The Swiss economist-mathematician Leon Walras (1834-1910) having looked at the question of food: how do markets and sectors of the economy function in the most savage (pure) way? On the basis of some principles, the interdependence of prices, vitrates, obsyagiv pita and propositions on different markets is established? Chi accepts the interdependence of the form of "equal importance" or the market mechanism, which directs the reverse?
Walras realized that the solution to the problem can be reached with the aid of the mathematical apparatus. The entire economic world of wines was divided into two great groups: firms and households. Firms enter the market of factors as buyers and on the market of fast goods as sellers. Home governments - the rulers of the factors of production - act in the role of their sellers and at the same time as buyers of goods. The roles of sellers and buyers are constantly changing. In the course of the exchange, the expenses of the workers of the goods are converted to the income of households, the costs of the exchanges of the households - to the incomes of the workers (firms).
The prices of economic officials should be deposited in the form of obsyagiv vrobnitstv, drink, also, in the vіd tsіni of the viroblenі commodities. Have your own money, prices for goods that are released into the suspension, lie down in the prices at the factories of the factory. Remain to be able to confirm the vitrates of firms. At that very hour, the firms can come up with witrats of households.
Prompted to complete the collapsible system of mutual equity, Walras argued that the system of equity could be attainable as an "ideal", such a competitive market. The camp, which took away the name of the Walrasian law, to say: the camp has a equal market price more expensive than the border crossings. In this way, the variability of the suspension product is more expensive than the market variance of the varieties for the release of the varietal factors; the sukupny will drink more than the sukupny rechennyu; the price and the cost of the change do not change and do not change.
On the basis of the theoretical concept, the Walrasian model, the model of global economic revival, was inspired, a kind of one-time sign of national statehood in a pure look. If I become jealous, then, after Walras, I convey the presence of three minds:
In the first place, that proposition of factors will drink equal; a fixed price is fixed on them;
In another way, that proposition of goods (services) will also be realized on the basis of fast, stable prices;
Thirdly, the prices of goods should be given to the vitrates of the selection.
Rіvnovagi є stіykimi, more on the market force (persh for everything, prices for factors of production and for goods), which virіvnyuyut vіdhilennya that vіdnovlyuyut “equanimity”. It turns out that “incorrect” prices are step by step turned off, shards of this sprya are completely free to compete.
Among the impersonal models of global market rіvnovagi, one can see the model of a representative of the mathematical (Swiss) school Leon Walras. Being a form macroeconomic, won't be grounded on microeconomic ostentatious.
In his "Elements of Pure Economic Theory" Walras put the following: what can I do to ensure that the market mechanism reaches the global level of jealousy? If such a feat is possible, then why is there a single or even a sprig (rich) combination of prices that can lead to the desired result? Will you be stable (steady)? In other words, once the market system has changed, it will become equally important, what will automatically turn to the new one?
At the basis of his approach to the problem of global economic zeal, Walras put the following assertion:
- the trend towards the development of any kind of market dominance is directed at reaching an equally important position;
- all the main elements of the market economy are intertwined with a close interconnection and interdependence. Tsya conditions for security of unity, internal integrity of the market economy. Therefore, changes in some elements will inevitably be assigned to other and more important stages of the system;
- the basis of the market mechanism, which secures the right direction for the equally important state of the economy, establishing the exchange of products between producers and commodities on the principles of mutual viability and equivalence. The main instrument of the market mechanism, the regulator of the proportions of the exchange is the price;
- Virіvnyuvannya drink that propositions on the markets vіdbuvaєtsya at the process of “matsuvannya”, by the method of trials and pardons.
Rіvnovázhna cіna depends on the rіvnіstyu of the borderline korisnostі of the goods and vitrates of yoga. Through the price, the buyer will change the cost of various goods, and the seller will make his money with wines, necessary for the selection of goods. Prices for final products are formed in mutual relations and mutually with prices for the services of factors of production (rent, wages, wages). That's right. For example, the price of the labor force is rich in what is determined by the equal price of the supporting goods.
Walras divided the entire market state into two subsystems: I will try and save. Some people themselves, depending on specific reasons, act as purchasers of living goods, services, resources, and their sellers. Prices of one subsystem should be deposited in other prices. The amount of pennies that pays for all the resources is exactly the fault of the sum that pays for all the saving goods.
Rivnavaga, which is available on some markets (for example, resource markets) means the accessibility of Rivnovaga and others (sustainable goods). The skin of the participant of the exchange shall be taken into account in the course of the operation of the same profit, the differences in the basis of the equivalence of the exchange lie on the parity of the boundary values of the goods, which are included in the prices up to their prices.
"Namatsuvannya" of equal prices leads to the achievement of a balance of drink and propositions on all commodity markets. Sum of prices of all goods f p N
rіv at the result іvlаєєєєєєєєєєє ін інo sоmаrny scorched witrat pro-
0=1 ) (P
selection of goods ^_TS,, de i- Quantity of all goods per item 1 to P.
Economy of the end of the XIX century. could not virіshiti, chi are appointed prices for the market with drink and propozicієyu, and potіm “go down” to the people, so that they could choose the optimal amount of purchases, otherwise, I’m sorry to start, I need to buy the price of that product price to drink.
As a rule, from the tasks of obsyagiv propositions of resources and fixed coefficients of vitrate, then the prices of resources are filled with unimportant dots, the docks of the firm do not depend on obligations for the release of end products. And if you are appointed with a release, you need to know the prices for the manufactured products, and the stench will become only more so, if the authorities of the resources take away the income from the sale at the same prices. The rich co-workers of Walras succumbed to the vicious colo. Walras having come up with an idea that the prices for finished products and for the resources of the guilty are calculated at once. For the sake of justice, it is necessary to designate what is back to Walras O. Cournot writing that "for a complete overview of the private problems of the economic system, it is inevitable that the system be viewed as a whole." Vodnochas vіn not vvazhav for a possible mathematical solution to the problem of global jealousy.
Walras has created a system of rіvnyan, kozhne z yih security, rіvnіst popitu and propozitsії on the market of a specific product - a product or a resource - і vіdobrazhaє rational behavior of the market sub'єktіv, scho maximizing one's own goal function. In a busy look Walrasian system you can show it like this.
On the national market, the number of buyers is constant. Drink skin j-vo (j= 1,2,...,/) purchase on the i-th (r = 1, 2,..., t) product and function t living goods with a reduced income:
de Р ( , Р 2 ,.... R t- Prices of all living goods; /; - Dokhid u "-th spozhivacha.
The total income of the country is calculated as the sum of the income of all people:
de G,- price?-th (? = 1,2, ... ,P) resource; Rf t- number of?-th resource ( R), what to lie with "-mu spozhivachevі.
Rinkovy will drink the goods dor_vnyuє
Leather goods are being developed by a group of firms to the competitive Galuze market in a viable way to the main function. For simplicity's sake, the leather company releases only one product.
The proposition of okremoї firms to deposit in the price: as in the price of resources, and other goods. Galuzev’s proposition to the product is the sum of propozitsіy all fіrm, yakі viroblyayyat tsey product:
On the market of skin health benefits, the equivalence of galuzovoe drink and propositions can be increased:
The leather company offers a singsong drink on the resources:
Zagalny will drink all the companies on the ?-th resource
Proposition of resources to come out of the side of supporters:
On the market of the skin resource, it is possible to increase the feasibility of drinking on new and different propositions:
Incomes of the helpers - the lords of the resources owe money to their vitrates for the purchase of living goods:
Zagalnu kіlkіst rivnyan, yakі treba vyrishiti at once, can be recognized through before. Styles are to be avenged from them by those unknown values (tsіn). However, the system that develops before equal, nevіdomimi є only (k- 1) values. Tse pov'yazano z budgetary obezzhivachnymi spozhivachіv, kozhne z kakih may dotrimuvatisya for any prices.
Vidpovidno to the law of Walras, as if they were jealous of the station (k- 1) rinkіv, then th on the product market k watch out for the jealousy of drinking that proposition.
For confirmation, let's look at such a simple situation.
Let us have only two individuals: Timofiy and Vasil. Kozhen maє two goods: yoga work force - resource (L) that bread (/;). Budgetary resources (reserves) from Timofiy: P L S[ + ri SJ; from Vasil: P L-S? +P h Sfi, de
P Lі Pb- prices for praccia and bread; Sj^ c>) - obsyagi їх reserves from Timofіy and Vasil.
The one who has a lot of bread can exchange yoga for the working strength of another, as this “other” bread is not enough.
Those skіlki hotіl b leather goods mother Timofіy ta Vasil, to deposit vіd rіvnya cіn on obidva tovari:
Timofiya will drink on the offense of comrades for the vartistyu, he can invest in his budgetary capacity:
For Vasil, obviously, also:
Let's remake the remaining two virazi.
For Timothy:
For Vasil:
Virazi at the arches equal to the supra-world drink (excess demand) 1 vіdpovіdno Timofіy and Vasily:
In this order, it appears that the quality of pure drinking in a skin individual is equal to zero. Іnakshe kazhuchi, vartіst goods (say,
At the front divisions, we only occasionally victoriously victorious the term “superfluous (or pure) drink”, without specifying its essence. For whom they divided him, one of the keys to understand. Speaking of supramіrniy drink, econom_sti mayut on uvazі rіznicyu mіzh drink and propozієyu goods. I realized that this value can be both positive and negative. In a situation where there is a surplus above the market, the oversupply will drink more than zero.
pratsi), like Timofiy hotiv bi buy, guilty dor_vnyuvati vartostі іnshhogo tovarov, yakiy vіn hotіv bi sell(Bread). For Vasyl, the situation is reversed.
Having said the supra-world, drink both of them, matimemo:
Sumi at the shackles - tse sukupnі nadlishkovі drink Timofіy and Vasil for goods Lі b: I)? ED L + Ph? ED b = 0.
Just as the variance of the superfluous skin rash of individuals was added to zero, then the total (total) superfluous diet was to be added to zero.
Zvіdsi clear, scho th supramіrniy will drink over the market of one product dorіvnyuє zero (napriklad, rinku pracі), those market of another product (hlіba) vіn also maє dorіvnyuvati zero. In other words, if on one of two mutually independent markets one can reach a equal drink of that proposition, then one will be safe in another market. Tsej vysnovok get rid of the vіrnim whether it be a small number of rinks. To solve the problem of the difference between the number of independent equals and the number of unknowns, add one more independent equal, or change the number of independent values by one.
For the first time, it is possible to add the equivalence of the financial market (like L. Walras). From another - take one price yak prices - vimirnika other prices. The same price for one product will be accepted as one, and the price for all other goods will be equal to the price of the same product.
A graphically oversized drink can be depicted in this way. On fig. 22.1 shows the original model of innovation in the market for any product. Functions to take and propositions of tasks in a linear form - in looking straight lines D i 5, which are tinted in dots E at equal equal price R *.
Rice. 22.1.
Line of oversupply drinking ED be a way horizontal view the value of the function of the speech from the value of the function of drinking in case of skin cancer.
Until the price equals R ( the proposition is daily, that the superfluous drink is more likely to run with the "gross" drink ( D). For prices equal to R*, the superfluous drink drops to zero. At a market price higher for a rіven R negative(and still seeming, z'are superfluous proposition). At the price of R 2, the "gross" drink will be drunk, and the excess drink will be considered as an exclusive proposition, let's take the sign "minus".
Obviously, if the functions of the propositions are given in a linear form, then the function of the superfluous drink will be linear.
Nadlishkovy will drink, like that proposition will drink, to lay in the price of other goods, including the price of resources. At the station equal to zero: W (P, P 2, ..., P nv r v g 2 ,..., r n) = 0.
Turning to the problem of perfecting the system of the Walrasian model by choosing a single square, we can write:
Like Walras, and his early successors appreciated that the number of equals in the system zbіgaєtsya z kіlkіstyu nevidomikh, it is necessary to bring, that the decision of the global jealousy is true. In the past, economics-mathematicians have brought back respect, which is necessary for my mind, but not enough.
For example, the presence of two straight lines, which shove two independent linear equals to drink that proposition, does not guarantee the basis of a positive solution: straight lines (and wind curves) may not overlap (Fig. 22.2).
Rice. 22.2.
Todі nadmіrny will drink for whether it be a positive value or a negative one. In this way, the system of two independent equals is considered “uncommon”.
If the system is made up of two independent, "spilny", but non-linear equalities, then a number of decisions can be made. Otherwise, apparently, you can use a small dot to cross (chie navit zbіgi) crooked drinks and propositions, tobto. sprat position equal (Fig. 22.3 and 22.4).
Rice. 223.
With a similar situation, there were already, for example, the market for the practice of positional cats.
Rice. 22.4.
Ale, yakshcho rivnovagu є єdinim, there may be an economic sense, tobto. Equal Values of Guilt are negative (Div. Fig. 22.2) and not deductible.
If it’s equal to zero, or to inspire negative, then go or go about accessible (free) good, but about anti-goods (for the transfer of some other person, you need to pay extra).
Apparently, the Walrasian system is guilty of including all goods, including cost-free and anti-goods, and not only economic (tobto obmezhenі) benefits (and navit іz negative prices and negative obligations!).
Those who have the problem of global jealousy can be solved for unimaginable prices A. Wald(1902-1950) less than 1933 It was brought to light that the Walrasian system could be single, could have an economical sense, no solution for such exchanges:
- vіddacha is constant and changes;
- nі vyrobnitstvі, nі spozhivannі nemaє varіv, propozitsіya yah zdіysnyuєtsya at once, іk і side effects;
- all blessings are substitutes for the fact that the growth of the price of one good will always be a blessing to drink at the last stop one other good.
There is more to say on one point: what is the most fertile in the Walrasian model, how can it be, stable (stable)? Otherwise, it seems that the system will turn to an equally important position, as if there were no other reasons for it?
For example, fallows in the form of drink and propositions in the form of prices are variable, tobto. obviously reversible and straight, so jealous you will be steadfast. If only one of the fallows, if accepted, would be unimpressive, then such a jealous one would appear unstable. Illustrated on graphs. On the back of the head, one can see the vapadok became jealous (div. Fig. 22.1).
How the price on the market will appear lower for equal (R ( R*) to appear too much proposition (otherwise negative nadlishkovy drink), a kind of pіdshtovhuvatime price in bіk reduction (ale also to rіvnovagi). It means that you will be steadfast, as if the crooked drink is changing the crooked proposition to the beast, otherwise (what are you) like the curve of the superfluous drink may negative sickly.
Yakby kriva popitu small positive nakhil (for example, like a vipadku product of Gіffen), and the curve of the proposition (want to be on the same distance) - negative, then it would not be possible to change it with a steady equanimity (Fig. 22.5).
If the market price appears lower in the price, if you drink and the proposition will be equal (P x P *), then with these crooked crooks Sі D vinikne too much proposition shto shtovhatime price and far down from the point of equivalence. When the price is more equal (P 2 > P*) vinicne is too much
drink, which is worth the price of a directly distant growth, tobto. in the form of an equally important equal. Also, the situation is described, it is possible, only if the crooked drink is changing the curve of the speech bottom.(Curve of excess drinking may positive frail.)
Rice. 22.5.
A real butt of a possible reason for inconsistent jealousy can be used to determine the situation of the market for the practice of positional cats (div. Fig. 22.3). Equity at the point E j є stable (curve ED maє negative nahil), and the axis y point E 2 - clearly unstable (curve ED may be a positive cheat).
In "The Elements of Pure Economic Theory, chi Theory of Gromadskogo Wealth" Walras, having tried how to overcome the principle problem of achieving global economic equality, and show that the market itself is violating this problem on dotik, by the method of trials and pardons, by making adjustments in various markets to improve the economy to an evenly important state. The announcements about this process have changed from one edition of "Elements ..." to another. The results of the wines have a vysnovka that described the process of "mattsuvannya" - the model is more abstract and more than one is possible.
Second House Economist F. Edgeworth proponing my concept of raising the economy in an equal country, so I call the theory renegotiation of contracts (recontracting).
Assessing the contribution of Walras to economic science, it is necessary to remember this. Yogo Model - Butt Porіvnyal static analysis. Walras did not formulate the laws to change his system of criminal justice. Vіn without explaining what will happen, as if the relish of chi resources change. Yoga theory is not guaranteed for the situation of insignificance, asymmetric information, innovation. Vaughn does not transmit economic growth and cyclic colivanation, unemployment and lack of tension. In parallel with the real picture of the market economy, the Walrasian model appeared too late ideal. For a practical vikoristannya when rozrahunka zagalnoj ekonomіchnі ї іvnovagi (navіt staticії) it's also not suitable. For example, in order to create a system of equalization for a million markets of a number of goods (in fact, the commodity assortment of modern rozvinenikh krajn is richer), it will take 6,000,000 dіy. (Obviously, won for whom i was not recognized.)
Tim is no less, the merit of Walras is in the fact that his own model of vin dov possibility the basis of a system of equal prices, which act as regulators of economic development and a kind of indicator and guideline. The Walrasian system has become one of the quiet foundations on which all economic science can be based today. Current theories of pennies, international trade, employment, economic growth and others. grew out of it. Not without reason J. Schumpeter(1883-1950) calling "Elements ..." Walras "The Great Charter of Modern Economic Theory".
- Blaug M. Economic thought in retrospective. S. 528.
- Let's try to prove that there were improvements and extensions to a bigger wild slope by K. Arrow and J. Debreu (Kennet J. Arrow & Gerard Debreu. 265-289).
- Blaug M. Economic thought in retrospective. S. 532.
- Speaker: Blaug M. Economic thought in retrospect. S. 535.
Macroeconomic equivalence in the economy
The most balanced economy looks like the balance and proportionality of its main parameters, otherwise it seems to be the situation, if there are no incentives to change the current camp in the participants of the government's activity.
According to the age to the market, it is worthy of the promise of the blessings and the platospromozhny drinking on them.
Zzvichay ryvnovaga reach vyglyady or obmezhennya needs (on the market stench always come from vyglyadi platospromogo pita), or zbіlshennya that optimization vokoristannya resursiv.
A. Marshall looked at the jealousy less on the equal of the okremnogo statehood chi galuz. Tse mikroriven, which characterizes the peculiarities and minds of private equanimity. Ale zagalna rіvnovaga - tse uzgodzheny razvitok (vіdpovіdnіst) sіh rіnkіv, usіkh sektorіv i spheres, optimal camp ekonomіki zagalom.
Moreover, the equalization of the system (national statehood) does not lead to a market equalization. Rink clerks followed vіdokremlyuvati vіd virobniki. Even disproportions, damage in the sphere of production will inevitably lead to unevenness in the markets.
Until then, in real activity, the economy recognizes the impact of other, non-market factors (war, social aggravation, weather, demographic disruption) in a row with market impacts.
The problem of market jealousy was analyzed by J. Robinson, Ege. Chamberlin, J. Clark. However, L. Walras was a pioneer in the recent nutrition.
The Swiss economist-mathematician Leon Walras (1834-1910) having looked at the question of food: how do markets and sectors of the economy function in the most savage (pure) way? On the basis of some principles, the interdependence of prices, vitrates, obsyagiv pita and propositions on different markets is established? Chi accepts the interdependence of the form of "equal importance" or the market mechanism, which directs the reverse?
Walras realized that the solution to the problem can be reached with the aid of the mathematical apparatus. The entire economic world of wines was divided into two great groups: firms and households. Firms enter the market of factors as buyers and on the market of fast goods as sellers. Home governments - the rulers of the factors of production - act in the role of their sellers and at the same time as buyers of goods. The roles of sellers and buyers are constantly changing. In the course of the exchange, the expenses of the workers of the goods are converted to the income of households, the costs of the exchanges of the households - to the incomes of the workers (firms).
The prices of economic officials should be deposited in the form of obsyagiv vrobnitstv, drink, also, in the vіd tsіni of the viroblenі commodities. Have your own money, prices for goods that are released into the suspension, lie down in the prices at the factories of the factory. Remain to be able to confirm the vitrates of firms. At that very hour, the firms can come up with witrats of households.
Prompted to complete the collapsible system of mutual equity, Walras argued that the system of equity could be attainable as an "ideal", such a competitive market. The camp, which took away the name of the Walrasian law, to say: the camp has a equal market price more expensive than the border crossings. In this way, the variability of the suspension product is more expensive than the market variance of the varieties for the release of the varietal factors; the sukupny will drink more than the sukupny rechennyu; the price and the cost of the change do not change and do not change.
On the basis of the theoretical concept, the Walrasian model, the model of global economic revival, was inspired, a kind of one-time sign of national statehood in a pure look. If I become jealous, then, after Walras, I convey the presence of three minds:
In the first place, that proposition of factors will drink equal; a fixed price is fixed on them;
In another way, that proposition of goods (services) will also be realized on the basis of fast, stable prices;
Thirdly, the prices of goods should be given to the vitrates of the selection.
Rivnovaga є stіykim, more on the market there are forces (for us, prices for factors of production and for goods), which virіvnyuyut vіdhilennya and vіdnovlyuyut “rіvnovazhnіst”. It turns out that “incorrect” prices are step by step turned off, shards of this sprya are completely free to compete.
Wisnovki with Walras model
The main visnovok, which is part of the Walrasian model, is interdependence and interdependence of all prices as a regulatory tool, moreover, as a market of goods, and in general markets. Prices for spare goods are established at mutual and mutual modalities with prices for factories of production, prices for labor force - with the improvement and influx of prices for products too.
Rіvnovazhnі tsіni vnaslіdok zaєmopov'yazannosti vsіh rinkіv (rіnіv vіdovіv, pratі, fіnansovіh rіnіv, rіnkіv tsіnnih paperіv).
In this model, the possibility of establishing equally important prices at once in all markets can be mathematically explained. To tsієї rivnovagi by virtue of the authoritative їy mekhanіzmu pragne market economy.
From the theoretically feasible economic level of viplya vysnovok schodo vіdnoї stіykostі system of market vіdnosin. The establishment (“naming”) of equally important prices is found on all markets and, it is permissible, to bring such propositions to them.
The revival of the economy does not lead to a revival of the exchange, to a market revival. From the theoretical concept of Walras, the principle of mutuality of the main elements (markets, spheres, sectors) of the market economy is clear.
The Walrasian model is a simplified, sensible picture of national government. Vaughn looks, how to be restored to the level of development, dynamics. They don’t worry about a lot of factors that develop in practice, for example, psychological motives, ochіkuvannya. The model looks at the markets that have developed, are tired and meet the needs of the market infrastructure.
Basic macroeconomic model of the market economy
Sukupny drink - that obsyag of sukupny vyrobnitstva, which all the quicks are ready to buy for any possible equal price.
3. Sukupna propozitsіya - the total number of goods and services, the real obligation to release the economy with skin possible equal prices.
(AD-AS)
There are a lot of models of macroeconomic equivalence, which are supported by different methodological approaches and the compensation of various factors, which are invested in equivalence. There is no single universal model of economic revival, but it can be a principle. The economy is a complex process of mutual interaction between the subjects of the economy, which develops dynamically. In this process, impersonal different factors are added, which may differ in directness and manifest themselves ambiguously in the fallow period in the specific economic situation that is developing.
At the same time, regardless of the impersonal powers of the prompted macroeconomic models, we have adopted one ardent principle. analysis of the interrelationship between the contractual drink and the contractual proposition.
One of the first successors of the global macroeconomic zeal was the Swiss economist and mathematician Leon Walras (1834–1910). He created an economic-mathematical model to bring the possibility of such a mind to establish a global macroeconomic equivalence. The main provisions of L. Walras' visnovka are shortly reduced to the offensive:
1. Zagalna ryvnovaga vіdbivaє zbalansirované, uzgodzhene funktsionvannya all rinkiv. If it reaches the level on (n – 1) markets, it will automatically be placed on the n-th market.
2. All prices are mutually related and mutually swindled in all markets. Prices for the market of living goods in mutual cooperation with the prices for the market of factors of production, the market of labor force were even worse.
3. At the station of the market equal, the market is equal to the boundary vitrates (Walras' law). The price of the suspension product is the main market price of all factors of the selection, the selection for the release, the price and the cost of the selection are fixed and the purchase price of the purchase price is fixed.
4. L. Walras, out of the minds of free competition, robbed visnovok about the stability of the fierce jealousy. In the structure of the prices of the contract, it is important to set prices for the officials of the production and goods, which are formed under the influence of the mechanism of competition. As soon as the prices are repaired, they are equally important, then the competition is to restore the jealousy. The rest of the established equal prices are established on all markets, the rest on all markets are established equal between drink and proposition.
5. Rinkov's equal important warehouse part of the main equal in the economy, but it's not possible to bring everything to a equal exchange. Zagalna rіvnovaga in ekonomіtsi transfer vrіvnovazhenіst vsіh її main elementіv.
The model of L. Walras represents an intelligent, simplified picture of the national economy. At the same time, it helps to understand the fundamentals and peculiarities of the market mechanism, the process of self-regulation, tools and methods for repairing broken links, ways to achieve the stability of the market system.
Basic macroeconomic model "AD-AS"
The peculiarities of the mechanism of formation of the market rіvnovagi are those that are not controlled by anything known and purposefully directed. The subject of the market is independent of one type of one, following the authorities' interests. With all the competitive forces that work on the side of sellers and on the side of buyers, match the synchronization of prices to drink that proposition, which, in its line, bring to evenness obsyagiv drink that proposition. Forming an equal value, in such a way, leading to the achievement of the market equal.
In economic theory, there are two main approaches to the analysis of the mechanism of establishing a market economy: the Swiss economist Leon Walras (1834-1910) and the English economist Alfred Marshall (1842-1924).
L. Walras, explaining the establishment of a market rіvnovagi at the sight of the colivannya tsіn. Vіdpovіdno poglyadіv L.Walras, vіdhilennya tsіni vіd іnоvnoimportant іvnа umovlyuє vіdknennia іnіnіnіє іnіnії pіpu іnіdіnії propositionії, scho vede up tіm konkurentsії і mіzh vіzh vіzh vіzh vіzh vіzhі vіdzhuyuchi tsіm tsіm rіvіnіnі rіvі 7. At the time of installation of cіni, more importantly (P1> PE), there is too much product on the market (QS1> QD1). In the situation, not all sellers deprive them of the opportunity to sell their products, since a small number of buyers are ready to buy goods at a high price. Blame the competition among the sellers, they will win those, if they are able to reduce the price of the goods. As a result, the price may have a downward trend, so it is not of equal importance. The process of lowering the price and increasing the sales volume to the point of equalization (E).
In another case, with a reduced price lower than equal to equal (Р2<РЕ), на рынке образуется дефицит товара (QD2>QS2), but the price is low, which does not encourage more sellers to promote their goods for sale. Blame the competition among buyers, not all of them can buy cheap goods. Deficit of goods і bazhannya yogo buy sponukaє part of the purchase pogodzhuvatisya bіsh visokі cіni, at the resultі rinkova cіna zbіshuєtsya, tobto pragne rіvnova important rіvnya. Growing prices are accompanied by short-term values of drinking and advancing obligatory propositions. This process is to be continued until the market reaches the point of equality, if that proposition will be able to become balanced again.
In this way, in both ways, the price of the equally important equal and unstable, the shards of the internal market forces spriyat the recognition of the equally important market.
Rice. 7.
A. Marshall considered the other mechanism of market revival (Fig. 8). In the event of damage to the market, sellers manipulate not prices, but generally promoted products. Be-yaky obsyag to the goods, which are promoted to the market, lower than the rіvnovo important (Q1< QE), порождает ситуацию, когда цена спроса превышает цену предложения (PD1>PS1). This situation is viable for sellers, who sell goods at a price that is richly outweighing their average costs, sellers take a significant profit. High profits from sellers that are on the market, increase the amount of proponated products and attract new sellers. As a result, the propositions become larger, having risen between the price of drink and the price of the proposition, it shortens. This process is three until the establishment of a market price, for which the difference is equal to the price, for which you are ready to pay for the goods of the buyer and the price, for which you are able to sell the goods to the seller (PD = PS), as well as the difference between the value of the drink and the value of the proposition QS) (Q=D) .
In the opposite direction, if on the market proponuєtsya nadmіrna kіlkіst commodities, cіna propozicії perevishuvatime cіnu drink (RS2>PD2). Not otrimuyuchi vіd goods bazhany income, part of the sellers will be stunned to quickly sell the proponovanoї produktsії, and part of the sellers will deprive the market. As a result, the propositions will change, and the market price will increase, even more important. In this rank, the equally important camp of the market will be renewed.
Rice. eight.
Looking directly at the analysis of the establishment of the market balance, it is fair to stop up to different hourly intervals. L.Walras' pidkhіd is more acceptable to a short-term period, if it is necessary to change the task, and the price of the coinage is to accept the renewal of the market level. The position of A.Marshall more adequately reflects the situation in the pre-stroke period, which is sufficient for the fact that virobniks, focusing on a high or low level of the market price, have little opportunity to attach their products to the needs of buyers.
Por_vnyalna characteristic of two approaches:
In such a manner, in retrospect, if the curve of the popu is negative, and the curve of the proposition is positive, the models of Walras and Marshall are reduced to that very stable position of jealousy. Prote chi crooked drink and propositions can look like that? Let's guess from the previous material that the curve of the speech can mother a negative frailty (individual proposition of practice, exchange of resources). The upper part of the curve has a negative nahil. Negative impudence can also be characterized by curved propositions on the currency market. Now let's look at the market from a negatively chiseled curve of propositions, to marvel at how to bring us the models of Walras and Marshall to the same trend.
We can look at the back of the head, if the crooked speech is straightened down and the cut of the crooked speech is steeper than the crook of the crooked drink. Let's go back to Walras's argumentation (Fig. 9a). Let the first variance P0. At this price, Q1Q2 will be too much and the price will move up to point E. Rivnavaga stay.
It is now necessary to follow Marshall's mind (Fig. 9b). Let the first proposition be good Q0. The price of the drink outweighs the price of the proposition (P2> P1), the proposition increases, and the price of the drink more shifts the price of the proposition. Rukh is in direct contact with the opposite position of jealousy. Rivnovagi are not stable.
Rice. nine.
ale nestia for Marshall (b).
Now let the crooked river straighten down again, but steeper kut the crooked crooked drink (Fig. 10).
Rice. ten. Rivnavaga, nestia after Walras (a), ale staid after Marshall (b).
In this manner, the models of Walras and Marshall produce, even from a theoretical point of view, to the minds of stamina and jealousy. The reason for these powers is the difference in the state of affairs about the functioning of the market mechanism, which underlies the models, as we can see. Can you say that the Walras model correctly describes the function of the market mechanism, and the Marshall model - incorrectly (otherwise)? Definitely no. In fact, the process of establishing equality in a short period is more accurately described for the additional model of Walras, if, for example, the superworld drinks water up to an increase in price to an equally important value.
At that very hour, for the analysis of the reach of the equal in the old period, the Marshall model is more successful, and the price of the proposition grows, so the price of the drink outweighs the price of the proposition.
It is significant that the models of Walras and Marshall have one joint power, as if they were different from the pavutino-like model. In the pavutinopodіbnіy model, the hour of breaks on the interval of the same trivality, moreover, the stretching of the skin interval of the change model was left constant. The price in the spider-like model was changed by haircuts from the forward period to the onset. In a different way on the right in the models of Walras and Marshall.
Here the hour is changing, which is constantly changing, and the price is constantly changing. In the pavutinopodіbnіbnіbnіbnіbnіbnіbіbnіbnіy modelіvіv propositionії vіdnomі periodі vіznaієєєєєє prodіvіїії іn the previous period. Tsya the situation calls out to its own line the theoretical possibility of inconsistency of jealousy to inspire for a "normal" kind of curves to drink that proposition (the curve of the proposition may be positive, and the curve to drink - negative bollocks). The models of Walras and Marshall have this option turned off.