In the XIII century, the Mongols created an empire with the largest total territory in the history of mankind. The won was drawn from Russia to Pivdenno-Skhidnoy Asia and from Korea to the Near Skhod. Hordes of nomads destroyed hundreds of places, dozens of lands were destroyed. The very name of the founder of the Mongolian became a symbol of the whole middle-class doby.
Jin
The first Mongol conquests pushed against China. The Middle Heavens did not greet the nomads at once. In the Mongol-Chinese wars, it is customary to see three stages. The first was the invasion to the state of Jin (1211-1234). This campaign was carried out by Genghis Khan himself. Yogo army had a hundred thousand people. The land tribes of the Uighurs and Karluks came to the Mongols.
The first boulo occupied the Fuzhou town at the Jin brewery. Not far from the new curtain 1211 there was a great battle on the Yekhulin ridge. In this battle, the great personnel professional army of Jin was depleted. Having gained a great victory, the Mongol military built the Great Wall - an ancient bar'єr, still standing against gunivs. Having leaned against China, it began to plunder the Chinese places. For the winter, the nomads went to their steppes, but at that hour the springs turned for new attacks.
Under the blows of the Stepoviks, the state of Jin began to crumble. Against the Jurchens, as if they were cherishing the country, the ethnic Chinese and Khitans began to rebel. Little did we encourage the Mongols, helping them to achieve independence. The Qi of the roses were light. The reigning powers of some peoples, the great Genghis Khan did not dare to create powers for others. For example, Shіdna Liao, who stumbled on the Jin, woke up only twenty roki. The Mongols rightly made Timchas allies. Spreading out with help from opponents, the stench was relieved and tsikh "friends".
In 1215, the Mongols sacked and burned down Beijing (which was called the same Zhongdu). Another little rock of the steppe people fought for the tactics of the raids. After the death of Genghis Khan, he became a kagan (great khan) becoming yogo sin Ogedei. Vіn transitions to tactics of conquest. For Ogedei, the Mongols left the Jin to their own empire. In 1234, the remaining ruler of the tsієї state of Aizong laid his hands on himself. The bulk of the Mongols ravaged Pivnichny China, the protest of the Jin was only the cob of the triumphal march of the nomads in Eurasia.
Сі Ся
The Tangut state Sі Sya (Zahidne Sya) became an offensive land, which the Mongols reproached. Genghis Khan conquered the kingdom from 1227 roci. Xi Xia occupied territories on the way to Jin. It controlled a part of the Great Shovkovy Way, which gave the nomads a rich species of boots. Stupnyaki besieged and ravaged the capital of the Tangut Zhongsin. Genghis Khan died, turning to the fatherland of his campaign. Now it was necessary for the stagnationists to finish right as the founder of the empire.
Pivdenna Sun
The first Mongol conquests included lands created by non-Chinese peoples for China. І Jin, і Сі Ся were Pіdnebesnoї at the sensational term. Ethnic Chinese in the 13th century controlled only half of China, and founded the Song Empire. War began with her in 1235.
The Mongols attacked China for a while, sacking the country with uninterrupted raids. In 1238, the Sung went to pay the danin, after which the guards crouched. Krihke truce was established for 13 years. The history of the Mongol conquests knows more than one such upheaval. The nomads “put up” with one country in order to concentrate on other subsistence roots.
In 1251, Munke became the new great khan. Vіn іnіtsіyuvav vіynu vіynu іz Sun. On the march, the brother of Khan Kublai was placed. Vіyna trivala rich fates. The Sunsky door capitulated in 1276, wanting to fight for the Chinese independence of three groups until 1279. Just after that, the Mongol yoke stood over the empire of the Middle Kingdom. Back in 1271, Khubilai fell asleep and ruled over China until the middle of the 14th century, if the bula was thrown off as a result of the revolt of red bandages.
Korea and Burma
On its borders, the state, created under the hour of the Mongol conquests, began to judge Korea. The Viysk campaign against it started in 1231 roci. There were six piles of mustache. After the deserted raids, Korea began to cry out to the Yuan state. The Mongolian yoke on the farm ended in 1350.
In the opposite region of Asia, the nomads reached between the Pagan kingdom in Burma. The first Mongol campaigns in the country can be seen until the 1270s. Khubilai time and time again launched a victorious campaign against Pagan through the waves of failure in the suicidal V'etnami. In Pvdenno-Skhidniy Asia, the Mongols had a chance to fight not only with the mystic peoples, but also with the unalloyed tropical climate. The Viyska suffered from malaria, through which they regularly set foot near the native land. Until 1287, the birth of Burmi was reached.
Invasion of Japan and India
Not all conquest wars, like rozpochiny Chingiskhan's bait, ended successfully. Dvichi (the first sample was in 1274, the other - in 1281) Habilai started to invade Japan. For whom in China there were great fleets, like there were few analogues in the Middle Ages. The Mongols had a good reputation in seafaring. Their armadi recognized the defeat of Japanese ships. Another expedition to the island of Kyushu took the fate of 100,000 people, but they did not manage to win.
India became another country not rooted by the Mongols. Genghis Khan's tips about the riches of this mysterious land and dreamed of yogo. Pivnich India belonged to the Delhi Sultanate. First, the Mongols invaded this territory in 1221. The nomads devastated the deaks of the province (Lahore, Multan, Peshawar), the prote did not go before the conquest. In 1235, the stinks came to their state of Kashmir. For example, in the 13th century, the Mongols invaded Punjab and reached Delhi. Ignoring the ruinous trips, the nomads did not get far enough to settle in India.
Karakat Khanate
In 1218, the hordes of the Mongols, who had fought only in China before, turned their horses forward. Middle Asia appeared on their way. Here, for modern Kazakhstan, there was the Kara-Kitay Khanate, founded by the Kara-Kitai (ethnically close to the Mongols and Khitans).
The ruling power was the old super-man of Genghis Khan Kuchluk. Preparing to fight with him, the Mongols stole on their own day the other Turkic peoples of Semirichchya. The nomads knew the support from the Karlutsk Khan Arslan and the ruler of the town of Almalik Buzar. In addition, they were assisted by the Muslims, as the Mongols allowed them to conduct public worship (which Kuchluk did not allow to work).
Pokhіd against the Kara-Khitan Khanate, having chosen one of the head temniki in Genghis Khan Jebe. Vіn having conquered the whole of Skhіdniy Turkestan and Semirichchya. Knowing the blows, Kuchluk ducked at the Pamir Mountains. There vin buv spiimany i stracheny.
Khorezm
Another Mongol conquest, briefly seeming, was only the first stage in the rooting of all Central Asia. The second great power, the Crimea of the Kara-Khitan Khanate, was inhabited by Iranians and Turks and the Islamic kingdom of Khorezmshahs. With all the nobility in the new bula, it seems that Khorezm was a collapsible ethnic conglomerate. Conquering yogo, the Mongols graciously fought back with the internal defences of the great power.
Shche Genghis Khan having erected from Khorezm the sound of good-natured blues. In 1215, roci vins moved to the borders of their merchants. Peace with Khorezm was needed by the Mongols to facilitate the conquest of the adjoining Kara-Kitai Khanate. If the state was rooted, the blackness of yoga susida has come.
The Mongol conquests were already known to the whole world, and in Khorezm, to obvious friendship with nomads, they were fought. The receiver for the opening of peaceful waters of the steppes was revealed in a vipadkovo way. Namіsnik of the city of Otrar suspected the Mongol merchants of espionage and strativ їх. After a thoughtless crackdown, the war became inevitable.
Genghis Khan took part in the campaign against Khorezm in 1219. Reinforcing the importance of the expedition, taking wine from him with all his blues. Ogedei and Chagatai violated Otrar in the oblog. Juchi, having choked a friend's army, which was destroyed by Bik Dzhenda that Signaka. The third army aimed at Khujand. Genghis Khan himself at once from the synom Toluym pishov to the richest metropolis of Serednyovichcha Samarkand. All these places were buried and looted.
Near Samarkand, where 400 thousand people lived, only eight skins were left alive. Otrar, Dzhend, Signak and many other places of Central Asia were depleted more and more (there were few archeological ruins saved today). Until 1223, Khorezm was born rooted. Mongol conquests captured the great territory from the Caspian Sea to the Indus.
Having shaped Khorezm, the nomads made their way farther down the road - from one side to Russia, from the other - to the Blizkiy Skhid. If the united Mongol Empire fell apart, the state of Hulaguidis became the ruler of Central Asia, and the onuk of Genghis Khan Hulagu ruled in it. The whole kingdom woke up until 1335.
Anatolia
After the conquest of Khorezm, the Seljuk Turks became the foreign lands of the Mongols. Their state, the Konysky Sultanate, was located on the territory of modern Turkey on the farm. This region had a historical name - Anatolia. The Crimean powers of the Seljuks, here were the Greek kingdoms - Ulamki, which were named after the capture of Constantinople by the Christians and the fall of the Byzantine Empire in 1204.
The Mongol temnik Baidzhu, who was a nativist of Iran, took up the roots of Anatolia. Vin called the Seljuk sultan Kay-Khosrov II to recognize himself as a tributary of the nomads. The proposition was derogatory. In 1241, at the end of the demarche, Baiju invaded Anatolia and with an army of troops to Yerzurum. After two months of taxation, the place fell. Yogo walls were shot with catapults, and many inhabitants perished or were plundered.
Kay-Khosrov II, however, did not dare to greet. Vіn enlisting the support of the Greek powers (Trapezund and Nikei empires), as well as the Georgian and Virmenian princes. In 1243, the military anti-Mongolian coalition engaged in interventions in the mountain gorge of Kesedazy. Nomads vikoristali their favorite tactics. The Mongols, as soon as they entered, made a quick maneuver and quickly counterattacked the opponents. The Seljuk army and their allies were destroyed. After the victory, the Mongols reproached Anatoly. Zgіdno with a peace treaty, one half of the Konysky sultanate was added to the current empire, and the other half became a crying danina.
close Skhid
In 1256, the onuk of Genghis Khan Hulagu went to the Near Skhid. Trivala Campaign 4 Rocks. This is one of the largest campaigns of the Mongol army. The first blow of the Stepoviks was the power of the Nizari in Iran. Hulagu, having crossed the Amu Dar'ya, zahopiv Muslim places in Kukhistan.
Having gained victory over the Khizarites, the Mongol khan turned his gaze on Baghdad, de-ruling the caliph Al-Mustatim. In the rest of the monarch of the Abbasid dynasty, there were no sufficient forces to stand against the horde, the protesters were self-sufficiently moved to peacefully succumb to foreigners. In 1258 the Mongols besieged Baghdad. Zagarbniks victoriously defended the roundabouts, and then they launched an assault. The place was more sharpened and relieved of the support of calls. Two days later, Baghdad fell.
The capital of the Abbasid caliphate, the pearl of the Islamic world, was vshchent ruynovan. The Mongols did not spare the unique monuments of architecture, they stole the academy, they threw the most famous books into the Tigris. Looting Baghdad, pretending to be a bunch of ruins. Yogo fall symbolized the end of the Middle Age of the Golden Age of Islam.
After the Baghdad pods, the Mongol trek to Palestine began. In 1260, the battle of Ain-Jalut was fought. The Egyptian Mamluks defeated the foreigners. The reason for the defeat of the Mongols was those who, in advance of Hulagu, having learned about the death of Kagan Munke, entered the Caucasus. In Palestine, having lost the military leader Kitbugu with an insignificant army, as a matter of course, she was overcome by the Arabs. Dali deep into the Muslim Close Descent, the Mongols could not push through. The cordon of the empire was fixed on Mezhirichya Tigris and Euphrates.
Battle of Kaltsi
The first march of the Mongols to Europe began, if the nomads, after following the ruler of Khorezm, soon reached the Polovtsian steppes. Genghis Khan himself spoke about the need for Kipchak roots. In 1220, an army of nomads came to Transcaucasia, destroying the stars in the Old World. The stench devastated the lands of the Lezghin peoples of modern Dagestan. Then the Mongols stumbled upon the Polovtsy and the Alans.
The Kipchaks, seeing the unfortunate guests, sent an embassy to the Russian lands, asking the Skhidnoslovian petty rulers for help. Mstislav Stariy (Grand Duke of Kiev), Mstislav Udatny (Prince Galitsky), Danilo Romanovich (Prince Volinsky), Mstislav Svyatoslavich (Prince Chernigivsky) and other feudal lords responded to the call.
Ishov 1223 rec. The princes managed to conquer the Mongols even before they could attack Russia. Under the hour of the gathering of the united squad, the Mongolian embassy arrived to Rurikovich. The nomads urged the Russians not to stand up for the Polovtsians. The princes were punished to drive in the aftermath and hung in the steppe.
Nezabar on the territory of the modern Donetsk region was a tragic battle on Kaltsi. 1223 becoming a rock of sadness for the entire Russian land. The coalition of princes and Polovtsians recognized the poverty-stricken. The overwhelming forces of the Mongols defeated the united squad. The Polovtsy, shuddering under the pressure, beagles, leaving the Russian army without support.
More than 8 princes perished in the battle, including Mstislav of Kiev and Mstislav of Chernigiv. At the same time, noble boyars spent their lives among them. The Battle of Kaltsi became the black ensign. In 1223, the fate of the entire Mongols would appear as fate, after the bloody victory they decided that it would be better to turn back to the native ulus. Kіlka rokiv about the new grіznu horde didn't say anything more.
Volzka Bulgaria
Shortly before his death, Genghis Khan divided his empire into zones of viability, on the basis of skin, becoming one of the blue of the conqueror. The ulus near the Polovtsian steppes fell to Jochi. Toi died before the hour, and in 1235, for the decision of the kurultai Yogo sin Baty, having started to organize a campaign in Europe. Onuk of Genghis Khan took a gigantic army and destroyed the roots of the distant Mongolian lands.
Volzka Bulgaria became the first victim of the new heap of nomads. Tsya power bіla modern Tatarstan already a few years ago waged cordon wars with the Mongols. The protedos of the stepoviks were surrounded by nothing more than small forks. Now Batia had an army of nearly 120,000 people. This colossal war easily overwhelmed the main Bulgarian places: Bulgar, Bilar, Dzhuketau and Suvar.
Nashestya in Russia
Having crushed Volzka Bulgaria and defeated її allies of the Polovtsians, the aggressors demolished far away. Thus began the Mongol conquest of Russia. At the breast of 1237, the nomads stumbled against the life of the Ryazan princedom. Yogo capital was taken and mercilessly destroyed. Modern Ryazan was awakened for a few dozen kilometers from the Old Ryazan, at a place where it is worth more than an average settlement.
The leading military of the Volodymyr-Suzdal princedom fought against the Mongols at the Battle of Kolomna. At that battle, having perished one of the sons of Genghis Khan - Kulkhan. Nezabar, the bula horde was attacked by the corral of the Ryazan hero Yevpatiy Kolovrat, who became a rightful national hero. Undaunted by the opir, the Mongols smashed the skin of the army and took new places.
Moscow, Volodymyr, Tver, Pereyaslav-Zaleskiy, Torzhok fell on the cob of 1238 rock. The small town of Kozelsk defended itself for so long that Baty, raising it from the ground, called the fort “an evil place”. At the battle on the river Sit, an armored corps was commanded by the temnik Burundai, having united the Russian squad on the front with Prince Prince Yuriy Vsevolodovich, who had his head cut off.
Most of the other Russian places spared Novgorod. Having taken Torzhok, the orderlies did not dare to go over that far to the cold pіvnіch and turned to pіvnіch. So, the Mongol bulk to Russia with a happy rank bypassed the key trade and cultural center of the country. Vіdkochuvavshi in pіvdennі steppe, Baty zrobiv small break. Vіn giving encouragement to the horses and regrouping the army. Viysko was divided into sprats of corrals, which were violating the episodes of the battle against the Polovtsy and the Alans.
Already in 1239, the Mongols attacked Pivdenna Rus. Zhovtni having died Chernigiv. Glukhiv, Putivl, Rilsk recognized the redemption. In 1240, the nomads took rotations in oblog and took Kiev. Nezabar is the same share of checks for Galich. Having plundered the key Russian places, Baty robbed Rurikovich with his tributaries. So the period of the Golden Ordi rose up, like a trivav until the XV century. Volodymyr princedom was recognized as the senior share. Yogo rulers took away from the Mongols allowed yarliks. This humiliating order was only interrupted by Moscow's advent.
European trip
The wasteful Mongol invasion of Russia did not become the rest for the European campaign. Pursuing the way to the west, the nomads went to the cordons of the Ugrian and Poland regions. Deyak Russian princes (like Mikhailo Chernigivsky) ran into the kingdom, asking for help from the Catholic monarchs.
In 1241, the Mongols took and plundered the Polish towns of Zavikhost, Lublin, Sandomierz. Let's stop falling Krakiv. The Polish feudal lords could enlist the help of the Germans and the Catholic military orders. The coalition of military forces recognized the blows at the battle of Legnica. At the battle, the prince of Krakiv, Henry II, perished.
The remaining land that suffered from the Mongols was the Ugorshchina. Passing through the Carpathians and Transylvania, the nomads devastated Oradea, Temesvar and Bistrytsya. The second Mongol zagіn passed with fire and sword along Wallachia. The third army reached the banks of the Danube and sank the fort of Arad.
For the whole hour the Ugrian king Bela IV, having changed his shoes at Pesht, de picking an army. Nazustrіch yoma was destroyed by the military on the choli from Batiy himself. In April 1241, two armies collapsed in a battle on the river Shayno. Bela IV, knowing the blows. The king of ducks was on the land of Austria, and the Mongols continued to plunder the Ugrian lands. Baty tried to turn over the Danube and attack the Holy Roman Empire, but the result was in accordance with his plan.
Rushing to the west, the Mongols invaded Croatia (the Ugrian region also lay there), and they devastated Zagreb. These advanced paddocks reached the shores of the Adriatic Sea. Tse bula between the Mongol expansion. The nomads did not join Central Europe to their own state, being content with trivial looting. Cordons of the Golden Ordi began to pass through the Dnistr.
The skin of a cultured person can know the history of his people, more so, that it is periodically repeated. The cyclical nature of history has been brought and argued. It is important for him to know what happened in the native land, as it was injected economically.
Unfortunately, history was often changed and rewritten, so it is no longer possible to find out about reliable facts. Let's talk briefly about the worst in the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia and the legacy of the emerging state. At the stati, it was added the most important subdivisions of quiet hours. De know all the nuances, let's say for example the stats.
Mongol-Tatar yoke
In 1206 Genghis Khan was recognized as the ruler of the Usima by the Mongols. Vіn buv dosit with a talented kerіvnik, shards in a short hour, picking up a strong unstoppable army. Vіysko pіdkorilo Skhіd (China and neighboring lands), and then rushed to Russia.
On May 31, 1223, there was a terrible, wretched battle on the Kaltsy River, in which the united Viysko Pivdennorus and Polovtsian princes was defeated. Prote za Rik Genghis Khan died, and Yogo the elder son of Jochi died. As a result, until 1236 there was no word or spirit about the Mongols in Russia. Prote Nezabar Baty Virishiv continue to implement the plan of his father and conquer dry land from the sea to the sea (from the Pacific Ocean to the Atlantic).
So many rich warriors of the Golden Horde set foot on the Russian land, the destruction of that land began. The horde immediately began to spit on the villages, to drive in civilians. After the pogroms, only the garrison was left behind, the deputy of the city of forces. Thus began the Mongol invasion of Russia.
Looking at the historical map for grade 10, you can tell that the Mongol army went to Poland, the Czech Republic, and then zupinilas, settled on the mission. Russian princes took away letters and allow them to manage their estates.
In fact, the country continued to live its normal life, but now it was necessary to regularly pay Danin Khan. For a stretch of the last period, the ordering of the Golden Horde is a sprig of hundreds of pods. One of the key є. The official completion of the Mongol-Tatar yoke dates back to 1480. Report on the date of the cob and the end of the first historical phenomenon.
Causes of burying Russia
The main reason for the expansion of the power of the Ordi was those that the Russian princedoms were divided. The skin is of little interest to them. It has sprung to the ground, not a single strong army has been created.
The conquerors were too small to bring down the number of soldiers, as if they were equipped with the best armor, as if they had stench, among other things, from Pivnichny China. So the Mongols were small enough to achieve the conquest of lands.
At the Viysk Ordi, the skin soldier was beaten up, so the discipline and mastery they had was on a high level. The capture of Russian lands by the Mongols did not make a great difference.
Etapi of the Mongolian pile:
Be like Batia
- 1236 - the conquest of Volzka Bulgaria.
The first march of Batia breast 1237 to April 1238
- In 1237, the fate of the baby was determined to win over the Polovtsians to beat the Don.
- Ryazan princedom fell to the end. After six days of assault, Ryazan became aware of an accident.
- Then the Mongolian military stormed Kolomna and Moscow.
- At the fierce 1238 vіdbulas vіdbulas Volodymyr's oblog. princeBatia, prote a few days later the place was taken by storm. Volodymyr was burned, and the homeland of the prince burned with live bait at his own homeland.
- At birch 1238, the Mongols changed their tactics, the stench was divided into sprats. Part went to the river City, and reshta to Torzhok. Not the actions of Novgorod, the army of the Mongol-Tatars turned back, the prote at the town of Kozelsk shot a strong opir. The townspeople of this day stood up against the Viysk twice, but they suddenly recognized the blows. The place of garrison was streaked with earth.
Another campaign of Batia 1239 - 1240
- In the spring of 1239, the fate of the Mongol-Tatar military reached the pivdenny part of Russia. Pereslavl buv tumble down near the birch.
- Sweat fell Chernigiv.
In the autumn of 1240, the fate of the main forces of the army of Batia was assigned to the oblogue of Kiev. Prote pod wise kerіvnitstvomDanila Romanovich of Galitsky, close to three months, the Mongol army was about to be subdued. All the same, the warriors of the conquerors were seized with mist, but they recognized the great losses.
In the spring of 1241, the army of Batia was about to go to Europe, but turned to the Lower Volga. Zdіysnyuvati novі pokhodі vіysko no longer got on.
Lasts
The territory of Russia was completely empty. The places were looted from the bedrooms, the bagmen were taken away from the crowd. Not all places were far away, and then they piled on. The occupied Russian territories did not reach the warehouse of the Golden Ordi. However, it was necessary to pay Danin's son.
Khan maw the right to deprive the administration of the Russian princes, seeing them his letters-yarliks. The development of the economy and culture of Russia has significantly improved. Tse became through the ruination, pogroms, short-term work of a large number of masters and artisans.
Looking back at those in which the capital had a lot of pods, one can learn something new about the significant development of the Russian state in the European lands. Economically, the country was thrown into a sprat hundreds of years ago. Tse was signified by the distant history of the country.
Mongolian yoke - is it true?
Deyakі vcheni literacy vvazhayut that the Mongol-Tatar yoke is just a myth. The stench vvazhayut, scho vіn buv fortune-telling for the sake of singing meti.
It is impossible to show that the Mongols, like they called to live in a warm environment, kindly showed off the harsh Russian winters. Tsіkavim are those who the Mongols themselves knew about the Tatar-Mongolian yoke from Europeans. The theory, archeological data, and it seems that behind the Mongol-Tatar bulk they could have captured something else.
For example, the mathematician Fomenko proved that the Mongol yoke was forged in the 18th century. Ale tse all from the realm of fantasy. The place of Sarai-batu ninja is an archeological reminder and it is possible to say with confidence that the Mongolian yoke was heavy.
Truth is, the assessment of which yoke is even more valuable in modern historians. For example, academician Lev Gumilyov stverdzhuvav, that the yoke is not a storm, but rather a cultural dialogue, a symbiosis of the Russian Orthodox and Mongolian civilizations, that the Mongols enriched Russian culture. With whom, it is obvious that the Mongol armies march on Russia as a punishment for the rebellion.
History says that Russia fought a lot of wars and battles. There was an invasion of the Christian bearers, the struggle against them by Oleksandr Nevskiy, other wars were tragic. And yet, the Mongol-Tatar yoke was one of the most tragic and the most important pods of history. Vono is the butt of the one that rose in the middle of the country for sure to lead to the victory of the garbniks.
Knowing the historical past of your people, in what capital there was a pile, you can be sung that Russia will no longer repeat pardons, that it will lead to tragic deaths of fate, that that economic fall of power will bring grief to the people.
Nasamkinets would like to say that in this article we are less likely to have bumped into these great ones. In our training courses there is a year's video lesson, for which we understand all the nuances of a serious topic. 90 points for the history - the average result of the lads after our courses. .
Stepovy ubermensh on a non-toned Mongolian horse (Mongolia, 1911 r_k)
Historiography about the invasion of the Mongol-Tatars (either the Tatar-Mongols, or the Tatars and the Mongols, and so on, to whom it suits) there are over 300 years in Russia. Tsya bulk became a glaringly accepted fact from the end of the 17th century, if one of the founders of Russian Orthodoxy, the German Inokentij Gizel, wrote the first assistant from Russia - "Synopsis". For this book, the native history of Russia has been completed by all the advances of 150 fates. However, none of the historians did not take on the courage to build the “road map” of Khan Batia to pay 1237-1238 to Pivnichno-Skhidna Rus.
Trochs of history
For example, in the XII century, among the Mongol tribes, a new leader appeared - Temujin, a kind of zumіv united around himself for the greater part. In 1206, Yogo was voted at the kurultai (analogous to the Z'izd of people's deputies of the SRSR) by the Zagal Mongol khan under the name of Genghis Khan, who created the "state of the nomads" for the arrogance. Without wasting their time, the Mongols set about conquering the most important territories. Until 1223, when the Mongol zagn of the generals in Dzheb and Subudai closed on the river Kalka with the Russian-Polovtsian war, zealous nomads overtook the conquest of the territory from Manchuria at the descent to Iran, the Khorodny Caucasus and the rosy state of Kazakhstan.
In 1227, Genghis Khan died, and yet the conquest continued. Until 1232, the Mongols got away from the middle Volga, they waged war on the nomadic Polovtsians and their allies - the Volz Bulgars (ancestors of the modern Volz Tatars). In 1235 (for other tributes - in 1236) a decision was made at the kurultai about a global campaign against the Kipchaks, Bulgars and Russians, and also farther to Zahid. Ocholit tsey pokhіd happened to onukovі Genghis Khan - Khan Batu (Batii). Here you need to open a door. In 1236-1237, the Mongols, who at that time fought battles in the great expanses from modern Ossetia (against the Alans) to the modern fair republics, captured Tatarstan (Volzka Bulgaria) and in the autumn of 1237 began a concentration for marching against the Russian princes.
Empire on a planetary scale
Well, the nomads from the shores of Kerulen and Onon needed the conquest of Ryazan and the Ugrian region, it’s unbelievable. All try the historians, they are tormented to undermine the similarity of the Mongols’ sprit, look like they’re getting closer. The Mongoliv (1235-1243 Rocks) stinks in the hiking of the stink came up with a bike about those attacks on the Rosiyski Princes Bulo Milay Mira, the same flanes of the potassium allied, Polovtsiv (Obstkovo Kazakhs). Schopravda, no Ryazan princedom, no Volodymyr-Suzdal, no so-called. The "Novgorod Republic" was in no way allies of either the Polovtsians or the Volz Bulgars.
So practically all historiography about the Mongols does not say anything about the principles of forming their armies, the principles of managing them and so on. When it was respected that the Mongols molded their tumeni (Polish operational units) among those among the root peoples, the soldier was not paid anything for the service, for whatever fault they were threatened by the stratum.
The successes of the nomads in their lives were slandered, and so, and so to explain, but it was necessary to finish the cumed. If, perhaps, the equal organization of the army of the Mongols - in search of intelligence before the call, they could have congratulated the army of the most devastated lands of the XX century (it’s true, after the completion of the era of the miraculous campaigns of the Mongols - already for 30 years after the death of Genghis Khan). For example, it’s important that the head of the Mongol intelligence service, commander Sabudai, praised the pope of Rome, the German-Roman emperor, Venice too thinly.
Moreover, the Mongols, of course, during their military campaigns worked without any radio communication, air traffic, and car transport was poor. At the Radyansk hour, historians interspersed the traditional fantasy of that hour about the steppe aubermens, who didn’t know how tired, hungry, afraid, thin, with the classic shams on the field of the class-formation approach:
For a wild recruitment, a dozen wagons can be set up at the military skins for one to three warriors in the fallow for consumption and provide them with food. at peacetime, it was saved in special warehouses. It was the power of the state and the soldiers saw it for an hour when they went to the march. After the turn of the campaign, the leather warriors are to blame for the building of the armor. They didn’t take away the scargs of the war, but they themselves paid a tribute with their fists or other thinness (one head out of a hundred heads). In the war, the skin of the warrior mav is equal to the right to earn money, and the same part as the mav to give to the khan. During the period between campaigns, the military sent to the bulky robots. One day per day was set aside for the service of the khan.
The organization of the war was based on a dozen systems. Viysko was divided into tens, hundreds, thousands and tens of thousands (tumin chi temryavi), on top of which stood foremen, centurions and thousands. The chiefs of the small okremi outline that reserve of horses and brigades.
The leading family of the viysk was kinnota, as it spread to an important point that is easy. An important kinnota led the battle with the main forces of the enemy. The light film carried the guard service and conducted the investigation. Vaughn tied the beat, zasmuchuyuchi arrows of the fortune-teller for help. The Mongols were miraculous arrows from a bow from a horse. Easy cinematography led the reconnaissance of the opponent. The kinnota is small for the large number of factory (reserve) horses, which allowed the Mongols to move more quickly on the great winds. The peculiarity of the Mongolian military bula was the presence of a wheeled convoy. Only the wagons of the khan and especially noble persons were transported on wagons.
Leather warrior maw file for sharpened arrows, awl, needle, thread and sieve for processing borosna or processing calamute water. The top of the mav is a small namet, two tursuks (shkiryan_ bears): one for water, the other for twisting (drying sour sir). As soon as the stocks of food were used up, the Mongols allowed horses to bleed and drank її. In this way, the stench could be satisfied up to 10 days.
Well, the term "Mongol-Tatars" (chi Tatar-Mongols) is more filthy. It sounds approximately like a Croatian-Indian or a Finno-Negri, like talking about yoga sense. Rіch u tіm, scho Russians and Poles, who stuck together in the XV-XVII centuries from nomads, called them the same way - Tatars. Nadal Russians were often endured by other peoples, as they did not bear any relation to the nomadic Turks in the coastal steppes. Europeans also contributed to this mess, for a long time they venerated Russia (like Moscow) Tataria (more precisely, Tartaria), which led to chimerical constructions.
French look at Russia in the middle of the XVIII century
So what else, about those who attacked Russia and Europe "Tatars" with the Mongols, suspenstvo was known only at the beginning of the 19th century, if Christian Kruse saw "Atlas and tables for an overview of the history of all European lands and powers in the first our hours." Potim іdiotskiy termіn was radiantly picked up by Russian historians.
I would like to give special respect to the varto and nourish the number of conquerors. Naturally, the previous documentary data about the number of the army of the Mongols have not come to us, but the most recent and impeccable trust in the history of Dzherel is historically the work of a team of authors under the kerіvnitstvom of the official of the Iranian state Hulaguїdpistopisіv Rashida-ad-Dіlіv. It is important that the wines were written on the cob of the XIV century by my Persian, however, having poured wines less on the cob of the XIX century, the first time I saw the French mine was in 1836. Right up to the middle of the 20th century, it didn’t seem to have been translated again and again.
Until Rashid ad-Din, until 1227 (the death of Genghis Khan), the total number of the army of the Mongol Empire was 129 thousand inhabitants. Even though Plano Karpіnі, after 10 years the army of phenomenal nomads became 150 thousand Mongols and 450 thousand people, recruited from the voluntary primus order from the first peoples. Pre-revolutionary Russian historians estimated the number of the army of Batu, concentrated in the autumn of 1237 at the borders of the Ryazan principality, from 300 to 600 thousand inhabitants. In front of him, it was self-evident that it was a leather nomad with 2-3 horses.
Behind the worlds of the Middle Ages, similar armies look absolutely stingy and implausible, warto know. Prote dorikati vchenim cholovіkam have fantasy - it's too hard for them. It’s unlikely that some of them started in the blink of an eye to bring on a couple of dozens of thousands of warriors from 50-60 thousand horses, without seeming already about the obvious problems with caring for such a mass of people and keeping them safe. Oskіlki іstorіya - science is inaccurate, that and vzagalі science, you can evaluate the development of fantasy stories of leather here. Well, we will be worthy of the classic estimate of the numerical strength of the army of Batu at 130-140 thousand osib, as if having propagated the radian teachings of V.V. Kargaliv. Another assessment (like a reshta, more vismoctane from a finger, like speaking borderline seriously) in historiography, prote, є prevailing. Zokrema, її podіlyaє the greatest contemporary Russian historical record of the Mongol Empire R.P. Khrapachivsky.
From Ryazan to Volodymyr
In the autumn of 1237, the Mongol pens, which fought all spring and summer in the majestic expanses of the Pivnichny Caucasus, the Lower Don to the middle Volga, were pulled up to the place of the wild collection - the river of Onuz. It is important that there is a river Tsna near the modern Tambov region. Imovirno, so the Mongolian corrals were taken from the upper rivers of Voronezh and the Don. There is no exact date to give the ear of the Mongols against the Ryazan principality, but you can let it go, that it happened at any time later on 1 chest 1237. So the steppe nomads with a mighty pіvіlіyonnim herd of horses vyrіshili pіti in the pokhіd already actually collecting. Tse important for reconstruction.
Along the valleys of the river Lisovyi and Pilniy Voronezh, as well as the tributary of the river Pronya, the Mongolian army, collapsing in one or a dekilkoma columns, passes through the leafy waterway of the Oka and Don. The embassy of the Ryazan prince Fyodor Yuriyovich arrived before them, as it turned out to be ineffectual (the prince was to be driven in), and here, in this region, the Mongols stun the police of the Ryazan army. The stench of the hellish battle її vanish, and then we collapse uphill for the flow of Prone, plundering that roaring rubbish Ryazan places - Izheslavets, Bilgorod, Pronsk, scorching Mordovian and Russian villages.
Here we need to make a little clarification: we don’t have a lot of exact data about the number of people in that Pivnichno-Skhidniy Rus, but as a reconstruction of modern scientists and archaeologists (V.P. Darkevich, M.M. Tikhomirov, A.V. Kuza), then it was great and, in addition, the new boul is characterized by a low population density. For example, the largest place in the Ryazan land - Ryazan, was estimated by V.P. Darkevich, more than 6-8 thousand people, more close to 10-14 thousand people could live in a strong neighborhood of the city (with a radius of up to 20-30 kilometers). Other places are small and have a population of hundreds of people, in the shortest times, like Murom - up to a few thousand. Vykhodyachi zgogo, it is unlikely that the total number of the population of the Ryazan princedom could exceed 200-250 thousand inhabitants.
Insanely, for the conquest of such a "protopower" 120-140 thousand warriors were more lower than the supra-world population, but only to the classic version.
On the 16th of the month, Mongols after a march of 350-400 kilometers (then the pace of the average transition to become here up to 18-20 kilometers) go to Ryazan and proceed to її oblogs - near the place of stench, a wooden parkan will be arranged, stone cars will be driven for help of such stench . shelled the place. Vzagali, historians know that the Mongols reached the neimovirnyh - beyond the worlds of that hour - success at the right oblogs. For example, historian R.P. Khrapachevsky vvazha in all seriousness that the Mongols were built for literally a day or two bungling on the field from a handy fox, be like a stone machine:
For the selection of stone throwers, everything was necessary - in the received military Mongols, there were enough fakhivtsivs from China and Tangut ..., and the Russian foxes gave the Mongols plenty of wood for the selection of siege weapons.
We also don’t have any clear reports about those who were climatically mad in the chest in 1239, but the Mongols chose the ice river by the way of transferring (there was no other way to get through the forest forest ), you can let it go that the winter was already normal with frost, maybe with snow.
Important is the food, on which the Mongolian horses ate for an hour of the campaign. From the point of view of the historians of that modern history of the steppe horses, it was understood that it was about the arc of the unsightly, small ones - growing up to 110-120 centimeters in the scruff of the neck, horses. Їхнє the main eating - tse sіno that grass. In natural minds, living the stench is not viable and dosit vitrival, and the charge for the hour of tobinovki the stench of the building in the steppe is to raise the snow and the real grass.
On the basis of this, the historians unanimously vvazhayut that there was no reason for them to be fed to the authorities about the horses for the hour of the campaign in 1237-1238. It’s hard to remember for an hour that you think in this region (community of snow cover, grassland area, as well as the totality of phytocenoses) are reminiscent of, say, Khalkha or Turkestan. In addition, the winter coat of the steppe horses is advancing: the herd of horses is sufficient, passing hundreds of meters a day of treatment, shifting along the steppe, withering withered grass under the snow. Creatures have such a way to save their energy consumption. However, during the march against Russia, horses had to pass in the cold for 10-20-30 a day and travel more kilometers, carrying the load of a warrior. Chi went into the horses with such minds to get their energy spending?
After the capture of Ryazan, the Mongols began to protrude at the fort of Kolomna, which is their own "gate" to the Volodymyr-Suzdal land. Passing 130 kilometers from Ryazan to Kolomna, for tribute Rashid-ad-Dina and R.P. Khrapachevsky, the Mongols beat the fortresses “to get stuck” until 5 o’clock on September 10, 1238. On the other side to Kolomyia, the strong Volodymyrska army is collapsing, like, ymovirno, the Grand Duke Yuriy Vsevolodovich, having ordered a second time after the end of the calls about the fall of Ryazan (to give help to Ryazan wines and the Chernigiv prince was moved). The Mongols force the new embassy to the proposition of the article as a tributary, but the negotiations also appear inconclusive (for the tribute to the Lavrentievsky litopis - the prince will wait for the payment of tribute, but all the same he sends the military to Kolomna).
Yak respect V.V. Kargalov and R.P. Khrapachevsky, the battle near Kolomna began on the 9th of September and lasted for 5 days (according to Rashid-ad-Din). Here, one hour, the blame for the regularity of nutrition is the historians of memory, that the military forces of the Russian princedoms were modest in a blaze, and they gave way to the reconstructions of that era, if the army of 1-2 thousand people was standard, and 4-5 and more thousand people seemed to be great. It is unlikely that the Volodymyr prince Yuri Vsevolodovich was zybrati bi more (Yakshcho Zrobity Vidtet: the Zagalne settlement Volodymyrsky land, for the riznimi rations, the 400-800 tysyach Cholovik, Ale Buli Rodzhydani, and the village the most ambitious reconstructions, did not exceed 15-25 thousand osib). Tim is no less, near Kolomna, the Mongols were stuck for a few days, and the intense battle shows the fact of the death of Genghis Kulkan - the son of Genghis Khan.
After the victory under Kolomna, then at three, or at the five-day battle, the Mongols badyoro collapse with ice of the Moscow River near the future Russian capital. Vіdstan 100 kilometers of stench to pass literally in 3-4 days (the pace of the average dobov march is 25-30 kilometers): on the thought of R.P. The Khrapachiv oblogue of Moscow was celebrated by the nomads on September 15 (at the thought of N.M. Karamzin - September 20). Shvidki Mongols caught the Muscovites znenatska - they didn’t know about the results of the battle near Kolomna, and after the fivefold tax, Moscow divided the share of Ryazan: the place was burnt down, all the inhabitants of the city were blamed or stolen to the full.
Here it should be noted that all historians recognize the fact of transferring the Mongol-Tatars without a convoy. Movlyav, nevibagly nomads wine is not needed. However, we do not understand the fact, with what rank and why the Mongols moved their stone machines, shells to them, forges (for repairing armor, replenishing the tips of arrows toshcho), with what rank they stole the dead. For the whole hour of archaeological excavations on the territory of Pivnichno-Skhidnoy Rus, no proper burial of the “Mongol-Tatars” was found, the deacons of the historian managed to bring up the version about those that nomads brought their dead nomads back from the steppe (V.P. Darkevich, V. V. Kargalov). It was reasonable to think about the share of the wounded or the sick in such a light, not varto (and now our historians will think of what they were given, it’s hot).
Tim no less, having spent close to October on the outskirts of Moscow and having plundered the strongest contado, the Mongols destroyed the river Klyazma on the ice of the river Klyazma (crossing the fox waterway between the river and the Moscow River) to Volodymyr. Passing over 140 kilometers in 7 days (the pace of the average march is about 20 kilometers), the nomads on February 2, 1238, begin the taxation of the capital of the Volodymyr land. Before the speech, at the same time the Mongol army of 120-140 thousand people “catch” the critical death of the Ryazan boyar Yevpatiya Kolovrat in some 700, some in 1700 people, against which the Mongols - in the absence of power - zmusheni zastosuvat stone, stone-throwing machines overcome yoga. varto vrahuvati, that the report about Kolovrat was written down, as historians think, less in the 15th century, so ... I’ll put it in documentary style).
Let's put an academic supply: why did an army of 120-140 thousand people start up with 400 thousand horses (and did not understand, what is the convoy?), What is the river of Oka chi Moscow crumbling on the ice? The simplest rozrahunki show how to roll with the front at 2 kilometers (in fact, the width of these rivers is less), such an army in the best minds (must go with one piece of clothing, reach the minimum distance by 30 meters). Tsіkavo, scho none of the Russian scientists for the rest of 200 years to come without putting such a food, vvazhayuchi, that the gigantic kіnі armії fly literally poіtryam.
In general, at the first stage, Khan Batia was brought to Pivnichno-Skhidna Rus - from 1 December 1237 to 2 February 1238 the Mongolian kіn traveled about 750 kilometers, which gives an average transfer rate of 12 kilometers. Ale, yakshcho vykinuti z pіdrahunkіv, at least 15 days of standing in the waters of the Oki (after the capture of Ryazan on 21 th day and the battle near Kolomna), as well as the time of looting and looting near Moscow, the pace of the average pre-march of the Mongol cavalry - to reach the ser.
It is impossible to say what the record pace of the march was like (the Russian army, for example, robbed and 30-40-kilometer additional crossings), the interest here is in the fact that it was a deep winter, and such a pace increased to finish a long time .
From Volodymyr to Kozelsk
On the fronts of the Great War of the XIII century.
Prince of Volodymyr Yury Vsevolodovich, having learned about the proximity of the Mongols, having flooded Volodymyr, went with a small retinue to the Trans-Volga region - there, in the middle of windbreaks on the river, the Set of wines, having broken the tabir and ochіkuvav pіdkrіplen in іd іd svoїh brethren - Yaroslav Nevvolodovich Oleksandr The city lost a lot of small warriors, which were stunned by the blues of Yuri - Vsevolod and Mstislav. Regardless of the place, the Mongols were transported for 5 days, shelling yoga with stone throwers, taking it only after the assault on the 7th fierce. Ale, before that, a small death of nomads on the island of Subudai caught the burn of Suzdal.
After the capture of Volodymyr, the army of the Mongols is divided into three parts. The first and the largest part of the command of Batu went from Volodymyr to the pivnіchny entry through the impassable foxes to the Klyazma waterway and the Volga. The first march is from Volodymyr to Yur'eva-Polsky (about 60-65 km). Long distance to go - part of the way to the pivnichniy stop to Pereyaslavl (about 60 kilometers), after the five-fifth round, the place fell, then the Mongols go to Ksnyatyn (about 100 kilometers), to Kashin (30 kilometers turn around), take a turn and along the ice of the Volga they crash to Tver (from Ksnyatin, along a straight line, more than 110 kilometers, but to go along the Volga, all 250-300 kilometers go out there).
Another part of the way, by deaf foxes, to the waterway of the Volga, Oka and Klyazma from Yur'eva-Polsky to Dmitrov (on a straight line, about 170 kilometers), then after taking it - to Volok-Lamsky (130-140 kilometers), go to Tver (about 120 kilometers ) After the capture of Tver - to Torzhok (at once from the corrals of the first part) - in a straight line it is close to 60 kilometers, but, maybe, they walked along the river, so it will be no less than 100 kilometers. Before Torzhok, the Mongols left already on the 21st of the fierce - 14 days after the exit from Volodymyr.
In this order, the first part of Batu's corral for 15 days will pass at least 500-550 kilometers through dense forests and along the Volz. Well, it’s true, you need to spend a few days on the ground and go out for about 10 days on the march. For the skins of such nomads, you need to pass through the foxes for 50-55 kilometers per day! Another part of the corral will pass at a population of less than 600 kilometers, which gives an average march pace of up to 40 kilometers. With arrahuvannyam bet-triyki days on the oblogs of the city - up to 50 kilometers on the doba.
Under Torzhok - to finish off with a modest place for the same worlds, the Mongols got stuck for less than 12 days and took more than 5 days (V.V. Kargalov). After the capture of Torzhok, one of the Mongol pens poked its way out of Novgorod for another 150 kilometers, then turned back.
Another corner of the Mongol army under the command of Kadan and Buri viyshov from Volodymyr on the way, shifting on the ice of the Klyazma river. Having traveled 120 kilometers to Starodub, the Mongols burned down the whole place, and then “saw” the leaves of the water divider between the lower Oka and the middle Volga, vyishovshi to Gorodets (it’s still close to 170-180 kilometers, like in straight lines). Further, the Mongolian corrals on the ice of the Volga attacked Kostoromi (about 350-400 kilometers), around the corrals reached Galich Mersky. From Kostroma, the Mongols of Buri and Kadan went to the west with the third corral under the command of Burundai on the way - to Uglich. The nomads were moving along the ice of the river (remember, once again guessing, this is the way of the votchiznyaniya historiography), which gives about 300-330 kilometers of the way.
On the cob birch tree Kadan and Buri were already near Uglich, passing for three days from small to 1000-1100 kilometers. The average pace of the march was about 45-50 kilometers for the nomads, which is close to showing Batu's corral.
The third defeat of the Mongols under the command of Burundai turned out to be the most important - after the capture of Volodymyr, he marched on Rostov (170 kilometers in a straight line), then we climbed over 100 kilometers to Uglich. Part of Burundai's forces made marches to Yaroslavl (about 70 kilometers) from Uglich. On the cob of the birch tree, Burundai bezmilkovo knew the tabir of Yuriy Vsevolodovich in the trans-Volz forests, which he defeated at the battle on River City 4 birch. Crossing from Uglich to City and back is about 130 kilometers. Slowly driving Burundai traveled about 470 kilometers in 25 days - giving us less than 19 kilometers of an average production march.
In general, the intelligent average Mongolian kіn winding up “on the speedometer” from 1 March 1237 to 4 Birch 1238 (94 days) at 1200 (the lowest estimate, suitable only for a small part of the Mongolian Viysk) up to 1800 kilometers. Umovny doboviy crossing is kolivaetsya from 12-13 to 20 km. In fact, we seem to be staying in the flood of the Oka river (about 15 days), 5 days to storm Moscow and 7 days to recover after the capture, five days to the Volodymyr’s detour, and also 6-7 days to the detours of the Russian places in the other half , it appears that the Mongolian horses for leather out of 55 of their days passed in the middle up to 25-30 kilometers. These are miraculous results for the horses with the improvement of the fact that everything was in the cold, in the midst of forests and kuchugurs, with a clear lack of food (it is unlikely that the Mongols could requisition rich food for their horses from the villagers, more importantly, that the steppe horses did not eat grain) and on a heavy robot.
After the capture of Torzhok, the main part of the Mongol army was centered on the upper Volz near the Tver region. Then the stench was demolished in the first half of the month of 1238 with a wide front on the day near the steppe. The wing under the command of Kadan and Buri passed through the foxes to the watercourse of the Klyazma and the Volga, then it went to the upper reaches of the Moskva River and went down to the Oka. In a straight line it is about 400 kilometers, with the average pace of the transfer of fast nomads - about 15-20 days the way for them. Later, perhaps, already in the first half of the month, a part of the Mongolian army left the steppe. We don’t have any information about those, how the ice tumbled in from the snow on the rivers onto the transfer of the corral, we don’t have (Ipatiїvsky litopis is only reminiscent that the stepoviks collapsed rather quickly). What this zagіn occupied with the coming month after leaving the steppe, there is no such thing, it seems only that in the grass Kadan and Storms came to the aid of Batu, who got stuck at that hour under Kozelsky.
Small Mongolian corrals, perhaps, vvazhayut V.V. Kargalov and R.P. Khrapachivskyi, left on the middle Volz, robbing and burning Russian settlements. How the stench came out of the curtains of 1238 rock near the steppe - it was unbelievable.
The greater part of the Mongolian army under the command of Batu and Burundai took over the shortest path to the steppe, which was used by the corrals of Kadan and Buri, took a more cunning route:
More about the route of Batia - from Torzhok, through the Volga and Vazuza (a tributary of the Volga) to the Dnipro river, and through the Smolensk lands to the Chernigiv city of Vshchizh, which lies on the Desna birch, write Khrapachevsky. Having made their way along the upper Volga to the westward and the eastward ward, the Mongols turned to the midday, and, shifting waterways, went into the steppes. Maybe, they went to the center, through Volok-Lamsky (by foxes). Approximately the left edge of Batu passes for about 700-800 kilometers in an hour, otherwise it will drive a little less. The Mongols reached Serensk before the 1st quarter, and Kozelsk (the lithographic Kozelsk, as if to be exact) - 3-4 quarters (for further information - already the 25th of the month). At the middle price, it is still close to 35-40 kilometers of additional march.
Under Kozelsky, where could the ice start on Zhizdry and tannennya snow in the її flood, Batu stuck mayzhe for 2 months (more precisely, for 7 days - 49 days - up to 23-25 hours, maybe later, as a result kvіtnya, according to Rashid ad-Din - for 8 days). Now the Mongols needed to take the obov'yazkovo in the oblog for nothing, to follow the middle Russian worlds, the place, I don't know clearly. For example, the neighboring towns of Krom, Sleep, Mtsensk, Domagoshch, Dev'yagorsk, Dedoslavl, Kursk, the nomads did not catch on.
On this topic, historians are reviewing dossi, as if there is no reasoned argumentation. The newest version was propagated by the folk-historian of the "Eurasian shtibu" L.M. Gumilyov, having admitted that the Mongols took revenge on the prince of Chernigov, Mstislav, who ruled at Kozelsk, for driving in the envoys on the river Kalka in 1223. It's funny that the Smolensk prince Mstislav Stariy was also among the aftermaths. The Mongols did not chain Ale Smolensk.
For logic, Batu needed to quickly go to the steppe, the shards of the spring people, without roads and without a year, threatened him with a new cost, at least, "transport" - that is horses.
The food, what the horses and the Mongols themselves were eating, besieging Kozelsk for two months (from the stopovers of standard stone machines), none of the historians did not sleepily. Nareshti, it’s tritely important to believe that there is a place among the population of hundreds of people, the majestic army of the Mongols, like tens of thousands of warriors, could not take 7 tizhniv ...
As a result, under Kozelsk, the Mongols spent up to 4,000 men and less came to Buri and Kadanu from the grass 1238 from the steppes, vryatuvav camp - the place was still taken and destroyed. For the sake of humor, let’s say that the current president of the Russian Federation, Dmitro Medvedev, in honor of the merits of the population of Kozelsk before Russia, having awarded the settlement the title “Mist of Viyskovoї Glory”. The trouble was that archaeologists for Mayzha 15 years of research could not reveal unambiguous evidence of the foundation of the impoverished Batyem Kozelsk. You can read about those who were addicted to this drive in the scientific and bureaucratic bulk of Kozelsk, you can read here.
If you need to estimate the data in the first place and reach a rough proximity, then it will appear that from the 1st day of 1237 to the 3rd day of the 1238th (the cob of the Kozelsk oblogue) the smart Mongolian kin of proishov in the middle of the day is 1700 to 2800 kilometers. At a break for 120 days, we give an average transition at the border between 15 and 23 with a small kilometer. Oskіlki vіdomі promizhki o'clock, if the Mongols did not peresuvalis (the siege is too thin, and close to 45 days at marriage), then the framework of this average real march is rozpozayutsya from 23 to 38 kilometers per day.
Seemingly simpler, tse means more, lower intensity of horse riding. Food, how many of them survived after such transitions in order to satisfy the suvorih climatic minds and the obvious lack of food, Russian historians are not discussed. So it goes, like food about Mongolian money.
For example, R.P. Khrapachevsky was aware that during the hour of the Western campaign of the Mongols in 1235-1242, their spending became only about 15% of the cob size, even as the historian V.B. Koshcheev paid up to 50,000 sanitary expenses per hour for a trip to Pivnichno-Skhidna Rus. Vtim, spend all the money - like in people, so in horses, the brilliant Mongols promptly replenished for the money of the indigenous peoples themselves. To that already in 1238 the army of Batu continued the war in the steppes against the Kipchaks, and in 1241 Europe was invaded by the unwittingly like an army - so, Khoma Splittskyy tells you that in it Bula is majestic. people Some of them were among the "Mongols" themselves, they did not understand the way.
The Mongol-Tatar bulk in Russia is characterized as a savage period in the history of the Batkivshchyna.
With the method of conquering new territories, Khan Baty Virishiv sent his army to Russian lands.
The Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia began from the place of Torzhok. Two tizhnі zagarbnik led yogo oblog. At 1238 5 birch, the enemy took the place. Having penetrated to Torzhok, the Mongol-Tatars began to drive in yoga Meshkantsiv. They did not spare anyone, they killed people of a frail age, children, and women. Those, who were far away from the slaughtering place, were overtaken by the Viysky Khan by the pivnichnaya road.
The Mongol-Tatar bulk in Russia recognized the most powerful rout of all places. Viysko Batia led uninterrupted battles. In the battles for the destruction of the Russian territory, the Mongol-Tatars were weakened and weakened. A lot of strength was taken away by the stench of the conquest of pivnіchno-shіdnih Russian lands,
The battles on the territory of Russia did not allow Khan Batiy to collect the necessary forces for distant campaigns near Zakhod. At the move of their own, they sang the most important Opir of the Russian and other peoples who populated the territory of the state.
In history, there are often stories about those who brought the Mongol-Tatars to Russia to protect the European peoples from the invading hordes. By stretching mayzhe twenty rokіv Baty established and solidified his panuvannya of the Russian land. Tse, the leading rank, and made you collapse far away with such success.
After a zahidny campaign, not far off, having fallen asleep on a pivden Russian cordon, dosing a strong state. Calling yoga the Golden Horde. After a deaky hour, the Russian princes went to the khan for firmness. Recognition of one's fallow land as a conqueror meant a complete rooting of the lands.
The Mongol-Tatars of Pskov, Novgorod, Smolensk, Vitebsk did not go far. The rulers of these places repaired the opir of the knowledge of the fallow land of the khan. Vidnosno shvidko vіdnovilas vіd invading pіvdenno-zahіdna territorіya kraїni, de (prince tsikh lands) zumіv strangle stabbed boyars and organized opir zagarbnikam.
Prince Andriy Yaroslavich, after having beaten his father in Mongolia, having taken the throne of Volodymyr, having tried to speak out against the military Ordi. It is necessary to note that the chronicles do not avenge the reports about those who went to the khan to the uklin or overpowered dari. The first danina, Prince Andriyem, wept in full obligation. Andriy Yaroslavovich and Danilo Galitsky laid down an alliance at the fight against the guardians.
However, Prince Andriy did not know the tips of the rich princes of Russia. Dehto navit skarzhivsya Batia on the new one, after which the khan ruled against the “indefatigable” ruler more strongly on the choli z Nevryu. The forces of Prince Andriy were broken, and the wine itself was lost at Pskov.
Russian land in 1257 was seen by Mongolian officials. The stench came for the census of the entire population, and also to pay tribute to the entire people. The clergymen did not rewrite, as they took away significant privileges from Batia. Tsei population census and the cob of the Mongol-Tatar yoke. Trivav oppressed the conquerors right up to 1480.
Insanely, the Mongol-Tatar invasion of Russia, as well as the trival yoke that followed him, led the majestic power in all spheres without blame.
The constant pogroms, the devastation of lands, the plundering, the important payments to the people of the khan, galvanized the development of the state. The Mongol-Tatar bulk to Russia and її nasledki vydkinul kіlka kіlka kіlka kіlka to that y economic, y social, y development. Before the conquest, the towns were prone to poverty. After that, the bulk of the progressive posts went out for a long time.
Zahidniy Pokhіd Mongols in 1235-1242.
Until the middle of the thirty years, the Mongols decided to make themselves strong enough to conquer territories on the way to the Urals. Raid of Jebe and Subudaya in 1220-1224. revealing among the peoples there were few weak powers. The decisive role played by the fact that after the successful completion of the war from Jin in 1234. the Mongols wielded significant military forces.In 1235, the king's star of the Mongol aristocracy - the kurultai - appeared. Decisions about how to discuss the new military meals were made until the war was continued. The theaters of the military days had a lot of kilka: the war with Pivdennoy Sung, which was unfamiliar with the past fate, was abandoned as the main object of the military expansion, although the Mongols clearly saw the difficult roots of the rich millionaire power. Farther went Korea, where the military was also sent (even though in the military significance Korea was already defeated in 1231-32). Chimali forces kurultai led to the Caucasus, for the remainder of the conquest.
Zahidny straight ahead also looked at the kurultai. The food about the message of the military to Europe and the Polovtsian steppes was already raised at the kurultai of 1229, but without having taken off enough encouragement. Now the surroundings have changed and the preparations for the campaign have started badly. The number of selected formations was small - 4000 Mongol warriors. Ale tse is small, as it turns out, the number of soldiers leveled up to the quality of the command warehouse.
And the commanders went miracles. To finish the fortune of one Subudai, who can rightly be called the best commander of the century, who won one victory with a twist. And the new to the highest command entered Jebe, which at once from Subudai made a break at 1220-1224 pp. a thousand-meter raid through the numerical fortune-telling of the kingdom, young and talented Burundai. Bring a handful of aristocrats in the army. Krim sina Juchi - Batu (Batia), having formally organized the campaign, the brothers Batu - Horde and Sheiban, the blues of Ogedei - Guyuk and Kadan, the blues of Jagatai - Buri and Baydar, the blues of Toluya - Munke were recognized as commanders of the borders.
The ear of the campaign is already dark. In the notes of Father Julian, it is mentioned about the roots of the Mongols "Great Ugrian, the stars are like our Ugrian". It is even more similar to go about the steppes between the Urals and the Volga. In response to all the deaths of the Ugrian people, for a long time they became a bar of the Mongol expansion on the way, often entering the warehouse of the Volzkoy Bulgaria, the stench of the military remains at the same time gave the Mongols subudai strikes in 1223. Maybe from that hour, these lands recognized the attacks of the Mongols.
In the middle of the worm 1236 p. the Mongols reached the cordons of Volzka Bulgaria. There, the stench continued the formation of the army, for the rahunka of young people, who arrived, from the Kipchak steppes, which undoubtedly grew strongly. It was also clear that the army had arrived, which operated in the Caucasus, but we didn’t know about them.
Preparing for a haircut to Bulgaria, the Mongols actively operated on dovkolishnih masses. Buli were sub-rooted Volzky Ugrian; Saksin was taken on the lower Volz. Alece became less of a prelude.
Vosen 1237 p. the Mongols attacked Volzka Bulgaria and developed її. The state was wiped off the face of the earth, writing was born, places (numbering up to 60!) fell, the people were partly big at the fox, partly they were taking away from the tops of the country, and destroying the defense wall in front of the army. A similar proportion spіtkal susіdnі tribes meryans (mari), votyakіv, obedvі gіlki mordvіnіv (moksa-mordvіnіv i erzya-mordvinіv) z yakі pіvdenny - moksa (burtasi), vyddali prevaga pіdkoritys and pіvnіchі went to lisi and rozpochalі pіdsіanu pіdsіnіvіnіv. From the order of the shady tribes, the Mongol armies crossed the Russian borders.
In Russia, for ever there was no unity, even though they knew about the Tatars and chuli - on the roads there were a lot of refugees from the zone of the Viysk region, the great himself Prince George Vsevolodovich Volodymyr-Suzdalsky upipіym Tatar gіntsіv to the king of the Ugrian region - in a word, everyone knew about the attack that was being prepared. But they couldn’t think about the home defense.
In the meantime, the Mongols with three groups of armies took up positions on the cordons and entered into negotiations with the Ryazan princes, one hour at a time, until the rivers of that small river of Pivnichno-Skhidnoy Rus were frozen over - the necessary minds for the great swedish corrals. Equally ice-covered served as an ideal path for nomadic cinema, that Russian place stood on a river birch. In the world of sweating ice, the Mongols were washed away by the Daedals, the most significant, until the Ryazans were thrown out with a zreshtoy. The mission of the Ryazan prince Fedor, sent with rich gifts to Batu, to ward off the attack of the Tatars, failed - all the participants were killed.
At once, a call came to the camp of Batu about the rebellion on the Volz. The leaders of Bayan and Dzhiku raised the Volzian Bulgarians, the Polovtsian prince Bachman - his fellow tribesmen (Polovtsian Polovtsians). To help, we will bring the Alanian corrals, the Kachir-Ukule team, to help. The governments against the standing Munke (Meng) did not for a long time collide with the risen ones, like they gave a wave of unstoppable and bitter blows. Unexpectedly, the struggle passed to the Volga branch. There, on the island of the white of the left bank of the Volga, Munke defeated Bachman and smashed his corrals, thus completing the rooting of the Polovtsians who lived on the slopes of the Volga.
The rivers became covered with ice. And at once they came to the majestic masses of the Tatar military and full of concentrated white winds of the Don, on the Ryazan cordon and the Volga, near the region of modern Nizhny Novgorod. The first blow hit the Ryazan lands.
Ryazantsi, chii prohannya for help, were rescued by Prince Georgiev Vsevolodovich near Volodymyrі (vin not forgetting the war 1207 and 1209 pp.) and the Chernigiv-Siverian princes (they predicted the Ryazanians an early day 1223 p. the battles on the Voronezh River at the "Wild Field" of the Ryazan military were defeated. Pronsk, Bіlgorod, Borisov-Glibov, Izheslavets boules were choked by them without special zusil. After Batia appeared in Ryazan and Volodymyr with the help of tribute, they took away the wife from Ryazan, they were gifted from Volodymyr. 12/16/1237 the tax began Old Ryazan, that three lasted for five days, after those in the city of the city, the garrison was left behind with the roaming there and with these bodies they were beaten. As a result, the place was destroyed again and in Syria. XIV Art. the center of the Ryazan principality was moved 50 kilometers to the pivnichny entrance near the metro station Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky.
Taking Pereyaslavl-Ryazansky, Tatar-Mongolian warriors destroyed the Oka near Kolomna. The remnants of the Ryazan warriors went to Kolomyia, which was on the cordon of the Ryazan princedom from Volodymyr-Suzdal Rus, and prepared for the rest of the battle with the nomads.
Prince Yury of Volodymyr sent a soldier on the ground with his elder son Vsevolod to help Roman Ingvarevich, who had come from Ryazan.
U sichni 1238 p. The military Mongols near Kolomna were not only stricken by the remnants of the Ryazan military, but also by the numerous retinue of Vsevolod, reinforced by the militias of the troops of Volodymyr-Suzdal Rus. They didn’t check the vtruchannya of a new enemy, the front Mongolian corrals were darkened. All the same, the main forces of the dzhehangir and the steppe kinnot came unhurriedly, took the mountain over the enemy’s less rickety pishim.
Until this hour - the end of the chest - lie down and dosit the spirny fact to the raid of Evpatiya Kolovrat. Ingor Igorovich, who had been at Chernigov, one of the princes of Ryazan, having learned about the bulk of the Tatars, having won 1700 warriors and having appointed them the head of the boyar Yevpatiy Kolovrat, (singingly heard from the military authorities) rushing to the Ryazan region. However, if the dotik reached the gate on the right, the numerical advantage was not on the battlefield of Chernigivtsiv. Not a lot of knights, wounded in full, boules for showing goodness were let in by Batiy. The "Post about the Ruining of Ryazan by the Bats" tells about the burial place of Evpatiya Kolovrat in the Ryazan Cathedral on September 11, 1238.
Prikordonna Volodymyrska Fortress Kolomna a small strong garrison and a small defense potential. The protege of Grand Duke Vsevolod, directing at Kolomna for the organization of defense, wanting to fight near the field. The result of the battle near Kolomna could be rebuffed later - most of the Russian warriors perished, but they could not effectively defend the place taken by the Tatars in the coming days.
September 1, 1238 Batu Khan (Khan Batiy) sacked the city of Kolomna. The weak walls of the wooden Kolomna Kremlin did not allow the place to be stolen from the Tatars and the place was looted and the bedroom was taken. There is only a small part of the Vladimir squad in the whole. The Russian army spent a lot of bright goals in this battle. At this battle, the Volodymyr voivode Yeremia Glibovich, the Ryazan prince Roman, laid down his head. They recognized the serious expenses of the military Orda Khan, having involved the military leader Kulhan - the young son of Genghis Khan (one of the most prominent opponents of Batu) and the essence of his military. Kulkhan was the only bait of Genghis Khan, we will kill in the course of the conquest of Russia.
Vsevolod was beaten and vtik to Volodymyr.
The Fall of Kolomna opened the way to the leaders of Batu in the ancient capitals - Suzdal and Volodymyr.
Batu, having lost the main forces, took Kolomna into the trap, destroying it to Moscow, a straight road led to Kolomna - the channel of the Moscow River was frozen. Moscow was abducted by the young son of Yuriy Volodymyr and the voivode Filip Nyanka "from the small military". 20 September after the 5-day opir fell Moscow. Bulo was taken into captivity by prince Volodymyr, another son of Yuriy.
Otrimavsku about tsі podії, Yury skolkav on the rada of princes and boyars and after long thoughts, having left the blues of Vsevolod and Mstislav from Volodymyrі, Yury pіshov from nephews for the Volga (Yaroslavl region). There, the wines rose on the banks of the river Sіtі and began to pick up the army against the Tatars. Volodymyr lost the squad of Agafiya Vsevolodivna, the blue Vsevolod and Mstislav, the daughter of Theodore, the squad of Vsevolod Marina, the squad of Mstislav Maria and the squad of Volodymyr Khristin, the onuks and the voivode Petro Osledyukovich. The defense of the place was stunned by the blues of Prince George - Vsevolod and Mstislav.
Immediately, along the Volz, another group of Mongolian armies advanced. Rise of the hordes of nomads came near Volodymyr.
2 fierce Mongols cursed Volodymyr
. After five days of uninterrupted assault, the place turned into a bunch of ruins. Okremy zagіn kochivnikіv zahopiv and zruynuvav Suzdal.
. A note about the fall of the capital - the most fortified places - it is necessary to think that it greatly improved the morale of the defenders of other settlements. From that crooked fierce Mongols took 14 places. Various parts of their troops attacked Rostov, Yaroslavl, Gorodets Volzky. The rest were not satisfied with the ruins of Gorodets, emptying everything on their way, the stench destroyed the Volga, their victims became Kostromaі Galich. All the lands of the Klyazma and the Volga were devastated: Pereyaslavl-Zalessky, Tver, Ksnyatin, Kashin, Yur'ev, Volok-Lamsky, Dmitrov were brutalized in ruins, the settlements fell, the inhabited masses roared along innumerable tracts and roads, free of Tatar roses.
For this chaos, it was important to collect information about those who were being seen, the movement of high-mobility Tatar pens was obsolete, and the mission of the head forces and Batia’s headquarters, perhaps, did not become known to Grand Duke George, a kind of concentrating on Sitka. Those who, in the situation that had developed, it was important to conceal in the secret place the distribution of their parts, it was clear to the prince. I realized that reconnaissance officers (watchmen) were sent to reconnoiter him. Vranci 4 birch 1238 p. watchdog zagіn, scho vyyshov for a great exploration, having spent on yakіs corrals of vershniki. These were the Mongol regiments of Batia.
The arrowheads of the Mongol-Tatars. XIII Art. 
Zbroya of the Mongol-Tatar warrior: cibula, stele. XIII Art.
At the battle, which began, it was quickly joined and the other Russian military, as it did not, perhaps, accept the fight. Rizanina on the ice of the City and in the navkolishnіh perelіskah ended with the complete defeat of the Russian squads. Organizations of the Opir of the Pivnіchny Gathering of Russia buv of evils.
The coming day, 5 birch 1238 p. yurbi Tatars, who overwhelmed the shaft of the captives, chasing before the war, z_yshli on the wall Torzhok. Tsim ended two (since 02.20.1238) battles for the place, as it reached the long list of the places robbed by the Mongols.
The operations of the Mongols in the Polovtsian steppes from summer 1238 to autumn 1240 were handed over to a fortune teller. Plano Karpini tells about the town of Orna inhabited by Christians, like trimalo in the cloak of Batiyem. Understanding the marnist of his zusils, Baty dammed the Don and flooded the place 15. The Polovtsians were struck. The Polovtsy, who escaped the physical guilt, turned to the slaves, or they rebuked the armies of Batu Khan. Khan Kotyan, one of the most powerful Polovtsian khans, who, without hesitation of the universal guilt of his followers, went to the Ugorshchina - ask for a porch there. In 1239, a Mongol army attacked Mordovia, took Murom, Gorokhovets and, having deserted the regions along the Klyazma, went into the steppe.
In 1239 p. it was crushed before the invasion of the Mongol armies. The attack was recognized by Pereyaslavsk and Chernigivsk princedoms. Pal Pereyaslav. Around Cherningov, the circle of oblogs closed. To help Chernigov, Mstislav of Tursky came, ale of breaking up the disturbances from the battle zone. When taxed Chernihiv the Mongols won metal machines of majestic power. The city was taken on August 18, 1239 r.
Golovnі podії, madly, developed on pіvdnі. Autumn 1240 p. Batu again threw his vіdpochily, popovneniya, and reformed military to Pіvdennu Rus. The culminating moment of the campaign was the desyatizhneva oblog by the Mongols of Kiev. Kyiv the stench was taken by an uninterrupted assault (12/5/1240), which thrived day and night. Mіstyani showed miracles of masculinity, but numerical and technical perevaga was quiet, having swearing, robbed her right. Governor Dmitro, deprivation by Danil Galitsky of the defense of the place, for the implacable masculinity, pardons by the Mongols.
It should be noted that Bolohivtsy, as a rule, took a special position. "Iduchi in the between Rusi on Zakhid, the Mongolsi Vyrevili Virshili forgot the subject of the Supply on Kyivshchini, for the bosses of the Bolokhovo lands; Mongols at the Pokhіd Prince Danilo Romanovich, turning to Russia, blasting and burning down the place of the boyars-zradniks; Tsim was destroyed and the posting of the Mongolian troops.
After the conquest of the Dnieper, the way of the armies of Batu lay far away on the west; Volin and Galicia recognized the attack. Kolodyazhin and Kam'yanets fell, Volodymyr-Volinsky and Galich, Brest and "impersonal other places". Less sporudzhenі at the mіstsyakh, thieved by nature, strongholds - Kremenets and Danilov - withstood. The princes did not navitali ocholiti opir - Mikhailo Chernigivsky just like Danilo Galitsky (yogi the most powerful enemy) whispered to the Poryatunka in Ugorshchyna, and then (if the Mongols reached Ugorshchyna) in Poland. Vzimka 1240-1241 rr. the Mongols first appeared between Western Europe.
Pіdіyshovshi to the cordons of the Ugrian and Polish kingdoms, on the vіdstan of three or three days the way (about 100-120 km), the Mongols turned back uncontrollably. Dzherela explains this manoeuvre, that Batu wants to save fodder reserves near the cordon areas for distant invasion.
The Ugrian people did not diligently prepare themselves for the fermentation of the harbourers. King Bela IV gave more than an hour to internal problems, such as the integration of the Polovtsians (the rest, being nomads, did little to bring them to close with the mists, with the most important of their own overpowering populations), or rubbing the barons, exiling the king Fiddrihstrom.
For the protection of similar cordons, by the order of the King of Viysko (as commanded by the palatine Dionysius Tomai), it was deployed at the TV station. Russian pass (Veretsky pass near the Carpathians). There were fences on the cordons. It was necessary to add that the middle Ugrian region was defended due to the unstoppable attacks of the fortune tellers by the tight system of cordon fortified zones and fences. Forests and passes in the Carpathians, which were strengthened especially well by the susides of the Galicia-Volinsky princedom (far from being friendly).
On the cob birch Batu rozpochav chergovy phase of his undertaking. They demolished the troops in front of them, swinging tens of thousands of troops in front of them, who cleared the way for the crises with thorns. Zavdyaks of the recent entry of nomads in the near-cordon regions have been left unbroken, lively Mongolian warriors.
Guyuk, who had been the enemy of Batu, (when suffering from the head rank through those who were stunned by people, who respected him for the people), he had left the army, calling to Mongolia.
The Mongols were divided into three great groups of armies, Kaidu and Baidar were destroyed to the Polish cordon, parts of Bokhetur, Kadan and Buchzhek were sent on a pivden day, then the firebrand forces broke through to the Veretsky pass. At the center of the river Batu, concentrating the clouds of the Horde, Biryuya, Burundai ... In the middle of the birch, the Yogo Bata broke through the Veretsky pass.
At once, the offensive near Poland broke out. Another hour of fighting near Volina, near the Sich, the Mongols stole a raid on the lost Poland; they buried Lublin and Zavіkhost, okremy zagіn nomads dіyshov to Racibórz. On the cob of the fierce raid was repeated. Having taken Sandomierz and ordered the defeat of Lesser Poland's liberation under Tursk (13.02.1241), the Mongols entered Russia.
The general offensive began at once with a blow to the Ugorshchina - birch bark on the cob. 10 February 1241 Baidar crossed the Vistula near Sandomierz, having occupied the place. Zvіdsi Kajdu buv vіdryadzheniya at a straight line Lenchitsі with an approaching exit to Krakow, Baydar himself zdіysniv raid to the outskirts of Kielce. Trying to cover up Krakiv, the Krakiv and Sandomierz voivods, Vladislav and Pakoslav gave a beating and recognized the poor defeat - 16 birch 1241 p. under Khmilnik. The Viysk Mongols rallied near Krakow, having taken the yogi after the short levy (on 22 or 28 birch).
As part of the zahosnyh zakhodіv, the Polish princes were taken to the zakhodі kraїni, on the outskirts of Wroclaw, the national militia. Mieszko Opolsky grafted in the Upper Silesia, Lower Silesia Bula is represented by the regiments of Henry II the Pious, the Greater Poland Prince (who was the master of ceramics). The militia arrived from the pivdnya of Greater Poland, and the Tatars attacked the Lesser Poland regions and set up a sprat of soldiers. At moldovanny vіysk took the fate of the same foreign contingents; like: German faces from the metropolis and the Baltic Volodya of the Teutonic Order, who gave a strong death to the soldiers. On the day of the Poles, the Czech squads of Wenceslas I collapsed.
Ale, the Mongols were already close. Having crossed the Odra (Oder) at Ratibor, the stench took Wroclaw (2.04.1241), having defeated it in full, the citadel stood up. In the late afternoon, near Legnica, a battle took place with the army of Henry the Pious, but the Czechs did not reach the approach, and the Mongols won a brilliant victory. The teddy bears in the air were later delivered to Batu's headquarters. From the list to the French king, Louis of the Piety, the master of the Teutonic Order did not receive hot water: "We recommend Your Mercy, that the Tatars ravaged and plundered the land of the perverted Duke Henry, they stole him himself, at once with riches of him barons; perished six of our brothers; - persons of the Order), three persons, two sergeants and 500 soldiers.
On the Ugric straight, the podії developed so quickly; The crisis of the Veretsky pass leaked out to Batu on the 12th of March 1241 r. defeated the Ugorian military palatine Dionysius, who checked them for zasіka. The Carpathians are left behind. In front of the Mongols, the boundless expanses of the famous Ugrian steppes - Pushti spread out.
The news about the Mongols forcing the Veretsky pass reached the royal court through the kilka dib. In the midst of the chaos, Bela IV, who, having panicked, without losing his head, like the deacons of his colleagues in other lands, not vtіk, but having begun to get used to the necessary visits; the places were swept, the leaves were spread out with prohanny about helping all the sovereigns in need, zokrema. to the Pope of Rome and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire to the famous Frederick II.
I yakshcho dad reacted to those, to come to those who are accepted, such a yak of the warrior Louis of the IX pious, they were wore an organized anti -mongol front, I am mutual for the nadihnuti nation of Zakhiynya, then the Opir Monoliv. Tobto. life in the same way and earlier, having engaged in wars with gіbellins in Italy. The problem of organization of the vidsich to the Tatars occupied even more.
Then, at the call of King Beli, the Austrians, and more precisely, Duke Friedrich Babenberg, who was able to overdigest with us, and deserved the title of Quarrelsome from the chroniclers, greedily responded. This person, who recently called the Ugrian to know on the ledge against the crown (the nobility, it was necessary to say, eagerly heard the yoga steps), and recognized the late king Andriy II (Andreas) for the sake of the late king Andrey II (Andreas), having danced the miraculous ability to round the Mongols volodinnya for the Ukrainian market. Vіn having arrived to Pest "with not a lot of accompanying, and also without broї that knowledge of tim, scho vіdbuvaєtsya".
There, near Pest, soldiers flocked from the reshti of the regions of the state, (prote, their retinue and those of the dean church ієrarchіv vіn vіdіslav on zakhіd, to the Austrian cordon "find the result of the fall." They mobilized the kumani-polovtsі, they gave them the opportunity to serve their new ones. , who flocked to Pest, Khan Kotyan resounded.
15 birch 1241 p. the Mongols, collapsing with a hasty march, were only talking about piv on the day's path in the camp of the Ugrian people near Pest. Zvіdsi Batu releasing strong tentacles of kinnyh roses to the fortune-teller's wind. Undaunted by the great fence of Beli IV, the forks of the forks, Ugolin, the Archbishop of Kalos, did not bear it, chasing the Mongol nazniks (03/16/1241). І having received at the entrance. Back Ugolin nav_v only three or three cavalrymen.
On the next day, a part of the military Batu took by storm the place of Vaizen (Vach), roztashovan on the Danube and only on the pied transition in the distance from Pest (about 40 km.) and blamed all the inhabitants. What about the king? Vіn zmusheny buv will be satisfied with the sights of the essence near Pest. Friedrich Babenberg became the hero of the day. Having shown himself at all beauty - throwing himself on the Tatar zagіn, which carelessly goes to Pest, it’s close, showing the special butt of goodness, savage yoga in the flow.
Navit at the Beli camp was not all good. The soldiers’ elements, the barons and deaks and other nobles, gave vent to the anger that had long been picked up on the Polovtsians, who stood at their camps in order with the Ugrian people. The majesties of the natovpi were selected before the king's appointment, despite the death of Kotyan. After a short thought at the Polovtsian tabirs, having galloped on purpose with an order, the Kitten has a term to come to the king's mansion. The khan, groaning, smelling the wild weather of the attack, and the call was negligently regarded by the soldiers as weakness and, in fact, the recognition of his fault. The names were pouring out fiercely; the stench climbed up to the mark of Kotyan and, having interrupted the guard, hacked to death the summer khan. They walked a little bit, that Duke Friedrich had killed with a hand.
After all the bloodshed in the camp, a thick silence sank. Now, if Kotyan's innocence and yoga piddanih were revealed, the barons joined. If the Kitty was sewn about the death of the Kotyan, the Mossestyu, the Povkolishni Selyani (took revenge for everything, the pushy of Polovtsi, that they did not bake the angels of the reaction of the Silskiye village) villages. The kumans responded adequately and without warning, they began to rise up to the sky to the steps of the Dima from the rural hills.
Through the attack, the kumans stumbled against the received army. On the right, it went to the right battle, with the Ugrian people: the Polovtsi fell down the column of Bulzo, the Chanadian archbishop, which was formed from women and children (like they collapsed to the cordon of the pivnіchny), and was accompanied by a corral of warriors, who planned to join in Zagalnoygorsk. Zgіdno z vіdomosti Rogerіusa, the bishop appeared as a single Ugrian, who was alive, from the strength of the colony.
The distant path of the Kumans lay at the beak of the Prikordonnaya Mark. Having crossed the Danube, the majority of them destroyed the pivnich, destroying all their way. On the cordon, Marki on the right went before the battle with її inhabitants, yakі read about the proximity of nomads and veiled them nazustrich. Ale Polovtsi seemed to be clearly stronger for the Nimtsiv, before the war, with such mіstsevі inhabitants, they sounded like that, and the Ugrian people started ticking indefinitely. Having occupied Mark, the Polovtsy took revenge on the population, burned down more than one village. (Spekelenі buli richly strong as something for example: Francavilla, or st. Martin). When the Mongols were approaching, the Kumans quickly left their quarters, heading to Bulgaria.
Let's turn to the camp of the Ugrian army. Significant changes were made there: one of the greatest aristocrats, having overthrown Bela IV, found himself in the middle of a battle with the enemy (who had already taken Erlau and Kevesd). At the hour of the march, the Ugric king was welded to Friedrich Babenberg. The king of vimahaws imperceptibly vikonannya of his orders, which could not help but disintegrate the savіl Austrian. Superechka ended with the arrival of Friedrich (and the 1st military contingents) in the countryside.
Viyskovskie dії little by little expanded the territory of the kingdom. Naprikintsі birch - on the cob of kvіtnya, the Mongolian zagіn zahopiv Jaeger, in a great order, spreading out of the population. The reaction of the Ugrian people - the Bishop of Varadin (n. Oradea in Romania) speaks out to the guardsmen, conveying an easy victory - I know about the lack of number of enemies and, before that, the other rose of the Mongols (imovirno operuvav near Varadin) has recently changed. Having recognized the strikes, the prote vines: following the Tatars, the Ugric versaries, wading behind the hump in the rows of warriors (they were boules, planted by the Mongols on spare horses), they sang that they had spent in ambush and flowed in. The bishop turned to Varadin "with a lot of people."
Tim an hour Bela carefully rolled forward, on the way, following the army of Batu, who went with such a swede. Bring the rest of the Mav for alarm - the Ugrian people clearly outdid it in number, the famous Ugrian cinematography - the best in Europe - outweighed the last one. Mabut, in those days, Baty poshkoduv about the sawing of forces: the military Ordi and Baydara fought in Poland, Kadan, Buchzhek and Belgutai only broke into the Ugorshchina through the mountains of the Pivdenny Carpathians. With such a perfect synchronous movement, the offensives of the Viysk reached the rivers of Shaio (a tributary of the Tisya) and broke their camps on different sides.
After the investigation of the offending parties, they started active operations. Shards across the river line did not give the opportunity to cross the river, the Mongols, on a certain far-flung campsite, brought (10/09/1241) a pontoon place like a row of warriors flowed on the western shore at night. They were already checked there. The day before, a Russian defector appeared and told about the Mongol people, and now they shot down a number of Ugric men-at-arms. They didn’t surprise the frontal blows of the nomads, as they simply couldn’t turn around on a small bridgehead. Having given the Mongols significant expenses, the royal warriors pushed them to the bridge, embossing some kind of negain vinyl. A lot of Tatar leaders threw themselves at the water, having flooded the river, which spilled over, there were few corpses.
On the other birch there was a sum'yattya. The great spenders stole the courage of the simplest warriors and the greatest military leaders until the war continued. Batu especially, with a bared sword, rushing to zupinyati vtikachiv. At the viysk, there began to talk about the need to join the campaign and turn to the steppe. Tsya mozhlivist whole seriously looked at Baty himself. At the same time, at the same time, Yogo Rozmov zі old Subudai was brought to us by "Yuan Shi" (History of the Yuan Dynasty - Thietmar). Stop, perhaps having exhausted the arguments, vpling on the ruined khan with a special butt: "Sir, for example, if you turn around, I can't hold you tight, but I, for myself especially, won't turn around ...". Tsgogo got stuck. Batu calmed down and ordered to get ready for further operations.
The Radiant Ugrian turned to their camp, to their own, with the method of the shortest zahist we set closely one to one, outlined, and fell asleep in the mitzny dream of victories. Bіlya zalishkіv on the bridge was put up a vartu.
The very same Mongols provoked a grumbling activity at the crossing. 7 metal machines were placed in front of the stench, which were protecting the place, and they were driven out by stones. Then the stench revived the city and rozpochali the crossing of the mass viysk. The mongolian army crossed the river. If the visniki rushed to the royal camp, they all slept soundly there. While the war was going on and, instead, having gathered on a horse to be in battle, was engaged in a ranking toilet, the Mongolian archers caught the tabir and reminded it again of the whistling impersonal arrows.
Only a few Ugrian people rushed to the bey. But not a whole army - only parts of the king's brother, Duke Koloman, entered the near battle with the Tatars, otherwise they tried to make their way along the "corridor", specially devoid of the Mongols, in order to subdue the Ugorians at the vtech. Step by step, before the battle, all the corrals of the royal army joined, but from their side there was no organized control of the battle, and more and more warriors were right at the observable "corridor". They still didn’t know what the “corridor” had given, sounding and ending with a wall of good Mongolian archers.
The Ugrian army recognized the rout of the tsіlkovity. Masi is quiet, who lives, crossed by the Tatar light cavalry, they blocked the road to Pest. The king of that yogo brother, Koloman, with innumerable honor on the vіdmіna vіd the main natovpіv vtіkaіv, collapsed in the battlefield by detours.
The speedy flow of Beli IV from the blood-drenched shores of Chaillot did not spare this fortune-teller's re-examination. Tatar roses hung on the shoulders of the small king's corral, rushing to the pivnich, to the Polish cordon. At Komitat Comoros, turning to the back and through Nitra viyshov to Pressburg (modern Bratislava) - the frontier cordon of his kingdom. Pragnuchi to Austria (where I was behind the back of the line to rule the queen) I went through the cordon outpost of Devin and leaned at the Volodin of Friedrich Babenberg, like a viїhav to the cordon, schob zustrit king-nevdahu.
Zustrich of both rulers ended unhappily - Frederick, having learned that Bila was rebuking the yogic power, becoming vimagati vіdshkoduvannya viplats, viroblenih him, Friedrich, 1235 p. And the king naturally didn’t know the sums of money, he didn’t lose anything, but he could lay down three capitals: Mozon (Wieselburg), Sopron (Edelburg) and Lochmand (Lutzmannburg), the castles of such Fredericks did not bother to take. Razrahuvavsya іz zdirnik, Bela took away the squad (which was not far away) and with the best possible swidkіstyu viїhav to the Ugorshchina, de near Szeged, having started the formation of the military. At once, the Bishop of Weizen sent directions to the emperor's father with a letter, which he avenged about helping that scarga on the Austrian duke.
Friedrich of Austria was not satisfied with the occupation of the three Ugric committees. Nezabar invading yogo viysk recognized and komіtati Pressburg and Raab. The place Raab, the center of the one-room committee, was taken by the Austrians. True, it was not a good time - the escorts of the local population sacked the place without a hitch, having killed Frederick's garrison in the new one.
The catastrophe that spurred the Ugrian at the general battle of the Nar. Shaio (for the name of the nearest settlement, also called the battle of Mohachi (Mohi)), I pinned the foundation of the Ugric field army on principle. The only opportunity to achieve a fracture under the hour of war was at the morning of the Mongols on the left bank of the Danube, and powdered, and to inspire weakened forces by the defense of numerical forts. Koristuyuchis tsimi furnishing Bela IV, I immediately chose the western comitats and tried to turn the wheel of Fortuni at their beak. When you need to take it to the point of respect, the Batu army group, which is not numerically strong on the cob, recognized the great losses in the battles of Chaillot and at once, speeding up the offensive operations to a minimum, checked on the front of the troops, which were on the flanks.
On the flanks, do the boules like that. The Mongol troops were sent to the Carpathians, and the sprats were crushed. One of the armies, led by Kadan, the son of the great khan Ogedei, having crossed the Borgo pass to Ugorshchina, occupied Rodna - the great settlement of the German girniks (31.03.1241), Bistrits (Besterce in Rumunia) (02.04) and Kolochvar. Mayuchi guides from the local population of Kadan, passing through the mountains and the foxes, unexpectedly appeared before Varadin. Shvidko having taken the place, the Mongols settled down with the population and saw in the quiet place nearby, so that the defenders of the citadel and the inhabitants, who hovered in it, having gone near the nomads, came to the ruins of the place. It was then that the Mongols came again. Having cut through all those who did not manage to get away, the stinks proceeded to the citadel citadel, hitting the metal machines, and, by chance, they took її.
Other formations of the Mongols poured into the Ugorshchina through the Oytots passes (on the last day of the capture of Belgutai in battle) and Chervona Vezha (Buchzhek regiments). Leaping up the Belgutai mountain range, taking Kronstadt, destroying the distance and - on the ruins of Hermannstadt (taken by the Mongols on April 11, 1241), came to Buchzhek. Having united, the stench continued their attack on the west, burying Weissenburg and Arad. Having turned on the ruins of Szeged, the stench reached the Kadanu operation zone, which the troops also did not get tired of - they took Egres, Temesvar, Gyulafehervar, Pereg, not seeming already about the unnamed fortified places, on the island on the river. Fekete Korosh, whose share is clearly described by Rogerius.
After the victory at Shio, the army of Batu, if you will, began to move on Pest. There was no hurry, the army of the Ugrian people was rozsiya, moreover, it was impossible to pick up the brothers at the next hour, and the garrisons of the city and the fort did not become a direct threat. Pest Bulo was taken after triday battles, 29-30 April.
By taking Pest, the Mongols completed the conquest of the Ugric regions, which lay on the slope of the Danube. Okremi towns (such as the village of Pereg, between Arad and Chanad) were still stormed by them, and then they stumbled on them, the Mongols began to restore their administration.
In the order of the conquests of the Ugrian region, the operations of the nomadic nomads near Poland and the Czech Republic were developed at the latest pace. After the brilliant victory under Legnica, the stench unsuccessfully took Legnica in the oblogue. Then we spent a lot of time talking about the Mongols at Odmukhov (perhaps the stench was engaged in the remembrance of the army) and taxed Ratsibuzh with them. Ale, the stone walls of the city appeared to be mіtsnіshimi, lowered and took 16.04.1241 r. oblog, the Mongols straightened up to Moravia. Okremi small corrals ravaged the German border. One of them managed to get as far as Meissen.
A message about those that the Mongol bulk has passed, the German lands were heard in the Nimechchina with relief. Emperor of the Roman Empire Frederick II of Hohenstaufen arrogantly went to Rome.
In Moravia, the Mongols zishtovhnulsya from the people's war. Hirsk bows could only propagate a small village for thinness, and small villages (Moravia and today are sparsely populated) - for people. Battles were fought in the areas of Opavi, Gradishchensky and Olomouc monasteries, Beneshov, Przherov, Litovel, Yevichka.
From Moravia, a part of the Mongols penetrated, for example, into the Slovak region, which was part of the warehouse of the Ugrian kingdom. Through the Grozenkovsky and Yablonovsky passes, the stench ruled the pogrom near this quiet country. Burned places Banska Shtyavnytsya, Pukanets, Krupyna; Slovak zhupi (territorial unit) Zemilin, Abov, Turna, Gemer right up to the Zvolensky forest massif, recognized the desert. Yasivsky monastery fell. Ale stіni mіst і then bli zvedenі on conscience - resisted Pressburg (Bratislava), Komarno (Komorn), Nitra, Trenchin and Beckov. In breast 1241 r. the corrals, which operated in the Slovak region, crossed the Danube at Komorn and ran into Batu's corrals.
In the other half of sichnya 1242 Batu moved on his own ice, again crossing the Danube. The first line of the Mongols became full of the Ugrian king Beli, who, after his flight from Austria, spent an hour in Szeged. Rozumiyuchi, so that the Mongols did not stop thinking about chasing after him, the king straightened to the Adriatic coast and spent the summer and autumn there in 1241 r. Trau Island) near Spalato, bring your family there.
At the chase after him, the strong Kadan, the reshta of the army, continued the place after place to subdue the Ugorshchina. After the strained oblogues of the Grand (Estergom) captures - the residence of the Ugric kings and the most important transshipment trading point on the middle Danube. Almost all the places of the right bank of the Ugrian region were suffocated by the nomads at once, and it was hardly possible to see far away. So Szekesfehervar and Esztergom's citadel vryatuvalis. Near the Chernkhad region, the Mongols smashed the village zagіn, which was against them. Burnt shelling having recognized also the monastery of St. Martin of Pannonsky (Pannonkhalma), and instead of the deputy to storm the walls, the Mongols unapologetically fired all the preparations and left.
This wondrous behavior was explained by the death of the Supreme Khan Ogedei and the need for Batia (that and the other Mongol princes who were at the Viysk) to take the fate of the election of a new Khan. Batu himself laid claim to this title, on the great dissatisfaction of his cousin Guyuk. The very same order was given to all the Mongolian armies in Europe, Batu was given the same order - to turn to the back and go to the rear with the head army.
Having crossed to the coast of the Adriatic, Kadan, starting from the oblogues of Zagreb, de, like a wine, having passed, the king of the Ugrian region hails (actually, he was accidentally there in 1241). Taking yoga, I rushed to the pivden following the king, who at his time collapsed to save. So Kadan, having arrived on the outskirts of Spalato richly earlier, lowered himself on the new one. The assault on the castle of Klis (9 km from Spalato), one of the front of Beli IV, which may have ended in success, but in a negligent way, just like Kadan found out about the right of the king's misfortune. Bliskavichny raid - and the Mongol peaks stand on the birch canals, which are on the island with the city, which stand on the new, overlooking the coast. All the crossings were made here, and Kadan was left with nothing, he threw himself into the sea, trying to reach the walls of Trau on horseback.
Having understood all the marnistness of your zusil, having tried "to save the guise". The Wislanian negotiator, shouting to the defenders of Trau the proposition to give up, do not hesitate until the Mongols pass to the island. Unfortunately for Kadan, the inhabitants of Trau did not quarrel at the sight of the Ugric king, who had already prepared the ship for the flight.
Shvidko take a place we can not bulo. At that very hour, it is obvious that Kadan was given a clear order - for any price to spite the king. Vіdіyshovshi to Croatia and Dalmatії, Kadan the whole birch tree hovered in panіvnih over the shores, mountains "five or six times going down to the mіst down". Zreshtoy arose to inspire yoga without bounds. Bela IV, obviously not choosing to go out of his island fortifications, and an hour later - standing up to the head forces of Batu, it became more and more. After trivaly and difficult thoughts, the Mongol prince spitting on everything.
Went once more to Trau and resolutely reached the point where the crossing was possible. Knowing їх equal to zero, straightening vin to pivden, to Bosnia and Serbia. Traveling to Raguzi, Kadan, having tried Bulo, take a place, ale, zgіdno with Tamas Spalatsky "zmіg zavdat only small poshkodzhen". Having continued the march to the shores of the Mongols, they finally found the places of Kotor, Svach and Drivasto. The mid-month became the last frontier for the Mongols to enter the country. Zvіdsi Mongols turned Skhіd і nevdovzі vyyshli near the border between Bulgaria and the Polovtsian steppe. The great retreat has ended.
Catholic Europe was not prepared for the battle with the hordes of Batu, although reports about their proximity had been around for a long time. It was known about the invasion of Russia in 1223; The same Georgian queen Rusudan wrote about the Mongols and Tatars. King Bela IV ruled Dominican and Franciscan missions for exploration; їх especially in the house of the mission of Dominican Julian. That same great khan himself wrote to the Ugric king, raising the order, guarding against accepting the Polovtsians, and telling him that the impersonal khan's embassies did not turn back from the Ugrian region.
Emperor Frederick II from the list to the English king Henry III called Bela in the absence of turbos. Frederick II himself also took off the leaves of the khan with great humility and nibito vіdpovіv not without irony, which, being a sign of birds, could almost become a khan's falconer. Vtіm, at the same time, they were biting, yakim viriv and tato, about the secret pleasing of the emperor and the khan - to signify the reliability of these bits would be a little more cicavo.
The conquest of Russia by the Mongol warriors, the invasion of Poland, the Ugrian region and other lands called out a panic in Europe. At the chronicle of the monastery of St. Panteleon (Cologne) it reads: “A significant fear of this barbarian people, having swarmed in the distant lands, not only France, but also Burgundy and Spain, as if the name of the Tatars was unknown.”
In the French chronicle, it is noted that the fear of the Mongols in France caused a new stagnation of trade; The English chronicler Matvey Parisiy recounts that the trade of England with the continent was interrupted for a certain hour, and in Nimechi, the prayer was called: "Lord, having spared us from the fierce Tatars."
The call of Beli IV for help and to the empire, and to the papacy gave rise to listing among the sovereign deacons, the analysis of which revealed a new marnist. From these lists, especially in the name of the envoy of Emperor Frederick II to the kings of England and France. The Emperor of the Ugrian region did not add, having surrounded himself with shouts, the papal defences, through the insignificance of the fire, could not go to respect. The closest sovereigns of the Ugrian region - Venice and Austria did not help Bela IV. Moreover, the Venetian chronicler Andriy Dandolo wrote: “Less calling for the Christian faith, the Venetians did not hurt even the king of Shkodi, although they could have done the opposite.”
The lands of Europe will remember for a long time the tastes of them, the Mongols themselves for a long time, right up to the beginning of the XIV century, vyklikatime fear, the prote of roughing (in the Ugrian region, during the war years and their uninterrupted past (hunger, ailment, the population was halved). Irrespective of the number of Mongol marches of the advancing ten years to Poland, the Ugrian region and Bulgaria, the invasion of such expansions will not be repeated in any way.
Dzherela and Literature:
1. Grekov Yakubovsky Golden Horde and the Fall.
2. Der Mongolensturm/Ungarns Geschichtsschreiber 3. Koln 1985
3. Karamzin N.M. History of the Russian state. vols.2-3 M.1991
4. Karamzin N.M. History of the Russian state. vol.4 M.1991
5. Die ungarische Bilderchronik. Budapest. 1961.
6. Pashuto V.T. Zovnishnya politics of Old Russia. M.1968