Sophia Paleolog in the history of the Russian state:

• Artists and architects came from Western Europe to embellish the palace and the capital. New temples, new palaces sprouted. Italian Alberti (Aristotle) ​​Fioravant, having inspired the cathedrals of the Assumption and Blagoveshchensky. Moscow was embellished with the Palace of Facets, the Kremlin towers, the Teremny Palace, awakenings, nareshti, buv and the Archangel Cathedral.
• For the sake of the friendship of her son Vasil III, she introduced a Byzantine sound - looking at the names.
• Third Rome

At the mystic

literature:

• Mykola Spasky, novel "Vizantiiets". Diya is seen in Italy in the XV century on the aphids of the legacy of the fall of Constantinople. The main hero is intriguing to see Zoya Paleolog for the Russian Tsar.
• Georgios Leonardos, novel "Sophia Palaiologos - from Byzantium to Russia".
• Mikola Aksakov, who was in charge of the Venicei Likarevi Leon Judovin Rospovіd, was spoke about the friendship of the likari likari with the Humanist Pіko Della Mirandola, I about the rise in the fiction of the tsaritsky sophia, the Semen Semyon, the jauls, the jauls, the jauls. .
• Ivan Lazhechnikov. "Basurman" - a novel about the doctor Sophia.

for painting and graphic art:

• How to check the lexicon of the 19th century, is a fresco, de, in the midst of allowing the throne of sovereigns, who will put away Pope Sixtus IV, Sophia is placed; “Ale, judging by the costumes, the image, perhaps, was ruined over the 15th century, but richer than the past.”
• Abeghyan, Mher Manukovich (1909-1978). Malyunok "Marriage of Ivan III with the Byzantine Queen Sophia".

Sophia Paleolog: genius and recklessness

Let's start sleeping. Sophia, or in the childhood of Zoya, was born to the son of Homi Paleolog - the despot of the Sea. Vin was the young brother of the remaining Byzantine emperor Kostyantyn XI, who died at the end of the fall of Constantinople in the middle of the XV century.

The axis of the following phrase phrases for an hour and starts to chatter among thoughtful people. Like a father is a despot, then who should don’t? I begin hail ringing. And in the meantime, as if to reveal a trifle of drunkenness and look into the dictionary, which does not confuse words for us unequivocally, then we can read more about the word "despot".

It appears that the greatest Byzantine nobles were called despots. And the despotates - they did so in the states, similar to the modern provinces and states. From Father Sophia to a nobleman, like a cherub in one of such small powers - a despotate.

Vaughn was not the only child in her family – she had two more brothers: Manuel and Andriy. She followed Orthodoxy, mothers of children - Katerina Akhaiska, she was already a churched woman, which she taught her children.

Ale, the fates were even more difficult. The Byzantine Empire was between the falls. And if Kostyantyn XI died and the capital was slaughtered by the Turkish Sultan Mehmed II, the family of Paleologus was torn apart from the family nest. A little bit of stench dominated the island of Corfu, and then moved to Rome.

Rome's children were orphaned. Mother died on the back, and then, for pіvroku, pіshov to the Lord and Khoma Paleolog. He was occupied with the Greek teachings, the Uniate of Vissarion of Nikei, who served as a cardinal under Pope Sixty IV (so-so, he became the deputy of the chapel, so now I wear yoga im'ya - Sikstinska).

And naturally, Zoya and her її brethren were swayed by Catholicism. Ale, with whom the children got well and good light. They knew Latin and Greek, mathematics and astronomy, they spoke fluently in English language.

The Pope of Rome did not only speak to orphans, showing such honesty. Yogo's thoughts were significantly pragmatic. To commemorate the Florentine church and bring the power of Moscow to the unification, having seen Sophia Paleolog for the Russian prince Ivan III, who recently became a lucky man.

It fell to the soul of the widowed prince of Papi Rimsky's bajan to give birth to the ancient Moscow region with the famous family of Paleologus. Ale himself won’t say anything for a moment. Ivan III, having asked for the sake of his mother, how to instigate it to you. The proposition was pleasant, but miraculously wise, that at stake is not only the special share, but the share of the state, the ruler of which I will become. Yogo Batko, the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasil II, who took away the Dark One through his blindness, recognizing the 16-fold son as his ruler. And at the time of the marriage proposal, Vasil II had already stopped.

Mati sent a son to Metropolitan Pilip. He stepped sharply against the slave and did not give his greatest blessing to the prince. As far as Ivan III himself, then the idea of ​​​​having a Byzantine princess fell to my soul. Adje tsim Moscow became the fall of Byzantium - the “Third Rome”, which established the authority of the Grand Duke in his own country, and in the west of the country from the sovereign powers.

Having thought, he sent his ambassador to Rome - the Italian Jean-Baptiste della Volpe, who in Moscow was called much simpler: Ivan Fryazin. The peculiarity of yoga duzhe cikava. Vіn buv is no less than the head karbuvalnik of coins at the court of the Grand Duke Ivan III, and he’s also a good collector of pributkovy. Ale, not about a new one at once.

The agreement about the wedding was laid, and Sophia at once with a large number of persons, who were accompanied, sent from Rome to Russia.

Vaughn turned over the whole of Europe. At all places, the girl sang, they ruled over the food reception and gifted them with souvenirs. The remaining zupinka before the arrivals to Moscow was the city of Novgorod. And here the podia became unacceptable.

There is a great Catholic cross in the convoy of Sophia. The news about it went to Moscow and embarrassed Metropolitan Pilip, who didn’t even give a blessing to his hat. Vladik Philip delivered an ultimatum: if you bring the cross to Moscow, you will deprive the place of wine. The right took a serious turn. The emissary of Ivan III, inciting the Russian one simply: making a convoy on the way to Moscow, taking the cross from the representative of the Roman Papi, who accompanied Sophia Paleologus. Everything went off without a hitch.

On the day of її I will arrive in Bіlokam'yanu, and on the 12th leaf fall 1472, as a witness to the chronicles of that hour, the її wedding with Ivan III. It has become in Timchasovy wooden church, which was erected in the Cathedral of the Assumption, which will be, so as not to accept worship. Metropolitan Philip, being still unselfish, was encouraged to conduct the wedding ceremony. І tse sacrament of vikonav specially urgent requests to Moscow Kolomna Archpriest Yosiya. Sophia Palaiologos became the retinue of Ivan III. Ale, it’s a great pity and rozcharuvannya Papi Rimsky, everything turned out to be wrong, like wine.

For instructions, she brought with her as a gift a human “brush throne”: a wooden stump all covered with plates of ivory and walrus tassels with plots on them on the biblical topics. Sophia brought with her a piece of Orthodox icons.

Sophia, as a means of bringing Russia to Catholicism, became Orthodox. After the unification, they left Moscow with nothing. A number of historians are shying to the version that Sophia Potai merged with the Athonite elders, touching the azi of the Orthodox faith, like Daedalus was more like her. Є svіdchennya about those who before her wooed a splinter of novіrtsіv, yakim vіdmovlyаl vyklyuchenі through razbіzhnіnі і іnоrіgіynih glances.

"An obvious sign of the offensive of Russia in the Byzantine Empire is a double-headed eagle - a dynastic symbol of this Paleolog"

No matter how it was there, Paleolog became the Grand Duchess of Russia Sophia Fominichnaya. I did not just become her formally. Vaughn brought with her to Russia a great baggage - the commandments of that retelling of the Byzantine Empire, the so-called "symphony" of the sovereign church power. І tse buli were not just words. A visible sign of the offensiveness of Russia in Byzantium, a double-headed eagle is a dynastic symbol of this Paleolog. І tse sign becomes the sovereign coat of arms of Russia. Trohi, having reached the new one, the leader, who opposes the serpent with a sword - St. George the Victorious, who used to be the coat of arms of Moscow.

The man, having listened to the wise joys of his consecrated squad, although it was not befitting for the boyars, as before they had a shameless infusion at the prince.

And Sophia became not only the helper of a person in the sovereign rights, but the mother of a majestic family. She had 12 children, 9 of them lived a long life. On the back of the world, Olena appeared, as if she had died in early childhood. Fedosiya followed her, I call Olena after her. I have come - good luck! Spadkoєmets! At night from 25 to 26 Birch, 1479, a boy was born, names in honor of grandfather Vasil. Sophia Palaiologos gave birth to the son Vasil, the future Vasil III. For the mother, the wines were forever abandoned by Gabriel - in honor of the Archangel Gabriel, to whom she tearfully prayed for the gift of decay.

The share gave friends to Yuri, Dmitr, Yevdokiya (she also died mute), Ivan (died a child), Simeon, Andriy, I know Yevdokiya and Boris.

In the wake of the decline of the people, Sophia Palaiologos did not know that he was denounced as the Grand Duke. In the middle of the day, she practically lifted the elder son of Ivan III to the throne from the front of the shroud - Ivan (Young), and behind him - the yogi son, tobto onuk Ivan III - Dmitr.

Naturally, it caused all the powers to judge. Ale, it seemed, they didn’t stink about the great prince. Її praised zovsіm іnshe.

Sophia Paleologus attacked the fact that a person has honed his writing, wealth and etiquette at court. So were the traditions of the empire, and ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї ї s іd trimuvatisya. Doctors, artists, architects, architects reminded Moscow from Western Europe... We were ordered to beautify the capital!

From Milan, Aristotle Fioravant, who was given the task of inviting the Kremlin to rest. Vybir buv nevipadkovym. Signor Aristotle praised the miraculous fakhіvtsya from underground passages, skhovanok and labirinths.

First, the walls of the Kremlin were laid down, after having inspired the right catacombs under them, in one of the casemates of these boulders, a right treasury was attached - a library, manuscripts from antiquity and folios were taken away, and the famous Oleksandrovsky library was buried. Remember, on Holy Street we were talking about Simeon the God-Received? The same translation of the book of the prophet Іsаї into Greek is saved in this library.

Crimea of ​​the Kremlin Chambers, architect Fioravant zbuduvav Assumption and Annunciation Cathedral. The masterminds of other architects appeared in Moscow with the Faceted Chamber, the Kremlin Towers, the Teremny Palace, the Treasury Door and the Archangel Cathedral. Moscow with skin day became more and more beautiful, no matter how ready to become a king.

Ale was not less turbulent for our heroine. Sophia Palaiologos, having a great influx on a person, like a bachelor at her trusted friend, that wise friend, overcame him to pay the tribute to the Golden Horde. Ivan III came to rest, throwing off the yoke of Bagatoria. But the boyars were even more afraid that the horde would see the prince, having learned about the decision of the prince, and there would be bloodshed. Ale Ivan III was firm, enlisting the support of his squad.

Well, what. For the time being, we can say that Sophia Paleolog was a kind genius, both for her man and for mother Russia. But we forgot about one person, I didn’t praise the yak so much. Im'ya tsієї people - Ivan. Ivan Molodiy, as Yogo was called at court. І vіn buv synom vіd first shlyubu grand duke ivan ІІІ.

After that, like a son of Sophia Paleologus, having been deafened by the fall to the throne, the Russian nobility at the court split. Two groupings were formed: one supported Ivan the Young, the other - Sophia.

When Ivan the Young appeared at the court, women did not gather for Sophia, and she did not swear by their rewards, occupying herself with other sovereign and special rights. Ivan Molodiy was less than three years younger for machuha, and like a mustache podletki, jealous of the old man to his new kokhanoy. Nezabar and Ivan the Young became friends with the daughter of the ruler of Moldova, Stephen the Great - Olena Voloshanka. And at the time of the birth of the star brother, he was already the father of Dmitr's son.

Ivan Molodii, Dmitro... Vasil's chances of taking the throne were much better. I did not rule over Sophia Paleolog. Absolutely did not dominate. Two women - Sophia and Olena - became sworn enemies and just the same, they were on fire for the bajans, not only one, but the offspring of a competitor. I Sophia Paleolog admits a mistake. Ale about tse according to hell.

The Grand Duke greeted the warm friendship of the sisters with her brother Andriy. His daughter Maria became friends with Prince Vasil Vereisky, who was the nephew of Ivan III. Once Sophia, not sleeping a man, gave her nephew a gift, as if the first retinue of Ivan III lay in bed.

And the Grand Duke, bachachi hostility of his fiancee to the squad, virishiv її appease and give їy tsyu homeland koshtovnіst. Axis here and becoming a great failure! Prince bov at the bearers in the face of anger! Vіn zazhadav Vasil Vereisky turn yoma negative family value. Ale that thought. Movlyav, gift, vibachte! Tim is greater, that the art of yoga was great and great.

Ivan III just roared and ordered to put Prince Vasil Vereisky with his retinue in prison! Relatives had a chance to hurry to Lithuania, de stench vryatuvalis against the anger of the sovereign. Ale, the prince was angry for a long time at the retinue for all the tricks.

Until the end of the 15th century, the grand duke's family was addicted. The visibility of the cold light was taken into account. Like a raptom, new famously collapsed: Ivan Molodiy fell ill with an ache in his legs, practically paralyzed. Until recently, the best doctors from Europe were prescribed. But the stench could not help you. Nezabar Ivan Molody died.

Likariv, as usual, were stratified ... And the axis of the boyars, having become more and more pronounced, the hearing began to appear, that Sophia Paleolog laid her hand before death. Movlyav, cut off her rival Vasil. Before Ivan III, there was a little bit that dashing women from Zillam came to Sophia. Vіn razlyutivsya, squads and bachiti not hotіv, and Vasil's son zvelіv trimati under varta. Baba, who came to Sophia, was drowned in rivers, bagats were thrown to the yard. Ale Sofia Paleolog didn’t care about what.

Adzhe in Ivan the Young lost spadkoєmets, Vіdomy yak Dmitro Ivanovich Vnuk. Onuk of Ivan III. I February 4, 1498, at the end of the XV century, Vіn bov officially voted to the throne of the fall.

But you filthy show Sophia Paleolog's specialty, as if you think that she has reconciled herself. Let's get on with it.

Then in Russia the juvenile nonsense began to spread. Її brought to Russia a Kievan Jew in the name of Schariya. Vіn becoming pereіnakshuvati christianity in the Jewish manner, reciting the Holy Trinity, setting the Old Testament as the head of the New, seeing the shanuvannya ikons and relics of the saints... Zahal, speaking my present day, choosing such themselves, like Orthodox and vins, sectarians, that the Holy Slavs were broken into. Olena Voloshanka and Prince Dmitro, like a rank, came to the tsієї sect.

That was the great trump card in the hands of Sophia Paleolog. Immediately, Ivan III was informed about sectarianism. I Olena from Dmitr was dragged into disgrace. Sophia and Vasil re-occupied their camp. Z tsієї pori after the sovereign, after the words of the chroniclers, “don’t talk about onuk”, and son of Vasil having voted the Grand Duke of Novgorod and Pskov. Sophia consented to the fact that Dmitri and Olen were punished to trim under the bar, at the litanies at the church do not commemorate them and do not magnify Dmitri the Grand Duke.

Sophia Palaiologos, who actually won the royal throne for her son, did not live to see that day. 1503 roku won died. Olena Voloshanka died near Vyaznitsa.

Using the method of plastic reconstruction of the skull, for example, in 1994, a sculptural portrait of the Grand Duchess Sophia Paleolog was inspired. Vaughn was not high - close to 160 cm, again, with bullock rice, she was dressed up and small whiskers, so they didn’t say a thing.

Ivan III, showing the weakness of health, having prepared a commandment. Vasil is at the new throne of the throne.

The time has come for Vasil Tim to make friends. Trying to make friends with the daughter of the Danish king did not go far; then, for the joy of one courtier, a Greek, Ivan Vasilyovich, having inherited the butt of the Byzantine emperors. It was ordered to pick up the yard to the court to look at the most beautiful girls, the daughters of the boyars and the boyar children. Thousands of them have been collected. Vasil robbed Solomonia, the daughter of the nobleman Saburov.

Ivan Vasilyovich after the death of the squad, lost heart, seriously fell ill. Maybe, the Grand Duchess Sophia gave him the necessary energy for the life of the new state, її the reason to help the sovereign right, її chuynіst ahead of the troubles, її omnipotent kohanny gave him strength that masculinity. Having left all the right things, having violated the monasteries at the trip, but did not get away to pray for the sins. Yogo having broken the paralysis. On July 27, 1505, they went to the Lord, having outlived the kohan squad by two fates.

Vasil III, zіyshovshi on the throne, having put his mind to the mind of his nephew, Dmitry Vnuk, in front of us. Yogo was wrapped in a kaidani and placed in a small, suffocating cell. He died in 1509.

Vasil that Solomon had no children. For the joy of approaching wines, he became friends with Olena Glinskaya. On September 25, 1530, Olena Glinska gave birth to the late Vasil III, who was named John at the christening. Then I walked a little, nibi when yoga appeared in the world, a terrible grim swept through the entire Russian land, a glitter shone and the earth trembled.

Born Ivan the Terrible, as it seems, a modern woman, the name is already similar to a grandmother - Sophia Paleolog. Ivan the Terrible - a maniac, a sadist, a libertarian, a despot, an alcoholic, the first Russian tsar and the one who remained under the Rurik dynasty. Ivan the Terrible, who, on his deathbed, accepted the schema and honors from the cassock and lyalts. Ale tse already zovsіm іnsha іstoriya.

And Sophia Paleolog was buried at the massive white stone sarcophagus in the tombs of the Ascension Cathedral near the Kremlin. The body of the first squad of Ivan III, Mary Borisivna, lay on her hand. Tsei Cathedral was built in 1929 by the new government. Ale, the remains of the women of the royal house were saved. Stink at once at the underground chamber of the Archangel Cathedral.

Such was the life of Sophia Paleolog. Goodness and recklessness, genius and silliness, embellishment of Moscow and the downfall of competitors - everything was in a difficult, albeit even brighter biography.

Who is out there - evil intrigue and intrigue, the creator of the new Moscow - lied to you, reader. At any time, її іm'ya is inscribed in the annals of history, and part of the її family coat of arms - the double-headed eagle - is mimic and today on Russian heraldry.

Undoubtedly, one thing - she made a majestic contribution to the history of the Moscow princedom. Let it rest in the light! Even those alone, who did not give Moscow the status of a Catholic power, are priceless for us Orthodox!

Golovna photo - Zustrich of Princess Sophia Paleolog by the Pskov posadniks and boyars at the branch of Embakh on Lake Peipsi. Bronnikov F.A.

It seems that the skin mist, founded in ancient times, has its own secret. Behind the legend, only a few people could know yoga. The taemny name of the place was given yoga DNA. Having recognized the "password" of the place, the enemy could easily zavodit him.

"Taєmne im'ya"

Started with an old local tradition, on the cob people were taєmne іm'ya place, then there was a vіdpovіdne mіsce, "the heart of the city", as if it symbolized the Tree of Light. Moreover, it is not obov'yazkovo, that the navel of the place may be found at the "geometrical" center of the future place. At the place mayzha like at Koshchiy: “... the death of a yogo on the end of the head, that head in the eggs, then the egg in the ball, that roll in the hare, that hare at the screen, and the screen should stand on the high oak tree, and that Koshchiy tree cherishes its own eye ".

Tsikavo, that the old-timers and the middle-aged townsmen were forever deprived of hints. Lyubov to rebuses inspired a lot of professional guilds. Some Masons know something. Before the profanation of heraldry for the dobies of Enlightenment, the role of these rebuses was played by the coats of arms of the city. Alece in Europe. In Russia, until the 17th century, there was a tradition to encrypt the essence of the place, its name, in the emblem of another symbol. For example, Georgy Pobіdonoset migrated to the coat of arms of Moscow with the seal of the great Moscow princes, and even earlier - with the seal of the Tver princedom. It is not enough to reach the place.

"Heart of the city"

In Russia, the starting point for everyday life is the place of the temple. Vіn buv vіssyu be-any locality. Moscow has the function of building the Cathedral of the Dormition for a long time. At its heart, zgіdno z Byzantine tradition, the temple of mav buti inducements on the relics of the saint. At the same power, they bowed down under the vіvtar (and also from one side of the vіvtar or the entrance to the temple). The very powers and bules were the “heart of the place”. Name of a saint, maybe, and bulo tsim "taєmnim im'yam". In other words, yakby "a stone" of Moscow, St. Basil's Cathedral, then "taєmne im'ya" place was b "Vasilyev" or "Vasilyev-grad".

However, we do not know whose relics lie on the base of the Assumption Cathedral. There are no other riddles about litopisah. Ymovirno, the name of the saint was in the taєmnitsa.

For example, in the 12th century, a wooden church stood on the site of the Ninish Cathedral of the Assumption near the Kremlin. A hundred years later, the Moscow prince Danilo Oleksandrovich incited the first Assumption Cathedral to this city. Prote, through unknown causes, after 25 years, Ivan Kalita will be at the same place a new cathedral. Tsіkavo, that the temple was called for in honor of the St. George's Cathedral in Yur'ev-Polsky. We don’t understand why? George's Cathedral can hardly be called a masterpiece of ancient Russian architecture. Come out, is it possible?

Perebudova

Temple-srazok near Yur'evo-Polsky Buv zbudovaniya at 1234 roci by prince Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich on the mіstsi on the foundation of the white stone church of George, yak bula sporudzhen at 1152 roci when the city was filled by Yuri Dolgoruky. Obviously, to this mission was attached some kind of respect. And the existence of such a church in Moscow, it is possible, is small, if it is offensive.

The Cathedral of the Assumption near Moscow stood for less than 150 years, but Ivan III raptly broke it off. The formal reason is old age. Wanting to repeat hundreds of roki for a stone temple is not a great term. The temple was rebuilt, and on May 1472, the life of a new cathedral began. On May 20, 1474, the fate of Moscow became an earth coward. The unfinished cathedral, having removed the serious Skoda, and Ivan vindicated the leftovers and began to build a new temple. For everyday life, architects from Pskov are requested, but for mysterious reasons, they are categorically inspired by everyday life.

Aristotle Fioravanti

Todi Ivan III, in addition to his other squad Sophia Palaiologos, sent emisars to Italy, as if they were bringing the Italian architect and engineer Aristotle Fioravanti to the capital. Before the speech, in Batkivshchyna, yoga was called the "new Archimedes". Seeing fantastically, shards ahead in the history of Russia on the life of an Orthodox church, the head church of the Moscow state, a Catholic architect is requested!

From the look of that hour's tradition - a heretic. Why is it that the Italians, who have not been able to live in an Orthodox church, are filled with mystery. Possibly, to the one who wants a Russian architect who does not want to mother right with this project.

The work of the temple under the ceramics of Aristotle Fioravant began in 1475, and ended in 1479. Cicavo, the Assumption Cathedral near Volodymyr was brightly built. Historians explain that Ivan III wanted to show the advance of the Moscow state in the presence of the huge "stylish city" of Volodymyr. But all the same, looking again, not even more controversially, oskolki in the other half of the 15th century, Volodymyr's colossal authority is hardly the moment of the mother as an image value.

Possibly, it was connected with the Volodymyr Icon of the Mother of God, as in 1395 the brothers were transported from the Assumption Cathedral in Volodymyr to the Assumption Cathedral in Moscow, founded by Ivan Kalita. History has not preserved such direct statements.

One of the hypotheses, why the Russian architects did not take up the right, and the requests of the Italian architect, were tied to the specialty of another squad of John III, the Byzantine Sophia Paleolog. About the whole report.

Sophia and "Latin Vera"

As you can see, for the retinue of Ivan III, the Greek princess was actively pushed by Pope Paul II. In 1465, її father, Homa Paleolog, moved її with his other children to Rome. Sim'ya settled at the court of Pope Sixtus IV.

A few days after his arrival, Khoma died, having converted to Catholicism before his death. History did not deprive us of reports about those that Sophia switched to the “Latin version”, it is unlikely that the Palaeologists could become Orthodox, living at the court of the Pope of Rome. In other words, Ivan III, better for everything, having engaged Catholics. Moreover, about those who Sophia crossed before the church to Orthodoxy, they do not repeat the same chronicle. The wedding was at the fall of the leaves in 1472. For an idea, there is little to see in the Assumption Cathedral. However, not long before that, the temple was rebuilt to the foundation, in order to open up a new life. You look even more marvelous, the shards are about a river until the first time you know about the fun. It is marvelous that those who celebrated the wedding at the specially erected church of the Dormition Cathedral of the wooden church, sang the same day after the rite. Why didn’t another Kremlin cathedral be built, it is filled with mystery. Possibly, the relics of a non-Orthodox saint could become a “barrier” relic. Apparently, Sophia brought as a dowry a lot of relics, including Orthodox icons and a library. Ale, maybe, we don’t know about all the relics. Pope Paul II is not so sympathetic, loving this hat.

As soon as the relics were changed to the temple, then, according to the Russian tradition of the place, the “mystery of the name” changed, and the share of the place changed. People who are good and subtly understand history, know that the change of the rhythm of Russia itself was born from Ivan III. Name of the Grand Duke of Moscow.

Її specialness has always been praised by historians, and thoughts about it have been quarreled even to the opposite: some respected her as a witch, others adored her and called her a saint. Director Oleksiy Andrianov presented his own interpretation of the phenomenon of the grand duke's birth to that in the rich serial film "Sofia", which was broadcast on the TV channel "Russia 1". What is true in the new, and what is being disassembled.

The film novel "Sofia", which has declared itself on a wide screen, is seen on a number of other historical films. Vіn ohoplyuє distant epoch, as before, they did not undertake to screen: under the picture consecrated to the beginning of the formation of Russian statehood, zokrema, the slubu of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan III with the rest of the decline of the Byzantine throne.

Trohi digression: Zoya (the girl herself was named so at the time of the people) was propowed by the retinue of Ivan III at 14 rokiv. The Pope of Rome Sixtus IV himself was inspired by whom (having opened Catholicism at the sight of the Russian lands). Negotiated three times in a row, 3 years, and the result was successful: at 17 years, Zoya was entrusted in absentia from the Vatican and was ruled at once from the mail near the Russian lands, as if only after looking around the territory, the arrival to the capital ended. Papi's plan, before the speech, was residually broken up, if the newly-born Byzantine princess accepted the christening and took away the name Sophia in a short term.

The film, of course, does not capture all historical vicissitudes. In the 10th anniversary series, the authors tried to fit, on my mind, the most important thing that happened in Russia at the turn of the 15th-16th centuries. In the same time, in this vіdrіzok zavdyaka to Ivan III, Russia residually zvіlnilas in the Tatar-Mongolian yoke, the prince became the turf of the territory, which led to the formation of a strong state.

The fractional hour is rich in why, having become such a zavdyaki Sofії Paleolog. Vaughn, consecrated, culturally consecrated, did not become for the prince any additions, created only for the continuation of the family of that princely title, as it had been instituted for that distant hour. The Grand Duchess is small for everything, and she could always voice it, and the person constantly putting it high. For the materials of historians, imovirno, Sophia herself put Ivanov III to her head with the idea of ​​uniting the lands under a single center. The princess spent a lot of time in Russia, she believed in a great meta, and, behind the hypothesis of historians, the phrase “Moscow is the third Rome” is the most famous.

The niece of the remaining emperor of Byzantium, Sophia, also “gave” Moscow the coat of arms of her dynasty – that same double-headed eagle. Vіn dіstavsі іn the capital іn thе recessions іѕ nеvіdіd'єmna її її її pozagu (an order from the book library, which has gone up to a part of the slump of the great library of Ivan the Terrible). The Dormition and Blagoveshchensky Cathedrals were designed and built by the Italian Albert Fioravant, which Sophia specifically requested to Moscow. In addition, the princess called out artists and architects from Western Europe who ennobled the capital: palaces were built, new churches were built. Same Moscow was embellished with Kremlin vezhs, Terem Palace and the Archangel Cathedral.

Obviously, we can’t know how true the love of Sophia and Ivan III, about tse, unfortunately, is less likely to guess (apparently, those who, from different hypotheses, children are 9 or 12). A rich serial film - for the sake of the artist's inspiration and understanding of their stosunkiv; vono є in his family to the author's interpretation of the share of the princess. In film novels, the love line is shown to the first plan, the proteo of other historical vicissitudes is nothing but earth. Obviously, the creators do not declare absolute credibility, it was important for them to create a sensitive picture, to be respectful, to be sympathetic to the heroes, and about the serial share - to be widely turbulent.

Portrait of Sophia Paleolog

A frame from the photo session of the main characters in the painting "Sofia", Maria Andreeva in the image of her heroine

For everything, there are a lot of details, cinematography was of enormous importance. It is possible and necessary to know the history on the film picture: especially for the filming, they created historically significant decorations (decoration of the prince’s palace, the Vatican’s cabinets, navit navіdіbnіshі objects pobutu epoch), prepare (I’m 100 in the air). Sophia hired consultants and experts so that the most respected peeping eye didn’t lose food to the picture.

In the film novel, Sophia is a beauty. Actor Maria Andreeva, the star of the popular Duhless, rightly looked at 17 on her screen (on the date of the marriage). Vtіm, іdeals zmіnuyuyutsya not those scho z vіkami, navіt іz tens of years, і to that we speak fluently about it. But the fact that she was suffering from a transcendental vaga (after the words of її co-workers, inspire critically) cannot be omitted. Meanwhile, those historians confirm that Sophia, indeed, was a more reasonable and illumined woman for her time. They were wiser and її by the co-workers, and the deacons of them were somewhat zazdrost, that through the power of non-dominance they were led to believe that such a sensible Paleolog could only become a hitch for ties with the dark forces and the devil himself (for the motives of this ambiguous hypothesis, one federal television channel having made the film "The Darkness of All Russia").

12 leaf fall 1472 the fate of Ivan III suddenly makes friends. For once, the Greek Princess Sophia, the niece of the remaining Byzantine Emperor Kostyantin XI Palaiologos, has stood guard.

Bilokam'yana

Three years after the wedding of Ivan III, the refurbishment of his residence from the life of the Cathedral of the Assumption Cathedral, which was sporudzhenno at the place of the chosen temple of Kaliti. Chi will be tied with a new status - the Grand Duke of Moscow at that hour is positioning himself as a “sovereign of all Russia”, - or else the idea of ​​\u200b\u200b“suggesting” the squad of Sophia, dissatisfied with the “wretched situation”, is unambiguously said smoothly. Until 1479, the life of the new church would be completed, and this power would be transferred to all of Moscow, until it sounded “white stone”. Large-scale life continues. On the foundations of the old palace church of the Annunciation, the Cathedral of the Annunciation will be built. To save the treasury of the Moscow princes, a stone chamber is being built, as it is called the “Treasury Yard” for the year. The place of the old wooden choir for the receptionist was to start building a new stone chamber, which received the name "Embankment". For official receptions, the Granovita Chamber will be opened. Bude will wake up that great number of churches. As a result, Moscow will change its sight, and the Kremlin will transform from a wooden fortress into a "western European castle".

New title

With the appearance of Sophia, a number of doslidniks sing a new ceremonial and a new diplomatic language - foldable and strict, mannered and tight. Friendship with the honorable decline of the Byzantine emperors to allow Tsar John to position himself as a political and church protector of Byzantium, and the remaining fall of the Orda yoke to allow the transfer of the status of a Moscow prince to an unattainably high national military rіven. From the ranks of the acts, Ide "Ivan, the sovereign and the great prince" and declares "John, by the grace of God, the sovereign of all Russia." The significance of the new title is supplemented by a long list of the Moscow Powers: "The Power of All Russia and Grand Duke Volodymyrsky, and Moscow, and Novgorod, and Pskov, and Tver, and Perm, and Yugorsky, and Bulgarian, and others."

divine journey

At his new camp, the death of some kind of chastkovo buv and school of Sophia, Ivan III knew the lack of a lot of power - the decline of the father that dida. The idea of ​​the divine adventure of the ruler was not alien to the ancestors of the sovereign, the prote, the nobles, who did not hang on the floorings firmly and reconciledly. On the proposition of the German Emperor Frederick III of the winemaking of Tsar Ivan with the royal title, the remaining honor: "... by the grace of God, the sovereign on her land meant, in the sight of her first great-grandfathers, and the installation may be in the sight of God", showing you to the world of those the Moscow prince will not require.

double-headed eagle

For a visual illustration of the decline of the dead house of the Byzantine emperors, we will also find the first sight: from the end of the 15th century, the Byzantine coat of arms - the double-headed eagle - appeared on the royal friend. There is a large number of other versions, the stars of the "arrival" of the two-headed bird, but it is impossible to over-remember that the symbol appeared during the friendship of Ivan III and the Byzantine era.

Best Mind

After the arrival of Sophia to Moscow, a large group of immigrants from Italy and Greece will be formed at the Russian court. In the course of a year, a lot of foreigners will occupy richly powerful plantations, and more than once win over the most important diplomatic sovereignty. After they reached Italy with an enviable regularity, but often the list of tasks set did not include the completion of political meals. The stench turned with their richer “catch”: architects, jewelers, masters of the coin, handle it with smart smarts, the activity of which straightened to one channel - to take the prosperity of Moscow. The coming miners will find silver and copper ore in the Pechora Territory, and in Moscow to mine coins from the Russian silver. Among the visitors there will be a large number of professional doctors.

Ochima inozemtsiv

During the reign of Ivan III and Sophia Palaiologos, the first reports of foreigners about Russia were published. Before some, Muscovy appeared to be a wild land, which has a rude sound. For example, for the death of a patient, the doctor could be beheaded, infected, drowned, and if one of the best Italian architects, Aristotle Fioravant, was afraid for his life, having fed to the fatherland, he would be forgiven and encouraged. The latter bachiled Muscovite mandrіvniki, those who did not stay long at the foreign land. The Venetian merchant Josafat Barbaro was amazed by the kindness of Russian places, "rich in bread, meat, honey and other brown speeches." Italian Ambrogio Cantarini marked the beauty of the Russians, both as a man and as a woman. The second Italian chanter Alberto Campenze in the wake of Pope Clement VII write about the miraculously staged by the Muscovites the cordial service, the fence to sell alcohol, the Crimean holy days, and most of all, the morality of the Russians. “To deceive one of them comes into their own with a stingy, vile bastard,” write Campenze. - Perelyub, that violence is publicly liberated as well as rare. I don’t know anything against nature, but I don’t know anything about swearing and blasphemy.”

New order

Zovnishnya paraphernalia played the role of the tsar's emancipation in the eyes of the people. Sofia Fominichna knew about it on the butt of the Byzantine emperors. A beautiful palace ceremonial, luxurious tsar's tents, a wealth of landscaping for the yard - all around Moscow. Ivan III, being already a mighty sovereign, lives not richer and richer than the boyars. The promos of the closest followers had an air of simplicity - the deacons of them seemed to be just like the Grand Duke, like Rurik. A man has a lot of feelings about the courtiers, butt the Byzantine autocrats against the squad of those people who came with her. Maybe youmu wanted to be right here. Step by step, new voices began to appear: Ivan Vasilyovich “becoming majestic to himself”, titled “king” before the ambassadors, receiving foreign guests with special writings and urochist, punishing kissing the royal hand as a sign of special caress. Trochs every year will appear as court officials - bedridden, nursery, equestrian, and the sovereign will be promoted to the boyars for merit.
By the way, Sophia Paleologus can be called an intriguer, її ringing at the death of the stepson of Ivan the Young, and really “not being” in the state її chaklunstvo. However, this hat for the rozrakhunke trivatime 30 years and camp, maybe, one of the most important friendship unions in all history.

Great stories of kohanny. 100 words about greatness Mudrova Irina Anatoliivna

Ivan III and Sophia Paleolog

Ivan III and Sophia Paleolog

Ivan III Vasilyovich became the Grand Duke of Moscow from 1462 to 1505 rіk. During the course of the government of Ivan Vasilyovich, a significant part of the Russian lands near Moscow was united and transformed into the center of the Russian state. Bulo reached the remaining freedom of the land of the z-pіd vlady of the orda khaniv. Having created the state, Ivan Vasilyovich became the basis of Russia right up to the present day.

The first squad of the Grand Duke Ivan was Mariya Borisivna, daughter of the Tver prince. On the 15th of the fierce 1458 fate, son Ivan was born to the Sim'ї Grand Duke. The Grand Duchess, who had a small lagnial character, died on April 22, 1467, not having reached the age of thirty years. The Grand Duchess was buried at the Kremlin, at the Ascension Monastery. Ivan, who had spent an hour at Kolomna, did not come to the funeral of the squad.

Two years later, after his death, the Grand Duke virishiv will make friends again. For the sake of your mother, and also for the sake of the boyars and the metropolitan of the vin, having given the year for the recent banishment of the pope of Rome, the proposition of making friends with the Byzantine royal Sophia (in Byzantium they called Zoya). Vaughn was the daughter of the sea despot Homi Palaiologos and was the niece of the emperors Kostyantin XI and John VIII.

The fall of the Byzantine Empire became the beginning of the share of Zoya. Emperor Kostyantyn XI having died at 1453 the hour of the capture of Constantinople. After 7 years, at 1460 years, Morea was slaughtered by the Turkish Sultan Mehmed II, Homa big from the family on the island of Corfu, then to Rome, then died without a hitch. To take away the support, the rest of the fate of your life, Thomas crosses over to Catholicism. Zoya and her brothers - 7-year-old Andriy and 5-year-old Manuil - moved to Rome 5 years after the father. There she won the name Sofia. Palaeologists hoped for the intercession of Cardinal Bessarion, which saved sympathy for the Greeks.

Zoya pretended to be like a girl with dark glittering eyes and a low-white color coat. Її teased the subtle mind and prudence of behavior. For a one-family assessment of the peers, Zoya was charming, that її reason, illumination and manners were bezdogannі. Bologna chronicles in 1472 wrote about Zoya: “Truly, she is enchanting and beautiful ... Of low growth, she was born on 24; half a cloud shimmered in my eyes, the whiteness of the shkiri spoke of the nobility of my family.

At the fate of the Vatican, shukav allies, to organize a new crossroads against the Turks, mayuchi usir to get to the new of all European sovereigns. Todi for the joy of Cardinal Bessarion tato and having seen Zoya for the Moscow sovereign Ivan III, knowing about the yogo pragnennya of becoming a fallen Byzantine vasilevsiv. The Patriarch of Constantinople and Cardinal Vissarion tried to establish a union with Russia for help. Then the Grand Duke was told about the transfer to Rome of the birth of an Orthodox noble named Sophia Paleolog. Pope declared Ivanov his support to the times, as if she wanted to woo her. Ivan III's motives for friendship on Sophia, obviously, were connected with the status, the bliss of the name and the glory of the ancestors played their role. Ivan III, who laid claim to the royal title, honoring himself as the protector of the Roman and Byzantine emperors.

On September 16, 1472, the fate of Moscow after they broke into a distant road. At Rome, the Muscovites were honorably received by the new Pope Sixtus IV. At the gift of Ivan III, after they brought sixty good sable skins to the pontiff. On the right, it went fast to completion. Pope Sixtus IV, standing up for the father's turbofan until the name: he gave Zoya a gift, krim gifts, about 6,000 ducats. Sixtus IV at the Cathedral of St. Peter zdijsnuv urochist ceremony of Sophia's correspondence engagement with the Moscow sovereign, who was represented by the Russian ambassador Ivan Fryazin.

On December 24, 1472, having said goodbye from the tatom in the gardens of the Vatican, Zoya straightened to the far pіvnіch. Mayday, the great Moscow princess, only leaning on the Russian land, still hopping on the road to the city of Moscow, immediately saluted all the hopes of the pope, negligently forgetting all her Catholic resurrection. Sophia, perhaps, grew up in childhood with the elders of Athos, opponents of the ordering of Orthodox Catholics, in the depths of her soul she was Orthodox. Vaughn blatantly, clearly and defiantly showed her orthodoxy, to the suffocation of Russian ones, venerating all the icons in all churches, leading herself to the Orthodox service without knowing, baptize, like an Orthodox. Plans for the Vatican to recruit the princess as a catholic guide to Russia were recognized as a failure, Sophia's shards demonstratively demonstrated the return to the faith of the ancestors. The papal legate of the blessings of the opportunity to travel to Moscow, carry the Latin cross in front of you.

Early vranci 21 leaf fall 1472 Sophia Paleolog arrived to Moscow. That same day in the Kremlin, near the Timchasovy wooden church, which was erected for the Cathedral of the Dormition, which will be, so as not to accept divine services, the sovereign repented of her. The Byzantine princess first shook her man. The Grand Duke was young - only 32 rocks, garnied by himself, tall and stately. Particularly miraculous were yoga eyes, "griznі eyes". Earlier, Ivan Vasilyovich had a cool character, and now, having been born from the Byzantine monarchs, he pretended to be a dirty and sovereign sovereign. This was a great merit of this young squad.

Sophia became the Grand Duchess of Moscow with full rights. The very fact that she was lucky enough to travel from Rome to far away Moscow is evidence that she was a brave, energetic woman.

Vaughn brought a generous settlement to Russia. After the wedding of Ivan III, having adopted the coat of arms of the Byzantine double-headed eagle - a symbol of royal power, having placed it on the press. The two heads of the eagle are sent to Zakhid and Shhid, Europe and Asia, symbolizing unity, as well as unity (“symphony”) of spiritual and secular power. Sophia's boulder was legendary "liberia" - a library (more like a "library of Ivan the Terrible"). The won included Greek parchments, Latin chronographs, ancient manuscripts, among others unknown to us, sing of Homer, the works of Aristotle and Plato, and navigating books from the famous Oleksandriya library.

For instructions, she brought with her as a gift a human “brush throne”: a wooden stump all covered with plates of ivory and walrus tassels with plots on them on the biblical topics. Sophia brought with her a piece of Orthodox icons.

On the arrival of 1472, near the capital of Russia, the Greek princess, the descending greatness of Paleologs, at the Russian court, a group of immigrants from Greece and Italy settled down. Many of them, having over the years, planted significant sovereigns and repeatedly celebrated the important diplomatic entrustment of Ivan III. All the stench turned to Moscow with great groups of specialists, among them were architects, doctors, jewelers, money masters and masters of money.

The great Greek brought with her her own revelations about the courts and the power of power. Sophia Palaeologus celebrated the changes at the court - deaks of Moscow monuments of goiter and yazan to their vindications. Bagato from the saved ninja at the Kremlin was prompted to herself for the Grand Duchess Sophia.

In 1474, the Assumption Cathedral, which was built by the Pskov masters, fell. Until the dawn of yoga, the Italians got it under the cerebration of the architect Aristotle Fioravant. Under her rule, the Church of Roztashuvannya, the Chamber of Facets, was founded, which was named so for the purpose of having been refurbished in the Italian style - with faces. The Kremlin itself is a fortification that protected the ancient center of the capital of Russia - ris and svoryuvavsya on її eyes. Twenty years later, foreign mandrins began to call the Moscow Kremlin in European "castle", through the great number of new stone houses.

So, thanks to the efforts of Ivan III and Sophia Paleolog, the Renaissance rose to the Russian land.

Prote Sophia's arrival to Moscow was not worthy of deakim from the courtiers of Ivan. By nature, Sophia was a reformer, the fate of the sovereign on the right was the sensation of the life of the Moscow princess, she was a smart and sensible person, and it was not even befitting of that hour of nobility. In Moscow, they were married like honors, tributes to the Grand Duchess, and fortune-telling of the clergy and the fall to the throne. On the skin crocі їy it was possible to defend their rights.

In the best way to affirm yourself Bulo, obviously, children. The Grand Duke wants mother blue. Sophia herself bazhala. Prote, to the delight of the unkind, she gave birth to three daughters - Olen (1474), Olen (1475) and Theodosius (1475). It’s a pity that the girls of the nevdovz after the people died. One more girl was born, Olena (1476 rіk). Sophia blessed God and all the saints about the gift of son. There is a legend, connected with the people of Sophia the son of Vasil, the future decline to the throne: for one hour of one of the pilgrimages to the Trinity-Sergius Lavra, at Klementiev, Grand Duchess Sophia Paleologus was blessed by St. At night from 25 to 26 Birch, 1479, a boy was born, names in honor of grandfather Vasil. For the mother of wines, forever having been filled with Gabriel - in honor of the archangel Gabriel. Following Vasil, she gave birth to two more blues (Yuriy and Dmitro), then two more blues (Olena and Feodosiya), then three more blues (Semyon, Andriy and Boris) and the rest, in 1492, the daughter of Evdokiya.

Ivan III loving his squad and talking about the family. Before the bulk of Khan Akhmat 1480, for the sake of security, with children, court, boyars and the prince's treasury, Sophia was sent back to Dmitrov, and then to Biloozero. Vladik Vissarion, having guarded the Grand Duke in the face of post-industrial thoughts and zayvoi prikolnosti to the squad of those children. In one of the chronicles, it is said that Ivan panicked: “Looking forward to n, and in a dream flow into the shore, and his Grand Duchess Roman and the treasury from her ambassador to Biloozero.”

The main meanings of this were those who celebrated the succession of Russia on Sophia Paleologus as the successor of Byzantium and the vote of Moscow by the Third Rome, the stronghold of Orthodox Christianity. After flying to Sophia, Ivan III first ventured to show the European political world the new title of the sovereign of all Russia and zmusiv to recognize yoga. Ivan іmenuvavsya "sovereign of all Russia".

Inevitably, the nourishment of the future share of the offspring of Ivan III and Sophia was blamed. The son of Ivan III and Mary Borisivni Ivan Molodiy, having fallen to the throne on July 10, 1483, was born the son of Dmitro. At the time of death, the father of wine could not help save Sophia and his family in any other way. Best of all, what the stench could spodіvatisya, - the power of chi vignannya. When thinking about it, the Greek woman was slandered with fierceness and powerlessness.

By the end of the 1480s, the camp of Ivan Ivanovich as a legitimate fall was a cycle of mitzny. Until 1490, the fate of the throne fell to the throne, Ivan Ivanovich fell ill with “kamchugu in the legs” (gout). Sophia wrote a doctor from Venice - “Mistro Leon”, who self-singedly denounced Ivan III for the fall to the throne. But all the efforts of the doctor turned out to be fruitless, and on the 7th of January 1490 Ivan the Young died. Lіkar buv stracheniy, and in Moscow a bit about the turmoil of the recession popovzili. Modern historians are put forward to the hypothesis about the destruction of Ivan the Young yak to the unverified through the marriage of dzherel.

On February 4, 1498, the coronation of Prince Dmitry Ivanovich took place in the Assumption Cathedral in the conditions of great writing. Sophia and son Vasil was not requested.

Ivan III, after a heavy shukati exit from the dynastic deaf kut. How much pain, tears and unreasonable had a chance to recognize his squad, this strong, wise woman, as she so pragmatically helped people to be a new Russia, the Third Rome. Ale passed an hour, and the wall was scorched, as if with such arrogance they called the grand duke yogo son and bride, she fell. Ivan Vasilyovich wiped away the tears of the squad and he himself wept from her. As if no earlier than the wines, that the light is not dearer to you without a woman. Now I'm thinking of giving the throne to Dmitri without giving up to him in the distance. Ivan Vasilyovich, knowing how much she loved Sophia son Vasil. Vіnоdіt navіt jealous ієї її maternal ї lyubі, rozumyuchi, scho sіlkom panuіє in the heart of the mother. The grand duke became shkoda of his young sons Vasil, Yuri, Dmitr Zhilka, Semyon, Andriy ... That one of Princess Sophia wines lived at once a quarter of a century. Ivan III rozumіv, sooner the blue of Sophia will be stabbed. There are more than two ways to save the vistup: either to protect your friend, or to command the throne of Vasilev and to protect your family Ivan the Young.

On April 11, 1502, the fate of the dynastic essence came to its logical conclusion. Following the words of the chronicle, Ivan III "disgraced his grand duke Dmitr and his matir on Grand Duchess Olena". Three days later, Ivan III "having wreathed his son Vasil, blessing and planting the prince of Volodimersk and Moscow and all Russia as an autocrat."

For the joy of his squad, Ivan Vasilyovich released Olena with recognition and hung up to the father of Wallachia (we needed good money from Moldavia), and in 1509 Dmitro died “necessarily, in prison”.

Through the river pislya tsikh podіy, on April 7, 1503, Sophia Paleolog died. The body of the Grand Duchess was buried at the Cathedral of the Kremlin Ascension Monastery. Ivan Vasilyovich, following his death, lost heart, seriously fell ill. Maybe, the great Greek Sophia gave him the necessary energy for the life of the new state, її the reason to help the sovereign right, її chuynіnіst ahead of the troubles, її omnipotent kohanna gave him strength that masculinity. Having left all the right things, having violated the monasteries at the trip, but did not get away to pray for the sins. Yogo broke the paralysis: "... that eye took the hand and leg into the new one." On the 27th of August 1505 he died, “on the grand dukedom the 43rd and 7th months, and all the 65th and 9th months of the life”.

Tsey text is a cognizable fragment.

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