At the turn of the XIX-XX centuries. The people entered a new era for their development - the era of imperialism. The development of capitalism, the enlargement and search for new markets for the production of products, and the extraction of resources made people take a fresh look at the current world. The development of science and technology, the emergence of new technologies, the linkage and the transfer - everything has sprung the industrial haircut forward, hanging the first positions of one edge and leaving behind the other. Vzaєminam mizh kraїnami mezhі stolіt that yogo characteristics of assignments tsey lesson.
International vіdnosini on the cob of the XX century.
In the first years of the 20th century, an increase in the struggle between the leading world powers continued, as if vreshti-resht led to the First World War.
Prehistory
Causes of the Crisis in International Vidnosinah
In the other half of the 19th century, the political map of the world is significantly changing. They are united Italy and united Nimechchina, as if to take part in the colonial rozpodіlі world. The disintegration of the Ottoman Empire continues, after which Bulgaria, Romania and Serbia become independent.
At the beginning of the 20th century, the greatest world powers added the majority of Africa and Asia, either by transforming the territory into their own colonies, or by placing the country in economic and political fallow land. Colonial conflicts and super rivers led to the outbreak of international wars.
Growth of nationalism. In the Balkans, the formation of powers was threefold; Imu was opposed by the bagatonic national empire - the Ottoman and the Austro-Ugric.
At the borders of Europe, the approach of war was seen; the powers started to find their allies in the future war. Until the end of the 19th century, the Trinity Union was formed, until the Nimechchina, Austria-Ugric and Italy took shape.
Podії
1891 - Russian-French alliance.
1904 - creation of an alliance between France and England, which won the name of the Entente.
1907 - Russia comes to Entente. Residually, two strong military-political blocs took shape - the Entente and the Third Union.
Visnovok
With the skin fate of the struggle between the powers, the Daedals became the strongest. Why is it connected with the emergence of the united Nimechchini - the militaristic power, as it has begun to overthrow the colonial system: to push the colonial powers (Great Britain and France). The German threat became a stimulus until the creation of Entente, which is why the nature of the defensive alliance is small.
The interests of the economic elites of the largest powers were also poured into the aggravated situation, as they were less important for the pressure on power. The stench was clogged with expanded markets and caused that economic expansion, which meant a stumbling block with the interests of the country's competitors. The war at that hour, like before, was vowed in the normal way to swear off similar verses.
The officers passed the shvidka to the wine. The stench spent significant money on the development of the army, the increase in the numerical warehouse and the creation of new designs.
Abstract
Until 1900, the world's political system began to see a small part of the country, which played a leading role in various spheres of the life of society - political, economic, social and spiritual. Such powers were: in Europe - Great Britain, France, Germany and the Russian Empire; in Asia - Japan; at the back pivkul – USA. As before, having engulfed these lands, there was no longer a place for roztashuvannya, їx regionalism, then with the development of the colonial system and the current era of imperialism, the tide of these powers became spread to the whole world, fallow in t.z. "inflow zones"(Div. Fig. 1). As a matter of fact, these powers became the movers of progress, as if they marked the head of the history of the world.
Apparently, politics and economics are closely intertwined one by one. At the beginning of the twentieth century, great trade and industrial companies begin to transform into giant companies, transnational monopolies, as they become closely in the minds of the domestic market and try to push through the borders of not only sovereign cordons in their lands, and continents. Such companies, which think of great capital, gradually became monopolists, which dictated their minds to the weaker lands and weaker orders, to them themselves, in fact, they were often unofficial conductors of the stately policy of their state. In fact, at the beginning of the 20th century, the anger of the great capitalist bourgeoisie with the greater bureaucratic state apparatus, which blew into the internal politics of the state, is rising.
As it was appointed higher, the foremost lands of the world at the beginning of the XX century founded their own zones in the vein. Such “zones” could be colonies, like in Great Britain and France, spreading all over the world or economically fallow territories, like in the USA in Latin America and Russia in Mongolia, beer-shid China and beer Iran. Only two are quiet, so that the Daedals are gaining strength more and the tension of the leading powers - Germany and Japan - do not small their zones of inflow and colonies. It was tied up for the sake of it, that the two lands of the country became on the paths of capitalistic development, they “flyed” the world, and that they were late to the division of the Earth’s backwoods. The great national bourgeoisie of these powers could not come to terms with such a camp of speeches, and to that, increasing day by day the military-technological potential, more and more voices and more often began to declare their rights to the world’s little quarters, strayed from the new frontier, which irrevocably led to a new one, full-scale war.
Based on the situation that developed, the leading powers began to unite in military-political blocs and alliances (div. Fig. 2). Obviously, such a practice was based on the principles of the XIX century, but now it has gained special strength. In Europe, Germany, which is gaining rank, united in Lost union from the Austro-Ugric region, Italy, and from the Turech region. At my heart, in 1907 roku residually formed military-political bloc - Entente(“year”), up to which the UK, France and Russia were included.
At the Distant Descent, Japan's zagarbnitsa policy brought up to Russian-Japanese War of 1904-1905, as Russia lost, and slaughtered the Korean Pivostrova, and brought parts to China, by which it threatened the territorial claims of the European powers in the Asian region.
At the New World of the Happy State, who lived since 1820 in a real isolation from the outer world, crusty so-called. “The Monroe Doctrine”, for the beginning of a century, they began to penetrate more and more at Skhidnu pivkulyu, roaringly I don’t perch, then one of the leading roles, more and more growing great business, that political elite had to finish it there at an accelerated pace.
Regional crises - the Anglo-Boers war of 1899-1902, the Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905, economic conflicts in Asia and Africa, the Bosnian crisis of 1908-1909, two Balkan 1913 wars of 1912 - were a kind of dress rehearsal before the all-world smash conflict.
Ekononichni that is half the grip of the pro-old powers of the Svit, Borotba for the new rinks that is the Proven of the competition of the great compounds, Borotba for the new zone of the fiber, the zyterezni of the regions, the warehouse-full of configurations did not call .
List of references
- Shubin A.V. Zagalnaya istoriya. New history. Grade 9: navch. For indoor lighting. set - M: Moscow assistants, 2010.
- Soroko-Tsyupa O.S., Soroko-Tsyupa O.O. Zagalnaya istoriya. New history, grade 9 - M: Prosvitnitstvo, 2010.
- Sergeyev Y.Yu. Zagalnaya istoriya. New history. Grade 9 - M: Prosvitnitstvo, 2011.
Homework
- Read §1 of the assistant Shubina O.V. and give advice on questions 2 and 3 on p. fifteen.
- What were the reasons for the new transfer of the world?
- What regional conflicts were the forerunners of the First World War?
- Internet portal Lib2.podelise.ru().
- Internet portal Likt590.ru().
- Internet portal Nado.znate.ru().
International contacts are blamed on the emergence of the first powers, on the establishment of contacts between the lands of the Near and Far Descent, Ancient Greece and Rome. In Europe, international sights are being established in the era of the Middle Ages at once from the creations of the central powers.
The field of international relations has long been becoming an object of interest for various scientific disciplines: history (an important place is taken by such understanding, like “hour” and “geographical place”), international law (concentrating its attention on the developed forms and principles that regulate the system of international ), philosophy, sociology, geography, economic sciences, demography, military sciences and others. In political science, the study of international vodnosin is one of the most important directions. Metayogo - to analyze the main parameters and criteria for the designation of international exports as a single system with its own particular system-creating characteristics, structural storage and functions.
Starting from Plato and Aristotle, philosophers tried to create a system to understand, categories and principles, as if they would allow them to analyze such a collapsible sphere of human intercourse, like an international vision.
A great contribution to the rozrobku tsієї problems zrobiv I. Kant. Suing robbery, zagarbnitska war, fighting for the completion of international treaties that pleases, not being delivered to the domestic powers. Kant drew up the project of establishing an "eternal world" by way of a complex federation of independent equal lands, inspired by the republican type.
On yoga perekonannya, the establishment of such a cosmopolitan union, zreshtoy, inevitably. As a guarantee for this, enlightenment and the good will of the rulers, and to instill economic, commercial needs of the nation.
In our time, the problems of international trade have been dealt with by such great vcheni as G. Kahn, R. Aron, G. Morgenthau and others.
Іsnuє kіlka teorіy ovnіshnyої politiki Ukraine.
1. Theory political realism in the old politics it was broken up in the middle of the XX century. Let us directly recognize G. Morgenthau by the authority of whom.
International politics is understood by the "realists" as a struggle of forces that is waged by a sovereign power in the pursuit of victory by that power. With whom, power is mutually dependent on two subjects of light politics, if one of them can invest in the other (even to the point of complete reduction). From the struggle of power, “political determinism” of light processes is born.
The reality is that even though politics is constantly showing important group interests, then the international politics show important national interests.
The very national interests - tse:
- "national security interests" (defense of the country);
- "National economic interests" (saving zv'yazkіv іz partners, increasing the export potential and overseas investments, defending the domestic market);
Interests of supporting the order of the world (reference to the international authority and position of the state).
“International politics, like and be-yak іnsha,” G. Morgenthau says, “is the struggle for power ... The goals of international politics can be expressed in terms of national interest and supported by natural force.”
2. Modernist theories created in opposition to the traditional theory of realism, otherwise approach the examination of the current policy of the state. While the realities were seen by the powers as a single unit, which determine their course on the basis of national interests, then the modernities are seen by the power as a system, shilling to different factors, influencing the call and the middle (individual factors, roles and others).
According to J. Rosenau, the central leaders of the modern politics are “politically (on the equal sovereignty) strengthening the possibilities of the national government in order to support the constant control over the yogo external enemy”.
As if from the traditional point of view, the threat by force is the most effective sufficiency of modern politics, then modernity will slander on stimulating the transition to the development of processes of mutual spying.
3. Introduction to science about the term itself geopolitics» pov'yazuyut z іm'yam Swedish nobleman and political fiend R. Kellen. Vin characterizing geopolitics as "a science, as if looking at a state as a geographical organism and a phenomenon in space."
The central place in the determination of international watersheds is the geographic position of the foreign power in geopolitics. The sense of geopolitics lingered at the hanging on the empty space of a spacious, territorial beginning.
The significance of geographic officials for the historical segments of the peoples is considered to be the successors of international politics.
The subject of the study of geopolitics is global and national interests, their development, the priority and methods of the foreign policy of the powers as subjects of international foreign policy, territorial and demographic factors, as well as the strengths of the countries
The lack of combinations of those other models is the absolutization of one of the different components.
Like Bachimo, most scientists interpret international opinions as if they were practical opinions of the country and other participants in international life, tobto. tse be-yak activity posture powers.
International blues Otzhe, - tse system of political, economic, cultural, military, diplomatic and other mutual relations between powers and peoples. At the head of the sensitized international community, let's think, to the sphere of political connections, as they are called the political politics of the world.
Also, the politics of the world is the total activity of the country's light arena.
At the heart of human activities lies the interests and needs. Zovnishnya politika schodo tsgogo not є vinyatok. Її basis є national interests as an integral expression of the interests of all members of the society. These interests are realized through the political system and the current policy.
Political science distinguishes between two equal political interests: the equal of the main strategic interests and the equal of the specific tactical interests. Перший рівень охоплює інтереси у сфері зовнішньої політики, які пов'язані із забезпеченням безпеки та цілісності країни як певної соціально-економічної, політичної, національно-історичної та культурної спільності, із захистом економічної та політичної незалежності країни, утвердженням та зміцненням її суверенітету у системі міжнародних vіdnosin. And if there are shards of interest in this country due to the very foundations of the state, then the stench is protected by the power in the international arena by all means - diplomatic, economical, ideological, military.
The river of specific interests hoards okremi, private interests of the state in the system of international monies. Tse, for example, it is possible for a power to close its veins from other international organizations, take a part in major regional conflicts, develop cultural ties with other powers, too.
For pіdbags zvnіshnіshnоpolitіchnyh іnteresіv vznachayutsya meti zvnіshnyоїїpolitіki Ukraine. Among them are head є:
security of the national security of the country;
Growing the power of the state;
Increased prestige and recognition of the international position of the state.
Modern politics has three main functions: protection, representation and information, negotiation and organization. The real functions of the state policy and the specification of the state functions of the state: defense, diplomatic and spivpratsi.
Vіdminnіst Іnteresіv іn the needs of modern powers (and tse vzhe mayzhe 200 kraїn) inevitably lead to international superechok and conflicts. Therefore, the problematics of international trades take food in an extremely important place.
The practice of international vydnosin shows that the rise of superechok and conflicts can be like a military way, and for the help of peaceful benefits. As for fighting, then there is no need for special explanations, but the axis of peace should be included:
The system of negotiations, mediation (although this form cannot be of a language character),
International arbitration (obvious character),
The activity of various non-state organizations.
The nature of the manifestation of international superechok and conflicts can be classified otherwise. Vin may be a legal aspect (so superechka is allowed for the help of international law) or a political one (and here the blame is understood as “strength”).
The system of international identities understands “strength” in three aspects.
Viysk's strength (tobto viy's mіts). Somewhere to dosit "poglyat with Viysk m'yazami", tobto. send your military ships to the shores of such a power, and there you will become a talker.
Economic strength (river of economic development, financial stability). Competing at the same time between Ukraine and the United States is all one thing for athletes of various categories to enter the ring. (The budget of Ukraine is the budget of New York).
Looking at the “strength” of the sense of the word, R. Morgenthau named among the main components: the geographic location of the country, natural resources, industrial potential, population size and instilling a national character, the strength of the national spirit, which is especially visibly manifested behind the minds of the war (for example, in the SRSR at another light).
The system of international sovereignty includes various forms of national sovereignty and international unions: coalitions of unions, international organizations and others. On the regional level, they are represented, for example, by the League of Arab lands, and to the global level - by the UN. Being a unique instrument of world politics, the Organization of the United Nations, created in 1945, has made and continues to contribute to the improvement of the international world and security. True, in the last hour of the UN, not again, the world wins its peacekeeping mission, there are more for the minds, if one superpower, the United States, has fallen on the political stage. Koristuyuchis his economical and military vaga, whose monster may not call the UN.
Among the other specializations established by the additional bodies of the UN, the most authoritative commission for education, science and culture is UNESCO (established in 1946). From the international international organizations, we have seen the International Monetary Fund, and from the unsettled associations of the international equal can be called widely known as the Club of Rome.
Even though international renowns were blamed for a long time ago, the stench of history was, in fact, vindicated between powers, and not between peoples. And it is less than our hour, if the people of the Daedals more visibly become subjects of history, then the blues swell their cob sense, then. we will melt as bearers among the powers, and let us die as bearers among the peoples.
The new international wave of the singing world is a product of that spivvіdnennia of forces, as it was formed after the Other svіtovoї vіyni (panuvannya and subordering, spіvpratsya that pіdtrymka, the appearance of “subvіyny standards” and іn.).
After another world war in the world, the geopolitical subdivision of the all-world splendor was divided into three great groups of lands, which were designated by numbers: the first, the other and the third world.
The first world was formed by the lands of Western Europe, Pivnichnoy America and Australia. On the edge of the democratic regime of the market economy.
The other world was formed by the Soviet Socialist Republic, China, the lands of Skhidnoy Evropi and the deyak krayni of the pivnichno-skhidnoy Asia, as well as Cuba - panuvannya communist political regime and centrally planned economy. The resistance between the first and the other world has become the history of the world under the name of "cold war".
In the third world, the lands of Asia, Africa and Latin America have moved away, as if they have settled on the geopolitical periphery (mostly post-employees of the syrovin and cheap labor force).
The global geopolitical system was often called bipolar, bipolar, but there were two centers of power, two superpowers (the USA and the SRSR), apparently two political blocs: NATO and the Warsaw Treaty (which included the edges of the central European “social” zrazka": Poland, Ugorshchina, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Bulgaria.
It took ten years to resist that balancing act between wars. With the collapse of the Radyansky Union, the world has a new alignment of forces: in fact, one superpower has been lost - the United States and the military-political bloc of NATO, which already includes as many members of the Warsaw Pact, and the number of the Republic of the Radyansky Union (Baltic states).
Іstotnі zmіni know the third world. New industrial countries have been seen (Pivdenna Korea, Singapore, Taiwan, etc.), which, due to their economic level, are approaching the most advanced countries. The smaller lands of the third world (the leaders of the powers of Central Africa and Asia) won the name of the “fourth world”.
In this way, it is possible to grow visnovoks, which on the cob of the XXI century, the geopolitical structure of the world will be transformed. Behind the estimates of rich fakhіvtsіv, the svіt's spіlnota collapses to the creation of a rich pole svіtu. This idea is actively promoted by Russia, China, and India. The geopolitics of the midst of the possible centers of power are called: the USA, the united Europe, as well as China and Japan, among such centers they call Russia and India (the demographic giant of the capital).
The establishment of a single superpower, which has a great economic and military potential, could not but give rise in the United States to dictate one's minds to other lands. This is how the bombing of Yugoslavia (Zokrema and zbіdnenim uranium) was launched without UN sanction. So they blamed Iraq.
It is impossible not to be turbulent by the fact that the light of the day will grow up again after 10 years of their fastness in the period and after the end of the “cold war”. Tsі vitrati rich in what I will turn over to help the poor lands. Approximately 40% of the high-light vitrates fall on the USA.
In these geopolitical minds, it is of great importance for the designation of the modern policy of Ukraine that there is an increase in intelligence in the spheres of national interests, adequate to the realities of the modern world.
The main goals and priorities of the modern politics of Ukraine were formulated in the Act of Independence of Ukraine dated 24 September 1991 and by the Supreme Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine to parliamentarians and the people of the world on 5 December 1991. The main vectors of the current Ukrainian state policy are also designated by the Constitution of Ukraine and low documents praised by the Verkhovna Rada. It really means a strategic partnership with Russia, a partnership with the lands of Central and Northern Europe.
Over the past few years, Ukraine has become an important subject of the world politics; as an independent state, it was recognized by more than 150 countries. Ukraine is a member of many international, regional and other organizations. You will take part in the work of the UN, UNESCO, for the sake of Europe, the Parliamentary Assembly of the OSCE, the International Monetary Fund and others.
The formation of a new independent state of Ukraine was marked by the establishment of a non-nuclear state of non-nuclear power. This has opened up before our country wide opportunities for the enrichment of friendly vents from the usa krai in the world, and in the first black, well from the nearest sours: the krai of Europe and those who have established the SND.
Moreover, one ovnіshnyopolitichny vector does not transfer the reduction of money to another directly. The entrance of Ukraine to the European economic and political space is not superimportant to the change in Russia. More than that, the mastery of this space will be more successful, the more there will be projects, which will have projects in Ukraine, Russia, and the European lands, and the lands of the SND, which will create a single economic space at once.
Europe is infected with a prosperous democratic Ukraine, which serves our interests. And for such a successful development, Ukraine needs a number of other factors (familiar lands, practical people, intellectual potential only) and geopolitical possibilities - on the main road between Sunset and Skhod.
2. Political global studies: the main topic
The end of the cold war. With the arrival of M. Gorbachov to power, the cobweb of the policy of rozbudov and the ovnіshnyopolіtichny course of the SRSR changed dramatically. New Radianske kerіvnitstvo tried to change the character of the brethren with its strategic allies. Zhovtni born in 1985 у виступі Горбачова на Нараді Політичного комітету ОВС у Софії вперше було сформульовано нові принципи соціалістичного співробітництва – розвиток економічних відносин на засадах взаємовигідності та взаємодопомоги, подолання бюрократизму у діяльності структури РЕВ, відмова СРСР від ролі «старшого брата» та рівна відповідальність членів співдружності за долі соціалізму . In 1986 on the XXVII z'їzdі KPRS tsі zavdannya was fixed as the basis of the radyansk ovnіshnіpolitichnogo course. Hanging on to the idea of a “new political vision,” Gorbachev declared the priority of “human values, or, to be more precise, the survival of people.” Vin calling not to look at the conflict between socialism and capitalism as the main problem of the existence and recognition of "magnification, historical confrontation and growing interdependence" of the two social systems is an important factor in the global development of the world.
April 7, 1985 The SRSR has unilaterally introduced a moratorium on the launching of medium-range missiles in Europe, and for 6 months on the testing of nuclear weapons. It was inspired by the Radian-American talks at Geneva. The offended parties recognized the mutual relationship between strategic threats, medium-range missiles and space threats, agreed on the need for complex solutions at the border of the fence. Zokrem saw the possibility of a significant (50%) speed of strategic offensive attacks. The stumbling block was the information about the storage of strategic missiles of short and medium range American missiles deployed in Europe. Under the hour of the special harvest of Gorbachev and Reagan near Geneva at the fall of the leaves, 1986 podolat rozbіzhnostі z thogo food is not far away. Proté insulted the leaders declared that they were ready for the war and were ready to “put on a real basis” the dialogue between the SRSR and the USA with good food. A long time ago, a set of documents was signed on economic and cultural development between the two countries.
On the cob 1986 radyansky order came out with a new initiative in the field of rozzbroennya. The program of phased elimination of nuclear weapons until 2000 p. it was necessary at the first stage to achieve rapid nuclear defenses of the SRSR and the USA, which reach the territory one by one (for the minds of the parties in the case of shock space defenses), and then we will get to the process of developing the defense of other nuclear powers. Of particular importance was the creation of an overhead system of under-and-over and continuous control over damages and bordering outbursts, including inspections at sites. All these propositions were discussed in the interviews of Gorbachev and Reagan in Zhovtni 1986. at Reyk'javiku. The Radianian side propagated in one package a solution to speeding up strategic missile defenses by 50%, the depletion of Radianian and American medium-range missiles in Europe, the creation of supervised systems of mutual control over firearms and a full-scale completion of the missile defense treaty. Prote Reagan, declaring that the United States was not ready to take part in a "strategic defense initiative." Negotiations vyavilisya actually Zirvani.
On the cob chest 1986 The Radiansky detachment also reacted to the introduction of the 131st important bomber with cruise missiles at the warehouse of the American Air Forces (which violated the quotas for the SALT-2 treaty), and also to the statement of the American administration about the consideration of the exchange of a package of all missiles in one nuclear class. Prote Gorbachev staked on the continuation of the policy of reconciliation. Fierce born in 1987 The SRSR, having waited to see the problem of medium-range missiles in Europe, as a source of good food, in fact, having waited for the American "zero option". Tse allowed the opening of the Radian-American dialogue. At once, radiant diplomacy initiated the beginning of negotiations between the Allied Forces and NATO blocs in order to introduce a moratorium on the increase in military bills. Not respecting the country of NATO for such a short time, in the grass of 1987. At the meeting of the Political Committee of the Allied Forces, a new Viysk doctrine of organization was adopted, based on the principles of defense policy and insanely focused on the process of rozzbroennya.
Podії radianskoї diplomacy called out even more friendly reaction in the krains. Shvidko grew especially popular Gorbachev, as the policy of perestroika began to take on as a truly deep reformist course, the building put the edge of the "cold war". On the other hand, the American administration step by step came to the conclusion about the docile of carrying out a more flexible policy for the SRSR, in order to strengthen the position of the new CPRS and prevent the reforms from being swallowed up. J.Schultz, F.Karluchchi, G.Bush were among the followers of such a course among President Reagan.
Stretching with a 1987 r. Intensive negotiations were held between the State Secretary J. Schultz and the Minister of Foreign Affairs E. Shevardnadze, for some time to prepare for the sake of short-range and medium-range missiles. With whom, the Radian side was good enough not to show the solution to the share of French and British nuclear weapons. During the visit of Gorbachev to Washington in 1987. the “Agreement on the Elimination of Medium and Short Range Missiles” (RSMR) was signed. Tsya favored the delivery of three missiles of 1596 medium-range missiles (920 RSD-10, R-12 and P-14 missiles and 676 American Pershing-2 and BGM-109G missiles) and 1096 short-range missiles (926 OTR missiles) -22 and OTR-23 and 170 American missiles "Pershing-1 A"). It was only about 4% of the nuclear potential of the "superpowers", but there were some changes that became a great problem for the SRSR and the European allies of the United States. In addition, there were unprecedented visits to the control of pretrial contracts, including regular inspections at factories restocked in the United States, the SRSR and their allies. It was possible to reach the housekeeping about the continuation of the negotiations about the strategic developments.
Ahead of President Reagan's visit to Moscow, just before the hour of the planned exchange of the instruments of ratification of the INF Treaty, the Radianian detachment took the deacons from the most important food, which will re-establish the political dialogue with Zakhod. The SRSR clung to a reconsideration of dissidents, which helped to abate the emigration of the Jews and the Germans. Have kvіtni 1988 Geneva hosted Afghan-Pakistani talks about ways of national reconciliation. At the link with the cim between the ranks of the SRSR and Afghanistan, it was possible to reach the home of the step-by-step introduction of the radian troops, as it ended on February 15, 1989. All these croques have taken a further normalization of the Radian-American waters. From 29 May to 2 Cherny, 1988 Reagan's visit to Moscow became a prelude to the end of the Cold War. In the course of the course, constructive negotiations were held on a wide range of problems, including the regulation of the power to carry out inspections of the minds of the INF Treaty, a decision was made on the development of a dialogue in the gallery of human rights and global problems of modernity. A final draft treaty was drafted for short-term strategic offensive attacks, which transferred a total of strategic noses from 1600 single and 6000 nuclear charges on these noses, including the number of throats on ballistic missiles no more than 4900 SR warheads by 50%). However, although sea-based missiles, for which the United States was not successful, and also the principle of reaching an anti-missile defense treaty, it was not far off.
Speaking on the 7th of the month of 1988 на 43-й сесії Генеральної Асамблеї ООН, Горбачов заявив про необхідність рішучої відмови від застосування сили у вирішенні міжнародних питань, про визнання свободи вибору шляхів розвитку для всіх народів, багатоваріантності соціального прогресу в сучасному світі за ключової ролі загальнолюдських цінностей та принципів колективної безпеки. In a unilateral order, the SRSR has adopted a decision on the situation of the speed of the most significant battles, the speed of the numerical warehouse of the army's forces by 500 thousand. chol., as well as the frequent deployment of tank divisions from the territory of the NDR, Czechoslovakia and Ugorshchina.
The course for rozzbroєnnya and away from the mutual exchange of two "superpowers" supported by George W. Bush, which was a win in the US presidential elections in the fall of 1988. At the same time, in his inaugural promo, Bush even ambiguously stated about those that the rapprochement with the SRSR is still “strengthening our strength over life”, and also without intermediary po'yazane to ensure the entire triumph of the democratic world. “When the wind blows, and the light that, having breathed in freedom, it rises, that it is reborn,” said the American president. – Even if it’s not true, then in the human heart of the day dictatorships are respected. Era totalitarianism go. Rozumiyuchi Gorbachev's political stagnation in the wake of success in the international arena and his readiness to go to the Daedals of greater deeds, Bush did not force the preparation of new Radian-American favors. Less than a vletka 1989 Vіn officially declaring about the approach of the exchange rate and the readiness to continue the dialogue on the most important level.
The special guardian of Gorbachov and Bush was born on 2-3 December 1989. in Malta. On this day, there was less confirmation of early homelessness about the preparation of an agreement on 50% speed of strategic offensive defenses, rich sides, and speed of major defenses in Europe and liquidation of chemical strikes. Ale, the political effect of tsієї for the sake of appearing superbly great. Zustrich in Malta was propagated as the triumph of the "new political vision" that completed the era of the "cold war". Gorbachov dedicated to the duste of the efajani -set -captive Aktzi: 1 infantry vidvіdav Pope Ioanna Paul II I, saying about the SPSR Svobody Religy. »Negotiations in Malta, American diplomacy was able to achieve even more serious victory - Gorbachev actually recognized the SRSR's opposition to the United States in regional politics, including deliveries of radar weapons to Central America and Africa. It was also announced about the possible reorientation of the Joint Armed Forces from the military to daily political, advisory functions and the readiness of the SRSR to "constructively" take part in the victory over the unification of Nimechchini.
From 30 May to 4 Chernya 1990 Gorbachev's triumphant visit to the USA. Radyansky leader having changed at the zenith of political glory. Zakhіdna hromadskіst bachila in the new symbol of the most unfortunate and hvilyuyuchih change. Less than an hour before Gorbachev's visit, they were awarded the “Medal of Freedom to them. Franklin Roosevelt”, “Albert Einstein Peace Prize”, Honorary Prize “Historical Boyfriend” from the religious organization “Conscience Call Foundation”, Martin Luther King International Peace Prize. Gorbachev himself masterfully changed the image of the "father of perebudov" and nonchalantly slandered the stereotypes about the SRSR as the "empire of evil." The greatness of the significance of the wines, having slammed the throat of a full-scale humanitarian and economic cooperation between the SRSR and the lands of Zakhod. At the Washington talks, 24 documents were signed on the most intriguing aspects of Russian-American warfare, including the Pleasure and non-virbility of chemical weapons. It was also praised for the decision to speed up the preparation of the agreement on strategic offensive defenses (SNO-1). This document was already signed in 1991. in Moscow and new ceremonial 5 December 1994 Vіn transferring the speed of all types of strategic offensive weapons (intercontinental land-based ballistic missiles, submarine-launched ballistic missiles, important bombers, as well as long-range sea-based nuclear cruise missiles) with a stretch of seven rokiv to rіvnja 1600 bow 1600 Between the participants of the Agreement, a system of mutual notifications was installed, calling in to confirm and іnspektsіy.
Have 1988-1989 rock. Radyansk diplomacy activated the susilla for the improvement of the political dialogue with the lands of Western Europe. It was necessary to speed up the negotiations on the speedy development of the most obvious, to fix the geopolitical resistance of the countries of the Allied Armed Forces and NATO, and to develop new crocodile positions in the gallery of the rights of the people. An important clerk in the enrichment of the dialogue was the spivrobnitstvo of the SRSR from the Rada of Europe.
At the rocky cold winter, the political influx For the sake of Europe, having lost its share of obmezhenim. The outbreak of the Basovikh Documents for the sake of єvropi in the galluzist Zakhista is the rights of the people's rights (Convention Zhniyi, the rights of the people 1950 p., Social Hartіya єvropi 1961 p., Єvropeisyka Cultural Convention 1954) Krain. Z 1984 z zarannyam to the landing of the Secretary-General of the famous Spanish politician Marcelino Oreja Aguirre in the history of Europe for the sake of Europe, the most intensive and most important period has become.
At the meetings of the Parliamentary Assembly for the sake of Europe at the April 1985 the task was set to remake the cultural spivpratsy, "the policy of European identity" on the main basis of approaching the Sunset and the Skhod. Moreover, the rate was not so zroblena on interstate spivpratsyu, like on hromadyansky іnіtsiativі and development of institutions of local democracy. A great role was played by the adoption of 1985. The European Charter of International Self-Ranging, as an organic addition to the European Framework Convention on Transcordon Spivrobitnitstvo (1980). In line with this policy, the European charter of the city, the European charter of regional movements and local minorities, the charter on the fate of young people in the life of municipalities and regional groups, the European Convention on the Transcordon of TV Broadcasting were adopted throughout the year. In 1988 The European Fund "Euroimage" was founded, with the aim of developing a multi-disciplinary production and distribution of European audiovisual and cinematographic productions. Such visits made it possible to change the mindset in the society, to send mail for the development of various informal contacts in the communities of different lands, including socialist ones. For the purpose of evaluating such communications, the Committee of Ministers for the sake of Europe in 1987. by adopting a special directive on exports from the lands of Northern Europe, as yet not to enter the warehouse of the organization.
1988 The Parliamentary Assembly held a discussion with the topics “Corporate politics for the sake of Europe – a blueprint between the Descent and the Sunset”. The participants of the forum said that, being free of bloc solidarity and renewed importance to adopt new political decisions, the Rada of Europe has become the most effective international organization for the development of a global and European future dialogue. Radyansk diplomacy actively supported this initiative. When the herb is born in 1989 special decisions of the Parliamentary Assembly were granted a special status of “special requested” (for countries that are not members of the Radi Europe), the rest of the transition for the cob of official spіvpratsі was taken. June 6, 1989 near Strasbourg, M. Gorbachov's tract was seen, which dangled the idea of a “sleeping European home”. The Radian leader, having declared that “the SRSR and the USA are the natural warehouses of the international and political structures in Europe”, he also subdivided the continent into spheres and buffer zones hopelessly zastarіv. Gorbachev called out to reinvent the continental political and legal system, laying the foundation for global European values, replacing "geopolitically equal equal interests" and in the future creating "a wide economic expanse from the Atlantic to the Urals." Vіn having recognized the blame importance of spіvpratsi in the gallery of the rights of people and the “politics of European identity”, and also having propagated the formula of the Gelsinsk process (ZBSЄ) for uniting the common lands of Europe.
For many months, while the preparations for the global European forum were under way, the political situation in the world changed drastically. In all the similar European lands, the wind of the “Oxamite revolutions” swept through, which were lacking in socialist devices. National-liberal revolutions came to rule in the Radian Baltic republics. Ale, especially important for Europe, they are small under Nіmechchinі. Representatives of the internal party opposition came to the NDR in the wake of a wide turn to power. The collapse of the communist regime began, and the natomist nature of such a thing seemed to be close to the two German powers. Chancellor G. Kohl actively supports this process. After the victory of democratic parties in the elections for the PDR near the birch tree, 1990 the road to the union of Nimechchini bula vіdkrita, ale nutrition vimagalo and international regulation.
The designation of the international legal formula for the association of Nimechchini became the subject of negotiations for the formula "2 + 4" (FRN, NDR and powers-peregovoy Other world war - USA, SRSR, Great Britain, France). The stench rose up grass 1990 Defying the position of the British and French Churches, the participants in the negotiations confirmed the right of the German people to self-determination. An important role was played by Gorbachov's decision to transfer to the investigation of the Kerіvnitska ob'єdnanoї Nіmechchini the power supply of the region to the military and economic blocs, to speed up the removal of the radyansk group of the military from the NDR. Vtіm, about his zgoda on the unification of Nimechchini by way of the arrival of the territory of the PDR to the FRN, Gorbachev introduced Kolyusche at secret negotiations on February 10, 1990.
12 spring 1990 The participants of the negotiations for the formula "2 + 4" signed the "Agreement on the residual regulation of the city of Nimechchini", which completed the military legal rehabilitation of Niemachchini. Article 1 of the treaty established the inviolability of the war cordons of Nimechchin, Art. 2-3 were attached to the defense of the war, the volodinnya and the order of the FRN to the mass destruction. As a matter of fact, before the treaty, Nimechchina was not able to speed up its defenses until the narrowed borders and suvoro reached the limit, so that from the її lands "only light came out." At st. 4-5 regulated the feeding of the Radyansk troops on the territory of Skhidnoy Nymechchin until 1994. that is the order of their appearance. July 3, 1990 PDR has ceased to function.
At the fall of the leaves 1990 For the first 15 years, the heads of powers and 32 European countries, the United States and Canada were elected from Paris in 15 years after the Helsingian Zustrichi. The previous summits of the NBSI (Belgradsky 1977-1978, Madrid 1980-1983, Stockholm 1984, Vidensky 1986 and so on) were less advisory in nature and were associated with additional contributions to the welfare of the people. At the Paris Conference, a handful of treaties were signed calling for a radical change in the political development of Europe. The main document of the conference was titled "Paris Charter for a New Europe" by the promoter. On the other side, it was announced about the end of “there is a confrontation and a split” and the beginning of a “new era of democracy, unity for the world”. У Хартії підтверджувалися принципи Заключного акту НБСЄ, формулювалися основні права та свободи людини, розкривалося поняття демократії як форми правління, нерозривно пов'язаної з верховенством закону та повагою до людської особистості, наголошувалося на значущості економічної свободи та соціальної відповідальності у прогресі суспільства та безумовній прихильності до the world. . At the “Guidelines for the Future” division, the main directions of international anti-corruption in the sphere of economic anti-industry, security, ecology, culture, immigration problems, political regulation in the Mediterranean region were revealed (within the framework of the dialogue “Pivdaluch-Pivdniy”). Particular significance was given to the “human vimir” - the zeal of ethnic, cultural, cultural and religious self-reliance, the struggle against any form of racial and ethnic hatred, ensuring freedom of exchange and contacts between people. In addition, it was done to institute the NBSI process, for which the three-stage mechanisms of political consultations were created: the judges on the highest level, the Rada of Ministers of Foreign Affairs (SMZS), the Committee of Senior Townships (KSD). The rest of the discussion about the establishment of the new international organization was little discussed in Helsinki in 1992.
The “Charter for a New Europe” Crimean Conference at the Paris Conference laid down the Agreement on the Greater Defense Forces in Europe (ZSЄ), which is based on the recognition of the equal forces of the two political blocs. Vidpovidno to the new for all powers-participants were established zagalnі interі іlkostі number of zbuchaynyh ozbroєn and tekhnika (40 thousand combat tanks, 60 thousand combat armored vehicles, 40 thousand artillery units, 13.6 thousand combat aircraft and 4 thousand attack helicopters) , concretized in the minds of zoseredzhennya vyysk and tekhniki, discussed the procedures for mutual control and consultation. At the same time, it was discussed that after the end of 40 months at the borders of the region of zastosuvannya (from the Atlantic to the Urals), the participating power is not guilty of more than a third of the established borders. As an addendum to the Treaty on 3ZSЄ, 22 member powers of NATO and the Allied Forces adopted a political declaration, de declaring their adherence to the principles of the UN and the National Security Council, their readiness to improve the system of international security and win military potential only for the sake of defense.
Paris conference 1990 could become a symbol of the completion of the "cold war". These decisions did not stop the numerical destruction of the international arena, but created the political and legal basis for the reorganization of the entire system of international networks. The "Charter for a New Europe" confirmed the liberal-democratic values as blatant, which apply to international guarantees and are not related to the specifics of this other social system. The institution of the NBSU process led to the formation of a new plethora of international organizations, as it took on itself the responsibility for the constant monitoring of the problems of human rights and the coordination of democratic transformations in the lands of Europe. The agreement was reached without strings and allowed to expand the mechanism of international control to the area of natural disasters. However, in parallel, subdivisions developed, yakі caused a radical break in the whole system of international vindications. The change of political regimes in the similar European lands caused a rapid collapse of the Radian bloc. At the red 1990 on the grounds on the most important river in Moscow, it was possible to achieve the role of a consultative organization in the role of a consultative organization. Spring 1991 Vіdbuvsya official dissolution of the REV, and lipnі 1991 r. officially pinning his reason and OBC. The replacement of the creation of a shared European home has become an urgent prospect for expanding the borders of the European Union and NATO across the continent. The Radyansk Union itself was quickly drawn into the most severe political crisis. Following the "sickle coup" radyansky regime of speeches. Until the end of 1991 the collapse of the SRSR ended. Sovereign powers have settled down in the post-tradian expanse, like a path of folding social transformations. Tim himself, in the international arena, only one superpower has been lost. The bipolar luminous order has become disruptive.
Rach Amerisana: light in American style. The victory of the United States in the "cold war" even in the world appeared as a result of a long-term strategy aimed at the "disbandment" of the radian military-political bloc and the enemy's defeat in the escort, as well as the legacy of the most internal anti-systematic socialists. Such a stream of the appearance of a “potential opponent” from the political map of the world turned out to be unsuitable for American ceramics. Prote already at the spring 1990 President Bush told the Congress that a new global strategy needs to be formed. It was necessary to comprehend the prospects of the European integration process in the Crimea, as soon as the “cold war” came along, and to develop new principles of mutual relations with the allies in the Pivnichno-Atlantic alliance.
Even before the advent of George W. Bush to the presidency of the United States in the middle of NATO began to brew a serious crisis. The drive was the project of deployment in Europe of the modernization of installations of missiles "Lens". Radyansk kerіvnitstvo called out to the borders of NATO to move in the right direction, saying unilaterally to speed up 550 short-range missiles and far away to lay down an agreement that would allow missiles of this class to be fired. The departments of the FRN, Belgium, the Netherlands, Italy supported the Radian proposition. The protégénistration of the USA has taken a strong position for the support of the other countries of NATO. At the Brussels session of NATO in 1989 American curiosity tried to move the discussion with its allies in a different direction. Bush, having called on his allies to concentrate their respect at the Vienna talks on speeding up the most important defences, including setting the task of securing the speedy military contingents of the USA and the SRSR, deployed in Europe, up to 275 thousand. chol. from the skin side. On grass 1990 The power of the modernization of the Lens missiles started to fall into disuse of the term “deeds” of the SRSR under the hour of negotiations about the unification of Nimechchini. The crisis in the middle of NATO was undermined, but the need to reconsider the political strategy, the Russian concept and the principles of mutual inter-membership in the Pivnichno-Atlantic alliance was obvious. To what food was the London session of Political for the sake of NATO on the most equal level of 1990 rock dedicated.
On the eve of the London session of NATO, it became known that the borders of the Allied Forces came to a decision about the leadership of the military functions of their organization and the savings as a consultative one. Looking back at the obviously prosaic orientation of the new democratic regimes in Central and Northern Europe, the Political Rada of NATO praised the decision to focus on political, rather than military approaches to the improvement of European security. The declaration, adopted for the sub-bags of the session, declared about the NATO leadership in the “image of the enemy” and the concept of “defense at the forefront”, downplaying the role of nuclear streaming, readiness to a serious short-term attack. The borders of NATO consolidated took part in the Paris conference in the fall of the leaves in 1990, and in the red in 1991. At the Copenhagen session of the ministers of foreign affairs of the countries of NATO, the statement “Partnership with the countries of Central and Southern Europe” was adopted. “Our security can be the best secured by a path of further development of the system of mutual relations established in NATO, the process of European integration and the NBSI as key elements,” the statement stated. Young democratic countries ambiguously asked for such support.
At the course of the Roman session of Politics For the sake of the leaf fall, 1991. on the proposition of the United States, a new strategic concept of NATO was adopted. In it, the main meta-alliance was confirmed, it was declared at the Washington Treaty of 1949: defending the freedom and security of all NATO members by political and military means, in accordance with the principles of the UN Statute. It was said that "NATO is making a transatlantic link, for the help of such a security of Pivnіchnoy America on a permanent basis, it is connected with the security of Europe." For the active study of the number of members of the Allied Forces before spivpratsi in the nutrition of the new security system of Europe, it was planned to create a Rada of the Pivnichno-Atlantic Spivrobitnitstva (RSAS) and conduct a broad survey on the rivers of ministries of foreign affairs. Dotsіlnіst far away perebuvannya american military in Europe, prote, sumnіvu not poddavalas, like the need to save the nuclear forces bіlа Europe.
The new strategic concept of NATO set the day for the defense of the alliance in the military plan. The replacement of the concept of "defense at the forefront" with a different nuclear defense, the emphasis was shifted to balancing the development of NATO's infrastructure and modernization. The main political goals of the alliance were the fight against terrorism, the expansion of the mass population, drug trafficking and instability in the vast Radian bloc. These problems were to be overcome by a close interrelationship between the NBS, the EU, the WEU and the Rada of Europe. The strength of the military-political organization of the WEU, which could become the basis of a security system within the framework of the European Union, which is being formed, was given a special significance. This pidkhid was fixed at the Maastricht Treaty. Ale about the weakening of the role of NATO in Europe was not mentioned. At the session Political for the sake of NATO in Oslo in Cherniv 1992. It was unequivocally stated about those that "for the process of peaceful changes, Europe needs a strong and dynamic Alliance."
At the fall of the leaves in 1991, the decision to reform the NATO structure was praised. Within the framework of the new command structure for the alliance, from three to two, a handful of the head command of the enemy forces was short-lived (the European and Atlantic ones were eliminated, and the “command in the English Channel” was reduced to the stock of the first). At the warehouse of the European command, three sub-commands were established, which are supposed to be given for the possibility of conducting combat operations in the western, central, and western regions of Europe. December 20, 1991 the Rada of Pivnichno-Atlantic Spivrobitnitstv (RSAS) was created. Prior to this organization, the ministers of foreign rights of the NATO lands, the number of members of the Allied Forces (Bulgaria, Romania, Ugorshchyna, Poland), as well as the Baltic states, are low. At the birch, 1992 Before the PCAC, the deacons of the republic of the SRSR, as well as the Czech Republic and Slovak region, entered.
The NATO reform has created the mind for a further strengthening of the political role of the organization and expansion of the movement. Ale for the Bush administration was not for the first time. Saving Russia as a hard nuclear power did not allow ignoring these interests in the post-traditional space. Prior to that, the United States was respectfully enlisting the favor of Russia, suvoro dorimuvatisya kolishnіh radyansko-American domnosti, and navіt pro-American mood among the new Russian political elite. During the visit of Boris Yeltsin to the USA on September 31 - February 1, 1992. It was signed the “Declaration of the Presidents of Russia and the USA”, in which it was stated that the parties do not look at each other as opponents and that they are “characterized by friendship and partnership, founded on mutual trust, due to this cohesiveness to democratic and free economics”.
At the same time Yeltsin visited the USA at Chernivtsi 1992. the principle of spіvpratsі two krajn, spramovanoї on pіdrimku reforms in Russia. The stench was enshrined in the "Charter of Russian-American Partnership and Friendship" and the spheres of security, military and political nutrition, trade and economic relations, regional problems, humanitarian and transnational problems were discussed. Even before the signing of this agreement, President Bush announced about the program of economic assistance to Russia and other powers of the SND, which included contributions from the United States (about 3 billion dollars) to international funds for the reform of the Russian economy, seeing Russia supplementary credit guarantees to the United States for the purchase of grain IMF by 12 billion dollars, which is not enough to expand Russia's ability to withdraw loans from this fund. At the onset of fate, the military cooperation between the USA and Russia in the economic and humanitarian spheres developed even more intensively.
Autumn 1992 Russia and the United States have ratified the SNO-1 agreement and open consultations on the preparation of new projects from the development. The United States took upon itself the goiter of financial and technical assistance to Russia in the careless depletion of nuclear warheads. From its side, Russia promoted Bush's initiative to secure the international order of non-spread mass destruction and missile technology. We tried to try and develop the concept of a global defense system (DSZ), however, the Americans’ leadership in the form of a large-scale expansion of the principles of the ABM treaty has become a stone of the future.
Ignorantly striking at the elections for example, 1992 Bush robbed the rest of the month of his re-buying under the rule of new important crocodile in the sphere of rozzbroennya. U sichni 1993. At Paris, the work of the Conference on the development of the defense was completed and the bula was signed "The Convention on the Fence of the Development, Warehouse, Accumulation and Stockpiling of Chemical Emissions and її Reduction." At the same time, the leaders of the United States and Russia signed the "Agreement on the shortening of the distance and the exchange of strategic offensive defenses" (SNO-2). Vidpovidno before the new transfer until 1 Sichnya 2003. speed up the total number of nuclear warheads to 3000-3500 units for the skin side of the lower level (which meant the speed of nuclear arsenals by about two thirds). Nadali Agreement SNO-2 was ratified only by the Russian Federation (May 6, 2000), and that without gaining rank.
Active U.S. businesses to improve stable foreign exchanges in Russia and continue the policy of disengagement have not even been able to confirm the principle of bipolarity in international foreign countries. Navpaki, the American ovnіshnіshnоpolitіchna strategіya svidily reorientated the formation of the model of "unipolar world". And in this plan, the key significance of the regional policy has become important, which is based on direct fallow in Russia and NATO allies. A similar trend began to take shape during the next hour of Reagan's presidency, when the United States switched to holding violent and navit demonstrative actions near the lands of the "third world." In 1986 in memory of the warming international situation, the US administration sanctioned an unprecedented military, or rather penal, operation. On April 15, American Air Forces bombed the military bases near the capital of Libya, as well as the headquarters of the Libyan leader M. Gaddafi. At this hour, Libya began to be seen in Washington as a "rogue power", which poses "new threats" to secular democracy. Characteristically, the bombardment of Tripoli was the first action organized by the organization for the effective display of television broadcasts.
In 1987 The United States, for the first time, got involved in the conflict near the zone of the Persian Inlet. The American Navy, having escorted Kuwaiti tankers, transported Iraqi naphtha and attacked Iranian aircraft and ships. The US policy in Central America was also activated. After a few recent attempts to overthrow the Panamanian dictator General Noriega, the United States was killed in 1989. direct invasion to Panami. Noriega buv calls at the intercessor of drug dealers. Under the hour of harvest in Malta, then under the hour of harvest on the greatest river near Washington in 1990. Bush, having secured the delivery of radiant armor to Nicaragua, brought Gorbachev to the front. Have 1990 r. sandins of embarrassment were reconciled to the conducted free elections, which zumilis the fall of the current regime. In the wake of the collapse of the Soviet Socialist Republic, Bush came under Russian President Yeltsin to supply supplies to Cuba. The "Island of Freedom" turned into a right lined fort. Cuban ceramics was embarrassed to speed up the withdrawal of its contingent from Angola (the rest of the Cubans came from Angola in 1991). In 1991 falling into the communist regime in Ethiopia.
International visions of blue are a manifestation, in which a historical era is seen. In the nineteenth century the stench was not the same as in the 18th century, but in the other half of the 20th century. not like that on the cob. Peculiarities of international trades of the other half of the XX century. they were marked by a whole low furnishing, among them the world was split into two systems, which stood alone alone; the creation of atomic and other types of defenses, building mitteva, destroy all people; globalization of international conflicts and others. It called out, from one side, increased tension in the world, from the other side, the exercise of thousands of people to protect themselves from the threat of poverty. Most of the analyzed period passed under the sign of two tendencies: confrontation and (or) peaceful spiving. With the first trend of appearing "cold war", the race of defences, the creation of a number of military bases, regional conflicts and wars and others .; on the other hand, the launching of a program of peaceful reconciliation, the struggle for rozzbroennya, the movement for peace, the security of that spivpratsy of the peoples. In the middle of the decade, the mountain took the mountain either alone, or in one of the names of trends. For example, the 1950s became the hour of the greatest outburst of the “cold war”, and the 1970s became the period of relaxation of the international tension. Until the 1990s, the stink of the stench was caused by the wild snake of the geopolitical situation in Europe and the world.
About the rich variety of international publications of the other half of the XX century. we spoke in the preceding paragraphs. You already know about the beginning of the “cold war”, the new regulation of the German problem in Europe, the conflicts and wars in Pivdenno-Skhidniy Asia, the close Caribbean crisis and the other. On the basis of these hypotheses, it is possible to put together a more specific statement about those who and how to create international politics, for which they blamed and ended these other conflicts.
At one time it is important to take a look at the nutrition of international vidnosin of this period in a flash, shards do not allow you to see a wild picture of the world politics of this period - the alignment of forces and the nature of the victories between the okremi powers and groups of lands; changes in the international climate in the case of warming up to the “warming” of the weather; activity of international organizations and ruhiv toshcho.
The era of "cold war"
"Cold War" began in the style of the 40s. XX Art. When did it end? The deyaki tried to talk about the completion of which I would become at the international vіdnosinah at 70 pp., if the smuga of the discharge of the international tension had come. Ale buli Afghan podії, came to power neoconservatives with їhnіmi zhorstky zvnіshnіshnіpolitіchnymi stances, a new round of the race for liberation has begun. The resistance continued. The middle of the 80s was called the second cordon, if the principle of a new idea among international brethren was primed with the Radyansk ceramics. The third frontier is an ear of the 90s, if the SRSR and the “shidny bloc” broke up, and behind them one of the warehouses of the bipolar world. Ale and after that in the international waters continue to be saved deyakі sights, characteristic of the period of "cold war". Let's take a look at the main stages of the cold war.
The 50th anniversary of the “cold war” became the top ten years, if both in the USA and in the SRSR atomic thermonuclear weapons were created, and later - intercontinental ballistic missiles, they could deliver it to the ground. Between the two leaders, the distillation of the fire broke out. The growth of military power was accompanied by the creations at the edges of a singing, suspenseful mood. It was the sight of a permanent stormy threat, zalyakuvannya by the strength of the enemy. In the Soviet Socialist Republic, during the war, the concept of two camps, a fortune-teller, was established. In the United States, President Truman's doctrine was on the agenda about "communist insecurity." One of the ideologists of the "cold war" J. Dulles, who was also the US Secretary of State, said: It is necessary to create a notification about the threat of a call.”
Pragnennya zmіtsniti svoї pozitsiї on svіtovіy arena caused the creation of a number of military-political blocs in different regions. First of all, the United States lay with him.
The resistance that began in Europe, flared up on a larger scale and in harsher forms in other regions of the world, we were there, de people, who rang out in colonial and colonial staleness, stood on the path of independent development. The rulers of the powers of Pvdenno-Skhidnoy of Asia and the Close Descent.
A close conflict, which arose in 1948, also turned the respect of the great powers. The SRSR joined the support of the Arab countries. The United States has become on the bіk Іzraїlyu. Have 1956 r. the Suets'ka crisis came. Youmu was driven by the nationalization of the Suez Canal by the Egyptian government. The Russians invaded Israel, Great Britain and France as far as Egypt. SRSR declaring readiness to give help to Egypt. The land-aggressors, zmusheni, were to lead their troops.
1949 - the NATO bloc was created.
1951 - adoption of the ANZUS block (Australia, New Zealand, USA).
1954 – the SEATO bloc was created (USA, Great Britain, France, Australia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Thailand, Philippines).
1955 - the Baghdad Pact was laid down (Great Britain, Turkey, Iraq, Pakistan, Iran). After leaving Iraq, the organization took away the name CENTO.
1955 - Approved by the Warsaw Pact Organization.
SUBMISSION IN PIVDENOY-SHEET ASIA
1946-1954 rr. - War of the Vietnamese people against the French colonialists.
1950-1953 rr. - Korean war.
1964-1973 pp. - The fate of the United States in the war.
I care for the world
People, like they lay down to the generations, like they passed the war, did not want to repeat it. In the world of that, as the race of rebellion was raging, the military conflicts were saved in different parts of the world, the fire of defending the world was looming. In 1949 Paris and Prague hosted the All-World Congress of the People of the World. Most of the organizers of this movement were the people of the leftist perekonan, the communists. In the situation of international opposition, there was a call for alertness to them at the edge of Zakhod. The powers of the socialist bloc became the basis for the movement.
Have 1955 r. in Bandungu (Indonesia) a conference of 29 countries of Asia and Africa was held, as it adopted the Declaration of Acceptance to the World and Spivpraci.
The Bandung Declaration proclaimed the following principles, which may be international sympathies in the world:
1) Povaga to the basic rights of the people, as well as the goals and principles of the UN Statute.
2) Povaga to the territorial integrity of all lands.
3) Recognition of the jealousy of all races and the jealousy of all nations, great and small.
4) Peace in the form of intervention and involvement in the internal right of the other country.
5) Entitlement to the rights of the skin region for individual or collective defense is up to the UN Statute.
6) a) Utrimannya vіd vykoristannya domelennostі about collective defense in private interests of any great powers;
b) Utrimannya be-like the edge in the face of the onslaught on other edges.
7) Utrimannya in the form of acts and threats of aggression and stosuvannya forces against the territorial integrity and political independence of the other country.
8) Regulation of all international superechok by peaceful means, such as negotiation, reconciliation, arbitration, or in court order, as well as other peaceful means to the country's choice, it is clear to the UN Statute.
9) Spryannya mutual interests and spivpratsi.
10) Courage of justice and international goiter.
In 1961 the lands that roared, fell asleep Rukh unacceptable, to which close to 100 powers turned on.
Have 70 rocky. XX Art. anti-war action has created a new development in Europe within the framework of the "green" movement. Back on the heap tse buv ruh "community initiatives" on the defense of dovkіllya. Protecting the nature of that people in the face of threats of corruption, the “greens” joined in the anti-nuclear movement, ignited protests against the distillation of fires, conflicts and wars.
Troubleshooting
Have 1959 r. The SRSR has stepped out of the program of a phased infamous and new rozzbroennya. The importance of food for the rozzbroennya was recognized by the resolution of the UN General Assembly. The International Committee of Rozbroennia was created. Prote practical virіshennya put their food was foldable. One of the achievements for this path was the signing of the 5th Serpnya, 1963. from Moscow by the Radiansky Union, the United States and Great Britain to the Treaty on the testing of nuclear weapons in three mediums - the atmosphere, outer space and under water. About 100 countries arrived before the agreement. Have 1972 r. the signing of the International Convention on the Fence, Production of Fences, and the Accumulation of Stocks of Bacteriological (Biological) Emissions of Toxins and their Emissions has begun.
Rotate to discharge the international voltage
The discharge of the international tension began there, where the tension of vinyl was, - in Europe. Її the ruling point was the regulation of the vote of the councilor of Nimechchin. p align="justify"> Radian-American talks on the highest level, which took place in 1972-1974, appeared as an important moment. On them, a document was adopted on the basis of mutual relations between the USSR and the USA. The two powers also laid down the Agreement on the exchange of anti-missile defense systems (ABM) and Timchasov's pleasure about deyaki go to the exchange of strategic offensive defenses (OSV-1). Homeownership from such important food, like the German problem and the Radian-American blues, became the rethinks of the development of global European spivrobitnitstv. In order to publish the names of the lands, it was necessary for the skin of the parties to report serious arguments, to repair political and psychological barriers. Tse gave special attention to the reach.
G. Kisinger, Secretary of State of the United States in 1973-1977, writing in his words: “It is important to guess what the detente was and what was not. Richard Nixon came to power with an honestly well-deserved reputation as an anti-communist... Nixon did not trust the Radian Union in any way, but firmly believed in the conduct of negotiations from a position of strength. Briefly seeming, he was a classic warrior of the cold war. Prote after several turbulent fates under the rule of the wines themselves, so unlike the peace-loving in a different way of intellectuals, although paradoxically, for the first time in 25 years, there were talks with the SRSR about such a wide stake of food, that they hung out between the Paradox and the Departure,... prote, daily, but ringing. We did not respect the weakened tension by the act of the SRSR. We have our own reasons for whom. We were not inspired by the ideological struggle, but, no matter how important, we fought against the national interests. (How do you know what prompted R. Nixon to negotiate from the SRSR?)
30 lime - 1 sickle 1975 in Gelsіnki Narada went to safety and security in Europe (NBSЄ). The final act of the award, the signatures of the core members of 33 European powers, the United States and Canada, the provisions on the principles of mutuality, the change and the form of joint practice among the participants of the NBSE. So the Gelsinsky process was started, the meetings of the core powers - participants of the NBSU began to be carried out regularly.
10 principles of international agreements adopted by the Final Act of the NBSU (Helsinki, 1975):
sovereignty and respect for rights, powerful sovereignty, including the right to freely choose and develop one's own political, economic and cultural systems; unstoppable force chi threaten with force; indestructibility of cordons; territorial integrity of the krai; peaceful regulation of disputes; nevtruchannya at the internal help; respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms; equality and the right of peoples to dispose of their share; spіvrobіtnitstvo mіzh powers; Sumlіnne vykonannya goiter'yazan from international law.
Until the end of the 70s. tension in Asia decreased. Having established peace with the V'etnami. The military-political blocs of SEATO and CENTO broke up.
Changes of the 80-90s.
At the turn of the 70s and 80s. the international situation has flared up. In response to the replacement of the Radyansk Union of medium-range nuclear missiles, the well-founded United States and NATO have deployed American nuclear missiles on the territory of the Western European powers, aimed at the SRSR and other allies with the Allied Forces. A sharply negative reaction in the rich countries called for the introduction of the Radian troops to Afghanistan. Conservative leaders, who came to power in the lands of Zakhod, were accomplices of a settlement in the “shid bloc”. In 1983 US President R. Reagan, having acted with the "strategic defense initiative" (SOI), as if he had spoken out the strained anti-missile defense of the United States with space-based elements. SOI was not without reason called the program of "space wars". In the world, the presence of the United States in rich regions of the world has grown significantly. The objects of the American handover were the powers of the Close Gathering and Central America.
The change in the international climate began in the mid-80s. XX Art. after the arrival of M. S. Gorbachov to the SRSR, who propagated the concept of a new political thought among international entrepreneurs. The principle position of the new concept was that a global problem in the modern world is the problem of the survival of people, which may indicate the nature of international comrades. Radyansky kerіvnik zumіv establish contacts with leading leaders of the western world. A pivotal role in the Radian-American communities was played by the discussions and negotiations on the most important level (M. S. Gorbachov, R. Reagan, J. Bush Sr.), held in 1985-1991. The stench ended with the signing of bilateral agreements on the liquidation of medium-range and short-range missiles (1987) and on the exchange of land and short-range strategic offensive fires (SNO-1).
Significantly, a number of international problems were brought to light in Europe after the beginning of the 80s - the beginning of the 90s. At the center of respect, the German food appeared again. How many times has it been for the unification of two German lands.
The agreement on the residual regulation of the time of Nimechchini was signed on 12 spring 1990. in Moscow by representatives of two German powers, as well as Great Britain, the Soviet Socialist Republic, the USA and France. SRSR viviv z Nіmechchini svoї vіyska that pogodivsya for the entrance of the united nіmetskoi state to NATO.
The votes of the new European powers were accompanied by a lot of national conflicts, and some outbursts - to the vindication of international conflicts. Peaceful regulation in the Balkans became one of the main goals of international diplomacy in the 90s. Qia and a lot of other international problems of the XX century. passed from the XXIst side.
Proceedings
As a result of the real weakening of the global military-political confrontation between the two blocs from one side, and the one-hour escalation of regional conflict situations and the threat of "small wars" - from the other side, the problems of defending the rights and security of the special features and humane legal, cultural contacts, rozpovsyudzhennya ob'ektivnoї іnformatsiї The totality of these characteristics took away the name "human world". Concrete people to create rethinks, trust and distrust between the peoples and the powers, in view of which there are a variety of military and political problems, the problems of protecting and enriching the natural environment, the development of trade, economic and scientific and technical connections, too.
The concept of "human vimir" and the mechanism of cooperation of the powers from the humanitarian and legal grounds were grounded at a special distribution of the document of the Videnskaya zustrіchі participants of the National Security Council in 1989.
Important bodies, yakі poklikanі to deal with humanitarian problems, nutritional security of fundamental rights and freedoms of people є NBSЄ (since 1994 it is called OBSE - Organization for Security and Spivrobіtnitsva in Europe) and Rada of Europe - regional international organization, creation in 1994.
The collapse of the Soviet Socialist Republic and Yugoslavia, the establishment of new independent powers, the difficult krai of the large socialist camp, the unification of the German Empire and the integration of the western lands became important factors in encouraging the global European home and the development of international ships in the 90s.
A great deal of stability has fallen, which spirals on the swedish reaction of overpowering the disruption of the jealousy and on spivstavlennya svoїh krіv with the reaction of a possible enemy, just like with the power of the power of neutralizing it.
At one time, the disintegration of the bipolar system led to the introduction of political guidelines into other powers, the collapse of the ideology of totalitarianism there, devastated panuvala, chaos in the minds of rich people. At the light of the empty, nationalism, witchcraft, non-streak aggressiveness are vriving.
The peacekeepers of the United Nations, EU, NATO and other international structures are not always effective and adequate. The threat of local wars has grown stronger in the world as a deputy of the global peace of mind.
Cardinal changes in the world have made the formation of a new system of European security an urgent task. The versatility of this task was sown by various various rich-sided contacts, as well as bilateral contacts between the powers of Europe.
An important milestone before the installation of a new security system in Europe was the signing in Birch 1995. countries of the OSCE "Stability Pact in Europe". Country, Piding Piding Pack, Zobov and the rosvivati kindly in the basics of the head of the UN, for the sake of sovereignty, the sovereigntys, the Terrhistan, are of the sovereign, help, osib, Representatives of national minorities.
In 1993-1995 pp. the center of ethnic resistance on the territory of the greater Yugoslavia moved from Croatia to Bosnia, where three communities fought among themselves: Serbian, Croatian and Muslim. Svіtova spіlnota put all the blame for the outbreak of the conflict on Serbia and on April 25, 1993. imposed an economic blockade.
After several fates of war in Bosnia, under the pressure of light trade, the conflicting parties came to a standstill seriously, and on December 15, 1995, peace was laid. With the method of vikonannya on the territory of Bosnia, a NATO army was introduced with a number of 60 thousand. man.
In the aftermath of the conflict in Bosnia, the community of the world opined in front of the problem of Kosovo, which had taken on a wicked character. The Albanian minority, who live on the territory of Serbia in the region of Kosovo, took up the task of reaching the land to Albania. To put out a new fire in the Balkans, the UN, NATO, OSCE and other organizations got involved in the conflict. Vaughn was embarrassed by the opposing sides of the system for the style of negotiations and to please (1998). Ale vikonannya, please, you are constantly supported by opir її opponents, as from one side, and from the other side, which veer into the slumbers of violence. Shchob put an end to the bloodshed, at the fierce 1999 r. under the threat of stosuvannya forces from the side of NATO offending the opposing sides of the force for the style of negotiations. However, homelessness was not achieved. The blame for seeing the negotiations was laid on Serbia. NATO, in order to encourage Serbia to behave, vied against it in war. For 78 days, NATO aircraft bombed Serbia. Nareshti Serbs brought their troops from Kosovo, and the military of NATO and Russia was introduced into the region.
The war near Kosovo did not become the rest of the region. The onslaught of doom was saved by the war in Macedonia, and the Albanian minority of the supporter of the ring ignited the war against the central order. Nareshti zavdyaki zusillyam UN, NATO, EU, OSCE conflict far off extinguish.
The camp of the Close Skhodі (Palestine, Iraq, the area where the Kurds lived and others) and near a number of the regions of the Kolish Radyansky Union (Georgia, Virmeniya, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan) are left with unsafe and stressful conditions. The standoff between India and Pakistan has become brighter, as they have made a lot of crumbs at the turn of the nuclear powers, having made subterranean nuclear tests. A serious blow to the stability of the world was led by the Asian financial and economic crisis. For the resolution of hostile conflict situations in these regions, it is necessary to have joint efforts of all conflicting parties and international peacekeeping organizations.
The emergence of new independent powers led to a new alignment of forces in the world politics. The United States has lost its single superpower. The struggle for spheres has entered a new phase.
Political instability in different regions of the world is threatening with vibes of new local conflicts. For example, in the 90s, Tropical and Pivdenna Africa became a region of crooked wars, coups, partisan revolutions (Congo, Angola, Rwanda and other).
More and more signs of social and economic problems of the "third world" countries are given. The net income of 200 richest people outweighs the income of 40% of the population of the world (tobto 2500000000 osib).
Unbeknownst to Russia and the United States, they put a threat to the development of the global European process and the process of nuclear disarmament. The differences were vindicated from different positions of the sides in the context of the expansion of NATO to the Shid, in the regulation of the close and Yugoslav conflicts. Russia pragne play a dominant role for the great Radian Union. With such problems, the light of the third millennium has risen.
2. International blueprint on the cob of the 21st century International terrorism
The beginning of the 21st century did not bring peace on Earth. Of all the problems that have declined from the last century, the problem of international terrorism has become the most unsafe.
The manifestation of international terrorism in the home of people is still in the middle hours, and even in this hour, if the formation of a global world civilization is completed, international terrorism is gaining a new quality of that place in world politics.
Causes of international terrorism at the current stage:
- innocence of national problems; cordon problems. Significant part of the peoples have been granted the right to national self-determination;
- the presence of a fiendish mechanism for combating terrorism;
- dominance of the USA in the world, as a single superpower;
- protirichcha mizhkhristianskoi, іslamskoi, distant civilizations;
- the exercise of a few people, organizing to the disorganization of the established order of the world, their exercise of planting seeds of fear and non-sense.
- Features of international terrorism at the current stage:
- straightening of the opposite borders of the world;
- vykoristannya regions in international instability in the development of a network of their organizations and the development of terrorist activity;
- supporting separatist movements, trying to establish control over the nationally arbitrary movements;
- selection of modern technology and technologies;
- coordination of activities and mutual support of terrorist organizations;
- organization of financing of terrorist activities for the control of legal business and control of illegal business;
- zdijsnennya large-scale terrorist actions, yakі maly b a wide resonance of light;
- pragnennya terrorists create "power within power";
- significant impact of the Islamic factor.
Terrorist attack on 11 September 2001 in New York and Washington (passenger planes scuttled by suicide bombers crashed into the gloomy shopping center of the Pentagon) spurred the world's bulk to unite in the fight against sterorism. A broad anti-terrorist coalition of powers in the United States was created, and a large-scale struggle was ignited among a number of terrorist organizations. Tsya fight is conducted in the economic sphere (liquidation of dzherel, channels of financing of terrorist structures); viyskoy (implementation of anti-terrorist operations with the reduction of the revealed terrorists); political and other. We are important on the way to fight against terrorism in the liquidation of regions of international instability, in some lands of quiet regimes, as if to take in the activities of terrorists, to regulate conflicts in hot spots.
The US administration laid the blame for the terrorist attack in New York on the Al-Qaeda terrorist network, as if framing Bin Laden. The United States voted the reference war on this structure. On the 3rd of spring 2001, the intelligence services of 70 countries of the world were arrested for the second thousand members of this organization. For example, autumn 2001 The United States and its allies from the anti-terrorist coalition have launched a war against the Taliban regime in Afghanistan, which seems to be the leader of Al-Qaedi. Until the end of February 2002, as a result of the operation "Inscrutable Freedom", the Taliban regime was thrashed, the terrorist protégé rales fared away from arrest or perished. Nini struggle with the terroristic streak is trivaє.
Crimean struggle without intermediary sterorists The United States launched a struggle against the regimes accused of supporting terrorism. On September 30, 2002, US President George W. Bush, Jr., announced the "Axis of Evil" North Korea-Iran-Iraq. The regimes of the names of the lands, toil with a mass defeat, to become a threat to the world.
Autumn 2002 the camp was set up near Iraq. The United States and Great Britain affirmed that Iraq, despite the UN resolution of 1991, was not resolved (in total, 12 resolutions were adopted until 2003): new chemical, bacteriological and nous.
In order to reverse the suspicions of the UN, it adopts a resolution and in Iraq it was ordered by a special commission of the organization, which, after three months, did not know ZMZ. At the same time, the USA and Great Britain are pulling together their military forces from the region and creating an anti-Rak coalition. Try the United States and Great Britain to pass a resolution through the UN, as it gave them the opportunity to spread war against the Baghdad regime, for it to spread that fall. Prote їhnє pragnennya so it was not supported by the light community. France, Germany, China, Russia and a number of other low powers came out against the position of the United States. France and Russia were threatened with a veto. Realizing that the legitimacy of their actions could not be achieved, the United States and Great Britain violated the children independently, violating the entire system of international votes, which was formed after the end of the cold war, ignoring all international organizations such a huge. On March 18, 2003, George W. Bush, the youngest, issued an ultimatum to Saddam Hussein to deprive him of power and deprive the country. On March 20, the US and Great Britain broke out battles (Commander General Tommy Franks. After 21 days of war, the American troops took control of Baghdad, and the British - over Basra. Hussein, having gained control of the country, died. filed.
After a series of negotiations between the United States and Great Britain, it happened to soften its position. The UN, the EU will also take the fate of the re-establishment and formation of power in war-torn Iraq.
The DPRK rushed to the camp near Iraq, as it announced its withdrawal from the Treaty on the Expansion of Nuclear Strikes and inspired the work of the nuclear reactor. Also, a series of test launches of ballistic missiles was carried out, a statement was made about the presence of a nuclear weapon. The United States, having reacted on the tse to dosit softly, after the completion of the war in Iraq, began a search for an exit from the dangerous situation in that region. Prote real zdobutkіv so і nemaє.
So do not feel the conflict at the Close Convergence. It is impossible to change the formula for regulating the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The implementation of the "Road Map" plan is stalling.
"US National Security Strategy" (Vityag)
Today, the United States has an unprecedented military strength, as well as a great economic and political surge. It is true to our past principles, we do not win over our strength to overcome the pressure for the elimination of one-sided victories. Natomisti pragnemo create a balance of power on the benevolence of people - think, for which all lands and all suspіlstva can choose for themselves the benefits and problems of political and economic freedom. In a carefree world, people can live the best lives. We protect the world, fight against terrorists and tyrants. M zberіgatimemo svіt, buduyuchi good vіdnosiny among the great powers. We expand the zone of light. Promoting vilnі and vіdkritі suspіlstva on the skin continent? I don't care less for America. Vіn vіdkritiy for all. To achieve the designated goals of the United States will:
- protect pragnennya to human fitness;
- build alliances to secure victory over global terrorism and get used to attacking us and our friends;
- work with other parties to regulate regional conflicts;
- to overcome our enemies, threaten us, our allies, and our friends with the threat of mass oppression;
- to initiate a new era of global economic growth along the path of free markets and free trade;
- expand the scope of development, increasing the number of services and future security infrastructure;
- expand the halls of the bedrooms with the other main global centers of power;
- to reorganize the National Security Institute of America to address the needs of the 21st century.
The disintegration of the bipolar system to the fullest extent, having already put the food to nothing: what did they give? The process of changing some models of international waters is accompanied by deep political cataclysms. How many times will the script be different.
Tectonic destruction in the international arena was a wake-up call to the emergence of one of the two centers of power from the political map, on which the framework of the bipolar system was creaking. This determined the low specificity of the process of the formation of a new model of international ships. In another way, due to this phase of the formation of a new model, it becomes viscous in nature - the ten years will end, and one cannot talk about the completion of this process. Thirdly, if there had not been such a situation before, when the formation of a new model, the parameters of such a world lay in the same superpower that was left behind - the United States. Nareshti, no earlier than this process was not accompanied by a great number of hostile regional crises, in the course of which there is a modus of mutual interdependence of the main centers of power, a new structure of the system of international foreign exchanges is being formed. On this day, the number one power is Received by the States. You won’t be able to recreate the 21st century on the “American century”, if the whole world will be slandered for the likeness of the United States, if American values will become universal in nature, and America itself will become the center of the world. Get ready! win for whom the whole nayavny at їhným rozladzhenny nabіr koshtіv, including vіysk force. The 90s already gave a few examples that support this thesis. Standing on the Balkan Pivostrov, in the area of the Persk Stream, on Haiti and in Somalia, they demonstrate the readiness of the US ruling elite to win military power not just to regulate regional conflicts, but to impose American will on the countries to resist. Similar aspirations of the United States enter at a clear and even more staggering pace with the process of pluralization of light diversity, about which we spoke earlier, which is gaining more and more scope. Blame for another reason: why should the United States get resources in order to consolidate itself in the positions of the world's hegemon? And if you don’t stick (the greater number of analysts vvazhayut, if you dare to do it yourself), then how do you get listed in the system of international vidnosin? In the 1990s, two trends were clearly seen in the development of light sleepiness. From one side, near the world (in Europe) to gain a range of integration processes, as if to lead to the improvement of supranational ambushes in the economy and politics. However, at the same time, another process is going on - the growth of national self-confidence, which often gives rise to outbursts of nationalism, which sharply does not accept whether or not to test the exchange of sovereign sovereignty for the melancholy of supranational structures. A conflict between trends and so far, there are no other recipes for raising the level of super-accuracy. Already today, a few geopolitical zones have been formed, and in the most severe form, these tendencies are being reversed. The largest such zone is the post-tradyansky expanse. The very fact of the possible collapse of one of the superpowers has given rise to such a cascade of problems that can be seen for ten years. Nasampered, the home of the SRSR has created a majestic vacuum of power, because the Russian Federation is clearly unable to win those functions in the international arena, as they lay on the SRSR. Ale, the vacuum of strength, as a witness to historical evidence, the river is supernaturally unsafe. Applicants appear negligently, in order to get started, new universities, conflicts, appear. What are possible scenarios for post-traditional space? The answer to the chain of nutrition of the virishal world lies in the fact that Russia can become a center of gravity for the new powers that have settled on the ruins of the SRSR. In other words, how to take a mountain in the post-tradyan space - integration or disintegration tendencies. Swift disintegration of the bipolar system destroying the primary balance of power and putting in practice before the US powers the task of adapting their sovereign interests to new realities. First, which is obvious to everyone: you don’t need to follow the hard choice any more - to come up to some of the opposing blocs. Now the great powers have the opportunity to play a greater and lesser independent role in the world. We are standing in front of the Western European powers. In the middle of Europe itself, a regional superpower has appeared - the united Nimechchina, the potential of which is sufficient for the future to win the role of one of the centers of power in the rich polar world. To transform into an independent, moreover, a pleasurable center of power, to inspire a greater world, lower Western Europe, claims Japan. It has long been appointed that sphere, which claims to control over such a claim "the land of the sun, where to go" - the Asia-Pacific region. Feeling the need to constantly look back, due to the obviousness of the SRSR, at its strategic partner - the USA, Japan, relying on the strained economic potential that is dynamically developing, there is no doubt that all chances will be recognized as the leader of the Asia-Pacific Region in the near future. As it turns out, the US claims for the formation of a unipolar system of international vessels will be buried. However, on the way to the implementation of this scenario, there is one shift - belligerently progressing China, which has a giant potential. Tse is an obvious contender for those who, in 10-15 years, will become a superpower for a sensitized catch. At the same time, the opposition of the United States, Japan, and the United States and Japan, and tse galmu rozval of the Japanese-American alliance. It is important to point out one particular feature of the model of international vessels that is being formed. Even today, it is obvious that the principle of Eurocentrism, having risen more and more between the 19th and 20th centuries, until the end of the last century, may be more important as the main system-creating principle. It is obvious that the new model of international partnerships will not be European-centric at any other time. Practically all of the contenders for joining the "club of great powers" are composed of powers that lie outside the borders of Europe. Also, there are two trends in the process of establishing a new model of international foreign exchange. On the one hand, the United States is clearly to promote the creation of such a world order, in which the stench will be the main and only center of power, on the other hand, the number of low vagomic factors, as if they are changing it, stimulating the formation of a rich polar world.
Political parties in the lands of Europe and America in the interwar period
Political parties of the Third Republic (France).
CL.FKP(French Communist Party)
The basis of the light communist movement;
Construction of socialism, dictatorship of the proletariat, for Radian France.
L.SFIS(French Socialist Party) .
RPRRS(party of radicals and social radicals) pidtrimka: middle. bourgeoisie
C.SO ( Democratic Union) podtrimka: liberal intelligentsia, mid. and prom. bourgeoisie.
P.RF(Republican Federation) pidtrimka: prom. that middle bourgeoisie, Catholic church, army stake (conservative shtibu)
KP.FD action franchise(French diya); podtrimka: clerical stake (clergy, middle and higher officers), that financial bourgeoisie is great
Replacement of the monarchical outbuilding
British political parties in the interwar period- There were two, two and lost.
Right- Conservative party (more toruy) - great business, clergy, generals.
Libya Center - Liberal Party(kolishnі vіgi) - part of the great bourgeoisie (thі, hto mає virobnitstvo on the Islands), middle and drіbna bourgeoisie, robіtnichiy class. They were changed by the Laborites.
Livi – Laborites. More radical vision of liberals from this very electorate. Mali has individual and associative membership, the Labor Party has gained BTUC (BTUC-British Trade-Union Congress), Independent Labor Party, British Communist Party.
There is a significant trend - when the Conservatives were moved, the order was formed, as a rule, by the Laborites - but they controlled the entire conservative majority of the House of Communities, as they periodically ruled over the rule of the government.
US political party.
In general, during the interwar period in the United States, there was a struggle between “isolationism” and “internationalism” (“logism” and “wilsonism”). Politics of internationalism visuvav Wilson, vіd Democratic Party. Tse policy of participation in all the right of Europe. Standing up to Youma Lodge, s the politics of isolationism(neutrality and not vtruchannya from the European Union), who was a former member of the Republican Party.
Charles de Gaulle - President of France 1959-69.
George Bush (senior) (RP) - US President 1989-1993
Liberal and conservative parties of the leading countries
Pіslyavоєnny period, parties: from right to left.
UK: Conservatives, Labor.
Nimechchina: CDU/CSU, SDPN, KKE, VDP
France: MPR (People's Republican Movement), YUDSR (democratic socialist support), SFIO, FKP.
Current period: from right to left.
USA: republicans, democrats.
Britain: Conservatives, Labor, Liberal Democratic Party.
Nimechchina: CDU/CSU, SDPN, green, VDP, levi
France: National Front (NF), Party for French Democracy (SFD), Association for the Support of the Republic (OPR), French Communist Party (FCP), Socialist Party (SP).
E. Herrio -Frenchsovereign іpolitical fiend , party leaderradical that radical socialist, writer, historian, publicist, academician.
Minister of Public Works, Transport and Supply (1916-1917)
Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs (1924-1925)
Head of the Chamber of Deputies (1925-1926)
Prime Minister (1926)
Minister of National Education (1926-1928)
Prime Minister (1932)
sovereign minister of low orders (1934-1936)
head of the Chamber of Deputies (1936-1940)
E. Eden (Conservative Party) - Prime Minister of Great Britain 1955-1957
New lands on the map of Europe after the first light war.
The collapse of the Austro-Ugric region caused the creation of new powers: Austria, Ugrian region, Poland, Czechoslovakia, Serbia, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croatians and Slovenes.
W. Churchill (conservative party) - Prime Minister of Great Britain in 1940-1945, 1951-1955.
George Bush (younger) - American Republican politician, 43rd President of the United States from 2001-2009