The redundancy is the method of ensuring the reliability of the system for the sake of increasing the number of additional features and capabilities that are superfluous in terms of the minimum to the minimum required, while the necessary functions are not. Reservation can be victorious as an increase in reliability, and an increase in accuracy, stability, reliability, and others. In addition to the replacement of the term "reservation", the phrase "introduction of supremacy" is victorious. Mіzh tsimi understand є richly sleepy, ale and vіdminnostі, that їх cannot be taken as synonyms. Under the epidemiological order, it is necessary to reconsider the transfer of weight, dimensions, productivity, vartosti and other technical and economic indicators to the minimum over the minimum necessary. It was understood that the proclamation of supermundaneness meant automatic polypshennia of evidence of superstition, credibility, and others. Sob polypshennya vіdbulosya, nebhіdno vіdpovіdnim rank to manage superfluous resources, create sevnі minds and rules of їх vykoristannya, and deyakіh vіpadkah i transfer special tehnіchіchnі аnd programmіn її їїї їїї її ї іх іх іхірівії. Even though it’s vikonano, the need for supra-worldliness becomes reserved, and even insults can be understood as synonyms.

You see, that method of reserving to make a difference in terms of availability and deposit, as in the type of characteristics, as it can be improved, so in the class of systems, for which vikoristovuetsya reservation. Structural, functional, temporal, informational, algorithmic reservations are to be built on the advancement of the reliability of control systems. Let's take a look at the report and see the reservation.

Structural redundancy. Structural redundancy (SR) is called the method of improving the reliability of technical features, which is used in the system of supplementary (reserve) elements, which are not necessary for the implementation of the system of functions, but rather the system is based on the input of the main elements. A characteristic feature of the SR is those that in an ideally superimposed system, all reserve elements can be removed from the system without degrading the capacity and functioning. You will need more than that, if the possibility of the main elements is important.

On top of the last system, in the system from the SR, do not have a command element to build up to the system, the shards of the system's robot are supported by the system reconfiguration (reconfiguration) of the structure and the connection of the backup elements. Vіdmova system naє only now, if the damage to the praxis in one of the main elements cannot be compensated for by one's own connection of the regular reserve element (group of elements).

The miraculous power of the SR, which explains its wide zastosuvannya, is those that introduce backup equipment, increasing the total intensity of the input elements (the main and the backup ones), essentially changing the intensity of the system inputs. As a reminder, other signs of superstition will be painted over. I, navpaki, on the front of the last system, de be-yak forgiveness for the sake of superficiality, in the reserved system of simplicity, by the way of the redundancy of the reserve elements, the signs of superficiality. For the presence of the flow of input elements, the SR allows you to ensure the uninterrupted operation of the system by stretching for an hour, which often reverses the average direction to the input of an unreserved system. In systems that add up a number of units that work at the same time with the same productivity, in which one of the units reduces the overall productivity of the system, SR stabilizes the productivity of the system.

For an effective selection of the SR, it is sometimes necessary to obtain other types of reservations, for example, timchas, in order to guarantee the timely detection of water and the timely connection of backup equipment. For these purposes, however, informational and algorithmic reservations are made.

Methods of structural reservation.

MSR differ:

Beyond the reservation scale;

Spivvіdnoshnyu kіlkostі main and reserve elements;

way of inclusion of the reserve;

operation mode of reserve elements;

Ways to connect backup equipment.

The redundancy is called “overhead”, as the entire sequential system is reserved, as separate (elemental), as the only elements of the sequential system are reserved, that group, as the group of elements of the system is reserved. The combination of the main and reserve elements, which replace one of the other with the addition of one of the elements, is called a reserved group. With a total reservation, the system has only one reserved group, with a separate one, the columns of the reserved groups, and the number of elements in the last system. With a group reservation, the number of reserved groups may have an intermediate value. The system with a structural reserve can only be used if the group needs to be reserved. In the structural scheme of the redundancy of the reserved group, it is sequentially, to mean the possibility of vindication of the reserve group can be assigned as:

Kovzne redundancy or ambiguous vіdpovіdnіstyu zasosuyut only if all the main elements of the system are the same. Reserve elements are not attached to the main elements, but can replace any of them.

The main parameter of structural reservation is the multiplicity k, which is the difference between the total number of similar elements n and the number r necessary for the functioning of the system of working elements:

The value of k can be big, like a shot, like In the rest of the fall, it’s impossible to be short.

For the method of enabling the reserve, the following are distinguished:

Reservation from permanently included reserve;

Reservation from included substitutions.

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Schemes of the central (a) and elemental (b) constant reservation are shown in fig. 4. When the main reserve elements (subsystems) are constantly turned on, they function one hour, starting from the moment the system is turned on (Fig. 4, a tab b). Permanent reservation is passive. When substitutions are turned on (Fig. 4 c and d), as active reservations, reserve elements (subsystems) are included in the work only after the main ones. Up to the stench they are rebuying at the station of savings (non-advantage reserve), partly switched on (relieved reserve) or more switched on (advantage reserve). With a navantage reserve, the reserve elements can be the same intensity as the main elements, tobto.

With a non-necessary reserve, the intensity of the reserve elements is significantly less, the lower intensity of the main elements, which is also taken into account in roses. Allowance reserve for loans in the interim position, if

The replacement of the main element, which made it possible for the reserve element, can be carried out manually, automatically and automatically. At the first moment, it is not necessary to have any equipment to chime, but to finish the great hour of chime. In case of automatic re-micking, a special re-micking machine is put in reserve. Vіn changes the hour of perekіkannya to dekіlkoh seconds or often seconds, however, he himself may endure. When napіvavtomatichnym remikannі part of the functions vikonuє automatic, іnsu - operator.

Shards of structural reservation due to additional vitrates of reserve elements, the rest may pay off the cost of increasing the reliability of the system and reducing the cost of water and air. The most simple for the indications of the effectiveness of the reservation is the following:

de - vigrash rahunok raising the average direction of the reserve system against the direction of the non-reserve system; - similar indications of the increase in the efficiency of silent work and the decrease in the efficiency of the mind. Reservation is more efficient, as the value of the indications is higher for a single person.

Hourly reservation (hourly reservation)

Reservation time (VR) is a way to improve reliability, with such a system in the process of functioning, it is possible to maintain the current hour, which is called a reserve, for updating technical characteristics. The reserve of the hour can be used to change the structural reserve, to reveal that the adoption of the views, the repetition of the work, the knowledge of the leaders, the improvement of the interest in the work place. You can specify a sprat for a backup hour.

A reserve for an hour can be made up of an hour that was seen by the system until the end of the day and called the operational hour. Vіn і when the stock of productivity of the whole system is equal to її okremih outbuildings, moreover, the increase in operational hours. The stock of productivity, in its own right, is due to the increase in swidcode elements or for the complexing of a few outbuildings (systems) of the same chi different productivity to the end of the wild plant.

In systems, the result of the work of which is estimated by the totality of the processed (processed) product, the reserve can be created by the hour of the internal stocks of the output products. In ASOІU, such products are information, in energy supply systems - electric energy, in water supply systems - water resources, in machine-building enterprises - parts, vuzli, fit it. For zberіgannya zapas_v spetsіgannі storаіvаchі іn transfer: zamem'yatovoyuchi pristroї, accumulator batteries, reservoirs, bunkers and ін. precedent.

Another time reserve is the functional inertia of the processes that take place in the system. For rich technical systems, minor interruptions are allowed, so they run without loss of functionality (as long as the parameters are changed at the margins of the tolerances), so you can vikoristovuvatime її pratsezdatnosti. Such power may be automated process control systems, thermostatic control systems, dispatcher control, life safety of lethal and other rukhomi devices and others.

For systems with VR, the disruption of performance is not obligatory supported by the second system to navigate for the last order of її elements; Vіdmova СЗР - podіya, scho pojagaє at the broken pratsezdatnosti, scho vyklkaє unacceptable nasledki or unsustainable for admissible hour. The reliability of the SZR is assessed by the results of the installation of time limits on the entire trajectory of the functioning, or the results of the completion of the current plant.

The manager asks:

Consequence and obsyago robit;

Restoring moments on the cob and completing the stages of work;

Exchanges of vikoristannya rіznih resourіv, yakі maє system;

Exchanges for mutual assistance and mutual assistance of various outbuildings.

That is why the task is divided:

One-stage;

Bagatoetapnі;

brigade;

individual (autonomous);

Group;

Enter to the cob of the robotic system (behind the layout);

Enter the process of the robotic system (at the right time for applications). Vikonannya zavdannya - tse podia, which works at the completion of the given obligatory work with the installed exchanges for an hour, vikonannya all works and okremih їkh stapіv that at vikonanny could to the extent and rhythmicity of the robotic system. The damage to the installations could be such that the border is accepted as a vision of functioning. To that, the Vіdmova SZR can be considered as a podіya, which is done negajno or with some kind of obstruction until the sight of the plant, until the sight of the function.

For the establishment of a sign of the introduction of plant protection products, it is necessary to keep statistics on the hour spent, conduct special measurements, for example, stockpiles of products. Structurally, in the narrower form of the SZR, it can be seen as the totality of the output object and the reserve hour (Fig. 5).

After the system starts working, the reserve for an hour. View systems can be challenged for legacy. Yakshcho vіdmova viklkaє more than a hiccup vykonannya zavdannya, but not to repeat the work until it is repeated, it is called a non-depreciating order. Otherwise, yoga is called knowledgeable or destructive. Znetsіnennya vykonanyh robіt can be more private. At the link with the presence of knowing signs, the entire direction of the system is subdivided into the core of that sign. Let's take a look at the direction, do not recognize the guide systems, but show the direction - the same direction, not included before the core. Reservations for an hour are widely used in computers, counting lines, and communication systems. Particularly effective - zastosuvannya VR to fight with these problems and shifts. It often wins and improves the efficiency of other types of reservation.

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Timing Reservation Method

On the method of time-based reservation, the classification of methods of structural reservation is often broadened. Among the methods of VR, you can see more widely, separately, in groups, with a whole and a shot multiplicity. With a massive reservation of creations, a reserve of an hour can be won by any element of the system. With a separate VR, the leather element is provided with a high reserve of time, which can be overcome by other elements. With a group VR, a reserve hour is assigned for any element that must be included before the group, and it is not possible for the elements to be included in the group. Multiplicity of VR - the value of the reserve hour before the minimum hour of the day of the appointment. We may buti tsilim or dribnim.

According to the possibility of improvement in the process of the system functioning with a reserve hour (ZVR), a reserve hour is divided, which does not increase and increase. An unpopular reserve is created behind the clock, until the beginning of the work, and does not grow until the hour of the meeting. In case of a practical state of all elements of the system, the current value of the reserve hour does not change, and with the replacement of elements, it can change in a stream-like manner (when the variables are known) or in a linear fallow in the hour with a non-productive state of the system. Popovnyuvany reserve growth for deakim law under pratsezdatnogo stanі vsієї systems, as well as pіd vіdnovlennyа pіdnovlennya prаtsezdatnostі deyakyh elementіv, scho vіdmovili. The meeting of the replenishment of the reserve is renewed until the beginning of the day by the strip committee after the completion of the repair. In one and the same system, insults can be victorious, see if there is a reserve for an hour - they also call it a combination of changes. With a separate or a group reservation, it is possible to supplement the exchange at any time and replenish that reserve hour. And here yoga is called a reserve with collapsible exchanges.

Like in case of structural reservation, according to the type of structure, CPPs are distinguished with successive, parallel, serial-parallel elements, as well as CPPs with a mesh structure. However, there are some special features here. So, there are two different types of the last step: the main one and the rich phase. With the main accumulation in the system, there are daily accumulating products (Fig. 6, a).

Rice. 6

With a rich-phase z'ednanny in the system, є, prinaimnі, one accumulative. The number of phases is determined as the number of accumulators, less per unit (Fig. 6, b). In parallel, there are also two different ways: reserve and rich canal. In case of a backup backup, it is clear the authority of the main and backup elements. Pratsezdatnі main elements are re-buyed by robots. Reserve elements, independent of the mode (navantage, non-advantage, lightened), do not turn on until the operation, while the main elements are in operation (Fig. 6, c). In case of a rich-channel connection, the main and reserve elements are not separated. All elements included in parallel take part in the robot, and the results of their robots, however, win in the molding of the results of the robot and the entire system. If the elements are characterized by productivity (capacity building, speed code, tightness, then the system with rich channels of elements can create a reserve of productivity, on the system with the minimum required number of elements (Fig. Apply SZR with sequential-parallel and parallel-sequential elements shown in fig. 6, d-z. Recursively, you can induce folded structures.

Functional redundancy

Funktsіonalnim rezervuvannyam (RF) nazivayut sposіb pіdvischennya nadіynostі scho vikoristovuє vlastivіst tehnіchnih systems (a takozh zhivih organіzmіv, bіologіchnih i sotsіalnih systems) zabezpechuvati at vіdmovi elementіv bezvіdmovne funktsіonuvannya for rakhunok pererozpodіlu funktsіy i bіlsh іntensivnoї robot elementіv scho vikonuvali vschent tіlki svoї osnovnі funktsії. Vikonuvat additional functions of the stench of the building is less time-consuming, and it can be accompanied by some deterioration in the work’s hardness, but at the borders. With FR, the system does not have any “loose” elements - all necessary for the implementation of the required set of functions. A characteristic feature of this type of reservation is those that can’t be seen from an ideally superimposed system, without having to redistribute the functions of the elements and increase their functional focus even on a permanent basis, perhaps, instead of switching to a larger robotic mode.

Zastosuvannya FR sound accompanied by the introduction of informational and algorithmic extramundane.

Information reservation

Modern technology of management and informational-vicislyuvalny tekhnіtsі informational supremacy and information reservation are vicorous for the richness of characteristics. There are indications of reliability, reliability of processing and transmission, accuracy of calculation, productivity. Ways of conveying informational supremacy are more varied. Informational transcendence is based on the appearance of transcendentity of internal informational movement and data transmission, at the appearance of transcendentity of zavadostiyk codes. You can enter both the overworld of data arrays in the data warehouse for the data file, and as the overworld of the file structure of the EOM memory. It can be said with confidence that without informational supermundaneness in this and other forms it is impossible to reveal the same informational process in ASOIU. Often, without informational supremacy, it is not possible to win any other kind of reservation. Not relying on indirect methods to inject informational supremacy into displays of superstitiousness, it seems to be less than the main methods of direct injection. Information superficiality (ІІ) changes:

Potik vіdmov system, oskolki all vіdmovi elementіv become vіdmovym system; as a consequence of the influence of the element, it is possible to use the rahunok II, the wine is not respected by the air system;

the hour of remembrance of the change of work, the signing of the spirit; at the same time, the hour changes, which is spent on repetition of the important part of the work, and the correction is increased;

The hour of remembrance for the rahunok is fast, the hour is revealed for the sake of injustice.

Algorithmic reservation (AR)

To stand in front of the system, it is necessary not only to provide information about the nature and mind of the supervisor, about the processes that are involved in the system and to the most important middle, but also to ensure the processing of the function of the algorithm. The skin system can match the minimal folding algorithm. All other algorithms that avenge the additional number of operators, equal to the minimum algorithm, will be overworld. AR is to be introduced for sub-adjustment of reshkod and vipadkovy oburen, caused by zokrema, vіdmovy elements of equipment. Vono wins at the vzaєmodії koїtsya with other types of reservation and hour є necessary mental implementation.

4 Investigation of the reliability of systems, which are not supported, with a permanent reserve

Zagalne postyne reserving z multiplicity. Imovirnіst vіdmovі Q p paralіlіh prаtsyuyuchih elementіv at r = 1 vznaєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєєі ідмія (2), zvіdki for іnіnоnadіyskih elementіv

The lesser the efficiency of the skin elements, the greater the efficiency of the post-reservation. So, if q = 0.1 and 0.01, and k = 1, then the difference between the reduced capacity of the reserve and the reserve warehouse is 10 and 100. under the exponential law, the hour of the їhnої bezvіdmovnої work was divided. As the intensity of the appearance of the skin elements, then it is possible with (1.12), (1.21), (1.22)

Graphs of change in P P (t/) ta r (t/)/ fallow in the multiplicity of reservation and trivality of the robotic system are presented in fig. 7. The stench will show that a permanent reservation is effective on the cob space of the robotic system, if t.

For a group of reserved elements in the middle of the route to the service

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The work of the analyzed group of reserved elements is characterized by the last transition in the world of vindication of the elements in the form of working elements up to t-1, t-2 and farther one, the rest of the transition to the top of the whole group. Qiu sequence of transitions in the illustration of the graph, filings in fig. 8. At the moment of change at the hour t 1 t 2 and so on, there are several elements, the number of working elements n(t) is progressively reduced. Oskilki on the skin of the women T 1 \u003d t 1, T 2 \u003d t 2 - t 1 and so on. ..,T t can be exponentially divided by the intensities of the waves, m, (t-1), ..., and the average trivality 1 = 1/(m), 2 = 1/[(t-1)], = 1 / . The scaling values ​​of the average direction to the group of reserved elements are shown as 1/(m)+1/[(t-1)]+ 1/.

Rice. eight

Reservation of bipolar elements. Most of the reserve elements are connected in parallel to the main one. However, when differentiating the types of vision, the reservation on the skin can be affected by different methods of including reserve elements. The most characteristic feature of this type is the reservation of elements with the type of "shave" and "short twitches" (KZ). For two-pole elements of the relay type, which can have two possible stations 1 and 0, it is necessary for the presence of the signal and the difference for the presence of the rest.

In the event of a subsequent connection of relay elements (Fig. 9, a), it is not possible to bring any of the elements to the presence of a lance between points a and b. In such a rank, for which mind, the last order of the relay elements is the main one. For the type of pardon, the last order is the reserve one, but the shards of this type of lansyga mother are no more suitable for the case of two elements.

Rice. nine

From the point of view, it is clear that two structural schemes correspond to the very same element of these species. In the event of a subsequent connection of relay elements, a reservation is made for short-circuit type inputs. Yakshcho ymovirnist v_dmov tsgogo for the skin element q, then B a = q/q 2 = q -1. For types of urvish, then the last inclusion of relay elements should be brought up to an increase in the efficiency of viniknennya vydmov type of lansyug. With a parallel connection of relay elements (Fig. 9, b), a reservation is created for the type of shaving with efficiency B Q = 1/q, and for the type of short circuit, the redundancy is reduced.

Reservation from shot multiple. When redundant with a fractional multiplicity, the system can function, as if there are r of the same type of working elements in parallel at the manufacturing station. The system manages, like the number of elements z, what they learned, stored. Vikoristovuyuchi method for enumeration of stations, it is significant the possibility of such a system

At the skin stage, the number of practical elements should be n - z, and the number of omovirn_st of the camp, then

de C n z = n! / - The number of z p elements by z, moreover, 0! = 1; =1. At<<1 .

Under the exponential law, the hour of the silent work and the intensity of the appearance of the skin elements

If the system without a reserve includes r working elements, then the capacity of the output system in terms of the efficiency of the reservation becomes 1-(1-q) r . So, if the system includes three parallel working elements i r = 2, then at q = 0.1, k = 1/2, m = 2 it is (11)

A variety of permanent reservations with fractional multiplicity - reservations for the voting of the best (majority). The block diagram of the system, which uses the backup method, is shown in fig. 10. In parallel, the number of elements is unpaired, their output signals x 1 , x 2 ,..., x n go to the input of the voting element G (quorum element), the output signal of which is generated from the signal of the greater number of elements. In systems with such a reservation method, three elements are sounded, which are less than five. For practical purposes, the system will need the correct work of more elements. Vіdmova system is determined by the number of vіdmov z m = (n + 1)/2.

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Rice. eleven

The mobility of the system with the majority reservations with n = 3 and n = 5 equal elements of the code (10) becomes viable:

Q 3 \u003d 3q 2 - 2q 3; Q 5 \u003d 10q 3 - 15q 4 + 6q5. (12)

The efficiency of this reservation method for n=3 becomes B Q = q / (3q 2 - 2q 3) = 1 / (3q - 2q 2). Yakscho q< 0,5, резервирование эффективно, при q = 0,5 надежность системы при резервировании не изменяется, а при q >0.5 reservation to bring down the cost.

Majority reservations are widely occupied in systems for the protection of reactors and heat engineering. So, the system of zahistu from the relocation of the vise of the drum of the boiler is shown in fig. 11, and includes electrical contact pressure gauges M1, M2, M3, power relay CP and electric valve for dropping pressure K. The scheme of connection of contacts of manometers is shown in fig. 11b. Strum through the winding of the power relay SR flows when two pairs of contacts are muted, a special quorum element is not needed in such systems. In view of the “negative spratsovuvannya” or “non-practical” in the system, they are blamed for two or three manometers, so this way of reservation is equal for both types of gauges.

Rice. 12

Element redundancy. The reliability of the system, which is to avenge groups of elements, or to create elements with element-by-element reservations, is to be secured for the help of formulas of a global constant reservation (1), (2), (10). So, as the system is composed of s p dіlyanok z elementwise redundancy by the whole multiplicity k i , then the ability of the silent robotic system

de q ij - availability of the j-th element, which should be included before the i-ї reservation station.

For the equal efficiency of the single and elemental reservation, it is necessary to equalize the combination of two systems, which include the same n (k + 1) number of equal elements (Fig. 12). In the first mode (Fig. 12, a) there is an overall reservation of the system with a p element in a multiplicity of k, in another mode (Fig. 1 2, b) with an element-by-element reservation of the skin with elements of the system, there can be k reserve ones.

Imovirnіst vіdmovi sistemy іz zagalnym reservirovaniyam

Considering the possibility of using skin products q<<1 и (1- q) n 1 - nq, получаем. Для раздельного резервирования, используя (13) и считая q<<1, получаем

Efficiency of the element-by-element redundancy is equal to the main values ​​n k . With the increase in depth and multiplicity k of the reserve, the effectiveness of the increase. The selection of the elemental reservation is related to the introduction of additional elements, which are connected, which may be surrounded by the surplus. In connection with cym, the optimal depth of reservation is n opt, when n>n opt, the efficiency of the reservation is reduced.

Razdіl duzhe simple at vikoristannі. At the proponed field, it is enough to enter the required word, and we can see a list of its meaning. I would like to point out that our site provides data from different gerels - encyclopedic, tlumachny, word-creating dictionaries. So here you can learn from the butts of living the word you entered.

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Meaning of the word reservation

reservation at the crossword dictionary

reservation

New Tlumach-word-creating dictionary of Russian, T. F. Efremov.

Encyclopedic dictionary, 1998

reservation

in tekhnіtsі - a method of advancing the superiority of a technical object for additional introduction to the th warehouse of additional outbuildings, vuzlіv i zv'yazkіv, signs for quick replacement (automatically or manually) of similar elements of the main possession, which went out of tune. Reservations are made, for example, in accounting systems, spacecraft control systems.

Reservation

An effective method of advancing the reliability of technical attachments for the additional introduction of an additional number of elements and links in the pairs with the minimum necessary for the implementation of the tasks of the functions in these minds of the robot. The elements of the minimized structure I will add, which will ensure its practicality, are called the main elements (OE); Reserve elements (RE) are called elements, which are recognized for the safety of the practicality of the building at the time of the OE. R. is classified as a low sign, the main ones are R. riven, R. multiplicity, PE class until the moment it is turned on at the robot, the ability to work in a single work OE and PE from overhead ventures, the ability to capture OE and PE.

For equal R. yogo, it is divided on the ground, for which the reserve is transferred at different times of the object, and separately, for which the other parts of the object (blocks, vuzli, elements) are reserved; it is also possible to use a wild tarot R. ≈ t.z. zmіshane R. Under the multiplicity of R. to reconcile the number of PE to OE add. One-time R. is called duplication. I’ll start PE dosi included in the work to separate the reserve of vanishings, for which PE vanishings are like i, like OE, relief, if PE vanishing is less, lower OE, and non-vanishings, for which PE there is little vanity. Possibility of joint work of PE and OE from the overarching needs is determined by the building of elements, which are immediately connected to the need, not by the reserve group. R. to deposit also in the way of s'dnannya OE and PE at the warehouse of the reserved group. With a permanent method of adding all the elements - OE, and PE - connected to a wild ambition, I will build a work for an hour. In the case of a sudden change of mind, only the right elements are left behind, and the element, which has been moved, is included in it. When nap_vz_shchennі on the cob, the robots start from overhead vantazhennjam less than the reference OE, and when one of them is connected, PE is connected, but OE, which is done, is not included. When replacing the work on the cob to the infamous ambition, it is also connected to the reference OE; if one of them is driven, then PE is connected to the advancement, and OE, which is driven, is turned on. Switching on is quiet, which is controlled by OE and connecting RE is switched on manually or automatically; at the same time, it is necessary to have a vіdpovіdny attachment, the arbitrariness of which may be covered under the hour of the design of the object.

In practice, the possibility of zastosuvannya R. is surrounded by permissible values ​​of mass, obsyagu, vartosti or other. parametrіv I will add what is reserved. Therefore, it is possible to solve the problem of optimal R., which has two aspects: the safety of the maximum value of the indicator of reliability at a given value of the intermediate factor, and the safety of the tasks of the value of the indicator of reliability at the minimum value of the factor that is intermediate.

Look at the R.'s view to the so-called structural R., as it is the widest. Іsnuyut that іn. see R., for example, according to the prospect, timchasov, etc.

Lit.: Kozlov Bi. A., Ushakov I. A., A short story about the reliability of radio-electronic equipment, M., 1966.

V. N. Fomin.

Wikipedia

Reservation (value)

• Redundancy - ensuring the reliability of the system by means of duplication of secondary subsystems.
• Reservation of the goods at the warehouse or receipt - div.
• The norm of obov'azkovyh reserves - part of the goiter of a commercial bank for deposits received by him, as the bank can keep the reserve from the central bank
• Reserve support for the singing obsyaz.

Reservation

Reservationє the universal principle of the security of supremacy, widely planted in nature, technology and technology, which has expanded over the years on other sides of human life.

Apply words: reservation in literature.

SRSR is a mobile, powerful, richly processor-based, highly productive computational system inspired by the modular principle, with a highly efficient system of automatic reservation, which is based on hardware control and safety, the possibility of renewing the process of control in case of failures of that power equipment, which works in a wide range of climatic and mechanical injections, with the help of mathematical security and programming system.

Upward created the car with automatic reservations on equal modules and ensuring the implementation of the calculation process in case of failures and other equipment in control systems that work in real time.

Press, schob timchasovo fence reservation a resource with a variety of mail files

Notes that are necessary to modify the oscillators of the vimoga before installation are changed in the same modification to the next, the only permanent element is the need to variate outside reservation your system.

Reservation Such modifications make the process of re-installation easier, as if creating a redundant environment, such as including only those parts of the root file system, so that you can change your settings.

Modular vikonannya allows the implementation of different configuration options for vicorous electric power systems reservation who reaches the highest level of superstition of outbuildings.

For the security of high reliability, electric power outbuildings are installed, which vicorist reservation attaching automation and zahistu.

Advantages of splitting file systems: Easier to install reservation systems.

Possibility of an automatic shoemaker reservation machines at the system.

Modifications that require this type reservation, vibrating yoga automatically, ring out the request for your add-on.

Topics describe how to localize problems with planning reservations resources.

Scheduled maintenance took place on the cable connection, I had a chance to tinker with reservations, ale at once, everything is already harazd.

SRSR mobile keruyuchiy rich processing complex on integrated circuits with automatic reservations on equal modules, productivity 1.5 mln.

take reservation allows you not only to detect their troubles, but also to carry out automatic notification after a trouble, that will ensure the guiltily high level of reliability of robotic processors.

Vіdpovіdno to GOST 27.002-89, reservations are called zasosuvannya datkovyh zabіv and (or) possibilities with the method of saving the cost of the object at the time of the introduction of one or more dekilkoh yoga elements. In this way, reservation is a purposeful method of promoting the superficiality of an object along the path of introducing superhumanity. At its own discretion, supremacy - ce dodatkovі zasobi and (or) possiblity, arrogantly necessary for the implementation of the object of the tasks of the functions. The introduction of superworldliness is ensured by the normal functioning of the object after the introduction of superficiality in its elements.

Reservation methods are subdivided according to the type of reservation, the method of adding elements, the multiplicity of reservation, the method of switching on the reserve, the mode of yoga robot and backup (Fig. 7.1).

Before additional benefits and capacities, when reserving, elements are introduced that are introduced into the structure of the system as a reserve, functional and informational capabilities and capacity, overtime and reserves of navantage building. On a kshtalt of additional funds, they are divided in such a way that reservations are made.

Functional redundancy - tse redundancy, for which the function is set, it can be changed in different ways and technical methods. For example, for the implementation of the transmission function in the automated control system, radio channels, telegraph, telephone and other calls can be made; to this, in this way, the average indications of superstition (medium directing to the mind, the ability to work without help) are becoming uninformative and insufficiently adventitious. The most suitable for evaluating the functional reliability is the possibility of the end of the function, the average hour of the end of the function, the coefficient of readiness for the end of the function.

Informational reservation - the purpose of reservation due to the accumulation of overworld information. The butts of such a reservation are: bagatorazov transmission of the very same notification over the communication channel; zastosuvannya when transmitting information channels zv'yazyk raznih kodіv, scho display and correct pardons, yakі z'yavlyayutsya as a result of the inputs of the equipment and infusion of the code change; introduction of superfluous information symbols during processing, transmission and display of information. Too much information allows in this world to compensate for the current information that is being transmitted, or to use it.

Timing reservations are tied to the best reservations for an hour. With whom it is said that an hour is given for the execution of the object of the necessary work, which is more than the minimum necessary. Reserve an hour can be created with additional promotion of the productivity of the object, the inertia of its elements.

Navantage reservation - all reservations from the stasis of advance reserves. It’s safe to use optimal stocks of building elements to show the vanity, what to put on them, or to introduce into the system of supplementary zahishnyh and rozvantzhuvalnyh elements for the protection of the main elements of the system, to put them on the vanity.

Assigned views can be booked either up to the system as a whole or up to four elements or groups. For the first type, the reservation is called hot, for the other - split. Reservations due to different types are called canceled.

After the way of switching on the reserve, a constant and dynamic reservation is made.

Permanent redundancy is established without restoring the structure of the system at the time of the change of the element. For this type of reservation, it is characteristic that there are no special attachments for the main element, to introduce a reserve element for the main element, as well as a break for the robot (Fig. 7.2 and 7.3).

Dynamic redundancy is based on the structure of the system at the time of the different elements.

Permanent reservation є parallel or subsequent concatenation of elements without alternate switching outbuildings; with dynamic redundancy, the need for jumpers is added, which reacts with the input of elements.

Often dynamic redundancy is reserved for substitutes, in which the functions of the main element in different versions are transferred to the backup. Reservation with the included reserve for replacements (Fig. 7.4 and 7.5) may occur:

Do not break the mode of work and reserve;

It is important to take care of the reliability of the reserve elements, the shards for the hour of the work of the main elements are rebuyed at the non-working station;

Allows you to win a reserve element in the Lanciugs on a sprat of the main elements.

With a hundred short reservations for replacements, the need for switching outbuildings. In case of separate redundancy, the number of switching attachments to a larger number of main elements, which can significantly reduce the reliability of the system. Therefore, to reserve the substitutions for a relatively large university, or the whole system, with which the superstition of the outbuildings, which permikayut, is obliged to dosit high.

Let's expand the type of reservation for substitutions - forging reservations, when a group of the main elements of the system is reserved by one or more reserve elements, for example, you can replace any of the main elements, which can be added to this group (Fig. 7.6).

Depending on the mode of operation and reserve elements, the main element is divided into the following types of reserve:

Nawants (one or more of the reserve elements are changed from the mode of the main element);

Relief (one or more of the reserve elements are changed to a lesser preferred mode, the lower main element);

Unsuccessful (one or more of the reserve elements are in the unvanquished mode until they lose the functions of the main element).

Majority reservations (with voting rights) are widely used in control systems. This method of foundation on the basis of a supplementary element, which is called the majority or logical one (Fig. 7.7). You can send signals to this element, which are to be found in the elements, which to fix that very function. As the results of the division are saved, the stench is passed on to the outhouse.

On fig. 7.7 shows the majority reservation according to the principle of “2 out of 3”, so that if two are chosen, the results from three are respected as true and go to the outbuilding. Behind this principle, a lot of schemes of subsystems of control systems and protection (CPS) were motivated. The main priority of the majority reservation is to ensure the promotion of reliability for any kind of elements and the promotion of the reliability of informational-logical objects.

Reserve elements are differentiated for equal reliability. Elements of the reserve reserve can be the very same level of supremacy (securitylessness, durability and storage), like the main elements of the object, which are reserved by them, the shards of the resource of the reserve elements are treated the same way, like the main ones. Elements of the facilitated reserve may be more high rіven nadіynostі, oskolki іntensivnіst іntensіvnіnі іtrati іntensіvnіnіnі іtrati іn resource of the reserve ііnіtіv dosi іkh zamіst' yakі vіdmovіvі elements significantly lower, nizh in the main ones. With an unclaimed reserve, the resource of reserve elements begins to be used up practically only from the moment of switching on their replacement elements, which were removed.

According to the method of reservation of an object (an element of an object), there are separate reservations and separate reservations. In the event of a total reservation, the object is reserved as a whole, the replacement of one object is transferred for one hour operation of two or more objects, of the same type or similar for the functions that are consigned. Tsey sposіb dosit forgiveness; wines are widely used when reserving the most advanced systems. In case of a separate reservation, only a few elements of the object or a group of elements are reserved, sounding in the object; Okremo can be reserved like the rest of the elements of the system, and complete the great її parts (blocks).

Dynamic redundancy can be diversified and overhead, allowing the replacement of reserve elements in the forwarded, and in the lightened and unloaded reserve, which, in its own right, allows you to save the resource of the reserve elements, increase the reliability of the electrical system and save the energy consumption.

When redundant substitutions can be made, there is no need for redundancy, which will ensure the necessary reliability of the system for the minimum cost and a slight increase in weight and dimensions. Before a short period of dynamic backup, replacements should be aware of the need for alternate switching attachments, interrupting the robot when switching to backup elements, as well as the system asking for an element or a block, which led to lowering the reliability of the entire redundant system. Tsej sposіb dotsіlno zastosovuvat for reserving the great functional nodes and blocks of folding electrical systems.

A permanent reservation, which transfers a permanent connection of reserve elements with the main ones, is astonished by simplicity. With such a look, there is no need for an outbuilding to make noise. At different times of the main element, the system continues to work normally without interrupting the flicker. Up to a short period of permanent reservation, it is necessary to increase the cost of the resource of reserve elements and change the parameters of the node, which is reserved when the elements are added. This type of redundancy is found in secondary systems, for which it is unacceptable to have a short break in the robot, as well as in the case of backup of other elements - nodes, blocks and elements of electronic equipment SA (resistors, capacitors, diodes).

Reservation of radio elements, which enter before the block, which can lead to especially unsafe naslіdkіv, zdіysnyuєtsya z urakhuvannya possibilty like short flicker, and shaving elements. Reservation during shaving of elements is connected to their parallel circuits, in case of short flickering - to the last circuits, regardless of whether the power element is being used, but the electric lance of the other successively connected elements will not be damaged. For example, a permanently separate redundancy of a diode with a voltage reserve when there is a short circuit (short circuit), shaving or short circuit and shaving is connected to the switching on of the reserve diodes in series, in parallel and in series-parallel to the main one (Fig. 7.8, a-c).

Zagale postiyne reservirovaniya vpryamljacha VD zavantazhenim reserve vykonuetsya parallel to the included reserve; in this way they are victorious to prevent the passage of the struma of the reserve straighter through the outer lance of the straighter, which is driven (Fig. 7.9).

The main reservation and directing with an undesirable reserve is used for an additional switch P, which removes the signal about the input and sends the key signal YC to the switch QW to turn on the switch, which turns on the reserve (Fig. 7.10).

Permanent redundancy can be connected by a path of parallel or sequential connection to the main element (system) of one or more backup ones, which are connected with the main element (system) of the function. Such a reservation is made, for example, with parallel robots counting machines, SA blocks, resistors, as well as with successive switching on of diodes, contacts, which are switched on, capacitors, etc. In fig. On 7.11, a number of options for the reservation of capacitors were introduced.

In the case of a permanent reservation in the boundary depressions, it is possible to have a short hum or to cut off one or a few elements, which can be protected during the design of the system. To protect these negative phenomena, intermediate supports are introduced, split transformers are switched on, and the tolerances of other parameters of the system and other are also increased.

In this hour, for evaluating the superiority of the system, the following criterion is won: the system is considered absolutely superior, as if it were not necessary to bring any element to the top of the whole system. The implementation of this criterion is practically based on the path of the elemental chi of the block-by-block reservation.

The dominance of different types of reservation can be revealed by analyzing the vibrancy of the system's superiority for the main characteristics of the system. We estimate the effectiveness of various methods of reservation, having taken the efficiency and average charge of the charge as criteria for quality and having made such an allowance:

Usі elements of the system may be equal nadіynіst;

The flow of the elements is the simplest;

The multiplicity of reservation of all elements is the same.

Thus, when accepted allowances, the flexibility and average direction of the entire non-reserved system are expressed by the formulas:

then win the reliability of the redundant system equal to the non-reserved cost:

From the analysis of Fig. 7.12-7.14 you can make such important braces as for the powers of the reservation.

1. Regardless of the traffic intensity of a non-redundant system, the traffic intensity of a redundant system will always start from zero. In the world of increased operating hours of the system, the intensity of the traffic of the redundant system is asymptotically equal to the average intensity of the traffic of the non-redundant system. When redundant with a fractional multiplicity, the intensity of the redundant system's outputs at the highest values ​​/ may be greater than the intensity of the outputs of the non-reserved system. This means that the system, to the extent that it is backed up with a fractional multiplicity, may be less than redundant, lower unreserved.

2. 3 fig. 7.15 it can be seen that it is so critical to the hour of work, more than any reservation with a shot multiplicity is not enough.

3. Increase the reliability for the capacity of the system more, the less the intensity of the performance of the non-redundant system, i.e., the greater the capacity of the system is reserved. This is the main cleaning of the reservation. It is necessary to build up to the fact that the increase in the reliability of the systems of the thriving winnowing requires a high multiplicity of reservations.

4. In the event of a reservation, the crime of a wicked, significant increase in the mass of the system, bring it to a lesser significant increase in the average direction to a release.

Reservation- a method of increasing the object's superficiality to the provision of additional elements and functional capabilities over the minimum necessary normal vikonanniya of the task functions. At this point, the vіdmova nastaє only after the replacement of the main element and all the reserve elements.

The system can be detected from low levels, which can be improved by other functions. The reservation manager is responsible for such a quantity of reserve features on the skin stage, as a safe task for the reliability of the system for the least vartost.

The choice of the best option is to lay the head rank in view of the increase in reliability, as it can be reached with the given vitrata.

Main element- An element of the main physical structure of the object, the minimum necessary for a normal functioning of the object of the day.

Reserve element - an element that is assigned to the safety of the object's practicality at different times of the main element.

Vidi Reservation

Structural (elementary) reservation - a way to promote the superfluousness of the object, which transfers the selection of superfluous elements, as a way to enter the physical structure of the object. Be sure to connect to the main backup equipment so that when the main equipment is connected, the backup continues to function.

Redundant functionality- the method of increasing the superficiality of the object, which transfers the building of the building elements to the development of the additional functions of replacing the main ones in order with them.

Timing reservation- a method of promoting the superficiality of the object, which transfers the victory over the superfluous hour, seen on the vikonanny day. Otherwise, it seems, time-based reservation - such a planning of a robotic system, which creates a reserve of a working day for tasks. The reserve hour can be used to repeat the operation, or to recover from an object failure.

Information reservation- a method of promoting the superficiality of the object, which conveys the superiority of the supra-world information over the minimum necessary vikonannya task.
Navantage reservation - a way to increase the object's superiority, which conveys the possibility of accepting additional advantages over the nominal ones.
From the position of rozrahunka and the security of the reliability of technical systems, it is necessary to look at the structural reservation.

4.4.2. Structural redundancy methods

For the way of connection of reserve elements and attachments, such methods of reservation are distinguished (Fig. 4.4.1).

Rice. 4.4.1. Structural redundancy methods

Reservation is separate (elemental) from the permanent inclusion of reserve elements (Fig. 4.4.2).
Such a reservation is possible only if the connection of the reserve element does not directly change the working mode of the building. The priority of yogo is the constant readiness of the reserve element, the time to spend an hour for a change. Nedolik - a reserve element of a stained glass resource as a basic element.

Reservation is separate from the substituting element, which has been changed, by one reserve element (Fig. 4.4.3). This is the way of reservation, in which the okre elements of the object of any group are reserved.

In each case, the reserve element is rebuyed in a different stage of readiness until the main element is replaced. The usefulness of this method is a reserve element that saves your working resource, or you can use victories for victoring an independent task. The mode of the main outbuilding does not work. Nedolik - the need to spend an hour to connect the backup element. Reserve elements can be less, lower than the main ones.

The extension of the number of reserve elements to the reservation ones is called the reservation multiple - m. When reserving with a whole multiple, the value m is a whole number, when reserving with a fractional multiplicity, the value m is a fractional number, which does not shorten. For example, m = 4/2 means the presence of reservations with a fractional multiplicity, for which the number of reserve elements is more than chotirma, the number of main elements is two, and the total number of elements is one six. It is not possible to shorten drіb, shards like m = 4/2 = 2/1, tse means that there can be a reservation with a whole multiple, for which the number of reserve elements is more than two, and the total number of elements is more than three.

When the reserve is enabled, after the method of replacing the reserve elements, until the moment they are included in the work, they can be in three countries:
- to the available reserve;
- Relief reserve;
- Unwanted reserve.
Availability reserve is a reserve element, which is the main one for that mode.
The relief reserve is a reserve element, which is less important for a lesser, lower main one.
A non-profit reserve is a reserve element that practically does not carry a burden.
Reservation of hot water with permanent connections or replacements (Fig. 4.4.4). In this way, the object as a whole is reserved, and as a reserve, a similar folding attachment is made. This method is less economical, less reservable. If, for example, the first main element is blamed, it is necessary to connect the entire technological reserve lance.

Rice. 4.4.4. Reservation hot

Majoritarian reservation ("voting" n of m elements) (Fig. 4.4.5). This way of foundations on zastosuvanni dodatkovogo element - it is called the majority or logical or quorum element. Vіn allows you to conduct a sequence of signals, which should be in the elements, which will set the very function. As the results are collected, the stench is passed on to the building. On fig. 4.4.5 shows the reservation for the principle of voting "two out of three", that is. be it two zbіgayutsya results from three vvazhayutsya true and pass on the outbuilding. You can zastosovuvati spіvvіdnoshennia three z pyati that іn. The main advantage of this method is to ensure the promotion of arrogance for any species of working elements. Whether any kind of single input element is not dependent on the final result.

Rice. 4.4.5. Majority reservation

Classification of methods of reservation

DEVELOPMENT OF RELIABILITY

RESERVATION AS OPTION

Reservation– this is one of the main reasons for the safety of a given level of superficiality (especially bezvіdmovnosti) of an object in case of insufficient superficial elements.

Reservation - ce zastosuvannya of additional benefits and (or) possibilities with the method of saving the practical cost of the object with the introduction of one or more elements. Incl. - the whole method of promoting the reliability of the object by the way supermundane. Have your own superiority - tse dodatkovі zasobi and (or) the ability to superimmanently necessary for the implementation of the object of the tasks of the functions. Zavdannyam zaprovadzhennya nadmіrnostі є є probezpechennya normal funktsiónuvannya ob'єkta after viniknennya vіdmovi yogo elements.

For the type of reservation, the following classification of reservation methods is accepted(Fig. 10.1).

Structural(Hardware, elements, circuits) transferring backup elements of the object's structure. The essence of the structural reservation is in the fact that the minimum necessary option of the object is to introduce additional elements.

Elements of the structural scheme are subdivided into main(element, a necessary object of the necessary functions for the presence of the elements of the reserve(Element, appointments for vikonannya functions of the main element at the time of the remainder). The purpose of the main element is not related to the understanding of the minimality of the main structure of the object, but the element, which is the main one in some modes of operation, can be reserved for others. Reservation element – ​​the main element, in case of different objects, the reserve element has been transferred.

Timing reservation po'yazany s vikoristannyam reserve an hour. Whenever it is said that an hour is to be spent on the object of the necessary work, it must be more than the minimum necessary. Reserve an hour can be created with additional promotion of the productivity of the object, the inertia of its elements. For objects of chemical machine-building, this type of reservation is implemented with a variety of offensive methods and operations:

1) zbіlshennya in the minds of the operation of the rozrahunk time of functioning, which is necessary for the production of the equipment or the release of the given quantity of chemical products;

2) the equipment of the machine is expanded at a higher productivity value, lower cost is required for the increase, and, then, the objects can complete the task in a greater short period of time, the lower value is set by the plan;

3) introduction into the structure of the technological scheme of intermediate capacities (reservoirs and bunkers for the accumulated product) between other vibrating machines. By this method, I create a mind that they allow to continue the functioning of the technological scheme, to wind up a part of the possession to the intermediate tank or to the bunker. The same function is also used for gas holders, warehouses, etc.;

4) the functional inertia of objects, for example, the thermal inertia of furnaces, is lined with lining arrays, which prevents a sudden decrease in the temperature of the furnace in the event of a break in the supply of the burner. The inertia of the objects allows for a small possible interval to eliminate the accident by switching the process to a backup object, or else performing other operations.

Information reservation- Tse reservations due to zastosuvannyam overworld information. The butts of the information reservation are the bagatorase transmission of the same notification via the communication channel; zastosuvannya when transmitting information channels zv'yazyk raznih kodіv, scho display and correct pardons, yakі z'yavlyayutsya as a result of the inputs of the equipment and infusion of the code change; introduction of superfluous information symbols during processing, transmission and display of information. Too much information allows you to compensate for the created information that is being transmitted, or to use it.

Functional redundancy- reservation, when the function is set, it can be modified in various ways and technical methods.

For example, the preparation of details is based on a group of typesetting, skins from which you can select one of the following processing operations. Functional reservations will be introduced to the technological line of the universal or rich operational workforce. As another example, it is possible to set up the creation of structurally based reaction-mass-exchange processes that take place in one apparatus of chemical technology. Prior to the functional reservation, there is a high degree of superficiality (for example, the preparation of measurements with an advanced class of accuracy), which is often victorious for the safety of that promotion of the superiority of the objects of the chemical machine industry. At the same time, minds are created to increase arrogance and longevity, little bits in the process of functioning, the object is upgraded to the traditional class of accuracy, and then we’ll already go to the splendid process of wearing.

Navantagewalne(or not in a mode) reservation - reservation from zastosuvannyam navantazhuvalnyh reservіvі - transferring any possibility of the object to accept additional, chi superfluous, vanity. At the chemical machine-building plant, they implement a way to increase the coefficients in the reserve of the mineral, to reduce the permissible operating parameters (pressure, frequency of wrapping).

Reservations in the chemical industry are widely used to increase the reliability of energy supply systems (electricity, heat, water supply), reservations are made to ensure the safety of the process (install a sprig of outside valves on one high pressure tank).

Rice. 10.1 Classification of reservation methods

Reservation allows you to create objects, the overhead of such things, the lower overhead of the warehouse elements, the ability to congestion of the reservation of the exchange through the increase in the mass and the virobnicoї area of ​​the system and the advancement of the vartost of one unit of the product in the reserve. Tse to produce before the task the choice of the optimal method of reservation and the optimal number of reserve elements.

For the analysis of the structural reliability of technical systems, it is of interest to structural reservation- Introduction to the structure of the object of additional elements, which determine the functions of the main elements in different views.

The classification of various methods of structural reservation is based on such signs:

1) according to the scheme of switching on the reserve :

- blatantly reserving, for which the object is reserved;

- separately reserving, for which okremі elementi chi yogo groupi are reserved;

- zmishane reservation, at some different times, reservations are made at one object;

2) for the way of switching on the reserve :

- postiyne redundancy, without restoring the structure of the object at the time of the input of the element;

- dynamic redundancy, in case of adding an element, the structure of the scheme will be rebuilt. I have a dynamic character podrozdilyaetsya on a:

a) reserve for replacements, for which the functions of the main element are transferred to the reserve after the replacement of the main one;

b) a reservation code, with some number of main elements being reserved by one or two reserve ones, for which you can replace the main one (that is, the groups of the main and reserve elements are identical).

3) for the mode of work and reserve :

Priority reservation, for which reserve elements (many of them) are changed from the mode of the main element;

Easier reservation, for which reserve elements (accepting one of them) are transferred to a lesser loaded mode against the main ones;

Non-private reservation, in which the reserve elements on the cob of their functions are changed in the non-privileged mode.

4) for the minds of the renewal of practicality in the process of exploitation:

Reservation from updates;

Reservation without renewal.

The main characteristic of structural redundancy is the multiplicity of redundancy - the ratio of the number of reserve elements to the reserve (main) elements. Reservations can be made in whole and shot multiples (type 2:3; 4:2, etc.).

Reservation of one main element by one reserve (tobto іz multiplicity 1:1) is called dubbing.

When redundant with a fractional multiplicity, the normal operation of the reserved system is possible for the mind, if the number of correct elements is not less than that required for normal operation. When redundant with fractional multiplicity, one reserve element of the system falls on two or more main elements. Prior to reservation with a shot-to-shot ratio, it is also necessary to reserve with a floating (floating) reserve.

For a chemical machine-building company, there is a need for non-reserved equipment and technological lines, as a rule, to be moved for the account:

– total and separate reservation from permanently included reserve;

– total and separate reservation by the method of substitution;

- Reservation of the system with a floating (floating) reserve.

The choice of this type of structural reservation as a fork is only possible for the presence of a special diagnostic facility, which allows the detection of a faulty element and the connection of the replacement of a new reserve. In case of any reserve elements, the faults must be of the same type. However, this type of reservation gives the greatest gain in reliability.

A significant increase in the reliability of the system as a result of reservation or stagnation of high-pressure elements can be assessed as a factor of winning the reliability of the system, which is indicated as a change in the indicator of reliability before and after the transformation of the system

Structural diagram of the reserve group, which consists of one main m reserve elements is shown in fig. 20.3.3.1.

Rice. 10.2. Structural diagram of the system from one main m reserve elements

As a system is given with a constantly increasing reserve, which is composed of two parallel working elements (Fig. 10.2, m\u003d 1) from the ability of the silent operation of the main element R 1 , reserve - R 2, then the ability of a silent robot of such a system is good

P(t) = 1 – (1 – p 1 (t)) (1 – p 2 (t))

In different equal elements:

P(t) = 1 – (1 – p 1 (t)) 2 = 2R 1 – R 1 2 = R 1 (2 – R 1). (10.1)

For an exponential rozpodіl vіdmov dermal z dvoh elementіv, scho pratsyut in parallel. p 1 (t) = p 2 (t) = exp(–l t) with improvements (10.1) the operability of a silent robotic system is P(t) = 2e-l t – e-2l t.

Shards of the middle hour of the silent work of one element, which is not reserved, is more expensive:

the average hour of a silent robotic system will be:

Todi win the reliability of the system. which is composed of two parallel working elements, equal to one non-reserved element of the order:

The mobility of a silent robotic system, which consists of one main m reserve non-superior elements (Fig. 10.2) are assigned to the formula:

In different equal elements, the formula will look like this:

For the exponential rozpodіlu ymovіrnostі bezvіdmovnoї robo-elementіv, tobto. p(t) = e-l t, we take:

When Malich t a simple estimate from below is fair:

de i- The intensity of the waves i-th element

With identical elements in front, the formula looks like:

Win the hope W T(2) for the middle hour of a silent robotic system, what is added up to ( m+ 1) parallel to the working equal parts, equal to the average hour of the silent work of one non-reserved element for the mind, that the law of the division of the work of the invisible robot of the skin element is exponential, healthy:

Average flow of the system T(Fig. 10.2) in the wild type can be found only by numerical integration for the formula

For identical elements in the middle direction, in the case of the ability of a silent robotic element R(t) = exp(–l t) with urahuvannyam it is shown as:

With great values m :

10.2.1 Behind the redundancy scheme at to the global reservation the object is reserved by the fire. At separate reservation okremі elementi (pіdsistemі) ob'єkta chi yogo groupi are reserved.

The butts of a deep reserve (Fig. 10.3 a) are reserve technological lines or aggregates of great single tension. With a separate reservation (Fig. 10.3 b), reserve the okrem elements of the object.

Rice. 10.3. System redundancy schemes that add up n main elements: m= 1); b) separate (elemental) duplication from a permanently included reserve

For the system from the latest orders n elements in case of a deep reservation (duplication) (Fig. 10.3 a)

With separate reservation (duplication) (Fig. 10.3, b):

The coefficients will win the reliability of the system for the imovirnistyu of silent work for these two vipadkіv vіdpovіdno dorovnyuyut:

It is evident that a separate reservation is more effective for a hot one: for example, for a system of three identical elements ( n= 3) at R = 0,9 R = 0,9 3 = 0,729; R (1) = 0,729(2 – 0,729) = 0,9266, R(2) = 0.729 (2 - 0.9) = 0.9703. Todi: Gp (1) = 1,27; Gp (2) =1,33.

Separate reservations for less equal minds give a greater win for superiority, lower wages. Separate reservations are especially noticeable with a large number of elements in the system, and with an increase in the multiplicity of reservations.

Іmovіrnіst vіdmovi sistemy, scho n elements (one main and ( n– 1) reserve), without adjusting the reliability of jumpers, it is covered by the formula

System with last payment n elements from overhead reservations ( m reserve lances) will function normally for the conservation of practicality, even if only one of them.

For the scheme of global redundancy with a permanently increased reserve, the ability of a silent robotic system (Fig. 10.4), the FBR is more advanced (the elements are equal, the ability of a silent robotic skin element is more advanced p(t)):

Have your own heart, bezvidmovna robot i-th lanceug ( i = 1, ..., m) matime misce in case of bezvіdmovnіy robotі dermal protection n elements. Todi:

Here: p ij- the ability of the silent robot j-th element i-th lanceug ( j = 1, ..., n); n- The number of sequentially added elements of the lancer.

Rice. 10.4. Block diagram of the main reservation with a gradually increased reserve of the system with the last call n elements

For a change, if all the elements are equal (with the help of a silent work, which is good R), the ability of the silent robot of the main system n elements (vіdmovi vipadkovі and nezalezhnі) dorivnyuє: .

Otzhe, ymovіrnіst vіdmovi vсієї systems, scho folded from one main ї that m backup systems, additional time:

Some of the operability of a silent robotic system from overhead redundancy is:

As the intensity of the waves is constant, that is. R(t) = exp(–l t), then i, coryst (10.5), you can know W T(3) for the average hour of silent work with a robotic system, which adds up to ( m+ 1) in parallel with the working backup systems (Fig. 10.4) taken from the middle hour of the silent robotic system, which is not backed up:

Win the hope W T(4) for the average hour of silent work with a robotic system, which adds up to ( m+ 1) in parallel with the working backup systems (Fig. 10.4), divided from the average hour of the silent operation of one element:

Let's take a look at the vipadok of the system separate reservations with a constantly enhanced reserve, admitting that all the elements are equal to the possibilities of a silent work p(t) (Fig. 10.5).

Rice. 10.5. Block diagram of a split redundancy with a progressively increased reserve of the system with the last call n elements

For a system with separate redundancy, the formula (10.14) can be used to determine the efficiency of the silent operation of four elements from the redundancy. The total possibility of a silent robotic system with separate redundancy is determined by the formula:

For example, if all the elements are equal, the possibility of a wireless robotic system with separate redundancy is better:

The increase in reliability for the average hour of the silent operation with the robot system that is backed up is equal to the average hour of the main system’s silent operation with the exponential law of distribution:

10.2.2 Behind the method of switching on the reserve. Reserve elements can be permanently switched on for the whole hour of operation - to make a permanent backup (reservation with a permanently switched on reserve without interruption) or only when the main ones are on - backup to the replacements.

With a constant reservation, the backup elements arrive before the main hours of work and stay in the same working mode with them. A permanently switched on reserve is only possible in systems, where it is unacceptable to have a short break in work (for example, in regulating systems of technological processes). If you want to be surprised by the simplicity (during the day of fluctuations and short-hour sounds in robotic devices), the main shortfall of the regular reservation is the increase in the resource of reserve elements. For this way, the pumps are reserved, the filters are too thin.

If you don’t dare to stop the constant parallel to the robot of the equipment at the chemical machine-building, you need to win reservation for substitutes (“Replacement with an unprofitable reserve”). Substitutions are made automatically or manually.

When reserving replacements (or “replacement with an undesirable reserve”), the system is designed in such a way that when an element appears, it will be restored to its originality with a way to replace the element, which, having changed, is reserved. In case of no need for regulation at the time of raising the reserve element; The reserve device before turning on yoga in the robot can be changed to a “warm” or “cold” state - it does not save the resource of the supremacy of the skin attachment and increase the overall supremacy of the system. For different types of elements of the same type, a reserve splint (or one) can be changed to replace the main elements in different views.

Kovzne reservation - tse reservation for substitutions, when a group of basic elements is reserved by one or more reserve elements, skin can be replaced by any of the elements of the group that you have taken.

Kovzne reserving vikoristovuetsya for reserving dekіlkoh same or interchangeable elements of the system with one or dekіlcoma reserve, moreover, the reservation can be both navantazhenim, and not nevantazhenim. Vіdmova system vіdbudetsya, yakshko іlkіst elementіv, scho vіdmovіli, perevishchit іlіkіst reserve. With a floating (floating) reserve, any of the reserve elements can replace any of the main elements of the system (for example, refrigerators, pumps). The forage reserve gives the greatest gain to the development of reliability, but it is not enough for the one that is less able to do it for the same type of elements (subsystems).

Scheme of the kovzny reservation in the monoethanolamine purification block is shown in Fig. 10.6.

Rice. 10.6. Scheme of kovzny reservation in the block purification of monoethanolamine:

1 - absorber; 2, 3 - pumps; 4 – vuzol of regeneration; 5 - standby pump

With a custom-made kovzny reservation with ideal transitions, the expansion of the system’s reliability is similar to the expansion of the system of the type “ m h n". As the intensity of the inputs of the main and reserve elements is constant and the same, then the efficiency of a silent robotic system that is formed n the main ones m reserve elements in the mode of the navantage reserve can be determined by the formula:

If the efficiency of the wireless robotic elements is subject to the exponential law, then it is possible to develop and average direction to the external system:

In case of non-advanced kovzny reservation, the characteristics of the reliability of the system are expressed by folding formulas. However, even though the intensity of the main and reserve elements of the permanent and the same is the same, so that the ability of a silent robotic element is in accordance with the exponential law, then the ability of a silent robotic system that develops n the main ones m reserve elements in the regime of an unencumbered reserve can be assigned to the Poisson formula:

Oskіlki with nevantazhennogo kovznym reservation total intensity of vіdmо dоrіvnyuє n that drive system will be up at the moment of drive ( m+ 1)-th element, average direction to the drive system:

10.2.3 Behind the mode of work and reserve. Razrahunok systems z navantazhenim redundancy zdіysnyuєtsya for the formulas of sequential and parallel z'єdnannya elementіv. When it matters, what is the main reserve group, which is formed from the main and reserve elements, it will be possible that, if you add the remaining element, then the reserve elements will work in the main mode, as before, so after that, in the case, then over їх transition from the reserve to the main camp.

When redundant substitutions, three types of minds of the work and reserve elements are possible until the moment they are turned on before work:

a) nawantage (hot) reserve . Zovnishhnі umovi reserve povnіstyu zbіgayutsya z umovy, where the robotic apparatus is known. The reserve elements are used in that mode, as the main element, their superiority (imovirnistnost of the silent robot) to lie down, which moment the stench turned on in the main one. At the same time, the resource of the reserve elements of the object is restored from the moment the entire system is turned on;

b) non-negotiation (cold) reserve . The reserve elements of switching on and off the mind (until the moment they are switched on at the main place) cannot be used. Know better, in which there is a reserve, the sheets are easier than robots, which are practically reserve elements to repair their resource only from the moment the element is included in the work, which is done.

in) relief (warm) reserve . Know better that you should pour in the device until the moment it is turned on for the robot - feel better. The reserve elements are transferred to the lightened mode until it is turned on at the main station. Under the hour of ochіkuvannya in the reserve, the stench can be changed, but with a smaller imovirnіst, lower imovіrnіst vіdmovi of the main element (reserve, which is found in more light minds, lower the main element).

Direction to the Windows system m-multiple overhead potential reserve can be found with virazu:

At the time of the exponential law, the supremacy of the elements is taken away:

de L = 1/ T Pro- The intensity of the lanceg's sights.

After the integration is representable (10.27) as the end of the line: .

Substituting in order successively m= 1, 2, 3, ..., we take:

In case of non-optional reservation, the reserve elements enter the robot when the main one, then the first backup one, enters the robot. bud., to that nadіynіst elementіv kozhny hour lie down in їх transition from the reserve camp on the main. When it matters, what is the replacement of the element, what is the replacement, the backup will be taken, the system will be the same, if the remaining element is replaced. For a non-working person, the element cannot be moved, that yoga superstition does not change.

Non-availability of reservations is often mentioned, to that it is similar to the replacement of elements, which were removed (details, knots, units) for spare parts.