Micropower of foreign Europe on the map list. Microstates of Europe. Abstract before presentation

Intro.

There are close to 230 countries and territories on the modern political map of the world, the most important of which are sovereign powers.

Without a doubt, with such a large number of countries, there is a need for a new grouping, which should be carried out first on the basis of various cultural criteria. Ale among the smallest types of grouping, the widest - sorting of regions for the size of their territory.

Beyond the boundaries of the territory, ten largest regions are seen, with an area of more than 3 million km2 of skin, which in the aggregate become all the terrestrial drylands, but still prevail on the political map of the middle and small lands. Є і zovsіm krihіtnі, as it is customary to call microstates. Ale, in fact, the cream of its own small borders, the stench of little chim in the country, scho mayut great territory.

Insanely, the skin of micropowers, as if it were another country, may have its own unique way of development and play its own, singing role in international political, economic and social resources. But it would be unfair to stverdzhuvaty that their having poured into the world of today is so very little, as if they had broken the powers themselves. Let's switch over to tsoma on the butt of the micropowers of Europe:

Principality of Andorra.

The largest of the micropowers of Europe, roztashovana on the pivden entry of Europe near the Northern Pyrenees between France and Spain. The area of the territory becomes 465 km 2. In the administrative term, it is divided into 7 communities (parishes), like a day of administrative and financial independence. The capital is Andorra la Vella (23 thousand copies). , 7 thousand - Portuguese, 5 thousand. - French. By population growth

Vіdpovіdno to the constitution, caught in a referendum on March 14, 1993, Andorra - parliamentary princedom. The heads of state (spіvpravitelі) - Bishop of Urgell - Joan Marty Alanis (since 1974) and President of France Jacques Chirac (since 1995). They are the guarantors of the independence of Andorri and її goodwill from Spain and France. For the constitution, the spivpravitels may have the right to show elections and referendums, to recognize the head of the row and members of the Constitutional Court, they can sign a decree on the dissolution of parliament, adopt laws, take part in the preparation of international treaties, which deal with such internal security problems.

The legislative body of the government is the unicameral parliament - the General Rada, as a control of the order, that fixes the state budget, robs the parliament (syndic) of that intercessor, and also the head of the order, which brings political support to the parliament. Obiraetsya direct incendiary votes for 4 years (the rest of the choices were made in the fierce 1997) and it consists of 28 deputies.

Vyshchy Vikonavchy organ - Order. Head of the order since 1994 є leader of the Liberal Union. Forne Molne.

Main political parties: Liberal Union (LZ) - 16 deputies in parliament, National Democratic Union (NDO) - 6 deputies (leader - O. Ribas Reig), New Democracy (ND) - 2, National Democratic Initiative (NDI) - 2, independent candidates - 2 deputies. On scho at the breast 1995 In municipal elections, NDOs achieved the greatest success, representatives of which were elected alcaldes (measures) 4 communities out of 7, including those in the capital.

The first riddles about the territory of the native Andorri are known until 778, if the Visigoths

Under the onslaught of the Arabs, the boulevards zmusheni deprive the river. Seu de Urgell and shukati pylons near the Pyrenean mountains. The Emperor Charlemagne urged the Arabs to come forward and handed over to Andorra the intercession of the Bishop of Urgell (Spain). In the Middle Ages, Andorra became a feudal Volodymyr in the main counties of Fua and the Bishops of Urgell. At 1278r. between them, it was arranged to please about the common sovereignty over Andorra (“act-pereage”). Nadal, the rights of the Comte de Foix passed to the French kings. Until 1993 Andorra officially became a feudal princedom under the protectorate of Spain and France. The sovereigns of Andorri (President of France, Bishop of Urgell) jointly appointed vicar representatives with the reinstatement of the head of state. The vicars were obov'yazkovo guilty, but they were the original inhabitants of the princedom and lived on this territory. They swore an oath to respect the "Basic Legislative Act of Andorri" (a kind of constitution adopted in 1866). Z 1419r. in Andorra, the General Rada acts - the parliament (the oldest in Europe and Poland). At 1933. bulo zagalnye vyborche right cholovіkam, and in 1970g. - for women.

1.06.93 of signing the Agreement on goodwill, friendship and peace between the Kingdom of Spain, the French Republic and the Principality of Andorra, which secured the status of Andorri as a sovereign power. At 1993 Andorra was admitted to the UN, in 1994 - to Radi Europe, UNESCO and UNICEF, in 1996. the country officially came to the Treaty on the expansion of nuclear weapons.

The main branches of the economy are trade and services for foreign tourists (7-8 million per river). An important source of income is the cultivation of the tyutyun. Є enterprises of light craftsmanship (usampered - the production of syrivs and mineral water), handicraft production of souvenirs and embellishment. The population of the mountain forces is engaged in cattle breeding (25 thousand sheep, 3 thousand kiz). Є lay the hall, tin, marmur, granite, likuvalnі thermal water. The country has 7 banks. Vykoristovuetsya all-inclusive road transport, dozhina roads - 269 km.

A large number of workers and service workers in 1996. - 31755 osib. Of these, 57% are employed in trade, hotel business, services, banking services, 18% - in everyday life, 13% - government services, 3% - in general industry. Rich income per capita 1997 becoming 18 109 US dollars. Mid-month news in 1996 - 178 thousand. pesetas ( @

1300 USD).

Committed to export for 1996r. having become 60 million US dollars, imports - close to 1 billion dollars.

Pochatkov osvіta є bezkoshtovnym i obov'yazkovim at all initial mortgages reaching 14 years. For official tribute, the literacy rate of the country becomes 100%.

You can see a bunch of newspapers and magazines: the newspaper “Diary

d'Andorra", tizhnevik "Poble Andorra"; є 2 radio stations and a local TV channel "AndorraTV-Channel-33".

Power-place Vatican.

An independent state is the center of the Roman Catholic Church, the residence of the head of the Pope - the Pope of Rome. To be found at the western part of Rome. Occupies a territory of 0.44 km2. There are three cathedrals near Rome and the Vatican: Santa Maria Maggiore, San Giovanni in Laterano and San Paolo, a number of palaces and villas with a total area of 0.7 km2. Vlasne, the Vatican has no permanent population. On the territory of yoga live tato, ker_vniki of the Roman curia

Services of the Vatican institutions. Naprikintsy 1997. at the Vatican institutions there were 2493 spivrobitniks, with few religious ranks 1328 osib.

The official language of the state is Latin and Italian, pennies alone - the Italian lira. The Vatican also holds a coin, recognized mainly for numismatists.

From the look of the sovereign I will arrange, the Vatican is a theocratic monarchy. The head of the state is the Pope of Rome (from October 16, 1978 - John Pavlo ǁ

), Pole for nationality; until the new century, the papal throne was occupied exclusively by the Italians. Papi lie down the legislator, vikonavcha that court authority. It is within its competence to include notification to the Vatican in international agreements, ratification that denunciation international treaties and concordats, the reception of diplomatic representatives and the recognition of representatives of the Vatican in other countries. The Pope is honored by a dovitly collegium of cardinals. The election is carried out, as a rule, from the number of cardinals by secret ballot no less than golosiv.

Other advisory bodies: the Ecumenical Council of the Roman Catholic Church, the College of Cardinals and the Episcopal Synod.

The Ecumenical (otherwise the Vatican) Council convenes periodically for dozens of years to discuss the most important church problems. The Cathedral of the Rest was called in 1962 - 1965. (21 Ecumenical Council or ǁ

Vatican Cathedral ).

The Collegium of Cardinals, the papal organ, is elected to discuss the most important ecclesiastical matters and to choose the papi.

The role of the Vatican in international politics is based on the majestic number of Catholic believers - about 900 million (including 280 million - in Europe, 390 - in America, 91 - in Africa, 100 - in Asia). Australia and Oceania). The conductor of yoga politics is the Catholic clergy (1.9 million clergy, 0.5 million priests), about 2 thousand. black orders, the largest of all orders of єzuїtіv (26 thousand), Franciscans (45 thousand), Salesians, Capuchins, Benedictines, Dominicants.

The Vatican also operates through the following ranks of the Catholic Catholic organizations: vocational, cultural, youth, women and others. Many of these organizations are included in the conference of international Catholic organizations, the work of which is coordinated by the Sovereign Secretariat of the Vatican. Under the singing infusion of the Vatican, there are clerical political parties in different parts of the world.

In the rest of the hour, the role of the Vatican in the international forums is growing, which is why it takes on the political dynamism of the lower pope, Ivan Paul. ǁ,

having established special contacts with rich sovereigns and successfully, with a commemorative resonance, conduct regular trips around the world. The Vatican encourages its commitment to the development of positive international processes; speaks out of constructive positions on key international problems, including the elimination of mass destruction, regulation of regional conflicts, and the protection of the necessary middle ground.

The Vatican has three main sources of income: the Institute of Religious Affairs (actually - the Vatican Bank, the budget of which is roughly a billion US dollars), the donation of the faithful and the financial and economic activities of government enterprises.

The Holy See establishes a wide range of activities, financial protection. May, in its own order, great indestructibility in Europe, Latin America, cooperation with international banks and monopolies. Bila the capital of the Vatican was deposited in Italy. Tilki Іtalії yomu lie 482 yew. hectares of cultivated area, including kilka yew. hectares near the area of Rome.

Arriving to the Vatican, a group of tourists traveled from different countries to the world and tourists to pay their contribution to the budget of the Holy See. At 1997 the sum was close to 60 million US dollars.

Under the Vatican, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences (established in 1603), as a direct order of the papacy and may be on the basis of acceptance of achievements in the sciences of physics, mathematics and natural sciences.

The Vatican has seen hundreds of newspapers and magazines in different countries. Official of the Vatican - a schoden newspaper "Oservatore Romano". The papal throne has its own agency - Agency Internationale Fides (AIF). Radio Vatica will send its programs in 37 languages to most countries of the world, including Russia and other regions of the SND. Behind the Vatican is a television center.

Liechtenstein.

Principality of Liechtenstein.

Power in Central Europe, roztashovana between Switzerland and Austria. Occupies a territory of 160 km2. The capital is Vaduz. In administrative terms, it is divided into two parts that historically formed: Oberland (Upper Liechtenstein) with the center near Vaduz and Unterland (Lower Liechtenstein) with the center near Schellenberg. Divided into 11 communities. For 1995 the population became 31 thousand. people, їх 64% - Liechtensteiners, 36% - foreigners, most importantly Swiss (16%) and Austrians (8%). Official language - German. 87% of believers are Catholics. A single penny is the Swiss franc.

Liechtenstein is a constitutional monarchy. Constitution of the krai dіє z1921r. The head of the state is Prince Hans-Adam ΙΙ von Liechtenstein (having ascended the throne on September 13, 1989; actually ruling the country since 1984). The prince controls the power, grants the right to call and dissolve the parliament, approves legislative acts adopted by the Landtag (parliament), represents Liechtenstein among the delegates of other powers, appoints state servants, has the right to pardon.

The legislature (Landtag) consists of 25 deputies, which are elected by direct voting for a system of proportional representation: 15 deputies from the Oberland and 10 deputies from the Unterland, a term for 4 years (requests from the fierce 1997 p.).

In accordance with the parliament, the prince appoints the order. The head of the order is M. Freak.

The history of the country begins with the vindication on the territory of the current Liechtenstein feudal Volodin Schellenberg (12th century) and the county of Vaduz (14th century), as they moved to the warehouse of the Holy Roman Empire, and later became a protectorate of the Habsburg empire. At 1699r. Schellenberg that at 1712r. Vaduz was sold to one of the closest friends of the Austrian emperor, the Prince of Liechtenstein. The date of establishment of the state is respected on August 15, 1719, if the Volodinnya took away the status of princedom

Vidpovidno to laid in 1923. an agreement on a militant union, Liechtenstein - an internal economic zone of Switzerland. Switzerland represents the diplomatic and consular interests of Liechtenstein with the most important countries.

Liechtenstein is an industrial and agrarian power. The economy is closely connected with the blue-earth, the main Swiss rank, capital and is mainly oriented to export (the EU countries - 41%, Switzerland - 15% to export). Over 75% of imports come from Switzerland. GNP - pererakhunku per capita to become 70 thousand. Swiss francs.

The most advanced industries of manufacturing are developing at the fastest pace: metalworking, auxiliaries, manufacturing of vacuum technology, electronic systems, microprocessors. Traditionally rozvinenі textile, ceramic and pharmaceutical galuzі. For nasichenistyu we will promise by virobnitstvom for 1 km2 the princedom will be settled the 1st place in Europe. The industry employs 45.2% of the industrial population, and the sphere of services - 45%. Ponad 6 yew. people today come to work to Liechtenstein, Switzerland and Austria.

Less than 2% of workers are occupied by the agricultural state. The main galuzna is creatures (75% of the sale of agricultural products).

In connection with the low capital contribution, which is being allocated, and the daily income tax Liechtenstein collected 40 ths. foreign companies, tributes from which add up to a third of the income to the budget of the country. 10% of the budget is given for the issuance of stamps. An important income statistic is foreign tourism.

The princes do not have an army, most of them are the main pledges and the national agency of radio and television.

There are a handful of newspapers, among them the most popular are Liechtensteiner Volksblatt (8 thousand conciliators) and Liechtensteiner Vaterland (8.5 thousand conciliators).

Principality of Monaco.

The state in Western Europe, on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea, is cut off by the upland territory of France. It occupies a territory of 1.95 km2 (of which 0.4 km2 for the rest of the rocks was doubled by the sea). In administrative terms, it is divided into 4 districts, which got angry - places: Monaco, Monte Carlo, La Condamine and Fonveil. The capital is Monaco. For 1997 the population was close to 31.9 thousand. osіb, from them the native inhabitants - Monegasques - close to 6tis. people, French - about 13 thousand, Italians - about 5 thousand, English - over 1 thousand. official language - French, but also wider Monegasque, Italian, English language. 95% of believers are Catholics. One penny - French franc, in reverse also Monegasque francs (coins mainly for tourists and numismatics).

Monaco is a constitutionally recessive monarchy (princeship). Valid until the constitution of 1962. Monaco is "a sovereign and independent power within the framework of the fundamental principles of international law and conventions with France." Z 1949 the head of the state is Prince Renier III

From the dynasty of Grimaldi. Legislative power to lie with the prince and the National Radiation (Parliament), which consists of 18 deputies, who are going to 5 years of voting. Monegasques have the right to vote. Remaining choices were made in 1998 Vikonavu Vlad Zdijsnyu Uryadova Rada, honored by the Sovereign Minister M. Leveque (since 1997). Vіdpovіdno to the agreement of 1918r. Between Monaco and France 2 months out of 4, representatives of France (including the seat of the sovereign minister) occupy the Council of Ministers. Officially, there are no political parties in Monaco, the main political organization is the National Democratic Union.

Z 15th century - princedom, from 1524 to 1641 r.b. - under the Spanish panuvannya, then under the French protectorate, from 1793 to 1814. - at the French warehouse.

The easy tax regime allows the great international banks to widely win Monaco for financial operations (about 800 international companies and 50 banks). Monaco is an all-worldly resort. The main state incomes fall on taxes from banks and hotels (55%), tourism (25%) (mostly Monakopov_duyut close to 700 thousand foreign tourists), resorts and hotels. A modern industrial base has been formed from environmentally friendly enterprises of light and processing industries, 70% of them are residents of the dry regions of France and Italy. GDP per capita 1996 clav25000 US dollars per river.

Monaco has an oceanographic institute. The radio station "Monte Carlo" and the television company "Tele Monte Carlo" are pressed. Great tennis tournaments and autorallies, musical and circus shows are being held. You can see the schoden orderly newspaper "Journal deMonaco".

San Marino.

Republic of San Marino.

The state in the pivnіchno-shіdnіy part of the Apennine Pivostrov on the mountains of Titano, it is carved out by the territory of Italy. Occupies a territory of 61 km2. The capital is the city of San Marino. In administrative terms, it is divided into 9 districts. For 1995 the population of the region became over 25,000; A large number of sanmarines (about 15 thousand) permanently live outside the borders of the country, the main rank in Italy, as well as in France and the USA. Official language is Italian. Religion - Catholicism. One penny is the Italian lira.

San Marino is a republic. Die constitution (with changes) 1600

The supreme legislative body is the Great General Rada (unicameral parliament), which consists of 60 deputies, which are collected by the population (according to proportional representation) for 5 years (the remaining elections are in Chernivtsi 1998). by the grace of s-remembrance of its members for 6 months: from 1 quarter to 30 April and from 1 day to 31 days a week.

San Marino is the oldest country in Europe, dating back to 301. The name "Republic of San Marino" in documents from the 10th century. Z 1862 p. power under the protectorate of Italy. The rest of the agreement on friendship and goodwill with Italy was signed in 1953.

Under the hour of the ovnіshnopolitichnogo course of San Marino, the principles of neutrality and non-admission are to be supported. The country does not favor military and economic groups. She took part in the lower international treaties and conventions, took part in the Helsing Nation for security and spivprac in Europe, the Stockholm conference for the arrivals of doviri, and the Vienna Zustrichi and Parisian people. In the bilateral plan, the most beautiful and richest blues of San Marino are supported by Italy. At the fall of the leaves 1988 San Marino entered before Radi Europe. Z 1992 – is a member of the UN.

In 1991 San Marino laid a new monetary and financial position for Italy, as if the nearest possible future would be to replace the agreement in 1953. about mitny and postal union. For the sake of San Marino, establishing a single currency space for Italy, taking away autonomy from monetary and financial powers, freedom to transfer capital and the possibility of conducting operations with foreign currencies.

In 1991 San Marino also signed the Agreement on the union with the European Union, acknowledging San Marino's status as a third country.

The economy of San Marino is closely tied to the economy of Italy. Її the basis for establishing the agricultural state (grain harvesting, wine growing) and serving foreign tourists. Є enterprises that produce textiles, ceramics, souvenirs, grub products. Most of San Marino sees over 3 million tourists. An important income statistic is the issue of stamps and coins for collectors.

The division of the micropowers of Europe:

Power

population,

yew. osib

The main galleys of the economy

Main galleys of the industry

Trade, tourist services

Easy, kharchova

Liechtenstein

Obrobna, priladobuduvannya

San Marino

Tourism, rural state

Easy, kharchova

It is easy to wash and recycle

There is no permanent population

Henceforth, from the vine-laden vineyard, it swells, that, regardless of its own world, the micropowers pour into the development of the world of international capitals in the recesses of the economy, politics and culture. Persh for everything is the same, to the same, the moprotivi єvropy is in the way to the outlet of the Ekononally Rosinichi Krayan, to be hung up, I can enter them in the rihniye. be any international problems. Such organizations unite the impersonal country and may have a great contribution to the rich processes that are in the world, to that and the state, at the warehouse of organizations, take part in the management of processes, and, from the same, and invest in them, because 'behavior' organization to lie down in the position of the skin margin-union.

1Zahіdna gіlka of the German tribe is ready.

Vicar - a bishop's assistant.

The Roman Curia is a system of ranks that governs the Catholic Church and the power of the Vatican.

Numismatics - collection of old coins and medals.

Numismatist - a person who is engaged in numismatics.

Confirmation by the supreme power of the international agreement laid down by її upovnovazheniyam.

Stunned by the undead, which pinned its deed.

The dwarf powers of Europe are few and far between the small sovereign powers of Europe. Before them, sound include Andorra, Liechtenstein, Malta, Monaco, San Marino and the Vatican. In these robots, only a part of the micropowers will be looked at, such as: the Vatican, Monaco, San Marino, Andorra and Liechtenstein.

Speaking of micropowers, we are being given respect for the small expansion of these lands. The dwarf lands are written with their own rozmirs antrohi no less, lower than the great powers, even though they have a map of the world, it becomes brighter and richer.

The largest of the dwarf powers of Europe is Luxembourg, followed by Andorra, Liechtenstein, San Marino and Monaco. If so, San Marino is an enclave, so it is located in the borders of other powers.

It is important to know them on the map of majestic Europe. Exploring that size of these lands, they have always been a drive for numerical legends, jarries and anecdotes.

The Principality of Liechtenstein is the only state that was saved, that was part of the Holy Roman Empire. It was created as a sovereign feudAustrian house on the basis of the counties of Vaduz and Schellenberg in 1719. The population is over 30 thousand. chol. Through its geographic expansion between Switzerland and Austria, the reorganization of the German Empire after the French Revolution and the unique veneration of the German Empire in the nineteenth century was not destroyed.

Sporudzhenі on strіmkih, impregnable skelyah, і mіsta-fortezі in the early Serednyovіchchi could hit any blow and defend their independence. Well, nature itself helped them to withstand the onslaught of the clock and save them like the stinks that appeared in the world at the time of tectonic collapses of history, in the era of reshaping Europe, on the “breaks” of mighty powers. Nemov’s gigantic kryzhanі hummocks, the powers of the state were ready to wipe out, wipe out their microscopic susides from the earth, but it didn’t work out for them: the small lands for a long time, for centuries, stood for their “speciality”, their independence. The inhabitants of the dossi remember about the tse and shared pride in their fatherland. As a rule, the stench of reconsidering monarchy, knowing by heart the history of their lands, shaping national heroes, cultivating old traditions.

З далекого X століття відлічують свою історію люксембуржці і з гордістю розповідають про те, що їх маленька країна дала світові п'ять королів та імператорів, серед яких оспіваний Петраркою благородний і милосердний правитель Йоган Сліпий, радісно вітається Данте ворог папи римського Генр Європейський університет чеського короля Charles IV. For a hundred years, all European wars roamed the territory of Luxembourg. This country, as it was repeatedly redrawn and changed its cordons, only in 1890 did it reach full sovereignty and rightfully be called the Grand Duchy. The territory of the lower Liechtenstein was mastered by the ancient Romans, and from the depths of the Middle Ages the name of the genius miner Ulrich von Liechtenstein came to us. However, the history of the independent principality of Liechtenstein, which flourished on the banks of the Rhine, can only be traced back to 1719.

The Principality of Monaco was rozted on the French River. From the XIII century, the princedom belonged to the House of Grimaldi, took away independence only after the transfer of the county of Nice from Italy to France in 1860.

Monaco is located on the Mediterranean Sea and may have a population of about 35 thousand. chol. Ruled by a constitutional monarchy, like Prince Albert II. The population is 95% parathian of the Roman Catholic Church. Widely wide French, Italian and English movies. The economy is based on light industry, banking and financial services, logistics and trade, achievements in the field of biotechnology, the marine industry, tourism.

From the ancient Roman fortress on a high rock, a settlement began in Monaco. Like the princedom, it was already beginning to take place during the panuvannya of the Genoese and was inextricably connected with the dynasty of Grimaldi. Numerous travelers retell the legendary history of the new night of 1306 fate, if the brothers of Grimmaldi, in order to turn their own power, dressed up with chants, entered the castle and made the gates for the soldiers. The most popular story here is the story of the romantic dream of the "Queen of Hollywood" Grace Kelly and Prince Rainier III of Monaco. With whom, it is rare for anyone to guess that in the history of the princely house of Monaco, a similar story was already mentioned, if in 1889 Prince Albert I took a New Orleans resident Alice Heine, a distant relative of the poet Heinrich Heine, for his squad.

The princedom of Andorra is a relic of feudalism, which is in the Pyrenees. It was the sleeping quarters of the Bishop of Urgell (Ispan) and Comte de Foix (France), with a population of about 70 thousand. chol. The county of Foix in 1607 moved to the warehouse of the French monarchy, and became the overlord of Andorri from the French side, becoming the King (nin - President) of France.

Independence was gained in 1278 roci. Official language is Catalan.

Andorra, with its appearance in the world of goiter, was named to Charlemagne, who, in 784 years, fell asleep here as a settlement. At the capital's booth to the parliament, which is called the "Budinka of the Valley", you can roll the "seven keys" coat, where you can save priceless documents that commemorate the hour of Charlemagne and the son of Louis the Pious. The keys to the archive are kept by the heads of the communities, moreover, the skin of them can’t be quickened with your own key, access to unique documents can only be turned around all at once. But, regardless of the long history, the constitution in Andorra was adopted on May 4, 1993.

The famous Republic of San Marino is the only thing that has been lost from the middle self-rendered Italian communes. The unification of Italy in the surroundings of the princedom in the XV century, and the unification of the country into a single state in the XIX century, went away to its remote camp in the valley in the Apennine Mountains, and also to its decision to put on the back. Population to become close to 30 thousand. osib.

San Marino, the oldest republic in the world, stands apart among the monarchic dwarf powers. According to the legend, the place was founded by the kam'yanotes Marinus, who took away the gift of the village in the IV century of the new era. Here one likes to repeat the words of Napoleon, which can be seen until the hour of the Italian campaign of 1797, about those that San Marino is a symbol of Freedom.

Spіlm all dwarf kraїn є zaprovadzhennia pevny podtkovyh pіlg, yakі allowed іnozemnym kapitalam vіlno enter kraїnі і priyat razvitku torgіvlі, і gosudarstva. VTIM, Perevgi, Yaki Starebie -Poddatkov system, not it is difficult to VID: so, the organized surgery of the Ekonomichny SPIVROTYTRITVTIA TO ROKITIA 2002 Rock to the "Chronic List" of the Crimean I did not get used to the fisheries. - - This problem is not less Andorri. But, of course, the dwarf lands prosper no less than the dawn of the opacity of their banking system.

However, no matter how good the guests are, don’t be afraid of small lands to sacrifice their own rules and goodness. If the travelers in Luxembourg reported about those that one of the most famous attractions in the place could be photographed on behalf of we caught a guardsman on the palace grounds, or put a hand on his shoulder, young Duke Henry . cuddle up to the new one, punishing negainoly put up a fence. Attraction is attraction, and service is service. In small lands, “pride is in power”, and stench is not allowed to allow anyone to familiarize themselves with representatives of their army and police (a number of which, at times, there are three more than a dozen people). Otherwise, everything here is lined for transparency and pleasure for tourists.

Monaco is famous for its casinos, opera house and oceanographic museum. Liechtenstein - the richest princely art gallery. Luxembourg is ordering and changing, transforming into “the most beautiful looking Maidan in Europe”. There is a pinacotheque with robots of artists of the XII-XVIII centuries at the Cathedral of St. Francis of San Marino. Hotels, restaurants, information bureaus will be built, the entire city infrastructure will be rebuilt to receive and ensure the safety of numerous tourists. The streets are being ordered, the squares and palaces - and even the lands have changed little over the past century. Chergovі chvari and wars sweep over Europe, grumbling political and social storms. Prote, like before, roam in the dwarf lands of the varty for the drawing of palaces, thousands of tourists rush to the theaters, concert halls and exhibition halls. The elusive charm of the summer resort is present in the stalls of street vendors, in the silence of restaurants and cafes, in the pantomimes and melodies of street actors and musicians.

And now Europe is unacceptable without the silence of Luxembourg banks, luxurious Monaco casinos, postage stamps of San Marino, Andorsk tyutyun. How impossible is the organic picture of the world without a penny, let’s bring up the unfamiliar farb. And if the stench is warming near the rich palette of the Old World, the world becomes rich and rich.

Microstates of Foreign Europe

slide 1

Europe is a part of the world, as if at once from Asia they create the great continent on Earth - Eurasia. Abroad (stosovno krayn SND) Europe occupies a territory of 5.4 million km 2 with a population of 520 million inhabitants. 40 sovereign powers (including micropowers) have been razed at the borders, tied together by common shares, close political, economic and cultural assets. In the middle of the European lands, there are more or less large, but in the greater part the stench is equally small. A special group on the political map of the region is established by the tiny countries, or micropowers.

slide 2

The largest of the micropowers - the principality of Andorra - rose between France and Spain. The area of the state is 468 km2, which is 2 times smaller than the area of Moscow. Andorra, stashed at Skhidnykh Pyrenees, between France and Spain. All її territoriya є vysoki pis, girska schili and low valleys. In Andorra, there are a lot of natural hot (thermal) mineral springs. The storage area is 465 km2. In the administrative term, it is divided into 7 communities (parishes), like a day of administrative and financial independence. Capital - Andorra la Vella (23 thousand copies) known more for all the capitals of Europe above the sea level. The population is over 65 thousand. especially, their native inhabitants (the Andorrans) - about 20 thousand, other foreigners: about 29 thousand. - Spanish, 7 thousand. - Portuguese, 5 thousand. - French. For a population growth of 5%), it borrows first place from Europe. The official language of the state is Catalan, but also Spanish and French are victorious. 99.1% of those who believe are Catholics. Vіdpovіdno to the constitution, caught in a referendum on March 14, 1993, Andorra - parliamentary princedom. Since 1278 Andorra has been known to the French and Spanish authorities, not represented by the President of France and the Spanish Bishop of Urgell. The new constitution, adopted in 1993, voted Andorra a sovereign power.

slide 3

The main income of the country is to bring services to tourists (over 10 million dollars per river) and offshore business, which attracts foreigners to pay taxes. An important source of income is the cultivation of the tyutyun. Є undertakings of light craftsmanship (nasampere - the production of syrіv and mineral water), handicraft production of souvenirs and embellishment. The population of the mountain forces is engaged in cattle breeding (25 thousand sheep, 3 thousand kiz). Є lay the hall, tin, marmur, granite, likuvalnі thermal water. The country has 7 banks. Vykoristovuetsya all-inclusive road transport, dozhina roads - 269 km.

slide 4

Liechtenstein is a power in central Europe, spread between Switzerland and Austria. Occupies a territory of 160 km2. The capital is Vaduz. In administrative terms, it is divided into two parts that historically formed: Oberland (Upper Liechtenstein) with the center near Vaduz and Unterland (Lower Liechtenstein) with the center near Schellenberg. Divided into 11 communities. Population to become 33 thousand. osіb, of which 64% are Liechtensteiners, 36% are foreigners, the head rank is Swiss (16%) and Austrian (8%). Official language - German. 87% of believers are Catholics. Liechtenstein is a constitutional monarchy. The prince controls the power, grants the right to call and dissolve the parliament, approves legislative acts adopted by the Landtag (parliament), represents Liechtenstein among the delegates to coexist with other powers, appoints state servants, has the right to pardon. In accordance with the parliament, the prince appoints the order.

slide 5

Liechtenstein is an industrial and agrarian power. The economy is closely linked with foreign, leading rank Swiss capital and is mainly oriented towards export (EU countries - 41%, Switzerland - 15% export). Over 75% of imports come from Switzerland. The most advanced fields of manufacturing are developing at the fastest pace: metalworking, manufacturing, manufacturing of vacuum technology, electronic systems, microprocessors. Traditionally rozvinenі textile, ceramic and pharmaceutical galuzі. For nasichenistyu let's promise by virobnitstvom for 1 km2 the princedom will settle the 1st place in Europe. At the link with a low tax on capital and a daily tax on income Liechtenstein appeals by the registration officer 40 ths. foreign companies, tributes from which add up to a third of the income to the budget of the country. 10% of the budget is given for the issuance of stamps. An important article is foreign tourism. The princedom has no army, most of the chief mortgages and the national agency of radio and television.

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San Marino is a critical power, the maximum distance is about 14 km. Vono roztashovane in central Italy on the slopes of the Apennine mountain range - on the slopes of the heights of Titano with three mountain peaks. The capital is the city of San Marino. In the administrative plan, it is divided into 9 districts. The population of the region is over 27,000; a large number of Sanmarines (about 15 thousand) permanently live outside the borders of the country, the head rank in Italy, as well as in France and the USA. Official language is Italian. Religion - Catholicism. San Marino is a republic.

Slide 7.

The economy of San Marino is closely tied to the economy of Italy. Її the basis for establishing the agricultural state (grain harvesting, viticulture, breeding the great horned thinness) and serving foreign tourists. Є enterprises that produce textiles, ceramics, souvenirs, grub products. Most of San Marino sees over 3 million tourists. An important income statistic is the issue of stamps and coins for collectors.

slide 8.

The Principality of Monaco on the French coast of the Mediterranean Sea has an area of 2 km 2 and the estate stretches for 2.7 km. In administrative terms, it is divided into 4 districts, which were angry, places: Monaco, Monte Carlo, La Condamine and Fontvieille. The capital is Monaco. Population to become close to 34 yew. osіb, among them the original inhabitants - Monegasques - about 6 thousand. osib, French - about 13 thousand, Italian - about 5 thousand, English - over 1 thousand. the official language is French, but the Monegasque, Italian, English language is also wider. 95% of believers are Catholics. Monaco is a constitutionally recessive monarchy (princeship). Valid until the constitution of 1962 Monaco is "a sovereign and independent power at the borders of the global principles of international rule and convention from France."

slide 9.

The easy tax regime allows the great international banks to widely win Monaco for financial operations (about 800 international companies and 50 banks). Monaco is an all-worldly resort. The main state incomes fall on taxes from banks and hotels (55%), tourism (25%) (mostly Monaco welcomes close to 700 thousand foreign tourists), resorts and hotels. A modern industrial base was formed from environmentally friendly enterprises of light and processing industries, 70% of which work on them - the meshchans of the sudan areas in France and Italy. Monaco hosts great tennis tournaments and autorallies, musical and circus vistas.

Slide 10

Place-power at the western part of Rome. An independent state is the center of the Roman Catholic Church, the residence of the head of the Pope - the Pope of Rome. Occupies a territory of 0.44 km2. Near Rome and in the outskirts of the Vatican, there are three cathedrals: Santa Maria Maggiore, San Giovanni in Laterano and San Paolo, a number of palaces and villas with a total area of 0.7 km 2. Vlasne, the Vatican has no permanent population. On this territory, the pope, the stonework of the Roman curia, the servants of the Vatican institutions (about 860 osib) are bagging. The official language of the state is Latin and Italian. From the look of the sovereign I will arrange, the Vatican is a theocratic monarchy. The head of state is the Pope of Rome. Papi lie down the legislator, vikonavcha that court authority. It has the competence to include tribute to the Vatican at the international forums, ratification and denunciation of international treaties and concordates, reception of diplomatic representatives and recognition of representatives of the Vatican in other countries. The Pope is honored by a dovitly collegium of cardinals. The meeting is to be held, ring out, at the warehouse of the cardinals in the way of secret voting.

Slide 11.

The role of the Vatican in international politics is based on the majestic number of Catholic believers - about 900 million people. In the rest of the hour, the role of the Vatican in international monies is growing, which is why, having adopted the political dynamism of John Paul ǁ, having established special contacts with the wealthy great sovereigns, it is successful, with commemorative resonance, to conduct regular expensive light. The Vatican is blaming its own obsession with the development of positive international processes; speaks out of constructive positions on key international problems, including the elimination of mass destruction, regulation of regional conflicts, and the protection of the necessary middle ground. The Vatican has three main sources of income: the Institute for Religious Affairs (in fact, the Vatican Bank, the budget of which is roughly a billion US dollars), the donation of the faithful and the financial and economic activity of government enterprises. The Holy See establishes a wide range of activities, financial protection. May, in its own order, great stability in Europe, Latin America, cooperation with international banks and monopolies. Bіlya kapitalіv Vatican invested in Italy. Tilki Іtalії yomu lie 482 yew. hectares of cultivated area, including kilka yew. hectares near the area of Rome. Groups of pilgrims who come to the Vatican from different countries of the world, and tourists pay their contribution to the budget of the Holy See.

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Abstract before presentation

The presentation on the topic "Microstates of Foreign Europe" is recognized for organizing a lesson in geography. A text document is added to the multimedia resource, which can be explained to the skin of the slide. The change of presentation is directly molded from high-ranking schoolchildren to the countries of Europe.

global data about the lands of Europe;
Andorra;
Liechtenstein;
San Marino;
Monaco;
Vatican.

Format

pptx (powerpoint)

Number of slides

Berseneva Valentina Sergiivna

Audience

The words

Abstract

Presence

Appointment

For the lesson to be taught by the teacher

slide 1

S = 5.4 million km2
Population = 520 million people
Number of sovereign countries = 40

slide 2

Andorra

S = 468 km2
population 66 ths. chol.
Capital of Andorra la Vella
Hold bud parliamentary power (knyazіvstvo)

slide 3

Main income: tourism and offshore business
Export: cars, electrical engineering

slide 4

Liechtenstein

S = 160 km2
population 33 ths. chol.
Capital Vaduz

slide 5

Main income: tourism business
Export: machinery and transport equipment, metal products, computer components

slide 6

San Marino

S = 61km2
population 27 ths. chol.
Capital of San Marino
Hold build a republic

Slide 7

Main income: tourism business and rural government
Export: wine, flour, ceramics

Slide 8

Monaco

S = 2km2
population 34 ths. chol.
Capital of Monaco
Hold future constitutional monarchy (princeship)

Slide 9

Main income: tourism business, taxes from banks and hotels, resorts and hospitals
Export: chemical products, plastics, electronics

Slide 10

Vatican

S = 0.44 km2
Population 860 people.
Capital Vatican City
Hold future theocratic monarchy (papacy)

slide 11

Main income: donations to believers in the whole world, the Institute of Religious Affairs, the activity of government enterprises
Export: none

Jerela:

Great illustrative dovidnik. Edges of that continent. - M.: "Makhaon", 2005.

Maksakovskiy V.P. Geography. Economic and social geography of the world 10th grade: Navch. for zagalnosvіt. set - M: Prosvitnitstvo, 2009.

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Abstract

teacher of geography

MOU ZOSH No. 216 "Didakt"

m. Zarichne, Penza region

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Berseneva Valentina Sergiivna,

teacher of geography

MOU ZOSH No. 216 "Didakt"

m. Zarichne, Penza region

Microstates of Foreign Europe

slide 1

Europe is a part of the world, as if at once from Asia they create the great continent on Earth - Eurasia. Abroad (stosovno krayn SND) Europe occupies a territory of 5.4 million km2 with a population of 520 million inhabitants. 40 sovereign powers (including micropowers) have been razed at the borders, tied together by common shares, close political, economic and cultural assets. In the middle of the European lands, there are more or less large, but in the greater part the stench is equally small. A special group on the political map of the region is established by the tiny countries, or micropowers.

slide 2

The largest of the micropowers - the principality of Andorra - rose between France and Spain. The area of the state is 468 km2, which is less than the area of Moscow. Andorra, raztashovana at the Lower Pyrenees, between France and Spain. All її territoriya є vysoki pis, girska schili and low valleys. In Andorra, there are a lot of natural hot (thermal) mineral springs. The storage area is 465 km2. In the administrative term, it is divided into 7 communities (parishes), like a day of administrative and financial independence. The capital - Andorra la Vella (23 ths. osіb) is located above all the capitals of Europe above the sea level. The population is over 65 thousand. especially, their native inhabitants (the Andorrans) - about 20 thousand, other foreigners: about 29 thousand. - Spanish, 7 thousand. - Portuguese, 5 thousand. - French. For a population growth of 5%), it borrows first place from Europe. The official language of the state is Catalan, but also Spanish and French are victorious. 99.1% of those who believe are Catholics. Vіdpovіdno to the constitution, caught in a referendum on March 14, 1993, Andorra - parliamentary princedom. Since 1278 Andorra has been known to the French and Spanish authorities, not represented by the President of France and the Spanish Bishop of Urgell. The new constitution, adopted in 1993, voted Andorra a sovereign power.

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slide 8.

The Principality of Monaco on the French coast of the Mediterranean Sea has an area of 2 km2 and the estate stretches for 2.7 km. In administrative terms, it is divided into 4 districts, which were angry, places: Monaco, Monte Carlo, La Condamine and Fontvieille. The capital is Monaco. Population to become close to 34 yew. osіb, among them the original inhabitants - Monegasques - about 6 thousand. osib, French - about 13 thousand, Italian - about 5 thousand, English - over 1 thousand. the official language is French, but the Monegasque, Italian, English language is also wider. 95% of believers are Catholics. Monaco is a constitutionally recessive monarchy (princeship). Valid until the constitution of 1962 Monaco is "a sovereign and independent power at the borders of the global principles of international rule and convention from France."

slide 9.

The easy tax regime allows the great international banks to widely win Monaco for financial operations (about 800 international companies and 50 banks). Monaco is an all-worldly resort. The main state incomes fall on taxes from banks and hotels (55%), tourism (25%) (mostly Monaco welcomes close to 700 thousand foreign tourists), resorts and hotels. A modern industrial base was formed from environmentally friendly enterprises of light and processing industries, 70% of which work on them - the meshchans of the sudan areas in France and Italy. Monaco hosts great tennis tournaments and autorallies, musical and circus vistas.

Slide 10

Place-power at the western part of Rome. An independent state is the center of the Roman Catholic Church, the residence of the head of the Pope - the Pope of Rome. Occupies a territory of 0.44 km2. There are three cathedrals near Rome and the Vatican: Santa Maria Maggiore, San Giovanni in Laterano and San Paolo, a number of palaces and villas with a total area of 0.7 km2. Vlasne, the Vatican has no permanent population. On this territory, the pope, the stonework of the Roman curia, the servants of the Vatican institutions (about 860 osib) are bagging. The official language of the state is Latin and Italian. From the look of the sovereign I will arrange, the Vatican is a theocratic monarchy. The head of state is the Pope of Rome. Papi lie down the legislator, vikonavcha that court authority. It has the competence to include tribute to the Vatican at the international forums, ratification and denunciation of international treaties and concordates, reception of diplomatic representatives and recognition of representatives of the Vatican in other countries. The Pope is honored by a dovitly collegium of cardinals. The meeting is to be held, ring out, at the warehouse of the cardinals in the way of secret voting.

Slide 11.

The role of the Vatican in international politics is based on the majestic number of Catholic believers - about 900 million people. In the rest of the hour, the role of the Vatican in international monasteries grows, which is why, having adopted the political dynamism of John Paul ǁ, having established special contacts with the wealthy great sovereigns, it is successful, with a memorable resonance, to conduct regular expensive light. The Vatican is blaming its own obsession with the development of positive international processes; speaks out of constructive positions on key international problems, including the elimination of mass destruction, regulation of regional conflicts, and the protection of the necessary middle ground. The Vatican has three main sources of income: the Institute for Religious Affairs (in fact, the Vatican Bank, the budget of which is roughly a billion US dollars), the donation of the faithful and the financial and economic activity of government enterprises. The Holy See establishes a wide range of activities, financial protection. May, in its own order, great stability in Europe, Latin America, cooperation with international banks and monopolies. Bіlya kapitalіv Vatican invested in Italy. Tilki Іtalії yomu lie 482 yew. hectares of cultivated area, including kilka yew. hectares near the area of Rome. Groups of pilgrims who come to the Vatican from different countries of the world, and tourists pay their contribution to the budget of the Holy See.

Zavantagety abstract

Micropowers of Europe: Liechtenstein, San Marino, Vatican, Malta, Monaco, Andorra (Table 2.6). Gibraltar occupies a special place, which is covered by the territory under British jurisdiction. Over the area, the population of the region is small, prote neridly play an important role in the international right, take care of important commercial and political functions.

At the center of Europe between Switzerland and Austria there is a "dwarf" power. Principality of Liechtenstein. It lies near the high malovnichiy valley of the right bank of the Upper Rhine, which is bordered on both sides by the Austrian and Swiss Alps. Tsya valley has long served as a rich trade route that connects Central Europe with Italy. The total area of Liechtenstein is 160 km2, the total population is 32 thousand. osib. Over a third of the population are foreigners (most importantly Swiss and Austrians).

The history of Liechtenstein dates back to the end of the 17th century, when the prince of Liechtenstein added the duchy of Schellenberg, and in 1712 - the county of Vaduz. In 1719 p. the princedom of Liechtenstein was stunned by the power of the "Holy Roman Empire". The letters of the inter-princedom were not changed by the Mayzha. From that hour, as soon as the protectorate of Switzerland passed (1923), the Swiss took over Liechtenstein with “their” territory, and the press published information about the prince

Table 2.6 Micropower Europe: statistical data bank

Krajina	Square, TIS. KM 2	population, million people	Natural growth, %	Trivality of life, fate	Calm down kcal/dobu.	GDP
people	women	hot, billion dollars	for 1 person, USD
Liechtenstein	0,2		0,8			-	0,8	25 000
San Marino	0,06		1,3			-	0,9
Vatican	0,0004	0,9	0,01	-	-	-	-	-
Malta	0,3		0,4			3482,0	7,5
Monaco	0,002		0,4	-	-	-	0,9
Andorra	0,5		0,9	-	-	-	1,9	26 800

svі at razdіlі vnutrіshny zhittya. The skin of another resident of Switzerland respects the princedom politically stale in his own country, the skin of five - in the heat of a part of his country. Prote Liechtensteiners themselves respect the princedom of independents in Switzerland, lower Monaco in France and San Marino in Italy.

“Principality - sixty-nine square miles of alpine bows and skeletal gir on the right birch of the Rhine, for motorists - a passing door between Switzerland and Austria; for generals - European crossing; for merchants - a succumbing paradise ...; for tourists - quiet alpine valley; for financiers - "Europe's treasury"; for collectors - a shop of postage stamps and cow's dzvіnochkіv.

A. Vergelis, writer

Although the number of the population is scanty, there are more and more people today frontaliers- to foreign robitniks, how to overthrow the sovereign cordon. The national culture of the native inhabitants is little seen in the culture of the sustainers - the German-Swiss and the inhabitants of the Austrian land of Tyrol.

For the abundance of industry (per square kilometer of the territory), the princedom sits first in Europe. Per capita there are more and more industrial products, lower, for example, Germany. Until then, the providers of machine-building enterprises of the country, such as Khilti, the backwaters of Belzers, Ivoklar (the remaining vibrating piece teeth) and many others, all their products

no fittings, optics, vacuum technology, microprocessors) will go beyond the cordon, mayzhe in a hundred countries of the world. Nearly half of the practical population is employed in the sphere of services. The most important source of income of the Principality of Liechtenstein is warehousing the issue and distribution of postage stamps. Philately contributes 10% to the budget of the country. Another great source of income for the state is tourism. Foreigners are privatized like Liechtenstein high-country resorts, and art and historical museums of Vaduz are the capital of the princedom (5 thousand inhabitants). Less than 2% of workers are occupied in the country's rural state. Warehouses, if a significant part of the population, the villagers today also perform folklore functions.

The country pursues a policy of permanent neutrality. The princes have a large army (they were already disbanded in the middle of the 19th century), the highest initial pledges, the national radio and television stations. At the same time, Liechtenstein is an economically high-profile power, doing well as it is based on financial benefits that rely on foreign capital. The country was selected by the registration center for over 40 thousand. foreign companies, tributes s yakah to become a third of the surplus to the budget of the state.

To know in Europe Republic of San Marino. This country, sharpened from the left side of the territory of Italy, roztashovana in the pivnіchno-shіdnіy part of the Apennine Pivostrova on the mountains of Monte Titano, 18 km from the coast of the Adriatic Sea. Won vinikla more 301 r. not. How to celebrate the legend, having fallen asleep the Dalmatian moular Marino, who, with a small group of his comrades, hid in these places in the feudal lords, they re-examined him. At 855 p. San Marino was recognized as an independent power, and 1295 p. the first written constitution was published. From 1862 San Marino recognized the intercession of Italy.

Near San Marino (territory - 61 km 2) live over 25 thousand. osib. More close to 15 thousand. san marinets constantly linger behind the borders of the country, the leading rank in Italy, France and the USA. The population of the republic speaks of Italian language. There are 30 settlements near the krai, 10 micromist areas. The largest їх - r. San Marino, which is the capital of the republic, lives 4.5 thousand. man. The place is roztashovuєtsya on some terraces of the very top of Monte Titano, honed by a forte wall and adjoining to the trivezh fort, which can be seen from the rest of the republic. This fort is depicted on the coat of arms of the country, on stamps and coins. At the head of the city there is a street, one square (Pianello) and faceless, narrow, crooked passages and stone descents that lead from terrace to terrace. Near the capital there are schools, gymnasiums, vocational schools. The electrified railroad and highway connects San Marino with the Italian city of Rome.

Chinna at the same time in San Marino, the constitution was adopted in 1600 (with changes in 1906). The functions of the head of the state and vikonavchoi vlady at once victorious two equal captains-regents, as if they were elected by the Great General Rada for the sake of their 60 deputies for 6 months - from 1 quarter to 30 spring and from 1 day to 31 birch. Power to pursue a broad social policy in the country. From the middle of the nineteenth century. San Marino has free education at schools and medical services. The old political activity of the republic is supported by the principles of neutrality and non-admission. For the time being San Marino is a member of the Radi Europe and a member of the UN, I have an official favor for the cooperation with the European Union. In the bilateral plan, the most active view of the republic is supported by Italy.

The economy of San Marino is closely tied to the rule of Italy. Її the basis is to become agrarian production (growing grain, wine growing) and serving foreign tourists (a country that looks over 3 million foreigners). Until recently, since tourists were not the only source of income in the country, as well as the issuance of stamps and coins, then at the same time, a number of handicraft enterprises appeared in the Republic of Crimea, such as manufacturing ceramics, textiles, souvenirs, grub products. San Marino is especially famous for its miraculous grape wines. The country is also known for its museums. Particularly popular are the Garibaldi Museum, the Sovereign Museum, founded by the famous archaeologist B. Borgezi, the San Marin Museum of the collection of military equipment (from 1200 to the beginning of the 20th century).

On the territory of Italy there is another "dwarf" country. Power-place Vatican. This is an independent state and the center of the Roman Catholic Church, the residence of its head - the Pope of Rome (Holy See - No1u 5ee). The Vatican is located at the western part of Rome, one of the seven yogo pagorbs - Monte Vati Cano. Yogo territory - a total of 0.44 km 2. The vona is sharpened from the sides with a forte wall, which was built in the Middle Ages. Zagalna dovzhina kordonіv Vatican - 2600 m, and yet here є its own police, vyaznitsya and navitt vlasna army. The Vatican has its own national anthem, an official state ensign, a powerful radio station that broadcasts 37 words, a television center, a different agency, a good newspaper and hundreds of different videos that go to other countries. Rozmovna mova at the Vatican is Italian, ale official acts (papal bulls and encyclicals), converted to Catholics, are formed by Latin language.

As a special power, the Vatican was born in 1870, at the time of the completion of the unification of Italy. International law

ny status of the Vatican as a secular religious-Catholic center and as an independent political enlightenment of the foundations of the Lateran 1929 p.

The Vatican really does not have its permanent population. The Pope lives on this territory, the clerks of the Roman curia (the collection of the central institutions of the papal government), the servants of the Vatican institutions. They work at a time close to 2.5 yew. spіvrobіtnikіv, troch more than half of those who may have a religious dignity. During the period of rebuying in the service, he hopes for the Vatican's apprenticeship.

I’ll arrange a sovereign look, the Vatican - absolute theocratic monarchy. The head of state is the Pope of Rome. The official title of the pontiff occupies a piece of a row of book text. The state has a supreme lawmaker, vikonavcha and court authority. It is up to the competence of the Papi to enter the tribute to the Vatican from international agreements, laying, ratification and denunciation of international treaties and concordativ*, reception of diplomatic representatives and recognition of representatives of the Vatican to other countries. In this hour, the Vatican supports normal diplomatic relations with 130 countries of the world, and representations by posterigachs in the UN and UNESCO, to enter into other international organizations. The head of the Vatican is elected by the council of cardinals by secret ballot with a majority of at least 2/3 votes. From the middle of 2005 this post is occupied by the 265th Pope of Rimsky Benedict XVI.

The role of the Vatican in international politics is based on the great number of believers-Catholics – 900 million (280 million in Europe, 390 in America, 91 in Africa, 100 in Asia, Australia and Oceania). The Vatican is not only through the Catholic clergy (maybe 2.5 million), but also the black orders, of which there are close to 2 thousand, and through the Catholic Catholic organizations - party, professional, cultural, youth, women and others.

The Vatican has three main treasures. Tse Institute of Religious Affairs (actually - the Vatican Bank, the budget of which is to become a lot of billions of US dollars), financial and economic activities of government enterprises, as well as donations to the faithful. For example, what to buy from Va-

* The Concordat is an agreement between the order of these and other powers by the Pope of Rome, which appoints the powers of the Catholic Church in the Danish country.

** Benedict XVI - German Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger. Earlier, the Vatican was about a quarter of a century when Ivan Paul II (Polish Cardinal Karol Wojtyla), until the end of the century, the papal throne was embraced by the Italians.

Tikan groups of pilgrims and tourists from different countries of the world generously contribute to the budget about 60 million dollars. USA. At the same time, the Holy See is establishing a wide range of activities, financial protection. The Vatican can in its own order great stability in Europe, Latin America, cooperation with international banks and monopolies. Most of the capital is located in Italy, de Vatican to lie 482 yew. hectares of cultivated area, including a few thousand hectares near the Rome region. Rimi Yomu also has a lot of living houses.

Dodatkovі income bring trade in coins, medals, postage stamps and various souvenirs, as well as income from the sale of tickets to the Vatican Museums for the article "tourism". Wealth, taken for riches, to be stored at the palaces and museums of the Vatican, to become a wine high material and spiritual value. A special camp is occupied by St. Peter's Cathedral, which is located opposite the papal palace. Before 1990 the cathedral was the largest Christian temple in the world (1990, having overturned the cathedral in Yamoussoukro, the capital of the African state Cote d'Ivoire). , 36 m, with a portico - 211.5 m. Savior, the cathedral accommodates close to 10 thousand people.

The Vatican's Papal Academy of Sciences, established in 1603, is ordered without delay by the Pope and May at the rate of acceptance of achievements in the fields of physics, mathematics and natural science. In this hour, papal academicians є 70 vіdomih vchenih іz greater nizh 25 kraїn svіtu. The last work is being done by a few other scientists. Z 1996 The Vatican is connected to the Internet.

At the center of the Mediterranean Sea, near the narrow expanse, which is the bridge between Tunis and Sicily, Europe and Africa, lies a small archipelago. Tse Republic of Malta, named after the largest island in the archipelago. Total area 316 km 2: about. Malta - 246 km 2, about. Gozo - 67 km2. The territory of other other islands, which enter the warehouse of the state, is smaller. The capital of the republic has been stabbed near the half-shidniy part of the island of Malta.

* The history of rozpovida, that on the church of the Ninish Cathedral of St. Peter in the ancient Roman hours there was a circus, on the arena of which, under Nero, the martyrdom of Christians was celebrated. At 67 p. here after the judgment seat, the apostle Peter was ghosts and rose upside down. Vіn bov pohovany at the roztashovannym nearby grotto. Spochatku in 326 r. a basilica in the name of St. Peter was awakened on the holy mіstsі, as it stood here for over a thousand. At the 1300th anniversary of the first basilica, tobto. 1626, a new cathedral was erected.

m. Valletta (9 thousand bags) *. The population of the region is 400 thousand. osib. The Maltese may be folded ethnically.

The history of the fact that the great European powers, the strength and dominion of them was expanding for an hour not so on one continent, they jumped ob'yazkovo order of the critical islands. Starting from 1552 p. here the vlastuvavsya military-chernechy order of licarii. The stinks turned Malta into a stronghold of Christianity in the fight against the Turks. From 1800 Malta passed under the rule of Great Britain. Independence of the Maltese gained less in 1964 R. it became the youngest power in Europe. 1981 r. Malta was voted a neutral country, as to pursue a policy of non-acceptance. The small island power of Malta for the security of its foundation, that development is objectively linked to the stability of Europe and the Mediterranean. This explains the activity of the Maltese in the European and Mediterranean right, as well as in the galusi of the protection of the middle ground.

Malta is blessed with brown copalins. There are no rivers or lakes on the islands. They did not have their own land, the docks did not dung from Sicily. Tsya situation, as well as the colonial past of the country, marked the nature of the economy and the fallow in the old markets. There are more in Malta 120 foreign enterprises that produce machine-building products, chemical goods, clothes. An important role in the Maltese economy is tourism. Mostly Malta sees over 1 million tourists, which is 2.5 times more than the total population of the country. Silske gospodarstvo played an insignificant role.

In Malta, near the capital, there is a single university, founded in 1769. Vіn zdobuv widely recognized especially for the yakіst vikladannya of medical sciences. The state finances a system of cost-free middle and higher education, medical services, and provides other social benefits. The city also has one of the oldest theaters in Europe - the Manoel Theater, prompted in 1731. Great artist that historical value is represented by a collection of personal possessions, which are collected in the palace of the Grand Master, are respected by the beauty of the world.

March 3, 1995 decisions of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) Malta has been upgraded to the category of rozvinenih krajn. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita - 16.5 thousand. USD USA.

* The place of vindication was commemorated in honor of the Grand Master of the Order of Malta, Giovanni Pariso de la Valletta. Becoming the capital of the island of wines in 1570. The place is built on a cliff, which is washed by two deep natural bays, in which one can find the back of the sea squadron. For the delivery of people that vantage z pіdnіzhzhya skelі dіє spetsіalny elevator. La Valletta is more like a little girl.

The smallest (following the Vatican) of the dwarf powers of Europe, then the richest and largest Principality of Monaco ("Krykhitna blakitna kazka"). There are few pavements (the female on the Blakyt birch of the Mediterranean Sea is 4 km wide and 250 to 900 m wide), so you can get around the pishki in just a couple of years. On the other side of the crikhitnu krainu with the population of 32 yew. Inhabitants of “pidpira” France, the protecordon is called invisible – yoga can often be thrown over while crossing the street. Distance to the cordon from Italy 21 km. It is not possible to fly to Monaco by plane, the shards of the area of the edge of the territory have been little sporadzhennya to the airport. Squeezed by the mountains to the Cote d'Azur, the capital of the state - Monaco shine in the sun with bright farboi budinki and marmur sidewalks. Along the edge of the road, tangerine trees grow, and the small, al "quiet" Mist's Bay is crammed with expensive and even more expensive yachts and boats. At the skeletons, huge lifts were broken, which made it easier for pedestrians to move through the port to the living bungalows. The port itself will be opened under the ground, the railway station will open the underground galleries.

Sovereign s XIII in. the princedom (actually being a protectorate of France) for a century was left behind in the "backwoods" of Europe and only in the other half of the 20th century. The beginnings of the development of the capital business and tourism turned into a prospering mini-power. Today the "backbone" of the economy of Monaco is trade, finance and tourism.

In administrative terms, the state consists of four districts that were angry: Monaco (capital, 13 thousand inhabitants), La Condamine (business center), Monte Carlo (grand house - casino) and Fonvell. All population - close to 32 yew. osib. Inhabitants - Monegasques(badges for foreigners of the French and Italians) - there are only 6 thousand. osіb, mayzhe stіlki zh italіytsіv - 5 ths., ponad 1 ths. - English, but close to 13 yew. - French. Shche in XIX in. The Monegasques spoke in a special way, but at the same time they more often switched over to the French language (with whom more of them will be able to use the Italian language). The average population density of the princedoms is one of the highest in the world.

Monaco is a constitutional recessionary monarchy. As an independent power, the princedom has existed for six hundred years. At that very hour, the sovereignty of a state in reality seems to be formal. Based on a stately constitution, Monaco is "a sovereign and independent power within the framework of the fundamental principles of international law and conventions from France." Depending on the agreement between Monaco and France, representatives of France will occupy two months for the Uryadov for the sake of the princedom, for the sake of victorious power (including the grave of the sovereign minister). Maizhe

all laws, scho deyut at Monaco, French. To be judged by the Monaco court is punished by the courts of France. Monaco, like Liechtenstein, has a tax-free regime that allows great international banks to carry out financial operations here. The princedom ruled over 800 international companies and 50 banks, which provided more than half of the country's income. Dzherelom replenishment of the budget of the state is also the issue of postage stamps, which may be a great drink from philatelists.

A healthy climate and food, subtropical growth, attract many tourists from Monaco. Resorts and grandiose budinkas look out over 700 yews. іnozemtsіv, yakі bring a quarter of the income to the princedom. The great shareholder of the capital business of the princedom is the Vatican. In the rest of the years in Monaco, a modern industrial base was formed with environmentally friendly enterprises of light and processing industries. Pratsyuyut on them is more important than the meshkans of the outer regions of France and Italy.

Monaco may have few old memories. Before them lay the prince's palace (XIII-XVI st.), sharpened with stone forte walls with vezhs and beaters. A great botanical garden with one of the best collections of cacti in the world. The city also has an Oceanographic Museum in the whole world, which can be numerous examples of the living baggers of the sea. Jacques Iv Cousteau (1910-1997), director of the museum, was a scuba diver, the founder of the annual trips on the ship "Calipso", the author of popular books and films about the life of the sea. The museum has an oceanographic institute. Monaco also has a Monte Carlo radio station, a television center, a theater. Great tennis tournaments, autorallies, music and circuses are held here.

festivals.

In the Pyrenees, between Spain and France, the largest of the dwarf powers of Europe has been redeemed - Principality of Andorra. Yogo territory - 465 km 2. The valley, de-roztashovane princedom, is honed from the sides with steep girsky skils. It won't hurt less in Spain. The population of Andorri is over 65 thousand. especially, with more than 20,000 native inhabitants, reshta of foreigners - Spanish, Portuguese, French *.

The first riddles about the territory of the native Andorri are known until 778 rubles. From 1278, France and Spain built a volodinnya over it. The stench is in 1993. the first to recognize the sovereign

* For the trips of the majority of native Andorrans - Catalan villagers who settled in the old Andorri valley.

no princedom. Prior to the adopted constitution, Andorra was a parliamentary princedom (actually a republic). The heads of the state (soupravniki) and the guarantors of the independence of Andorri are the Bishop of Urgell (m. Seu-de-Urgell, Spain) and the President of France. They may be re-voted to vote on elections and referendums, recognized as the head of a number of members of the Constitutional Court, they can sign a decree on the dissolution of parliament, enforce laws, take part in the preparation of international agreements for internal security, defense of cordon problems. Andorra is accepted to the UN, UNESCO (Organization of the United Nations for Education, Science and Culture), UNICEF (United Nations Children's Fund), Council of Europe, OSCE (Organization for Security and Protection in Europe).

For the rest of the rocks, Andorra changed into a European “crossover”. This is connected not only with the development of tourism, but also with trade. Podatkovі pіlgi made Andorra the "free port" of the Pyrenees. Largely the country sees over 12 million people. Zvichayno, not all of them are fond of malovnichnymi kraєvidy. A significant part of the visitors, especially during the week, come to Andorra to buy ultra-modern equipment that flooded the country. That is why, in the national statistics, the “clean” tourists are ranked as low as those who have arrived in the Andorran territory at least one night. There are 7-8 million of them per river. More than 200 hotels have been booked for their services, automobile roads have been laid. In the country, there are a few banks of banks, although the princedom does not have a sovereign currency, and Spanish songs and French francs are exchanged wildly. An important dzherelom of income is the same as turning that over to tyutyun. Є pіdpriєmstva light and grub promislovі, nasampered virobnitstvo syriv and mineral water, souvenirs and embellishment. The population of the mountain forces is engaged in cattle breeding.

The capital of the princedom - Andorra la Vella (23 thousand inhabitants), is planted on a river birch. Valiry, the mountain of Enklyar, at an altitude of 1055 m above the sea level. Vaughn is the high capital of Europe. The city saved a lot of old-fashioned budіvels, which judge from the modern ones. Not far from the capital, in Las Escaldas, there is a hydroelectric power station in Andorra. Part of the energy is exported to Spain.

On the peninsula of the Pyrenean Pivostrov there is the rest of the colony of Great Britain in Europe, which to this day - Gibraltar. The area of the colony should be 6.5 km2. There is a small vapnyakova skeleton that protrudes into the sea, 429 m, 1.4 km wide and 4.5 km wide. The extreme point of the colony - Miss Europe lies 20 km from the African coast. View of the Spanish city of La Linea Gibraltar in the neutral zone.

500 m wide. In other words, Gibraltar with one eye to see Europe, in other words - Africa.

Gibraltar led to Great Britain for the Treaty of Utrecht 1713 r., if the European monarchs robbed one to one gifts from the sight of foreign lands and peoples that they inhabited. For the past three hundred years, Skele has been overrun by a not-so-obscured citadel near the most important strategic part of Europe, and a stone stumbles near the waters of Spain.

The geographic residence of Gibraltar has always attracted active and demanding people. The Genoese, Maltese, British, Irish, Portuguese, Arabs, and, most importantly, the Spaniards, more than once held in their hands the outpost on the route from the Atlantic to the Mediterranean Sea. In the aftermath of this vineyard is a unique ethno-cultural “cocktail” of the minority population, who call themselves gib-raltartsy (27 thousand copies). The stringency of human beings is hostile, like the number and diversity of cult temples. Here, at once, small Catholic cathedrals and Muslim mosques, synagogues and Protestant churches are “grown up”, as if they were “groomed” on the skeles of Skele or on narrow, single-surfaced streets.

Lack of land - chi is not a major problem, which is between the plans for the economic development of Gibraltar. That main sources of income are trade, tourism, services to merchant and fishing ships at the famous shipyards in Gibraltar, banks on the right, an airport and a sea port, where about 200 ships enter every day. Є kіlka dіbnih pіdpryєmstv lіgі ї and kharchovoї promyslovі.

Western European civilization is constantly changing, passing from one look to another. The latest polyphonic Europe is also in the process of intensive search for a new space in the current global space. Majestic evidence of internal interdependence is an over-the-top valuable recession for the entire diverse, but mutually connected world. And here Europe can become a laboratory for the creation of a global civilization, the core of which will be the spiritual sphere of people - knowledge, will, moral strength of people. It is impossible to overestimate that in Europe itself the greatest effort was to create the "attributes" of the collective mind and social guarantees of specialness. Poklikannya Europe - save the reach of civilization and conquer them in the order of the all-world development.

2.2.7. Skhidna Evropa - "piece"

Region?

What sense is invested in the understanding of "Skhidna Evropa"? Vyslav "Skhidna Evropa" of a hundred years analyzed region does not sound correct. Tse z'yasovuєtsya in the process of resurrection on the onset of nutrition: and until such time as Europe lie in the hands of the Russian plain, as if Skhіdna Єuropa will be between the powers that lay in the past before the "European socialist camp"? And yet, looking back at those in the XX century. the term has been “settled” and widely recognized by the UN apparatus, the whole region (Table 2.7) is mentally viewed under the heading “Shidna Europe”.

From one side, the statement about Східна Еurope as about an independent cultural and historical region is far from activity through the factual appearance of similar European identity. From the other side, the edge of the region may have a little sleepy in the ways of historical and socio-economic development, especially in the XX century. After the end of the Other World War, all the stench of the socialist experiment was discredited (the stars are a systemic formation, but not a cultural one). The inevitable crisis of authoritarian-bureaucratic socialism led to the fact that at the turn of the 80-90s. in the krains of the region there were day-to-day peaceful revolutions, and Romania and Yugoslavia - deadly conflicts. Decades of socialist ideas that were imposed on the peoples of the region, opined in superbility with the values of traditional civilization and, at the first handful of fluctuations, they were traded.