1. Biosphere, interbiosphere, global problems of the biosphere.
The biosphere is the largest ecosystem. Tse shell of the planet.
inhabited by living organisms.
Vchennya about the biosphere having created Vernadsky. Vin dov, scho for 4 billion years
the basis of living organisms, the stench called out the majestic transformation on
on our planet (there are kisen, creations of siege rocks).
Cordoni biosferi trohi more than 20 km.
land altitude 6 km.
by the ocean at a depth of 11 km.
Global problems of the biosphere:
1. Greenhouse effect.
For the sake of vchenih, since the end of the 19th century and until now, the temperature is
our planet moved 12°C. Tse viklikane with a raging rose
promiscuity. A warmer climate can lead to intense heat.
ice-doviks that rise to the ocean.
2. Ozone Dirks (Ozone Ballooning):
This process is especially fast above the poles, de vzhe vinikli
ozone diri. Nebezpeka polagaє in what is ultra-violet
viprominyuvannya detrimental to living organisms. The main reason for the exile
ozone balloon є zastosuvannya freoniv. In the 90s, the rock was signed
the people's pleasure, for some reason the freons' work was shortened in 2
strike.
2. The main characteristic of Russian ecosystems.
Russian ecosystems are heterotrophic. Main energy sources
roztashovani for the boundaries of the city. This is the birthplace of oil, gas and vugillya.
The place saves the majestic quantity of water, and turns nature into
become confused. The water is full of important metals that
petroleum products. The main role of growing Russian ecosystems is not
energy production, regulation of the gas storage of the atmosphere.
Producers: forest parks, parks and lawns.
Consumers: birds, swine creatures.
The main peculiarity of Russian ecosystems is that which is impossible for them
environmentally friendly.
1. Ecological laws B. Commoner.
1. Everything is connected with us.
Biosphere: Ecological happiness in one country cannot be
(Greenhouse effect, ozone dirks).
Natural ecosystem: Ecosystem is rebuying at the station
Yogo can destroy the world, chi the universe of a new kind.
Agroecosystem: The number of livestock of thinness to fall in the area of the river.
With their correct breeding, grasses do not collapse, grow
kinship.
Miska ecosystem: Mista - tse ecosystems, for some rivnovag
it's broken. Shchab speed by pouring people into the ecosystem,
it is necessary to speed up the confusion of dovkіllya.
2. Pay for everything.
Biosphere: International financial support of science projects,
which allow to preserve the biological diversity of the climate. Other countries
koristuyutsya to help riches on the solution of environmental problems.
Natural ecosystem: Vitrati go morning services,
controlling rational nature conservation and creation
reserves.
Agroecosystem: Vitrati go to buy fodder and fertilizer, as well as
the protection of forests and waters.
Miska Ecosystem: Cats are stained for everyday life
sporud.
3. Everything needs to go somewhere.
Biosphere: International community praised the law on the fence
nuclear exits in other countries.
Natural ecosystem: Natural ecosystem is not a place for creation
calls.
Agroecosystem: With a properly organized ecological process,
agroecosystems there are no inputs: rotten - kindly.
Miska Ecosystem: It’s Necessary to Think About Hope
otruynyh and radioactive outputs.
4. Nature knows better:
Natural ecosystem: It is necessary to increase the resources of the ecosystem,
that there can be recognized by the natural way.
Agroecosystem: It is necessary to grow those trees, for which there are more
pleasant soil and climate.
Miska Ecosystem: To improve the ecological situation in the city,
it is necessary to plant parks and gardens, create green areas.
2. Significant characteristic of ecological zeal.
Ecological rіvnovaga - tse camp, with a warehouse i
productivity inspires biotic minds.
The main feature of jealousy is the whole rotability. Separate two
looseness type:
1. Reverse changes in the ecosystem
rocky from spring to spring with changing climate in different times and changes
the roles of these species in connection with the rhythms of their life cycle. For such
changes in the species warehouse of the ecosystem are saved, and the ecosystem
pіdlashtovuєtsya to kolivan zvnіshnіh and vnutrіshnіh factors (vedmіd).
2. Succession - the last change of ecosystems with a change of minds
middles (information to the fox after the fire) Stepwise role of some species
change, and others increase. Succession can be called like
internal and external officials.
1. Significant characteristic of the ecosystem. ecosystem warehouse.
The term "ecosystem" was first used by Tensley in 1935.
Ecosystem is a collection of interdependent living organisms that
minds of the middle.
Biogeocenosis - the wholeness of roslin, creatures, microorganism,
Grounds and atmospheres on the same land area.
There are no clear boundaries between ecosystems, and one ecosystem smoothly transitions
to the next.
Great ecosystems are built up from smaller ecosystems.
The smaller the ecosystem, the more closely you can enter before it
organisms.
Amphibians
fruit garden
Currant
Birds Komakhi
Bacteria unicellular and megacellular
Types of ecosystems:
EcosystemNatural
(it is formed under the influx of natural factors, if a person can
opinitsya on їhnіy inflow): fox, tundra.
Anthropogenic
(created by people in the process of state activity): fruity
garden, field.
ecosystem
Autotrophic
(override atotrophy)
Heterotrophic
(prevail heterotrophy)
photoautotrophy chemoautotrophy
(tundra, taiga, (biological
field) clear spores
that ecosystem
underground waters).
2. Steppe ecosystems.
Wild herds played a great role in the formation of steppe ecosystems.
hoarding. At the steppe, they take such a view of roslin, like stiyki to
vitoptuvannya and shvidko grow up after the appearance of creatures (kovil,
fescue), as well as hot herbs (polin).
1m? ~ 80 types of roslin.
The main type of soil is chernozem. So the steppes themselves are roztashovani on the schilovs
mountainous soils (shili to the Urals, frontal belt to the Caucasus), chestnut (Pivdenna
Siberia).
Rіk vіd roku stepіv in Russia was becoming less and less, ale flocks
his thinness did not change. Tse called to ruin the herbage
stepіv, scho saved. The transference succession began. steppe mill
ecosystems have deteriorated: the stock of species has changed, the number of species has changed
rіznotrav'ya and kovili. The herbage has more fescue and polynomial.
The primary biological productivity of the steppes has changed,
fauna. Babaki appeared, and the grizzlies and eagles that ate them changed,
luniv.
Reinvention of the river in the steppe ecosystems can be done by two paths:
1. Fast feeding of thinness.
2. Moving up the pasture capacity.
Pastovishna єmnіst - tse kіlkіst thinness, yak you can graze on one
hectares stretching rock, not ruynuyuchi herbage.
Korinne polypshennya - ce rozoryuvannya i visіv travosumіshey z
dry herbs from the house of legumes.
1. The structure of ecology.
Environmental Sciences
Global ecology Applied sciences
Biospheric ecology shows global changes that are
our planet in the wake of the influx of state activity
people in nature.
The forest ecology is developing the conservation of forest resources (wood,
craft creatures, berries are thin) with their constant inspiration
the role that foxes play in supporting the water regime of the landscape.
Tundra Ecology
forest-tundra - deer and watering; vyvchaє vpliv on the ecosystem vidobutka
oil and gas, development of ways to change the slippage
promiscuity.
The ecology of the seas is growing inflow of the state's activity on
marine ecosystems, development of methods and innovations and support
marine ecosystems.
Strong support ecology
agricultural products without the use of resources in the soil and onions,
saving dovkіllya and otrimannya environmentally friendly products.
Promislova ecology vvchaє vypiv wikidiv promislovih enterprises
on the other side of the middle is the possibility of changing that infusion for a rahunok
advanced technologies and cleaning spores.
Mіska ekologiya vyvchaє polіpshennya polіpshennya dovkіllya people
in the city.
Medicinal ecology wives the ailments of people, tied up with wanderings
middle, that way of their advancement and jubilation.
Mathematical ecology models ecological processes, tobto.
changes in nature, what will happen when changing environmental
minds.
Chemical ecology develops methods for the presentation of speeches.
zabrudnyuvachiv, which is consumed in the atmosphere, soil, water, food products,
methods of chemical purification of gaseous, rare and solid
new technologies of production, for some number of inputs
change.
Economic ecology expands environmental mechanisms
rational nature conservation - estimates of the varity of resources and expansion
fines for confusion.
Legal ecology expands the system of laws directing
stalker of nature.
2. Promissory of the middle ground.
change in confusion
what spilled out at
dambi.
power lines.
1. The flow of energy (behind Odum) and the circle of speeches on the butt of the sour.
Krugoobіg on butt kisnyu:
Kisen see green growths in the wake of photosynthesis, and turn clay
yoga all living organisms with diarrhea. Before the advent of civilization, the whole cycle
so buv equally important. Today, kisen vikoristovuєtsya when spalyuvanni
burnt in motor vehicles, furnace of thermal power plants,
aircraft engines and missiles, etc. Tse dodatkove vitrachannya
sour can destroy the equal yogo cycle. While the biosphere is coping
for introducing people into the sour cycle: yogo spend compensated
green roslins. With a slight change
the area of the woods and the sleeping area
sour in the atmosphere change more and more.
CO2 => photosynthesis O2
Dihannya roslyn
Dihannya creature
spalyuvannya paliva
2. Non-traditional energy.
Victory of sony energy. Іsnuє kіlka variantіv її
victoria. With physical methods, the assimilation of sony energy
vikoristovuyut galvanic batteries and a system of mirrors, yak
solar energy and transform it into thermal or electrical energy.
For biological methods to grow organisms, yakі fix
sleepy energy for photosynthesis.
Vikoristannya energy of the wind. A modern windmill is a folding attachment.
A small amount of windy engines is the noise that vibrates the blades
under the hour propeller wrap. Shumov zabrudnennya to rob the unsafe
perebuvannya people at the area of the robotic installation.
Tidal power plants. (PEM) PEM similar to HES with rowing, ale
the "reservoir" will be filled up at the hour of the tide, and the water from the new
the hour is reasonable. When circulating water, turn the blades of the turbine.
Vikoristannya geothermal dzherel, tobto. the warmth of the earth's depths. Tse
heat can be vikoristovuvati practical in any area, ale vitrati
pay off there, de hot water close to the earth's measles.
1. Nebezpeka zbіdnennya and ways of saving biological diversity
planets.
Biological diversity - the number of species that are combined in
ecosystem.
Raznomanіtnіst raznykh blocіv ekosistemі zaєmopov'yazana.
Biologically equal to lie in the minds of the medium of residence and in the warehouse, and in the
warehouse ecosystem
Butt: diversity in tropical forests becomes close to 1000 species, and
the wild fox of the Pomir belt has about 60 species.
How do people protect the biological diversity of the ecosystem?
Preserves are being created. However, even before the organization of the reserve territory
victorious victoriously, then outwardly pinned victorious
bring to the increase of the diversity for the appearance of the view, but to decrease
yoga. For the conservation of certain species of the reserve, it is peaceful
victorious
2. The main sights of the midst of the living environment and the protection of them.
Tipi delusional Dzherel’s speech
change in confusion
Chemical pollution of the atmosphere. Sirchisty gas, nitrogen oxide and
carbon, chlorine, ammonia, phenol circulating water. CHPP (fuel-fired),
TES, boiler houses, home ovens, vehicles, oil refineries
undertakings. Filtruvannya repeat and cleanup
Chemical contamination with water reservoirs Naphthoproducts, nitrogen, phenol
іn vіdhodi promislovі. Oil refineries; oil product,
what spilled out at
transportation. To change the water pollution, you need to wake up
dambi.
Chemical contamination of Dobrivo soil, pesticides, important metals.
Silske gospodarstvo, promyslovist, transport
required at the factories to be sawmills
Noise confusion ___________ Promise business,
transport. Vinosti roads to sparsely populated areas.
Radiation contamination ___________ TV stations, great radio,
radar accessories. Do not change the order from high voltage
power lines.
KVITOK №7.
1. Horizontal reciprocation of organisms.
Mutual blues between organisms of the same tropical equal are called
horizontal.
Vzaimovidnosiny between organisms of different tropical equals are called
vertical.
Horizontal mutual
Vnutrіvidovі (forests near the forest) Mіzhvidovі (trees in the forest)
Mutually:
Competition
Butt: 1) Vovk that fox compete for a hedgehog.
2) Trees compete for light.
Mutual assistance:
Mutual assistance to Timchasova.
Butt: 1) The zgraї vovchitsya vigodovuє vovchenyat. If the children are
podrostayut, stench compete for їzhu.
2) Least need shade. Birch creates its shade. If yalina virostaє, stink
compete for a living speech.
2. Soil, diversity to the soil of Russia, soil - the place of the foundation of the living
organisms.
Grunti is the main resource of the agroecosystem. Soil affinity to lie in
reserves of humus, in the presence of living elements, in the structure, in the
safety of vologists.
The structure of the ground is the same form as the expansion of the breasts, on the way it falls apart
priming. Best texture: crumbly lumpy.
Nairodyuchishі ґrunti - black earth, stench molded under the steppe
growth, as it is already productive and can be deep rooted
system.
Chornozem:
A ball of humus close to 1m - 6-10%
In soils of yalin forests, under a thin ball of humus, rotting white promitium
ball. Vіn nagaduє pіchnu ash and are called pіzolistym, and themselves ґrunti -
pidzolistimi, or pidzolami.
Under broad-leaved forests, grunts are settling down, yak
transitional position between pidzol and chernozems and are called sirimi
fox.
Siro foxes:
Ball 3-4 cm - humus - 24%
For similarity to pidzol and black earth, they are subdivided into light-sire,
gray and dark gray lіsovі.
Near the zone napipustel ґrunti also revenge less humus, lower chernozem, that
are called chestnut stench.
In the steppe regions of Russia, there are especially soils, rich in salts:
chlorides, sulfates, soda. Salt rich in all kinds of soil
called salt marshes, for example, salts are richer, then salt marshes. Yakscho
salt-bearing ball of rotting on the deakіy clay on the surface (ce
maybe buti і 5-10 і 30-50 cm), soils are called solonetzes.
Crimean soils, which are formed in different natural areas (from pidzolic to
chestnut trees), in Russia there are wider swampy soils, so you can
zustrіti at any part of the country. The stench represents the transition to peat,
some have humus, and peat, which is formed from a ball, is rotten
growing grates.
Life in the quiet: the root of roslin, entangled with mycelium, tarnished
vologer and interpreter in his life speech, bacteria-nitrogen fixers
conquer atmospheric nitrogen, the great army of soil creatures
fit for the rahunok of living and especially dead roots and there is one of one,
microorganism decompose organic mass to simple organic
mineral properties and turn them into soil varieties.
1. Causes that undermine the stability of the population.
Overworld view booth. The skin population is being re-introduced under the control of "above" that
"from below". "Bottom" - control the number of resources, and "above"
organisms of the advancing trophic equal. I sing a part
biological products of the population for the human, won't compensate
spend more money of intensive reproduction. MRL (maximum
allowable yield).
Butt: the norm for vidstrіlu losіv is 15%, and for wild boar 30%. However, often people
perevischu tsyu norm and namagaetsya otrimati vіd population pripributki. Tse
can weaken the population.
Ruinuvannya mіstsya living. Vipas amplifies the soil and destroys the species
warehouse bow and stepiv. In the European part of Russia, the population of Kovili
(beautiful, Lessinga, splendid - pinnate) became rare at the warehouse
steppe herbage. A rich population of coma emerged as a result
the development of the steppes and the development of the qilini. Ruinuyut place of residence of populations
tourists and those who live, and the city dwellers in the primisky zone. Water area of residence
ruynuє shvidkokhіdny transport. Whilst, what is blamed during yoga passage,
kill juvenile ribeye. Guinea riba and zіtknennya z engine strings.
Universe of new species. People spend navmisne the universe of seeing
different districts of the world. You can see, you can see, you can see, you can see
my population.
The confusion of the middle. The population of rich species grows and creatures change
their own strength and navit znikayut under the influx of strong support that
promissory confusion. Residents suffer the most
aquatic ecosystems.
2. Defender of dovkіllya vіd zabrudnen.
Ways to change shkodi.
Breeding. Navіt cleared effluents need to be diluted 10 times, but
this way is ineffective and possible, just like timchasov come in.
Purification. In Russia, the main way, however, is afterward purification
utvoryuetsya rich concentration of inputs, yakі so brought
save.
Replacing old technologies with new low-cost ones. Come alone
virobnitstva become syrovina for others.
Clean up the controversy.
GDK - marginally permissible concentration.
MPE - marginally permissible wikid for one hour, for which
the concentration of confounding speech does not exceed the GDK.
Mechanical cleaning. Rіdkі effluents settle, at which the situation is solid
parts. Zastosovuyt pischa and pischa-gravel filters, scho zatrimuyut
more light parts, which were not mastered by the experts. zastosovuyut
inodі centrifugation. Mechanically water-creaming naphthoproducts, which are highly
at the vіdstіynik. For the purification of gas wikis, special
sawmill and centrifuge chambers (cyclones), filter mater'yanі.
Chemical cleaning. Pour into the drains with chemical speeches,
translating rozchinnі spoluchy in nerazchinnі. In order to
change wikidioxide and sirvodnya, zastosovuy puddle board, through
which passes through the widows with gases, as a result they gain strength
that water. Yak poglinachi-filtry vicorist special
adsorbent: activated carbon, aluminum gel, silica gel, resins - ionity.
collapsible z'ednannya in greater simplicity and pull metal, acid and in.
inorganic parts. To see the most unsafe people
zabrudnen, like vicorist for further processing, zastosovuy
ion-exchange resins, like sponges, to absorb speech.
The fire-fighting method zastosovuyt pіd an hour of re-processing of butovih v_dkhodіv.
Biological purification. In specially created ecosystems, zabrudnyuvachi
expand or concentrate by microorganisms and other creatures.
Organisms can accumulate and attack important metals and radioactive
isotopes (especially successful in eradicating diatope algae).
1. Types of behavior of organisms.
Rіznі see roslyn and creatures vіdrіznyayutsya for ways of survival.
strategies of organisms Organisms are divided into three groups, as if figuratively
called "lions", camels" and "jackals".
Wash away living Rivne competition
Spivvіdnoshennia functional and real іnіsh Application of organisms
"Levi" Live in friendly minds Strong competitors Sound out
functional and real nіshі zbіgayutsya Lion, tiger, elephant, oak.
Camels
Nіsh zbіgayutsya Camel, cactus, kovila
"Jackal" Live in the minds with plenty of resources, like and "levi" Weak
competitiveness Functional niche, but not a rich larva
flies, jackals, roslin watering.
2. Radioactive confusion.
Such a confusion is possible after accidents or not a good saving.
entry to the nuclear power plant for the hour of vibration of atomic charges for the creation of underground
skhovisch or under the hour of nuclear warfare. Radiation deluded
majestic territory near the place of the largest accidents - Chornobyl and
Kishtimskiy. Radiation contamination is possible when hitting the names
old priladi, scho to avenge radioactive isotopes. Use this often
stop at industry, science laboratories, medicine.
Radioactive speech with accessories that served, or attach as a whole
owe escaping from special gatherings, do not bring radiation
shkodi navkolishny middle-class people.
KVITOK №10
1. Kharchov lansyugs and Kharchov merezhi. Ecological pyramids.
Organisms of various trophic groups involved in the process of eating
Transfers of energy satisfy the food lances.
Herbs - antelope - lion.
Leaves - a caterpillar - a gorobet - an eagle.
More stakes: roslini, phytophage, zoophagous.
Shortening of the lances: it is like a daily one of the lances.
Detritus lanceug: leaf opal - woodworm - gorobets - hut
bird.
Detritus kharchovі lancers - whole lancers for the participation of detritophages and decomposers,
that beat the dead organic speech.
Detritus can take the fate of the lanciusi, like a lanka that eats dead
organic speech, as well as yak lanka, yak eat zoophagous.
In nature, not kharchov lansyugs are formed, but kharchov merezhi.
biomass.
ecosystems - phytoplankton.
equal to another.
2. Meadow ecosystems.
The meadows are the result of the state's activity of the people. Meadows
Ecosystems are formed on the soils, the colors are better, the lower steppes
chernozem. Yakshcho vykoristannya pripinit bows, vіn re-growth
fox.
Meadows - tse spіlnota vogolyubnyh roslyn. The stench is wider in
plain part of the forest zone in the low part of the steppe zone, in the alpine
belt of gir and river valleys.
tipi meadow name roslyn
1. Taiga zone.
2. River floods Lush fescue, ray foxtail, soddy pike.
3. Zone of broad-leaved forests and forest-steppe. Vorticolum Polegrass
4. Meadows of Siberia Piriy succulent and short-haired barley
5. Melt the Great Reed of Langsdorf Far Immediately
6. Mountain bows
7. Lowland bows Overwhelm sedges.
Onion Meaning:
pastors
Synokosi
Zakhist ґruntu vіd erozії
Ways to increase the productivity of onions:
1. Root polypshenya - natural herbage is undermined, and
the meadow is planted with valuable fodder grasses that make good.
2. The top of the field is grassy, for some rich forage crops
they save grasses, but dodatkovo add sprats of legumes and
cereals and make good.
KVITOK №11
1. Ecological niche. See niche.
Succulence of all factors of the medium, in the midst of which it is possible
The basis of the population is called an ecological niche.
In organisms of the skin type, there can be two niches - the fundamental one
implemented.
Fundamental niche - mind the middle, in which the appearance can
іsnuvati i navіt prosvіtati for vіdsutnostі konentії.
A niche has been implemented - the main part of the fundamental niche, like a building wine
stand out among competitors for their presence.
In the forest zone, vuzkolisti cereals (tonka polіvnitsa) are overwhelmed. Won
you can grow on the hardened soils. Yakshto
fertilize, then plant the growth of vtrichi. Yakscho well praise the floor on
meadow, out there from the herbage. At the process of competition її win
broad-leaved cereals (їzhaka sbіrna), yakі cannot grow on
to the broken ground.
2. Nebezpeka zabrudnennya dovkіllya people.
Great concern for the health of people to become confused
apartments. Dzherel zabrudnennya can buti:
rubbish vision of synthetic resins
wooden chipboards (furniture).
Vaporization of chemical coatings for pidlogs (linoleum, PVC plaid)
Not until the end of the burning gas in gas stoves and stoves.
In the skin case, it is necessary to implant specific approaches in order to reduce
the concentration of shkіdlivih zabrudnjuvachіv povіtrya. Furniture covered with furboy
varnishes, which reduce the sight of shkidlivih speeches. Linoleum is not
vikoristovuyut at the bedroom kіmnatah.
Hanging fittings are installed above the gas stoves. Bagato saw
accumulate books, it is necessary to regularly clean them with a pilosos, trim
at the glued-on police officers and wardrobes. Clean up the apartment more often.
Clean up the air and deyakі kіmnatnі growth. stinks: they see sour,
they see phytoncides (their authorities drive in sickness
microorganism) Іsnuyut medicinal room plants (aloe,
colanchoe).
KVITOK №12
1. Vertical interchange of organisms.
At the mutual “hizhak - victim”, the hut immediately eats the victim
rahunok tsgogo i live. Bears and waterings to catch foxes and owls, hares -
foxes and rice.
The symbiosis is caused by growth and microorganism - bacteria and fungi
(Symbiotrophy), comas of various species. Symbiosis of wide extensions
between roslins and komakhs - zapilyuvachs. Symbiosis of roslin with mushrooms
more important support for the ecological revival of forest ecosystems.
Mushrooms support the vitality of trees, providing them with phosphorus. without help
mushrooms in horses of trees will conquer phosphorus badly, and trees will grow faster.
2. Tundra ecosystems.
The tundra is a treeless ecosystem, planted on a pivnich in the taiga zone.
The amount of falling off is collapsing from 200 to 500 mm on the river, ale rahunok forever
permafrost, water catches the surface and bogs the soil.
Ecosystems of the tundra can be seen before the re-opening of ecosystems.
Grunti peaty and tundra-gley.
Low productivity
number of secondary biological products.
Producers (dwarf trees, chagars, mosses, lichens).
Consumers (lions, pivnichni deer, polar foxes)
Ecological equality in the tundra is destroyed due to industrial
development of these territories (production of oil and gas).
Great number of caterpillar vehicles pass through the
the growing slope is lowered, and the slopes are exposed.
Also, when oil is bottled, the ecosystem becomes confused.
petroleum products.
Herds of domestic deer, like a day
graze on the same territory.
KVITOK №13
1. Ecosystem: components, interactions, stability.
An ecosystem is a collection of living organisms that can interact.
that minds of the middle.
Living organisms and non-living factors enter the warehouse of the ecosystem.
atmosphere, water, life-giving elements, light and dead organic
speech - detritus.
All living organisms are subdivided into autotrophs (producers) and heterotrophs
(Consumer)
Autotrophy - synthesize organic speech from inorganic ones.
Heterotrophy - vicarious organic speech, how to synthesize
autotrophs.
Autotrophs are divided into two groups: photoautotrophs and chemoautotrophs.
Photoautotrophy vicory for the synthesis of organic speeches.
energy (all green plants).
Chemoautotrophy for the synthesis of vicorous chemical energy (serobacteria,
zalizobakterii).
Phytophages (roslinnoyadni) - creatures that eat roslins.
Zoophages are huts that eat creatures.
Symbiotrophy - ce bacteria and fungi, yak consuming root
seeing roslyn. Microorganisms lie before symbiotrophs.
(bacteria, one-celled creatures), like they linger at the herbal
the tract of creatures - phytophages, help them to over-etch the hedgehog.
Detritophages - organisms that eat dead organic speech
(crows, scours, rot beetles, woodworms).
Reducers are organisms that are close to
detrophigam, tobto. the stench also sips dead organic speeches.
Prote reducers - bacteria and fungi destroy organic speech.
mineral heaps, yakі turn into a soil rozchin i anew
vikoristovuyutsya roslins.
2. Swamp ecosystems.
Swamp - tse land plots, de grunti postiyni or more part of the rock
perebuvayut at the reassigned camp, and to that detritus settles into
looks like peat.
At the sight of other ecosystems, dead organic matter decays residually, and
hence the humus is not settled.
Roslinnist: herbs, chagars and trees that hung before
peresvolozhenim gruntam (wilha black, sedge, ocheret).
Type of pain:
Lowland swamps are blamed for the succession of the overgrowth of lake ecosystems,
otherwise the swamp is dry. The main peat-fertilizers are various sedges,
cane, cattail, outline.
Transitional swamps
grow r_k y r_k (40-50 div).
rahunok peat, which is mineralized by organisms. What a tighter ball of peat,
tim bіdnіshiy yogo upper ball. Tse viklikaє ekologichnu suktsіyu pіd
deiyu vnutrishnіh chinnikov. The growing world is changing. So
transitional swamps are formed. On the transitional swamps, a watch is being built
trefoil, fluffy birch, marsh boletus, sphagnum moss.
Upper swamps. If the peat load continues to grow, then
the number of mineral rechovins near the upper ball of peat becomes more
less. The moment comes when the growth of the transitional swamp cannot be here
grow up. This is how upper swamps are formed. Roslinnist: pine, crane,
bagno, marsh myrtle, pidbil, lichens.
The meaning hurts. 1. In the autumn-spring period, the swamps store water, and in
dry hour step by step give її strumka, yakі revive
rivers.
2. Wetlands are the nurses of the rural ecosystems. flowing into
their water is good, pesticides, and wind from the swamp is a trickle
more cleansing.
KVITOK No. 14
1. Biological productivity of the ecosystem.
The productivity of the ecosystem, which is balanced by the quantity of organic
speeches, as if created in one hour on one square,
called biological productivity. Alone in the world
productivity: g/m? per day, kg/m? per river, t/km? on river
Distinguish the primary biological products, how to choose the producers,
that secondary biological products, as consumers create
reducer.
Primary products are subdivided into: gross - whole quantity
created organic speech, and pure - tse those who have lost their time
look at the breath and that root vision.
For the productivity of the ecosystem, they are divided into chotiri class:
Ecosystems with high biological productivity – over 2 kg/m? in
rik. Before them, one can see overgrowth in the deltas of the Volga, the Don and the Urals.
High productivity ecosystems – 1-2 kg/m? on river Ce linden-oak
foxes, thickets of cattail or reeds on the lake, plant corn.
Ecosystems of average biological productivity - 0.25-1 kg/m? on river Before
they can see pines, birch foxes, blue bows, steppes.
Ecosystems of low biological productivity – less than 0.25 kg/m? on river
Tse arctic deserts, tundra, most of the marine ecosystems.
The average productivity of ecosystems on the ground is 0.3 kg/m? on river, tobto.
on Earth, the middle and low-productive ecosystems prevail.
When moving from one trophic level to another, 90% is spent
energy.
2. Problems of people's safety with drinking water.
There are absolutely no shkidlivih speeches. Be a zabrudnyuvach at a low dose
practical non-shkidlivy. At the water zavzhda є important metal. Be a kind of soil
otherwise the hirska breed may have natural radioactivity. Navit for
presence near the enterprises that release nitrogen into the atmosphere,
deyak yogo kіlkіst mіstsya by the wood water. Vіn z'are in
in the wake of thunderstorm discharges, in which ammonia is established.
Purification of the atmosphere, drive the soil from shkіdlivih speech-zabrudnjuvachіv - tse
reduction of their concentrations to values for which the stench melts
not sloppy. Such threshold values are called HDC.
allowable concentration.
For effective control of water pollution, it is necessary to know the GDK of all
the main confounders.
For skin dzherel zabrudnennya install MPE - borderline
allowable quota for one hour, for which concentration
zabrudnyuyuchoї speech near the water does not oversee the GDK. For cleaning
drinking water, which should be slow, vicarious sedimentation of suspensions,
filtration, aeration (sour enrichment), biochemical processes
chlorine bath
Skin people daily need 2-2.5 liters of water. Water to come
to us at the apartment, it is far from
cursive speeches. In order to see them, you need tap water
pass through the ion exchange filter.
KVITOK No. 15
Ecological pyramids.
The biomass of the organisms of various trophic rivers is not the same. Terrestrial
in ecosystems with the advancement of trophic equalities, it will change, to
energy is destroyed at the transition from one trophic level to another.
Spivvіdnenja bіomas organіzmі v raznyh trofіchnyh rіvnіv zobrazhayut
graphically like a pyramid of biomass.
Terrestrial ecosystem. Water ecosystem.
The biomass of the organisms of the skin trophic line is represented by
a rectangle, dozhina or an area of some proportional size
biomass.
In terrestrial ecosystems from the development of the trophic level, the stock of biomass
change, and marine ones - increase. The main producer in cich
ecosystems - phytoplankton.
Crimea pyramid of biomass, stand pyramid of numbers. I will be like that
pyramids of energy that reflect the transition from one trophic
equal to another.
2. Freshwater ecosystem.
Freshwater ecosystem - churches, lakes, stakes, streams, timchas
watercourses.
The global scheme for the life of a water ecosystem is the same as in others
ecosystems.
Producers are subdivided into two great groups of roslin - macrophytes.
most importantly flower growing) and microphytes (cyanobacteria, green
diatoms algae).
Macrofit:
floating roselins (duckweed, teloriz toshcho)
Attached water plants (zhovt cube, latatya bile z
leaf-like plates).
Attached nap_vvodni roslini (umbrella sus, arrowhead, outline
lake, etc.)
Microfits freely swim near the water, moving at the evening hour
closer to the surface, more light, and evenly rosy
all comrades drive a day.
Consumers are represented by plankton (one-celled creatures, hrobaki,
bacteria, ribi) and benthos (organisms that lead a near-bottom way of life, that
sprouting, attached to the bottom).
Waterfowl, beavers, toads,
turtles.
Reducers are bacteria.
KVITOK No. 16
1. Population in the ecosystem: warehouse, number, space.
Organisms of the same species on the same territory form a population.
For the competition among the majority of populations, singing is encouraged
thick.
Population size - the number of individuals per unit area. Upper
the boundary of the population is determined by the number of the most deficient
resource.
A special group of organisms is formed by growing plants - one-year-olds. Width of їх
The population may grow and may be fringed. Price can be for
rahunok of the fact that the growth of the bushes changes the size of the individual.
The population is heterogeneous.
The population, which is composed of different individuals, is the most stable. Such
populations less risky to bear fruit at times of frost (for example,
less than a part of the tickets freezes, the reshta can be saved from looking
buds).
Competition
The size of the population is unstable and fluctuates
The number of the most scarce resource in the world is unsustainable.
Decrease in the population size of victims of the call
hizhakіv to the fact that hutches, like eating victims, can eat enough.
Father, don’t stink through the lack of hedgehogs. I greater
the population is alive. Aje chim more equal to a scarce resource, team
thicker population, tobto. more victims, more hizhakiv.
Number of populations of proteins to deposit a quantity of food, tobto. yakscho in
fox virosta is rich in cones, mushrooms and acorns are thin, then the population of squirrels
get bigger. Proteins can reproduce and procreate their offspring.
Reasons to destroy the stability of the population.
Overworld view booth.
Ruinuvannya place of residence (tourists rule over the rivers).
Universe of a new kind. New vidi can vitіsniti mіstsevі vidi, ruynuyuchi
their populations.
The confusion of the middle. The inhabitants of the waters suffer the most
ecosystems.
2. Traces of teaching people to environmental zealots.
Introduce people to environmental zeal and call out themselves
serious damage to ecosystems.
The axis of the kіlka of such applications:
Results of exclusion from the hizhak ecosystem. - In the USA, schob zahistiti
olenіv bulo organized a massive wіdstrіl vovkіv. Nezabarno deer so
they multiplied, that they trampled all the flocks. Tse called to famine and death
creature. As a result, the number of reindeer did not increase, but changed.
I had a chance to re-instill wolves.
Heritage included to the ecosystem mind, for which there is no decomposer. AT
Cows were brought to Australia, ale and decomposers, yak lingered in
Australia, they reworked the rotten kangaroo. Tse called to fast
brown areas of pastors. I had a chance to get bugs-rotters.
There are no traces of being included in the ecosystem
phytophages. The prickly pear cactus was brought to Australia. Vіn becoming duzhe shvidko
multiply and occupied majestic territories. Had to start a blizzard
cactus fire.
The cow's plague virus was brought to Africa. Pochav vimirati pershu
home, and then wild thinness. Tse brought to the accumulation of growth
masi at the sight of detritus, more frequent fire, the replacement of wood began
thickets with herbs and chagars. Rivnavaga rejoiced only
after the vaccine was broken down.
KVITOK No. 17
1. Ecological succession. Succession, zooming internally and
foreign factors.
Ecological succession - the whole step change of the ecosystem
infusion of inner sound minds.
Under the influence of internal factors
deliveries from domestic carriers) overgrow the Uzbek roads, renew
natural ecosystems, ruynovanі people.
IVest. Replacement of the thin vein of crusted lichens by the hour.
bushy lichens and mosses, herbs appear, and then they settle
Chagarniki and navіt tree.
Self-growing does not occur on all vaults of empty ash.
Yakshcho not sympathetic to the growth of roslin, overgrown vіdvala
helping people. Vіn pokryvaє vіdvala surface with a ball to the soil of the tovshchina
10-20 cm and hanging on a line of grasses, chagarniks and trees. Taki
come and call it reclamation.
Zovnіshnі chinniki most pov'yazanі z diyalnistyu people. For example:
In the ecosystems of lakes, as in them they consume fertilizer from watering or
organic speeches of trade words and butt stocks that flow
succession. The process of changing the productivity and stock of aquatic ecosystems
under the influx of superfluous quantity of elements of life is called
eutrophication. At which water grows, which grows only in
pure water (amphibian mountaineer, salvinia floating), and grow
growing waters of zabrudnenih waters - hornwort, duckweed.
As for the outside factors that caused the succession, it is assumed that
start the process of self-renewal of the ecosystem - succession,
swayed by internal factors.
2. How schoolchildren can take part in practical environmental
activities.
Suspіlnі Rukh, who are fighting for the savings of dovkіllya. Often
called environmentally unsound organizations (short
eco - NOO). The first eco-NUOs in Russia were the student guard squads.
nature (DOP.), scho vinyl on the cob 60s of the twentieth century Vigilantes
(That's what the members of the DOP called themselves.) were engaged in supporting the regime of reserves
ta zapovіdnikіv, fight against poaching too. For today's day
ruh DOP - tse merezha of student squads protect nature, what do you know
more lower at 40 places in Russia. Schoolchildren can also take the fate of
tsikh visits.
The public action "March of Parks" is not enough to bring additional money
for the support of reserves and national parks, and also add
I’ll give respect to the problems of protecting the navkolishny middle ground. Whom come in
take the fate of schoolchildren. stink show their little ones, consecrated
those protect the navkolishny middle.
Schoolchildren are guilty of knowing that it is not possible to destroy the collections of creatures, nori,
nests, etc.
Coming to the fox, you can’t tear the growth, as if brought to the red book,
for example convalії. At the fox of tourists, blocking the place of parking, obov'yazkovo
owe to pay off the bagattya
firebrands and vugіllya. Yakshcho є mozhlivist, it is necessary to fill in yoga. Main
the reason for the forest fires is the filthy redemption of the riches.
KVITOK No. 18
1. Ecological factors: classification, limiting factors.
Ecological factors are divided into abiotic - non-living factors
nature (temperature, moisture content), biotic - ce form the infusion of living
organisms one on one, that anthropogenic.
Biological productivity of the ecosystem is the basis of the life of the biosphere
people, like її parts. The productivity of the greater world lies in that
resource, which is not enough or which is too much
(for example, re-allocation to the soil or the temperature rises higher). Such
the resource is called a limiting (tobto obzhuє) factor. AT
minds of the steppe and especially the desert zone of Russia (Caspian
lowlands) give birth to a few drops, and in the forest zone,
de vologists are enough, - instead of the living elements. AT
the tundra zone and in the mountain regions the harvest is limited by the amount of heat.
2. The characteristics of the agroecosystem are critical. Grunt - the main resource
agroecosystems.
Strongly supportive agroecosystems are anthropogenic (tobto.
created by humans) ecosystems. Lyudina vyznaє її structure that
productivity: vіn open up part of the land and hang
rural cultures that create synods and shepherds in the field
lіsіv, scho breed silskogospodarskih creatures.
Agroecosystems are autotrophic: the main source of energy is the sun.
Dodatkova (anthropogenic) energy does not exceed 1% of sony.
energy.
Producers in the agroecosystem are cultural plants, herbs and
stock. Producers є th Bur'yani.
Reducers in the agroecosystem are the most important bacteria.
The main resource of the agroecosystem is soil. Її Rarity to fall in stock
organic speech - to humus, instead of available roslin
living elements, structures, water supply, reactions
soil rozchin, mixed with new ions of toxic salts.
Humus - Comoros genus. Vіn utvoryuєєєє іz zalishkіv roslyn ta
creature. Iogo reserve to deposit in the form of the pressure of the humus ball and the percentage
I will remove the humus from the new one. Tension of the humus ball of black earth soils.
m, and instead of humus - 6-10%; thickening of the humus ball of forest soils -
10-30 cm, and humus -2-4%.
Іnsha group of micro-organisms thrives on humus in soil growth
life-giving elements. Among them are macronutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium), as it is necessary for roslins from the great
microelements (manganese, bir, copper, zinc and other), which roslins need
not rich. Mustache living elements are clayed from the soil
to the roots of the roslyn and to wine from the soil with the harvest. Tom, like in the ground
do not add good (rotten, mineral good), then store elements
eating in the new vycherpayutsya.
The structure of the soil is the same form as the rosemary of the breast, on the yaki won
fall apart. The best structure is fine lumpy.
KVITOK No. 19
1. Changing the ecosystem of the hour.
The life of that ruh is inextricably tied up. Live less than that and get overwhelmed
we live, that in the new world the powers that be do not sing
processes - it would be impossible to remember, but it’s too early to make yak
visible changes. For example, for a stretch of seconds, that hvilin comes out
rozpodil clitin of microorganism, go to the process of photosynthesis, change
microclimate (temperature, moisture content, lighting in the middle of the ecosystem).
For a year, the death of Roslin and creatures may be the result
natural dashing, moving hoards and huts at the poshukah їzhi ta
a lot of other things.
Kіlka dnіv аbо tizhnіv іѕ often enough аbουt thаt dіbnі grizuni
after winter they bred, having increased their numbers in tens and hundreds
once, and then we started mass migration. Be careful,
for example, near the tundra, de lemings, buildings
for a short pіvnіchne summer kіlka generation, actively spreading.
mingle wide rivers, go "live fluff" to the villages and towns.
Deyakim roslins (among them there are a lot of early bloomers, ring out the titles
"streaks") often last one month, sob to appear early
hanging, vіdtsvіsti and date nаіnnya or vіdklasti stock in underground organs
until the coming spring.
In a similar manner, there is also a development of rich visions:
forests and in the swamps with raptom there are a large number of bloodsuckers
comakh, ale after many cold nights the stench is also unbearable
znikayut, schob advancing rock z'appear again.
Є, zrozumіlo, and more trivaly changes: seasonal, seasonal,
centuries.
2. Sіlskogospodarski zabrudnennya.
Sіlskogo spodarské zabrudnennya, like a promise, head of shkodi
ecosystems. There are more than a few types.
1. Contaminated with runoff from tvarnnitsky farms and livestock farms
complexes
Incorrect preparations before bringing rot into the fields, drinking near the water,
You can harm natural ecosystems, tobto. how to die
Gruntovі bacteria, hence, the germination of soils decreases.
So that you don’t pollute the atmosphere with that water basin with purulent drains, you will
gnoyskhovishcha with concrete walls.
2. Contaminated with pesticides and leftovers.
Through this, the living population of the soil is being reduced - the number is decreasing
soil creatures, algae, microorganisms. leftover pesticides,
eat at the soil, the atmosphere, food products.
It is necessary to regulate the quantity of pesticides to be introduced into the soil.
3. Contamination of the soil with important metals.
This type of contamination of the coatings from the introduced phosphoric fertilizers, yaki
take revenge on your own houses of important metals. The stench negatively spit on
I'm healthy people (especially on nirki).
It is necessary to thoroughly clean the goodness at the enterprises, de їх
oscillate and constantly control their mornings in the games of good
the one at the soil.
4. Contamination of soil and food products with nitrates.
Having eaten food with food in the body of a person, the stench destroys the normal
the work of the circulatory system can become the cause of cancerous puffiness.
Sob in the vegetables did not accumulate nitrates, it is necessary to intersect
mineral nitrogen fertilizers and vicoristovate them at once
organic goodies. It is impossible to grow culture with a high
zdatnistyu accumulate nits in the muddy places.
KVITOK № 20
1. Ecology is the science of the XXI century.
Previously, the term "ecology" was introduced in 1866 by Haeckel.
Ecology is the science about the relationship between living organisms and the minds of the middle
residence.
Vcheni - ecologists, who made a memorial contribution to ecology:
Carl Linney. Having created a manual for a practical twisting station
classification of species of roslin and creatures and systematization of information about
minds of the life of different species
Jean Baptiste Lamarck. Having hung a thought about those that everything is alive and unliving on
our planet to become a single goal - the biosphere, and ahead of
people about the possibilities of the legacy of people pouring into nature
Thomas Malthus. Mathematically describing the regularity of the growth of the number
organisms of the same species and Lamarck gave a forecast of possible important
naslіdkіv gospodarskoї fiyalnostі people, yakshko її numeracy
bude zbіshuvatisya without borders and become overcrowded.
Charles Darwin. Spiraling on the ideas of Malthus, creating a vision about nature
selection, which includes overpopulation for the shelter of the weak
features.
V.I. Vernadsky Rozvinov Lamarck's ideas and created a whole idea about
biosphere, showing the geological role, how they played living organisms
planetary transformation.
V.M. Sukachiv. Having created a vchennya about homogeneous terrestrial ecosystems -
biogeocenosis.
The main object of ecology is the ecosystem - the collection of living
organisms and the medium of living.
2. Global health problem.
The environmental situation in the country is getting worse in the wake of the global
processes
Greenhouse effect. Warming climate. Bring winds to Russia
apparently, zabrudnené promissory wikis of Europe. For tribute vchenih
the end of the 19th century and until now the temperature on our planet
moved 1.2 degrees W. A warmer climate could bring up to
intensive ice-flooding and the rise of the oceans.
Visnazhennya ozone balloon. Step by step increase in concentration
carbon dioxide (carbon dioxide) in the atmosphere. They are "dirks" in
ozone screen, which covers the harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation
change. This process is especially fast above the poles, de vzhe
ozone dirks appeared. The main reason for the depletion of the ozone layer
є zastosuvannya freoniv. In the 90s, it was internationally signed
to please, as a way, the production of frioniv was short-lived vdvіchі.
Consume the fates of the easy-going work, the great investment of the cats is well thought out
program to solve these environmental problems. Tom
The order of Russia is developing a special dovgostrokovu program
"Environmental safety of Russia".
KVITOK № 21
1. Biological induction.
Living organisms are closely connected with the minds of the middle. I to that about change
tsikh minds - zabrudnennya, podvischennya or change in the moisture content of the ground, її
salinity, climate change, etc. You can often judge the reactions
Okremyh organisms and yogo populations of ecosystems.
Assessment of the medium behind the camp of organisms and species warehouse of ecosystems
called biological indication.
Іsnuyut different biological indicators.
About the presence of deaky zabrudnyuvachiv can be judged by the signs
Roslyn is a creature. For example, the appearance of black patches on linden leaves
tell about those who, at the winter hour, door-keepers hooted superficially
sippannym snіgu sіllu for quickening yogo tanny.
About the effect of these factors can be judged from the peculiarities of the leaf shape
but beyond the height of roslin.
Є roslini - indicators I will become ґruntіv on rіllі. Yakshcho z'appeared mint
polova, later, water stagnates on the rails.
Behind the warehouse of roslin - bur'yanіv you can estimate that intensity of congestion
herbicides.
Subtle indicators of atmospheric pollution - deyakі see mohiv
lichens.
Use and special equipment for briometry - small boxes
mosses of singing sights.
Obviously, biological indicators do not replace detailed analyses. Tim is not
less, in different ways to assess the importance of environmental factors
bioindication methods are more corrosive.
2. Energy saving in the rural state.
Agroecology develops ways to get high yields with
reduction in the amount of anthropogenic energy
middle, tied to the work of a person).
The main principles of energy saving in the agricultural state:
Proper distribution of agricultural crops. What better fit
grow up, mind growing, it’s more productive and less wasteful
I give birth to obsession.
Selection of varieties with the promotion of competitive pressure
drier, sticky to sickness and coma.
shkidnikov. Dry varieties do not need to be watered, varieties that protect
yourself in the presence of mushroom diseases like shkіdnikіv, yakі do not vymagayut zastosuvannya
pesticides, they will also save energy for the supply of water,
infestation of pesticides.
Zmіshanі ґrunti. Up to їх warehouse include growing lines of various ecological niches
- more and less dry, with a deep root system
superficially sharpened, high and low. So feel meaningful
more vicorist resources of light and soil, more yield and less
they will be laughed at by the bourgeois, because there are fewer free niches in them for the settlement
weedy roslins.
Improvement of energy efficiency of creation. For virobnitstvo
energy is being fed, and to this the advantage is given to these species
sіlskogospodarskih creatures and quiet їх breeds, yakі on vyrobnitstvo
single products are treated with less feed.
KVITOK № 22
1. Ecological problems of Russia.
Visnazhennya overhead, lіsіv and ґruntu. The reason is the transcendental survival of the lіsіv that
soil. For the solution of this problem, it is necessary to take the
give the opportunity to revive.
Zabrudnennya river and sea areas. Reason - wikidata
maritime soils. It is necessary to take care of the cleansing and legitimize the wiki.
Above-world concentration of craftsmanship in localities, outdated
possessions at the undertakings were brought to the atmosphere of majestic
a lot of straying speeches.
Lack of excellence in projects of nuclear power plants and museums
viroblennoy radioactive fire caused terrible disasters.
Incorrect laying of gas and oil pipelines. As a result
million hectares of tundra and forest tundra land were allocated.
Problems for Russia and all people:
Visnazhennya ozone balloon. The main reason for the depletion of the ozone layer
є zastosuvannya freoniv. In 1988, the roci was signed internationally
please, for some kind of freon's work, it was shortened to 2000
by 50%.
Greenhouse effect. This is caused by a burly development of industry.
Inevitably, the increase in the level of the light ocean and the warming of the climate by 2 - 4
degrees. As a result, the ice-dwellers' tanning will grow, which will lead to
flooding, which brought the great dry land to the flooding.
The order of Russia is developing a special dovgostrokovu program
"Ecological safety of Russia" for the resolution of these problems.
2. Methods for changing the level of chemical contamination. Clear
argue.
The widest confusion is chemical. There are three main
way to change shkodi them.
Breeding is an ineffective way to change the birth rate
zabrudnennya, admissible only as a timchasovy zahid.
Cleansing - the main way to change wikidivs in the now middle ground
Russia today.
Replacing old technologies with new ones - low-cost ones. Razroblyayut
special economic mechanisms. Come out of one virobnitstva
become syrovina for others.
Actual improvement of the environmental situation in Russia has been achieved
zdebіlshoy zavdyaki pokraschennyu robotic cleansing spores.
Іsnuyet takі see clear disputes:
Mechanical cleaning. When you clean the vicorist, eat that
food-gravel filters, yak
vіdstіynikov. The mechanical way to make naphthoproducts.
Chemical cleaning. When cleaning the drains, add chemicals
speeches, translating roman speeches into non-romantic ones.
Physico-chemical purification. When cleaning with electrolysis, they reshape
collapsible storage in greater simplicity and vibrating metal, acid and other.
Biological purification. When cleaning from specially created
Ecosystems of zabrudnyuvachi are destroyed by microorganisms and other
creature. Methods of biological purification are vignatkovo important, shards
a significant part of the zabrudnyuvachіv, yaku do not go into nі vіdfiltruvati,
don't get electrocuted, - ce rozchinenі v vodі organіchnі
speeches.
KVITOK № 23
1. Types of ecosystems.
Ecosystems are more diverse. Їx warehouse to lay in the amount of factors,
us in front of the climate, geological minds and the infusion of people. pong
can be autotrophic, as the main role is played by autotrophic organisms
- producers, or heterotrophic, as there are no producers in the ecosystem
Their role is insignificant.
Ecosystems can be natural or human creations.
anthropogenic.
Natural (natural) ecosystems are formed under the influx of natural
factors, wanting a person to pour into them.
Anthropogenic (piece) ecosystems are created by humans in the process
government activity. Examples: rural landscapes
crops and herds of thinness, mist, forest plantings toshcho.
І natural, and anthropogenic ecosystems are separated behind the dzherel
energy, which ensures their life.
Autotrophic ecosystems are energy self-sufficient
podіlyayutsya on fotoautotrofnі - spozhivayut sleepy energy for rahunok
producers - photoautotrophs, and chemoautotrophs - what vicorist
chemical energy of rahunok producers - chemoautotrophs.
Heterotrophic ecosystems vicarious have chemical energy, like they possess
at once from coal in the form of organic speeches or in the form of human creations
energy outbuildings. Butt: ecosystem of oceanic clays, kudi
do not reach the sleepy light.
Before heterotrophic anthropogenic ecosystems, moreover, lie:
1.biological purification,
2.factories for the development of wooden storage tanks,
3. plantation ovens,
4. ribbed rates in locations.
2. Chinniki risiku zahvoryuvannya people.
In the XX century, the people of the whole world learned that there is a lot of ailment
without intermediary po'yazanі іz zarudnennym atmosphere, filthy water supply,
unfavorable products.
Whether it be zabrudnennya poіtrya vіdbivaєtsya on people's health. For example, in
Russian industrial enterprises and industrial boiler houses
atmosphere 19 million tons, and vehicles - another 11 million tons of fertile
speeches. Tse means that the skin of a Russian inhabitant
falls close to 275 kg of heavy speech. Among the city's population,
especially children, high incidence of illnesses, caused by displacement
wandering around.
A majestic number of confusing speeches are thrown into navkolishnu
the middle of the aftermath of accidents or failures in technical security systems.
Zmiv from agricultural fields of nitrogen fertilizers significantly increases
instead of the water of a few nitrates, yakі can transform into
nitrite. And the axis of the stink is really unsafe: having consumed it in blood, nitrite
work with hemoglobin (protein, which transports acid throughout the body) and
cim drastically change the building of blood to win over your head
function - postachat organ and tissue sour.
Promislovі wikidi, sho drank into the atmosphere, with boards that saw
turn on the surface of the Earth, gradually accumulating at the ground.
Not safe for healthy speech - mish'yak, lead, mercury, cadmium, zinc,
chromium, nickel, copper, cobalt - with ground water can be found in
mіstsevі dzherel drinking water supply. Ale, the most unsafe transition
zarudnyuyuchy speeches іz ґruntu in the product of eating.
For people who stay at the zone of wikidiv metallurgical plants,
especially unsafe lead. Vin penetrates into the body through the duct-intestinal
the path is a legend, consumed in blood and carried by it throughout the whole body,
accumulating in brushes, m'yazah, liver, nirkah, heart, lymphatic
knots. Lead poisoning in the early stages is poured onto the head
brain, as a result of which children's intellect decreases, breaks down
coordination of changes, deafening hearing and memory.
KVITOK No. 24.
Population-species rіven protect.
On this level, the objects of protection are specific, see Roslyn or
creature that is in populations.
In order to organize the protection, they show objects and create Chervoni
books. The first book of Chervona appeared in 1966 (5 volumes).
The red book of the RRFSR (roslini) was seen in 1988 (533 species).
The red book of the RRFSR (creatures) was seen in 1985 (247 copies).
Protection on the population-species rіvnі zdіyyut:
Fence for the selection of beautifully fluffy roslins (veneren, cherevichok).
Fence on a selection of rare medicinal herbs (Valeriana likarska).
Fence for watering on the river, see birds and animals (cranes, swans, tigers).
Fence on the pitchfork of singing ribs (sturgeon), panicles and beetles.
Fence on the overworld vidobutok (pisets, sable).
Fence for ruining the place of residence.
Fence on the universe of new species (kovila the most beautiful).
Fence zabrudnennya
Ways to solve the problem:
Breeding is seen under the control of people.
Creatures are bred at zoos, roslins are botanical gardens. Іsnuyut
reproduction of rare species.
2. Creation of genius banks.
Banks can be saved like we are growing up, so frozen
tissue cultures or statuary cells (often take frozen sperm),
For example, you can take away the creature of the Roslin.
2. Prospects for the development of energy.
Today's main energy sources for industry and agriculture
the state - the ultimate resources of water, oil, gas. Energy is taken from
AES, HPS, tidal geothermal, sleepy and in stations.
1. Development of traditional heat and power engineering (on the vugill, stock up
get big). Possibility of otrimannya practical environmentally friendly
clean energy from hydroelectric power plants with the highest pressure filters that can be trimmed
atmospheric pollution during underground gasification of coal. Nedolik -
large amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and time character
tsієї strategy. Stock up on 100-150 rolls.
2. Development of nuclear energy.
With improved safety and the emergence of new types of reactors,
for the security of the deep protection of the exits of the stable before
ruining of mountain breeds. Prospects for nuclear energy
in addition, new types of nuclear reactors will be safe
Ways of burial of jet inputs.
Positive viability - Rapid release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
3. Non-traditional sources of energy - sun, wind, ocean
tide, the warmth of the earth's depths. Futurologists - ecologists care that 2030 -
2050 non-traditional energy sources will be the main ones.
KVITOK № 25
1. Problems of regulation of the number of population of the planet.
Today, the population of the planet has exceeded 5 billion, by 2030.
ochіkuєtsya podvoennya kіlkostі people. We already know that there are two sides
To this end, the economist T.Malthus conveyed the unsafe ecological footnotes
planetary overpopulation. Today the stench is quite obvious.
In regions with a small increase in the population, the average life is trivial
people are reduced to 45 - 50 years, child mortality reaches 200 deaths
for a thousand people. In the regions, the growing population clung to and
overwhelm with one or two children, the average trivality of life
become 70 lives, but a child’s death per thousand people is not
revisit 5-10 osib.
Above the world overpopulation embossed on nature. Vono leads to evil and hunger.
Vchenі proponuyut scheme vyshennya tsієї problems:
"light without nature"
"one family - one child".
Offensive extremes are unacceptable. Ecologists-reality vvazhiva for mozhliva
stabilization of the population of the earth's coolest at a rate of 8 billion people.
“Light without nature is lifeless, a person is not able to cherubate everything
biospheric processes to win over the most powerful computers.
Vin is guilty not of changing nature, but of spivpracing from it.
Encourage everyone to follow the scheme "one family - one child"
it is impossible, and not everyone wants to accept it voluntarily.
For the improvement of population growth in
kraїnah, even today, it is necessary to increase the level of illumination of that
improve the lives of the population of that demographically stable region
guilty of helping immigration policy, tobto. apartment buildings
from demographically unfriendly lands.
2. Foxes of Russia - national nadbannya, forest renewal.
Fox is the wealth of our Fatherland. In Russia, 42% of the territory is occupied by forests.
Foxes are an important object of the state's activity of a person. Separate
smut that kind of lіsokoristuvannya. With head follicles in foxes
wood is being prepared. Russia borrows first space from the world for reserves
villages. In case of side effects - mushrooms and berries, medicinal plants. Lisi
Russia is rich in peas, berries (raspberry, ozhina, sunnitsa, lokhina,
blackberry, lingonberry, crane and other), mushrooms, pine peas, yak
Mayut rіdkіsny complex korishnye for zdorov'ya lyudinya yakosti.
Іz 600 types of medicinal roslin, which are harvested on the territory
Russia, one third - lіsovі see, including 10 - wood
One mature linden tree "give" 70 kg of honey. Linden forests rich
Faraway Skhid and Bashkortostan. Tsі fіsi it is necessary to save and multiply.
The most forested area is Siberia.
Before the side lіsokorstuvannya one can see and watering on elks, wild boars, hares,
marten, columnar, capercaillie, hazel grouse and other commercial creatures.
Foxes play a recreational role - tse place to repair the mіsk and sіlskogo
population. Enrichment of sourness and abundance of jubilant visions
roslyn lіs - dzherelo zdorov'ya
Foxes are our wealth and it is necessary to take care of them. That's why when rubanni
it is necessary to overgrow the great trees. From the last day you can remember
lіs іz iz overvаzhannym prіbnoї breed. There, de already there is no possibility
to ensure the renewal of the forest by a natural path, to carry out planting
valuable times.
It is necessary to inspire foxes to breathe a river.
At the foxes on the schilas, the gir vipas called out the serpent of the ґruntu (erozіyu). For
correcting the situation vipas at the foxes is pinned.
When there are dams or great roads, trees hang,
yakі suffer less in the case of excessive water (poplar, wilha, willow), schob
change Skoda in case of flooding.
I will prepare the dewy syrovina and organize the watering in the forests in such a way that
to boost the population's population before the re-emergence, tobto. don't overshoot
I give birth to the maximum allowable part of the error.
For dotrimannya rules lіsozagotіvel i zabezpechennya burying ants
there is no need to stop pesticides in foxes.
In order to protect the infestation of butovym smіttyam lіsoparkіv install
containers for yoga collection, to carry out cleaning of stained leaves.
Tourism can lead to great harm to forest ecosystems.
Save and renew the wealth of the lisiv allow them rationally
victoria.
KVITOK № 26
1. International svіvrobіtnitstvo at the right defense of dovkіllya.
International svіvrobіtnitstvo z nutritious protection of the navkolishny middle ground
Wow UNESCO. In 1972 Mizhuryadova was split up
UN program from a common medium. Vaughn nada help with the development
environmental education Wede shape and organize the protection of natural
objects, vіdnesenikh to svіtovoї spadshchina.
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). Yogo sphere
activities - conservation of natural ecosystems, conservation of rare
familiar sights of growing and creatures, as well as reminders of nature,
organization of reserves and national parks. Ecological
illumination.
All-World Health Organization (WHO). Sphere of activity -
Organization of sanitary and epidemiological monitoring of the disease
middle. Conducted sanitary and hygienic examination and assessment of the quality
dovkilla.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). Sphere of activity
- development of the rules of life and operation of the AES. Regulations
radiation safety. Evaluation of the injection of radioactive materials
on dovkil.
International Maritime Organization (IMV). Development of international
conventions on the protection of the sea from the wild.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). Sphere
activity - a manifestation of environmental problems in the agricultural state.
Protection and vikoristannya of lands, water resources, forests, creaturely world,
biological resources of the ocean.
2. Soil: ecological functions in the ecosystem.
Ecosystems are formed from living organisms and dovkіllya, yak da
His resources are energy, water, livelihood speech. Ale in the ecosystem
one factor that cannot be attributed either to living organisms or to the medium
residence. Tse - ground. Tovshchina ґruntu in different regions of the Earth warehouses
in kіlkoh cm up to 2 m.
The main speech of the Gruntu is tse humus. Chemical warehouse for humus
folding. Wine is made up of phenol and organic acids of dark contamination
settle as a result of the process of laying out (humification) of organic
speeches of rooted outlands of roslin and ground creatures. Humus
stores 98% of all organic speech of the ґruntu (reshta - alive
root, earth creatures and dead leftovers that have not been revealed.
organisms).
One hour with the process of humification of organic speech
mineralization of humus. Pіd dієyu mikroorganіzmіv, scho enter to the warehouse
humus folds organically crumbles to forms accessible
roslin. In natural soils between the processes of humification and
mineralizatsii іsnuє rivnovaga, tobto. humus settles the stiles,
skilki yogo collapse.
In different ґruntіv - different power: stink to avenge a different supply of livestock
speeches, varying the reaction of the soil, varying physical
power (puhkі, shіlnі), different mode of entitlement.
The natural process of soil formation is destroyed, as if it were poured into the soil
man.
KVITOK № 27
1. Promissory of the Atmosphere from the butt of Moscow.
From the beginning of the industrial revolution, the confusion grew sharply.
Moscow is not to blame. Stolichny region picking a bouquet of flowers
environmentally unsafe practices - from the nuclear power industry to
more chemical industry
2 yew enterprises, 4 civil aviation airports, 14
highways, numerical highways. One only butovі drains
head the majestic Shkodi with water. The capital is the champion of the muddled waters.
For a total of effluents (2367 million cubic meters per river) won't be paid first
Russia. The most important environmental problem of Moscow - chemistry
zabrudnennya navkolishny middle. Include more wikis in the atmosphere
100 names of straying speeches. Moscow has a lot of rokiv pospil to enter before
list of places with the most turbulent atmosphere. Basic
the blame for this is motor transport (up to 90% of the total number of cases in the city). drank
at the front, important metal was deposited at a radius of 80 - 100 km. grunti especially
heavily fermented with cadmium, for example, on the territory of the museum-sadibi "Girki
Leninsky» yoga concentration at 70 - 100 times exceeds the natural value.
Destruction of the rules for dealing with radioactive waste by undertakings
(for example, vivezennya їх on the city of the city) bring to the point where
60 - 70 new cells of radioactive contamination are being established in the capital.
2. Conservation of the territory and its role in the promotion of the nautical environment
middle.
The best way to protect populations is to protect them as part of the population
ecosystems, in which they are supported by ecological equivalence. For whom
create especially burying territories of various types.
Reserves. This is the main type of GP, which is the most reliable way to ensure security
vidiv. In the world today, there are over two thousand reserves, in Russia - 70.
Naygolovnіsh zapovedniks are biospheric. Biospheric reserves
evenly distributed throughout the world, and skin represents the same
natural edge. Їx create there, de nature has not spent its
pristine rice. Caution at biospheric reserves like zrazkah
nature to carry out for a single international program, folded into
UNESCO. Tse ensure the consistency of the results obtained by the awards
different lands. The world has close to 300 biospheric reserves in our country
їх - 11 (Caucasian, Sikhote-Alinsky and in.).
Reserves are created in territories destroyed by people. However, not
Forerunners of the ecosystem to enter the primordial camp, shards of the population
Deakah vidіv roslyn and creatures are not reminiscent. At the reserves
vikoristannya or zovsіm pripinyaetsya, or carried out, but not with a method
vyluchennya z tsikh lands pributku, and protect.
National parks. Smut in national parks - a concoction of minds for
organized care of people in the bosom of nature, which was well preserved. At
the right organization of tourists, otrimuyuchi korost vіd splkuvannya z nature that
zmіtsnyuyuchi zdorov'ya, do not govern shkodi ecosystems.
Zamovniki. The stinks are organized on a song term for renewal
population of commercial animals and populations of medicinal plants.
Vіdnovlyuvanі vikoristovuvati zaboronyaєєtsya. At the reserves
mischievous-promislovih creatures create mind for normal
creation of populations of great creatures, such as moose, or
protective birds, such as black grouse or capercaillie.
A special kind of zakazniki is fox orchards. Їx vibrate at flood foxes: virubuyut
trees and chagarniki, which do not have a resource value, and in their own place
tsіnі see grow (glod, viburnum, wild cherry or shipshina).
KVITOK № 28
1. Agroceposis and agroecosystems.
Agro-ecosystems chi sіlskogospodarski ugіddya - tse anthropogenic (tobto.
created by humans) ecosystems.
The agroecosystem is composed of organisms of three main trophic groups:
producers, consumers and reducers.
Producers in the agroecosystem - cultivated plants, herbs
shepherds, orchard trees, forest plantations and natural forests that can be entered before it
stock. Producers and companions of cultural roslins are Bur'yani.
Reducers in the agroecosystem are the most important bacteria. stinks pіdtremuyut
germination of soils, converting the excess of roslin into humus, and humus is introduced
on the fields of rot - in simple organic and mineral speech,
accessible to Russians. Among the reducers are not less than the leaders
soil fertility, ale yogo ruins.
People control, not all the population of the agroecosystem is alive, part of the species
penetrate into it and live without yoga will. So see that you live on your own
called spontaneous. Among them - і shkіdniki, і roslini-bourgeois, і
korisnі creatures: birds, komakhi-hizhaki and іn.
The person herself in the agroecosystem is a consumer-phytophage (eating roslins) that
zoophagus (їst m'yaso and p'є milk). Prote the role of yoga in the agroecosystem
more, to that vyhodyachi zі svoіh іnteresіv, vіn form the structure ta
agro-ecosystem warehouse and vplivaє on її trophic elements with a method
take away the most primary and secondary products: win
part of the land that hangs on the agricultural subdar culture, creating synods
shepherds in the mist of forests, to breed the agricultural creatures.
2. Problems of environmental monitoring.
Stay vigilant for the processes that occur in ecosystems
called environmental monitoring. Іsnuє not only terrestrial
monitoring, if any special devices are required for
concentration in water, soil, soil or food products
speeches, and aerospace. For whom do you change what you want to
ecosystems, evaluate for additional accessories on satellites and aircraft,
yakі vrakhovuyut stan lіsіv аbo posіvіv, stupіn erozії ґruntіv,
instead of the atmosphere zabrudnyuvachiv.
On the basis of monitoring data, forecasts of false
change the sign and accept the solution for improvement
environmental situation - sporadzhuyut new cleaning spores on
undertakings that pollute the atmosphere and water, change cutting systems
lіsіv i plant new ones, vprovadzhuyutsya ґruntozahisnі sіvzmіni toshcho.
Monitoring is most often carried out by the regions and republican committees
hydrometeorological services.
A special type of monitoring is biological (biomonitoring). At
biomonitoring is carried out to guard the flora and fauna of ecosystems,
you see that they need to be buried, so turn on at Chervoni
books." Biomonitoring of vicorist is also used to assess the level of fermentation
the middle ground behind the camp of the organisms of their living.
KVITOK № 29
1. Energy saving and resource saving.
Energy needs to be saved, choosing the least energy-consuming technologies
brewing schemes
With modern methods of melting steel in converters, it turns out to be 2
razi less energy, nizh in zvichaynih open-hearth furnaces.
How to recycle metal on a plate in electric arc furnaces at different rates
tension without transportation to metallurgical plants.
In a strong state, it is possible to grow a high birth rate and take meat away
milk with smaller vitrates of palm, dobriv, pesticides thinly.
The car has a more advanced system of scalding fire near the engine
when adding special speeches in the bed, to improve yoga spalling,
You can stain at 2 times less.
I need a fluorescent lamp with an intensity of 18 watts, giving insoles and light,
skylight lamp rozzharyuvannya 75 watts.
Resource saving.
Saving resources. Machine building has a large amount of metal going into
shavings, high metal capacity, so change is required. With vibration
naphthoproducts need to increase the depth of oil processing
products). Necessary economy of water. Її can be cleaned and vicorated
bagatorazovo.
Complex selection of resources. I can save resources
take, as well as yourself, the resources
galleys of the state (for example: from ash and slag - input TES - you can
take away everyday materials and take away wins).
Processing of secondary syrovin. Scrap metal, waste paper, slo,
plastics, textiles - everything can be recycled. Tse allow
save energy.
2. Protective system of the OOT.
HERE (especially protected territories) _ tse reserves, wildlife sanctuaries,
national parks, monuments of nature.
Reserves are the main type of PAs (Russia has 70 reserves).
Barguzinsky reserve of rotting on the Pivnichno-Skhidny uzberezh
Baikal, founded in 1916 roci. Protected: Barguzin sable, maran,
Baikal seal.
Taimirsky Reserve - Krasnoyarsk Territory, founded in 1979.
Protecting: red-legged auk, swans, peregrine falcon.
Astrakhan Reserve - founded in 1919. Protected: lotus, chapli,
cormorant, waterfowl.
Biospheric reserves are created where nature has not spent its
primordial devils (in Russia - 11).
Prіoksko-Terasniy - the day of the Moscow region (m. Serpuhіv) near the valley of the river
Okie. Founding in 1945 roci (biosphere since 1978). Pine, birch
fox, beaver There is a central bison spreader here.
Sikhote-Alinsky Reserve - Primorsky Territory (1935 rec), biospheric
1978 rock. Cedar-broad-leaved fox, taiga, tiger and Himalayan
witch.
Head of the reserves:
Responsible for the protection of flora, fauna and ecosystems.
Zapovidniki - scientific establishments, de practice biologists and ecologists of various
profile, which is to be studied in detail by the state of ecosystems and warehouses
populations. Tse living laboratories that give valuable material that help
improve the stability of populations and ecosystems beyond the borders
reserve.
Zapovedniks serve as pits of regeneration of rare populations and
known species of creatures and roslin. Part of them can be drawn for
resettlement.
National parks. Task: a mind-set for an organized marriage
people in the bosom of nature, which is well preserved. Total in Russia 22
National park.
Monuments of nature (9 thousand).
1. Monuments of inanimate nature (rocks, ovens).
2. Monuments of wildlife (relict plants and creatures,
widened in its mass).
3. Combined monuments (stand, lake).
Zamovniki. Organize on the sing term of restocking
industrial animals and populations of medicinal herbs. Updates
see vikoristati zaboronyaetsya.
A special kind of the reserve is fox gardens. Їx are created at the flood foxes:
cut down trees and chagars, as if they have a resource value, but in them
See the prices grow in the world.
For the protection of elks in the reserve, the territory of 18 ths. ha, and for
bury industrial birds less than 2 yew. ha. Why? Losi - great
creature. In order for stinks to multiply, they need resources.
rich, lower birds.
I - the total amount of energy that came to the ecosystem.
Part of the energy is going to be seen, and part is going to look warm.
R - vitrati on dihannya.
Nu - energy is not mastered.
Na - energy accumulation.
Pb - gross output.
Pr - pure production.
Biological products - the whole quantity of biological speech,
How is it created in one hour per one area (gr/m?, kg/m?).
Biological products
Pervinna (gross) Vtorinna (clean)
Gross production - all products that grow in
photosynthesis processes.
Pure production is the same part of the energy, as the vitrates wasted after
on the breath.
The average productivity of the earth's ecosystems is about 0.3 kg/m². At
energy transfer from one level to another, approximately 90% is spent
energy, secondary production is 20-50 times less, lower primary.
Did you know a friend's pardon? See and press CTRL+Enter
10 May 2004Yaks expand and linger in different natural areas. Such a bioriznomanittya in different climatic minds is not the same: some see the arctic and tundra close to the suvor minds, others start to live in deserts and other deserts, thirds love the warmth of tropical latitudes, a quarter inhabit foxes, and five expand on the wide. That camp is vivid, like it is on the Earth, molded with a stretch of 4 billion years. Prote one of them is a short bioriznomanittya. If you don’t swear, we will forever spend that world, which we know at once.
Causes of fast bioriznomanittya
The reasons for the quickness of seeing creatures and growing up are impersonal, and all the stench directly and indirectly resemble people:
- expanding the territory of settlements;
- regular collection of shkidlivih elements in the atmosphere;
- transformation of natural landscapes on agricultural objects;
- vikoristanny of chemical speeches in agriculture;
- muddled with water and soil;
- everyday life is expensive and the camp of communications;
- scho vymagaє more food and territory for life;
- experiments on crossing species of roslin, creatures;
- destruction of ecosystems;
- calling people.
Well, the list of reasons can be continued. Sob people didn’t rob, they stink into the fast habitats of flora and fauna. Vidpovidno change the life of creatures, and deakis individuals, unfortunate lives, die before the hour, and the number of populations significantly shortens, often leading to a complete extinction of mind. Approximately the same looks like roslins.
Value bioriznomanittya
The biological diversity of different forms of life is creatures, growth and microorganism values, which are genetically and economically, scientifically and culturally, socially and recreationally, and smut - environmentally significant. Zreshtoy, versatility of creatures and growing up to become the light of nature, which leaves us here, it is necessary to take care of it. People have already started wrong shkodi, yak no way to blow. For example, there was a decline in impersonal sights all over the planet:
Quagga
Sіlfiy
Virishennya problem zberezhennya bioriznomanittya
In order to preserve bioriznomanittya on earth, it is necessary to report chimalo zusil. Nasampered, it is necessary that the orders of all lands attached special respect to these problems and protected natural objects from the native peoples. Also, the work of conserving the world of flora and fauna is carried out by various international organizations, zoocrema, Greenpeace and the UN.
Among the main entrances, as they get used to, they guess what zoologists and other fahivtsy will fight for the skin specificity of the species that they die, create reserves and natural parks, create creatures to be seen, create minds for the population. In the same way, the growths are scattered piece by piece, in order to enlarge their areas, not to let the valuable species perish.
In addition, it is necessary to come in and save the forests, bury them with water, the soil and the atmosphere in the form of zabradnennya, zastosovuvat at the virobnitstvі and butovom zhittі. The best way to save nature on the planet is to lie in the sight of ourselves, that is, in the skin of a human being, even if only we robimo choose: to drive a creature to save its life, to cut a tree, to plant a new one. If we protect nature from among us, then the problem of bioriznomanity will be solved.
A person can call for a sharp decrease in the density of some populations, or to induce their occurrence. The main officials, building populations, etc.
Overworld view booth. The skin population in natural ecosystems is under the control of "above" and "below". "Bottom" is the control of the number of resources, and "above" - the organisms, like vicarious tsyu population as a resource. Whether the population may have a “reserve of wealth”, that is. you can take care of the singing change in the flow of controlling officials (like “burn”, and “from below”). As if a part of the population was forfeited by people, it will compensate for the expenditure of additional intensive reproduction. So people pour into the populations of hares, squirrels, sables, elks, jocks, commercial ribs, medicinal and decorative trees.
Part of the population, yaku can grow without the risk of її ruination, is called I give birth to the maximum allowable frequency of distortion(otherwise shortened MRL- Maximum allowable yield). With the improvement of the MDU, it is planned to produce fish, fish for ribeye, and harvest medicinal roslin. For example, without a population of wild boars and harrier deer, 30% of animals can be wildly hunted, and elk populations - only 15%. However, often a person exceeds the norm and becomes addicted to the population of excess. For example, to the loss of abo wild boars, vydstrіl some plans to improve the possibilities of reproduction of creatures, add a poacher's vidobutok. Tse can loosen the population.
Often the norms of harvesting medicinal syrovina are violated (not seeming to violate the rules of selection, if the growths do not grow, but vibrate with the root). As a result, resource growths become rare. Today, in some regions of Russia, there are resources of spring adonis, valeria and other medicinal roses. A number of waterways are likely to overfish ribeye.
Ruinuvannya mіstseperebuvannya. This is another reason for the decrease in the density of populations for significance. Vipas strengthens the soil and improves the species warehouse of the bows and steppes. In the European part of Russia, the populations of kovil, such as the most beautiful kovil, Lessing's kovil and navіt zvichainіsіnka kovil perista, have become rare in the stock of steppe grass stands. A rich population of comaxes arose from the development of the steppes and the development of the tsiliny. There is a place of residence of the population of tourists and living in the suburban area of the townspeople. Vodni mіstsya living ruynuє shvidkokhіdniy transport. Whilst, what is blamed during yoga passage, to destroy the juveniles of the ribeye. Guinea riba and zіtknennya z engine strings.
To save the population, it is necessary to save, if only a part of the place of residence, de stinks can normally multiply and increase the population. For example, grouse populations support the foxes for a long time, de birds climb on the spring stream, create their own zones, which people have no access to. A lot of rivers were fenced with motor chovniv. A lot of zakazniks have been created, de-wildness of the game is not carried out until the crafts of the creatures renew the number of their populations.
Vignatok species required for population control. H A smaller crowd of populations can lead to the exclusion of a species that regulates population. So, for example, in the 20s of our century in the United States on the Kebab plateau, to protect the deer, a massive wrestling round was organized. Unforgettably, the deer multiplied so much that they trampled their flocks, and began to starve and ailments. As a result, the number of reindeer did not increase, but changed.
Vovkas sound like a herd of deer or saigas and attack less on creatures that have weakened due to illness or old age. Later, huts regulate the number of growing creatures, and in the role of nurses, vibrating ailments and preserving healthy populations.
The confusion of the middle. Populations of rich species of roslin and creatures reduce their abundance and grow up under the influx of straying. Particularly suffer from the zabrudnennya population of water, yak consuming the serpents from the fields of fertilizer and pesticides, and navit industrial effluents. Fish populations are the first to collapse, following direct disruption and death of food objects. Sterlet is found near the rivers, grayling and others can be seen. In the lakes, such growths have become rare, like floating salvinia fern.
Control nutrition
1. Override the causes that reduce the stability of the population.
2. Why does Skoda have a surplus in the population?
3. Introduce examples of population growth through the destruction of their populations.
4. How does the universe of new species infuse onto the population of mystic species?
5. How are the populations of the species, the control, and the population signified?
5. Introduce an example of a ruined population of roslin and creatures inherited from industrial chi of a strong spodar environment.
Dovіdkovy material
Saving the population of industrial creatures. In 1998 in the forests of Russia, bulo (in thousand heads) elk - 631.3, wild deer - 1248, red deer - 165.6, vedmediv - 122.9, wild boar - 175.4, wolf - 44.8, beaver - 252 .7, white hares - 4882.5, Russians - 284.4, foxes - 513.6, sables - 1057.2. The population of the Amur tiger (listed to the Chervonoy Book) is estimated at 200–250 individuals.
Kalmikia is a unique place where wild saiga antelopes live. Saiga saigas are less detrimental, lower thinness, embed on grassy pastures, and the composition of their dietary meat is 7 times lower, lower than lamb, and 15 times lower - yalovichi. Tsіnі їkh skins, and horns - a unique medicinal syrovina. The protea of the area of saiga pastures shrunk four times, and for 4 times (from 600 to 150 thousand heads) the number of these creatures shrunk. The reason is the vitiation of their thinness and the ruin of the flock under the influx of the yogo supra-world flock. The restoration of the saiga population is an important ecological and economic goal of Kalmikia.
Sturgeon ribi (sterlet, stellate sturgeon, sturgeon, buluga) live near the seas, and spawn at the river. Before the opening of the cascade of reservoirs on the Volz, the Caspian sturgeons went to the Oka, Klyazma, Kama, Bila and other rivers of the Volga. Now there are no natural spawning grounds for sturgeons, and the number of sturgeon herds is only considered for the size of piece rib breeding. At the sturgeon stocking camp, the stray water near the Volz is negatively signified. Sickness up to 70% of sturgeon, in ribeye fabrics on the skin of a kilo of vaga, it is found in 1 to 5 mg of important metals, which is unsafe for quiet, which is a delicacy product. Vryatuvat sturgeon herd can only reduce the concentration of toxic houses in the river water.
The river Ural gives one third of the light catch of sturgeon ribs. In the view of the Volga, the river is not blocked by rowing and the decks are silted with runoff, but in the sturgeon herd, the change in the water content of the river through the mass water intake to the increase and the river near the river is negatively signified. As a result, the flow rate decreases, the bottom, on which earlier there was pebbles, is necessary for the spawning of sturgeons (the stench rubs against the pebbles with a cherev), it is mummified. If the water intake is not reduced and soil erosion at the water intake does not change, then the catch of the Ural sterlet and stellate sturgeon will become smaller.
Populations of valuable commercial fish in Russia are supported by robotic fish farms, of which there were 121 in 1998 in the country. A rich stock of sturgeon from the Caspian Basin takes its cob on fish farms.
Significant part of the wild jocks of the guinea, which is the one that wraps lead drib, which is blasted. In Mislivsky reserves її the quantity can be 2 million shots per 1 ha. Dania has lead fences, and myslivts vicorist steel. In England, for the little swans that live on the River Thames, it is fenced with lead weights for fishing.
To combat tsetse fox fox floods in some African lands were sprayed with insecticide at a rate of 1 g/ha. Tsetse was lost, but 11 out of 55 species of freshwater ribs appeared.
The population is heterogeneous.
The population, which is composed of different individuals, is the most stable. Such a population has a lower risk of growing in times of frost (for example, only a part of the flowers freezes, otherwise they can be saved from looking buds).
Competition
The size of the population is inconsistent and the rivers are fluctuating among the rivers.
The sleep of the population of the victims of the crying of the sleep of the population of the population of huts, the shards of the huts, as if they are eating victims, may be sufficient. Father, don’t stink through the lack of hedgehogs. I most of the population is alive. Age, what is more equal to a scarce resource, then more population density, then. more victims, more hizhakiv.
Number of populations of proteins to deposit a quantity of food, tobto. if there are a lot of cones in the forest, mushrooms and acorns are thin, then the population of the squirrels will increase. Proteins can reproduce and procreate their offspring.
Reasons to destroy the stability of the population.
Overworld view booth. Ruinuvannya place of residence (tourists rule over the rivers).
Universe of a new kind. New vidi can vitiate mystsev vidi, ruining their populations.
The confusion of the middle. The inhabitants of aquatic ecosystems suffer the most.
8. Ecological characteristics of the soil yak dovkіllya.
Ground middle: promizhna mizh povtryanoyu that water. Tovshchina sprat meters. You see on the ground 3 phase: firm, rarelyі gas-like. Soil is the largest number of living organisms. I others see 4th phase - live. The ground has not enough heat, not enough or too much water.
Peculiarities of ground dovkil:
at the soil, organic speech is regularly found behind the shells of the living parts of the growths (root, falling leaves), dead creatures and products of their life; The soil is pierced by pores, dry and great empty; fallow in the type of soil, such empty beds can vary in the amount of 20 to 70%;
povіtrya in the soil pores is sour, rich in carbon dioxide and rich in water vapours;
on the surface, near the upper part of the soil, there are sharp fluctuations in temperature, which are smoothed out from the depths.
5. See and protect natural areas that are especially protected. Red books.
Territories (reserves) that are being protected are needed so that rare species of plants and creatures could function without a threat to their lives. From the very beginning of its foundation, people, in a direct or indirect rank, pour into the middle of the earth, striking at the comfort of the eyes of the creatures and the roslin. Reserves are needed in order to protect nature from the view of people and encroachment on life.
The best way to protect populations is to protect them like parts of entire ecosystems, in which ecological zeal is encouraged. For whom they create especially protected territories of various types.
Reserves. This is the leading type of VOP, which is the most reliable for the protection of species. The world today has over two thousand reserves, Russia has 70. The most important reserves are biospheric. Biospheric reserves are step by step distributed throughout the world, and skin represents a natural landscape. They do it there, de nature has not spent its original rice. Caution at the biospheric reserves, as the standards of nature, should be carried out according to a single international program, compiled by UNESCO. This is to ensure the consistency of the results obtained by awards in different countries. The world has close to 300 biospheric reserves, our country has 11 (Caucasian, Sikhote-Alin and others.).
Reserves are created in territories destroyed by people. Forerunners of the ecosystem enter the primordial camps, but the shards of the population of certain types of growth and creatures are not inspired. At the reserves, vikoristannya is either called to be pripinyaetsya, or carried out, but with the method of excavation from these lands, a surplus, but bury.
National parks. The smut in the national parks is a concoction of minds for the organized recovery of people in the bosom of nature, which is well preserved. With the right organization, tourists, otrimuyuchi kornost vіd splkuvannya z nature and zmіtsnyuyuchi zdorov'ya, do not rule over the ecosystem.
Zamovniki. The stench is organized on a song term for the recognition of the herd of industrial animals and the population of medicinal plants. Vіdnovlyuvanі vikoristovuvati zaboronyaєєtsya. In the sanctuaries of myslivsko-industrial creatures, minds are created for the normal implementation of the population of great creatures, such as elk, or protective birds, such as black grouse or capercaillie.
A special kind of zakazniki is fox orchards. They work at flood forests: they cut down trees and chagars, so as not to lose their resource value, and in their own place, flowers grow on their own (gloda, viburnum, wild cherry or shipshina).
On the same level, objects of protection are specifically seen growing or creatures that are in populations.
In order to organize the protection, they create objects and create Red Books. The first book of Chervona appeared in 1966 (5 volumes).
The red book of the RRFSR (roslini) was seen in 1988 (533 species).
The red book of the RRFSR (creatures) was seen in 1985 (247 copies).
Protection on the population-species rіvnі zdіyyut:
Fence for the selection of beautifully fluffy roslins (veneren, cherevichok).
Fence on a selection of rare medicinal herbs (Valeriana likarska).
Fence for watering on the river, see birds and animals (cranes, swans, tigers).
Fence on the pitchfork of singing ribs (sturgeon), panicles and beetles.
Fence on the overworld vidobutok (pisets, sable).
Fence for ruining the place of residence.
Fence on the universe of new species (kovila the most beautiful).
Fence zabrudnennya
Ways to solve the problem:
Breeding is seen under the control of people.
Creatures are bred at zoos, roslins are botanical gardens. Іsnuyut reproduction of rare species.
2. Creation of genius banks.
Banks can be saved like fresh roslin, so frozen tissue cultures or clitins (often save frozen sperm), from which you can remove creatures and roslin.
9. Ecological characteristics of living organisms like dovkill.
The organism's middle may have its own peculiarities:
visibility of light and atmospheric wind;
practically constant temperature;
high water content;
there is a large number of living speeches;
aggressive reaction to the host organism.
6. Adaptation of roslyn and creatures to the ground-surface medium of living.
Middle of living.
Under the middle of the dwelling, the natural bodies of that phenomenon are known, with which organisms they perebuvayut in direct or indirect mutual relations. Okremi elements of the middle, where the organisms react with constant reactions, are called factors. Under environmental officials, it becomes clear whether there is an element of the medium, where the organisms react with adhering reactions and adaptations. All factors are subdivided into 3 categories: 1) Abiotic factors of inanimate nature (atmospheric, climatic, soil) 2) Biotic factors of wildlife (products of life); 3) Anthropogenic factor and human activity (environment of the middle, industry, life of rowing). Classification of factors for periodicity and directness of action.
Vidіlyayat: dyuchі strictly periodically (change the hour to doby, seasonally fate, sip and tide); dіyut without sudden periodicity, but repeating every once in a while. (The weather is nya, earthquakes). The attacking group is a direct factor, the stench changes in one direction (warmer or colder climate, overgrown with water, swampy territories). The 1st rest of the group is the factori of the unidentified diї (anthropogenic factori).
Ground-based: tse middle of the nayriznomanitnish. It is characterized by a low density of weather, high fluctuations in temperature, and a high fluctuation of the atmosphere. Limiting factors yav. not enough or too much heat and water. The temperature is great, the safety of the sourness is good. A good motive for appearing. organisms from constant body temperature. For organisms of this medium type 3 mechanisms of adaptation: physical, chemical, behavioral. Physical- skin covering, fat storage, water vaporization (sweat in creatures, transpiration in roslins). Chemical- Intensive exchange in-in. Behavioral- Vibration by organisms of the shortest position: open the sun, or darkened the area, different kind of darkness. Bergman's rule- the greater the creature, it means lingering on the pivnochі, drіbnі near the tropics.
7. Ecological characteristics of water dowkill.
Water middle: most homogeneous. There are few changes in the open space, there are no clear lines between other ecosystems. Limiting factors yav. kissen. When the temperature rises, enriched with organic speech and weakly mixed with water, the sourness changes. Another limiting factor is light. Illumination shvidko changes from depth. Light can penetrate to a depth of 50-60 m, in heavily vegetated areas - a sprat of centimeters. Water has few warm-blooded organisms. This is the result of 2 reasons for low temperature fluctuations and lack of sourness. Bags of the water medium can change the temperature of the body. A lot of sacks of water soothe the sour through the mustache of the body. Often the meal is combined with a filtration type of eating, when a large amount of water is passed through the body. Deyakі organisms under the hour of non-stagnation kisnyu zdatnі upovіlnyuvat zhittєdіyalnіst, until I become suspended animation (mayzhe povne pripinennya vvіnu in-v). In times of misfortune, the light of the yogo is the presence of the organism for the orientation of the victorious sound. For the manifestation of different transitions, a sound is played to the type of echolocation. On the depths of the water, many organisms wield their own self-luminousness.
14. Population dynamics.
Dynamics of the population - change of the population at the hour. If the population of the trival hour does not change, then it seems that she is resting in the camp homeostasis. Periods of sharp change in the number of names. Population fluctuations, fluctuations of life Some of the stench is due to food factors, some of it is weather, some of it is sleepy activity. Severe changes in numbers may sound negative consequences of the life of the population: with a high number - through the weakening of all individuals due to lack of stock, possible mass infection, with a low number - through the overshoot of the threshold of її minimal values. In the creature's world, the result of acute intra-species struggle is manifested. in the form of cannibalism 9 similar to each other) with a high stinginess of individuals in populations, the regulating mechanism of numbers can be manifest. stress phenomena. The stench is the most characteristic of the savts. When stressed, some of the individuals decrease and lose building to reproduction. More strong individuals are less shillnі to stress. Migration as a factor of homeostasis - manifestation. in 2 types. The first to lie down to the mass result of individuals from the population in case of overpopulation. Tse pritamanno protein. Individuals that have left the population do not turn around. І deyakі to spend the next hour moving. Another type of migration occurs with the most progressive (calm) entry of elements of individuals in the smaller population with a smaller population.
11. Statement and age structure of populations.
Century population structure. This type of structure is related to the spiving of individuals of a different age in the population. Individuals of one century are accepted to join cohorts, so that they are groups of centuries.
The age structure of roslin populations is described in a report. In a new one, they see (according to T.A. Robotnov) the following ages (age groups of organisms):
latent period - the camp of the present;
· Pre-generative period (including the stages of seedling, juvenile growth, immature growth and virgin growth);
· generative period (sound to three subperiods - young, mature and old generative individuals);
· Post-generative period (including the stages of sub-senile growth, senile growth and the phase of wilting).
As I understand it, my fault is the problem of the spontaneity of the calendar and the biological age. Independence to the singing vіkovogo camp will be distinguished by the degree of manifestation of the sing morphological (for example, the steps of the articulation of a folding sheet) and the physiological (for example, building to give offspring) sign. Such a rank fixes us before the biological age of the individual. The biological age of May is more important for the ecologist, because the role of the individual in population processes is assigned to the same wine. At that very hour, ring out, there is a mutual connection between the biological and calendar centuries.
In populations of creatures, it is also possible to name different age-old stages. For example, coma, which develop with a complete metamorphosis, go through the stages of eggs, larvae, larvae, imago (adult coma). In other creatures (that develop without metamorphosis), one can also call different centuries of life, although between them they can be clear and clear.
The nature of the age structure (or, as it seems, the age spectrum) of the population lies in the type of the so-called crooked survival, the power given to the population. The curve of survival determines the rate of mortality in different age groups. So, if the rіven of mortality does not lie in the age of individuals, then the curve of life will decrease in a line, which will decrease (div. malyunok, type I). Tobto vіdmirannya osobin vіdbuvaєtsya in tsomu type stepwise, the coefficient of mortality is overwhelmed by the inevitable stretch of life. Such a crooked survival of the dominating species, the development of which grows without metamorphosis, with sufficient persistence of the offspring that will be born. This type is usually called the type of hydra - for her, the curve of life is powerful, which approaches a straight line.
In the species, where the role of the rank-and-file officials in mortality is small, the survival curve is characterized by a small decrease to the first age, after which there is a sharp fall due to natural (physiological) mortality. The nature of the crooked life of a powerful person is close to the same type (though the crooked life of a person is deshcho pologіsha i, in such a rank, є chimo middle between types I and II). This type is called the type of drosophila: the most yogo demonstrate drosophila in laboratory minds (do not eat with huts).
For rich species is characterized by high mortality at early stages of ontogeny. In such species, the viability curve is characterized by a sharp fall in the area of the young age. Individuals that survived the "critical" age demonstrate low mortality and live to a greater age. The type can be called the type of oyster. Type III baby.
Vivchennya crooked vizhivannya may be of great interest to the ecologist. Vono allows us to judge those in which the second kind of the most irritating. As if having poured in officials, building people to change their mortality and mortality, they will reach the most amazing stage, having poured them into the distance, the development of the population will be maximum. Qiu regularity is necessary to protect when organizing the watering of chi to fight against schoolchildren.
State structure of the population. One can speak about the state structure of the population, arbitrarily, but one can only talk about a different state (bisexual) species. Bisexuality plays an important role in maintaining the genetic diversity of individuals in a population. The value of genetic for the stability of the population will be reported in the coming age. At once, it is significant that the state structure, so that the spіvvіdnoshennia of the articles, can be directly related to the creation of the population and її stamina.
It is accepted to see the first, second and third spiving of articles in the population. The primary spiking of articles is determined by genetic mechanisms - equal disparity of state chromosomes. For example, in humans, the XY chromosome is marked by the development of the human status, and XX - by the female. And here the first is the spіvvіdnoshennia of the articles 1:1, so it's rіvnoimovіrno.
Secondary spіvvіdnoshennya articles - tse spіvvіdnoshnya articles for the hour of the people (middle of the new people). It can be related to the primary reason for a number of reasons: the vibrancy of eggs to spermatozoa, which carry the X- or Y-chromosome, the unequal nature of such spermatozoa to the ovary, various external factors. For example, zoologists have described the rise in temperature in the second edition of articles in reptiles. The law is similar in deyaky coma. So, in ants, the eggs are safe at temperatures above 20 C, and at lower temperatures, the eggs are not laid. From the rest, the males are wailing, and the one from the floods - more importantly, the females.
Tretinne spіvvіdnoshnya articles - tse spіvvіdnoshnya articles middle grown creatures.
12. Space structure of populations.
Spacious population structure. The space structure of the population determines the nature of the distribution of individuals in the space.
There are three main types of rozpodіlu personages in the space:
· single-room (separately placed near the open space equally, on the same places one sees the other), the type is also known as a uniform rose;
· congregational, or mosaic (tobto "dlyamist", individuals are housed in water-kremlin agglomerations);
Vipadkove, or diffuse (individuals are rozpodіlenі in the expanse of vipadkovy rank).
Even though the statistics are friendly, the difference between these types of space structures can be described as follows. Vіzmemo kіlka vybirok, pіdrahuvavshi number of individuals on the equal areas. As a result, the variance of the number of individuals in the selections is not zero - we can rightly with equal distribution. As a result, the dispersion is close to the arithmetic mean - caudal rozpodil. Well, the dispersion is much larger than the arithmetic mean, we can talk about the congregational placement of individuals.
Postupovo rozpodil zustrіchaєtsya in nature seldom and most often viklikana gostroy vnutrishnovidovoy competition (like, for example, in husky ribs).
A vipadkovy rozpodil can be seen less in a homogeneous middle and less in species, as they do not show the same exercise until the group is united. Like a textbook butt of a rіvnomіrny rozpodіlu, call to induce rozpodіl of the Tribolium beetle near the boroshni.
Rozpodіl groups zastrichaetsya richly often. Vono pov'yazane with the peculiarities of the micro-medium or the peculiarities of the behavior of the creatures.
The space structure is of great ecological importance. Nasampered, the singing type of victorious territory allows the population to efficiently vigorize the resources of the medium of residence and reduce intra-species competition. Efficiency of vikoristannya living environment and reduced competition between representatives of the population allow them to change their position as much as other species, as they inhabit the entire ecosystem.
More important is the spatial structure of the population in that which is responsible for the interaction of individuals in the middle of the population. Without equal equality of internal population contacts in the population, it is not possible to develop both its species functions (reproduction, expansion) and functions related to participation in the ecosystem (participation in the circulation of speech, the production of biological products, etc.)
13. Ethological (behavioural) structure of populations.
Ethological (behavioral) structure. You can see different forms of bedded individuals in populations. A solitary way of life was seen in the first black, although there are no more solitary organisms in nature, so it would be impossible to reproduce in this season. The family way of life - the bonds between the fathers and offspring are strengthened, the territorial behavior of the creatures begins to be clearly manifested. With the path of various signals, marking, threats, the village of the Volodinka, sufficient for the cultivation of offspring, is only secure.
Zgraya - temporal association of creatures that show biologically the core organization of diy (for the defense of enemies, vidobutka їzhі, migration toshcho). The most widely serrated is widened among ribs and ptahivs, although it is sharpened in savants (for example, in dogs).
The herd is a trivale of post-community of creatures, in which the main functions of the life of the species are established: obtaining food, defending the species of huts, migration, reproduction, breeding of young animals.
The basis of group behavior in herds is to establish mutual dominance. Characteristic is the presence of a timchasovy or apparently fast leader, which is inherited by the individuals of the herd.
Actively raising the herd (special signals of threats) zdiyasnyuyut vats. ІІІєrarchically organized herd of authorities, the lawful order of relocation, sing positions during the defense of the enemies, roztashuvannya on the missions in the order and іn. (Figure 4.3).
A colony is a group settlement of osilih creatures during a three-hour period of reproduction. Due to the foldability of the mutual relations between the colonies’ features, the most diverse folds are accumulated in settlements for huge clods (termites, murahs, bdzhil, os ta іn.), which are blamed on the basis of sіm'ї, which grew strongly. The members of the colonies constantly exchange information with each other.
15. Spіlnota: understand that structure (species, space, ecological)
Spіlnota- the totality of interdependent populations that occupy the same territory, a living component of the ecosystem. Spilnota functions as a dynamic unity with different trophic equalities, through it the flow of energy passes and the circulation of living speeches flows through it.
The structure of sleep is created step by step by stretching the song hour. As an example, serve as an example of the settlement by organisms of a bare mountain rock on a volcanic island, which has recently been established. The trees of that chagarniki cannot grow on bare rock, because there is no soil that is necessary for them. However, algae and lichens are consumed in a different way on such territories and populate them pioneer sleeps.
The final spіvtovaristvo - stіyke, samovіdnovyuvalne і і vіvnovazi іz sredovishchem - zv. climax sleep. the butt can be a deciduous forest.
16. See the visible organisms in groups.
17. Understanding the ecosystem and biogeocenosis. Ecosystem structure.
Pid ecosystem svіy-in ecosystems – the building of a circle of speeches, resisting the stormy inflows, vibrating biological products. see microecosystems(a small water reservoir, a stovbur of a tree in the stage of laying out, an aquarium, a kalyuzhitsa, while the stench is still present in them, there are living organisms in them, building a circle around in-in.); mesoecosystem(lis, rates, river); macroecosystems(ocean, continent, natural area) that global ecosystem - biosphere zagalom.
Ecosystems include 2 blocks: The first is composed of interdependent organisms of different species, wines are called. biocenosis(K. Möbius), 2nd block of storage space - biotope or ecotop. The skin biocenosis is composed of impersonal species, but it can be seen that it enters only as individuals, but as populations. Population-Tse self-creation of a part of the person of the same species in this other world in the form of a person of the same species; - the totality of all living organisms that live on the same territory; - It is worthwhile to make a part of the mind (composed of individuals of one species), which occupy a songful space and building up to self-regulation and maintaining the optimal number of individuals (who live on a song territory (areals)). area- Tse mistse living mind. The area is subdivided into population. Spіlnota- Tse spіlnota roslin, living organisms. Pid ecosystem razumієtsya be-like a system that is made up of living іstot that middle of living, united in a single functional unit. Basically svіy-in ecosystems – the building of a circle of speeches, resisting the stormy inflows, vibrating biological products. Universal property of ecosystems-ix emergencies, arguing in the fact that the system's own system is not as a whole just the sum of its own parts of the warehouse elements. Energy processes in ecosystems Whether the ecosystem saves energy. Energy can’t go anywhere, it’s better to go into other energy. I part of the rose. To the world of irrevocable rozsiyuvannya energy entropy. The opposite of entropy is called negentropy-tse of the world of the stability of the system.
Biogeocenosis- according to Sukachev, including all blocks of the tail. Tse understanding vikoristovuyut for land systems. In biogeocenoses, obov'yazkovo is manifest as the main lanka of dbaylivogo spivtovaristva. Apply biogeocenoses - bows, steppes, swamps, woodlands. A skin biogeocenosis can be called an ecosystem, but not a skin ecosystem can be brought up to the rank of biogeocenosis.
18. The flow of energy and life in ecosystems.
Sonyachnaya energy in case of survival by organisms of the 1st species, 1 grub lanka, grub lance to the second.
Cobs of thermodynamics:
energy is impossible to create anew and to know, it’s not enough to pass from one form to another.
Processes of connection with the transformations of energy can run miraculously only for the mind, that the energy passes from a concentrated form into a rose.
Vіdminnіst vіd energії k-paradise once vikoristan organism transforms into heat and is consumed, in-va circulate in the biosphere - which is called biochemical circulation.
Energy is impossible to win over repeatedly. Krugoobіgi elementіv i v-v zdіysnyuyutsya for rahunok self-regulating processes in which took the fate of all parts of ecosystems.
Lanziugs of life: Whether or not the ecosystem includes a sprat of trophic (grub) equals. First rіven - roslini. Your name. autotrophs. (he harchuєtsya) chi producers. 2nd creature-heterotrophy or consumer. The rest of the submissions by microorganisms and fungi. Your name. reducer. The stinks are laid out organically to the outer mineral elements. Svіy-vo lantsyuga livelihood- The creation of a biological cycle of speech and vivilnennya stored in organic speech energy.
Ecosystem energy
Alive organisms for their own responsibilities are constantly replenished and sap energy. Roslini buildings store energy in chemical bonds in the process of photosynthesis. Roslins in the process of photosynthesis contribute only a small part of sony energy. Tse less than 1% roslini yav. the primary source of energy for all other organisms in the lancers is eating. The main part of the energy is spent on life security (ruh, lowering the temperature), part of the energy is converted to the body of the body - saving at once from the increase in mass.
19. Productivity of ecosystems and ecological pyramids.
The biomass of the organisms of various trophic rivers is not the same. In terrestrial ecosystems, with the rise of the trophic level, it changes, and small amounts of energy are spent every hour of the transition from one trophic level to the next. Spivvіdnennia biomass of organisms of various trophic rivers is depicted graphically at the sight of biomass pyramids.
Terrestrial ecosystem. Water ecosystem.
The biomass of the organisms of the skin trophic rіvnya is represented by looking like a rectus, a dozhina or an area of some proportional amount of the biomass.
In terrestrial ecosystems, due to the expansion of trophic levels, the stock of biomass changes, and in marine ecosystems, it increases. The main producer in these ecosystems is phytoplankton.
Crimea pyramid of biomass, stand pyramid of numbers. There will also be pyramids of energy, as if they were moving from one trophic level to another.
Ecopyramide. The 10% rule.
"Everything you see seems to make the grub lansyug be grounded as a rahunok of organic matter created by roslins."
When tsomu dіє important zavoіrnіnіst pov'yazan z effektivnіstyu vikoristannya that transformation of energy.
"Vyrobnicha energy by autotrophs (roslins) is transmitted by an offensive equal to the ecological pyramid in about 10%".
Nadalі vіd step to step dotrimuyutsya tezh regularity.
21. Dynamics of ecosystems: see the mechanisms of progressive changes.
Progressive changes more trials and sounds to produce up to the change of one biocoenosis in others. The stinks can be called out:
The change of natural dovkіllya pіd vplivom zhittєdіyalnostі the organisms of the ecosystem;
establishing stable interrelations between species after their destruction, for example, forest fire, snake climate or people;
Infusion of people.
Progressive changes are called succession (lat. successio entered on another place, offensive) - a self-development of the ecosystem as a result of the interaction of organisms one with one and with the abiotic medium. As a result of the succession, the little biocenosis changes with a steady change.
Let's take a look at the succession caused by the life of the very things that inhabit the ecosystem. In the process of life, the roots are full of sing-song speeches. The middle is changing and becoming more adventitious for the life of other species, so you can see more.
The succession of bare stony stone originates from the development of mountainous pores under the influence of abiotic factors - temperature, moisture, sleepy light. Bacteria, fungi, algae, blue-green, scale lichens proliferate. Producers of organic speech on cob stages are blue-green, algae, lichens and algae, which can live freely. Particularly unviable blue-green, the stench of the building independently conquer the nitrogen of the atmosphere. Kharchov's independence allows the blue-green to master the deserted rocks. These living organisms enrich the medium with nitrogen.
20. Dynamics of ecosystems: see the mechanisms of cyclic changes.
Cyclical changes surrounded by periodic changes in nature - additional, seasonal and bugatory. Dry rocks are marked with water, the number of populations of organisms is changing, either on dry land, or up to bliss.
Additional changes to The biocenoses are more pronounced, which means the difference in temperature, humidity and other factors of the environment day and night. So, at the food deserts of Central Asia, life is in the air in the middle of the world. Navit see additional activity in specks in burrows, in the shade of saxaul and yogo volks (agami, lizards). At night, the desert comes alive. There are more night and day creatures here, lower days. A lot of daytime sights will pass to the night way of life (more snakes, spiders, black-tailed ones). Coprophagous beetles actively develop, goats, Budinkov's sichs roam, jerboas, gekoni, phalanxes, scorpions, foxes, corsacs, and snakes roam. Additional rhythms prostegueyutsya in spilnotakh usіh zones, from the tropics to the tundra. In the case of uninterrupted illumination of the wind in the tundra, additional rhythms are indicated at the opening of tickets at the roses, eating birds, at the lions and roses under the clods thinly.
Seasonal sluggishness biocenoses show up in the change as I will become and activity, and in the future, there will be a lot of fallow species in the cycles of their reproduction, seasonal migrations, and in the early years of the next generation, in the long term. passing into the camp of deep calm (settlement, sleep, diapause), experiencing an unacceptable period at the stage of eggs and now, moving or moving to other biotopes and geographic regions.
Seasonal sluggishness the structure of biocoenosis is stylized and tiered: okremі tiers of roslin can be more common in different seasons of rock, for example, a grassy tier, which is composed of odnorichnіv.
Seasonal rhythms are grouped most clearly in climatic zones and regions with contrasting minds of summer and winter. In a weak form of stink, prote, proteguyutsya in tropical wood forests, detriment of the day, the temperature and the regime of moisture change little by the stretch of fate.
Bagatorichna minlivist- a normal manifestation of life in any kind of biocoenosis. Vaughn to lie in the face of change for the fates of meteorological minds (climatic fluctuations) or other external factors that lead to spivtovaristvo (for example, the stage of bottling rivers). In addition, bugatory periodicity can be associated with the peculiarities of the life cycle of roslin-edifiers, with the repetition of mass reproduction of creatures or pathogens for microorganism roslin, etc.
22. Rozpodil life and structure of the biosphere.
The term biosphere was introduced in 1875. Edward Suess. Before biosphere Vіn vіdnіs all those expanses of the atmosphere, hydrosphere and lithosphere, destruct living organisms. Behind Vernadsky biosphere- the whole expanse (the shell of the Earth), de іsnuyet chi іsnulo life. That part of the biosphere, where the living organisms are called by the ninth ring. current biosphere or neobiosphere, And old biospheres are brought to paleobiosphere or to the biospheres(Put vugillya, naphtha, creid, ores utvodennya).
Cordoni biospheri: the neosphere in the atmosphere extends approximately to the ozone layer (near the poles 8-10 km, near the equator 17-18 km and above the Earth's grate - 20-25 km). Up to neobiosphere it is possible to carry and donnі vіdkladennya, where it is possible to form the basis of living organisms.
Cordoni paleobiosphere in the atmosphere, they approximately move with the neosphere, under the waters, sedimentary rocks can be seen up to the paleobiosphere. Price range from hundreds of meters to tens of kilometers. At the borders of the modern, like the white biospheres, the abundance of life is uneven. On the borders of the biosphere, there are only a few voluptuous introductions of organisms. At the borders of the greater biosphere, organisms are present, and in steps.
The main elements of the biosphere: 1) The biosphere is a centralized system. Central Lanka її є living organisms. 2) The biosphere is an open system.Її іsnuvannya is impossible without the need for the energy of calls (from the sun, space). 3) Biosphere is a self-regulating system. It’s good to turn around at the exit camp. Principles of Le Chatelier-Brown: having poured into the system of forces that I will become staunchly jealous, I will remain in that straight, in which the effect of this injection will be weakened. 4) The biosphere is a system that is characterized by great diversity. Raznomanіtnіst is accepted as the main mind stability of the biosphere.
The power of Biosphere is important the presence of nіy mehanіzmіv, scho zabezpechuyut krugoobіg v-v and pov'jazanu with him incomprehensibility of okremih khіmіchnih elementіv and їkh spoluk.
23. The essence and meaning of planetary biogeochemical circulation.
Basic planetary function living speech on the Earth is poured, in such a rank, in connection with the storage of sony energy, so we go to support the richness of other geochemical processes in the biosphere.
For an hour of life on Earth, the living speech has transformed into a chemical work a great amount of sony energy. Significant part of the last hour of geological history has accumulated in the connected mind. The current biosphere is characterized by the deposits of coal and other organic rivers, which settled down in the Paleozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic.
In the biosphere, due to the vitality of microorganism on a large scale, there are such chemical processes, such as the oxidation and addition of elements from the exchange valence (nitrogen, sulfur, salt, manganese, etc.). Geological results of the activity of these organisms are revealed in the settled siege genera of the sirka, settled in the anaerobic minds of the deposits of metal sulfides, and in the aerobic ones - the oxidation of these organisms, the vinification of the ore deposits and the ore-manganese ore.
For the life of the majestic number of heterotrophs, most importantly fungi, creatures and microorganisms, there is a gigantic, on the scale of the earth, a robot from the distribution of organic reserves. During the destruction of the organic mass, two parallel processes proceed: mineralization and absorption of soil humus with a significant reserve of energy. Humus is the basis of soil fertility. The rooding of the soil flows far enough, under the influx of singing, autochthonous microflora of soils, which reaches steel near the safe growing of the elements of mineral ingestion.
Speech is alive, reshaping atoms in the biosphere. A lot of organisms can accumulate wealth, concentrate elements in their own songs, without respecting the often small instead of them in the middle ground. For example, lithotamnes in algae accumulate up to 10% magnesium in their bodies, close to 20% phosphorus in shells of brachiopods, and up to 10% in serum bacteria. Rich organisms concentrate calcium, silicon, sodium, aluminium, iodine thinly. Blame the laying of such spoluks, like vapnyaks, bauxite, phosphorite, siege saline and other. Some of them are rich people vikoristovuє like korisnі kopalini.
24. The main environmental authorities of the dovkіll of people.
Atmosphere
The main sources of confusion are cars and industrial enterprises. 200 million tons of carbon dioxide and carbon dioxide, 150 million tons of sulfur oxides, 50 million tons of nitrogen oxides are released into the atmosphere. In addition, a large number of finely dispersed particles are released into the atmosphere, which make atmospheric aerosol so titled. Mercury, mish'yak, lead, cadmium in the bones are released into the atmosphere for the fire of spitting in the coal, which transcends their radiation from the round of speeches. There is a large number of saws in the environmentally friendly areas, which cover 20-50% of the sony light. The increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, which has grown by 10% over the remaining 100 years, shifts to thermal vibration in space, causing a greenhouse effect.
Hydrosphere
The main reason for the muddiness of the water basin is the discharge of untreated sewage waters from industrial and communal enterprises, as well as from the strongholds. Zmiv at the river of mineral additives and otrutochemіkаtіv causing an increase in the quality of drinking water and the death of rich species of water creatures. Growing river of muddiness of the Light Ocean with river runoff, atmospheric fallout, oil production on the ocean shelf. A great amount of lead, naphtha and oil products, butovyh vіdkhodіv, pesticides are consumed by the water.
Lithosphere
The birth ball of the soil is formed three times a day, and the seeds of the growth of agricultural crops from the soil are widely expelled by tens of millions of tons of potassium, phosphorus and nitrogen - the main elements of the life of the growth. The construction of the soil is not needed, as organic and mineral goodness is added. If there is no revitalization of roslin and there is no increase in recovery, then the birth balloon will shrink to a minimum. Unfriendly spitting in to rob and piecewise soil, shards are most often swamped or salinized on the surface ball of the soil. In the midst of anthropogenic changes in the soil, there is a great significance of erosion - the destruction and removal of the upper germinal ball of the soil. Tractor K-700 in one season turns into a ball of soil, for the establishment of such a need for 5 years. Іsnuє wind and water erosion. Water erosion is the most ruinous, it develops with improper soil treatment.
Ecological crisis
Ecological crisis - tse disruption of interdependence in the middle of the ecosystem or irrevocable phenomena in the biosphere, caused by the activity of people. For equal threats to the life of a person, that development of the society is divided into an unfavorable ecological situation, an ecologically dashing ecological catastrophe.
25. Global problems of people, ways of their cherry.
1. People on the vіdmіnu vіdmіn vіdіv vіdіv vіvіv vikoristovuє like the energy of the Sun, and аnd stained glass accumulated from the past geological epoch vugіll, naphtha, korisnі kopalini. The zabrudnennya of the superfluous medium is manifested in the change in the chemical warehouse of the water, again, the soil is thin. Problem number 1: "greenhouse effect" - an increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere after the burning of a vikop scorching fire - a collapse of the ozone ball. Problem number 2: Contamination of the navkolishny middle of the Decline in the health of people teasing the mucous membranes of the eyes and distal paths, evil swelling.
The main anthropogenic causes of the deterioration of the physical and chemical structure of soils.
The main anthropogenic factors that contribute to the deterioration of the physical and chemical structure of soils are:
Razoryuvannya of lands, processing unsuitable for cultivation of soils and lands
virubuvannya lіsіv and vіdkrita tekhnologiya brown copalins without carrying out adequate lіsovіdnovlyuvalnyh robіt;
budіvnitstvo, Shvidke growth and high population density;
over-intensive flocking;
improper management of soil and water resources, leading to increased erosion, salinization and swamping of soils;
Humanity has reached unprecedented success in the development of science and technology, rushed beyond the earth's gravity, but, as before, it was necessary to lie in the form of thin slurry, which covered part of the land - the ground. Її tovshchina kolivaєtsya vіd 2m to 1.5-2cm.
The soil is natural light, which has low power, power of living and inanimate nature. The most important of the powers of the soil is its generosity, it is connected with the presence in the new humus and water.
Even more wide-ranging was the fermentation of the earth. How often are the wooden houses covered with excesses of everyday details: panels, blocks, chains, littered with ashes, slags. In the areas of oil depots, the land is covered with a ball of fuel oil, naphtha, oil materials.
Dedali borrows more from the city, and from the rural areas. Moreover, wine can be zabrudnyuvachy soil and drive. Details of machines, thrown on the ground, agricultural equipment, which are known simply from the sky, and simply lie down all the time - everything is subject to corrosion, because of which the other metals are buried in the ground. In this order, the soil accumulates mish'yaku, mercury, midi and in. Syrchisty anhydride is consumed by the soil and significantly acidifies yoga, which irritates farmers to bring in more vaping. In the 70s, the FRN made
54kg/ha, and 1982-83 - 170kg/ha.
Near the automobile highways near the ground, there are movements in place of lead. The soil is widely contaminated with petroleum products. At Grunt you can drink pesticides. Zreshtoy, navit mineral dobriva can lead to shkodi shkodi, especially when they are introduced without improving the specific features of this field. Roslini can’t wait to win all the good speeches. For the tribute of Academician VASGNIL V. Vinogradov, from the 16-20% nitrogen added to the soil at the warehouse of mineral additives, and sometimes 50% will not be conquered.
Nebezpeka zabrudnennya soil polagaє at the change of її physical and chemical authorities. Third-party speeches, dabbling in the soil, ruynuyu vyazki, scho formed between the okremi groups of the soil biocenosis. Ruynuyutsya trophic lancers that folded. Everything in the final rahunka is indicated as a birthright. Pobutovі and tvarinnitskiy stіchnі vodi zabrudnyuyut ґrunt with disease-causing bacteria.
Salinization is the process of accumulation of sodium, calcium, magnesium salts in the upper soil in concentrations unacceptable for normal growth and development of roslin. Widely wide it has grown in Egypt, Iraq, India, Pakistan and other arid lands. The most salinized soils in the vast majority of the SRSR are found on the arable lands of Central Asia and Transcaucasia.
Due to weak salinity, the yield of grassland changes by 20-30%, corn by 40-50%, and wheat by 50-60%.
Subsequently, in a number of areas of the Non-Chernozemnoy zone, in the Urals, in the Baltic States, Belarus, there has been an increase in the swamping of soils. Vono posterіgaєtsya in other areas of the region near canals, reservoirs. For draining the wetlands, the deep drains are cut, which grow in the ground.
Land reclamation of wetlands can be influenced by the protection of natural resources from waste and negative impacts on the nature of Nechornozem.
26. International environmental organizations and environmental law.
International svіvrobіtnitstvo z pitan protect navkolishny middle ground very much UNESCO. In 1972, the program of Mizhuryadov was split up UN from the navkolishny middle. Vaughn hope to help with the development of environmental education. Vede form and organize the protection of natural objects, leading to the all-world recession.
International Union for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). The first sphere of activity is the conservation of natural ecosystems, the conservation of rare and living species of plants and creatures, as well as monuments of nature, the organization of nature reserves and national parks. Environmental education.
All-World Health Organization (WHO). Sphere of activity - Organization of sanitary and epidemiological monitoring of dovkill. Carried out sanitary - hygienic examination and assessment of the density of dovkil.
International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). The sphere of activity is the development of the rules of life and operation of the AEC. The establishment of radiation safety standards. Evaluation of the injection of radioactive materials on dovkill.
International Maritime Organization (IMV). Development of international conventions on the protection of the sea from the wild.
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). The sphere of activity is a manifestation of environmental problems in the agricultural state. Protection and vicariousness of lands, water resources, forests, creaturely world, biological resources of the ocean.
Similar information.
11.1. Anthropogenic factors risk for populations
Having poured people into the population, it can have a different intensity and flow through rich channels, which creates a risk of rich populations. The head officials of the riziku are the same.
Reduced misunderstanding. Populations of steppe roslins and creatures suffered from a sharp, rapid area of natural steppes and those developed in rill. On the natural migrations of the populations of pivnichnyh creatures, linear spores (roads, pipelines) are detrimentally injected, which will be found near the areas of oil and gas production. The life of cascades of reservoirs on the Volz and other rivers prevented the migration of sturgeon and other species of sturgeon fish near the spawning area. Summer life near the water protection zones of rivers and lakes creates factors of disturbance for birds and veda to the destruction of their fauna.
Chemical confusion of the middle. This factor is detrimental to us in front of the bagging water ecosystems. Thus, acidic wood caused the death of rich species of aquatic fauna of the lakes of Central Europe. Zabrudnennya water near the Volz and the Urals leads to sturgeon ribs. Promise zabrudnennya Rhine in the 1950-1960s. mayzhe povnistyu nischila fauna of the river. Fortunately, for the rest of the 30 years, if the rhubarb zabrudnennya dropped sharply, the fauna revived. In the oceans, the populations of the baggers in the littoral and the continental shelf are in great danger of becoming naphtha, especially in case of tanker accidents, if tens of thousands of tons of oil are consumed by the water. The mass death of the fauna has recently become the result of an accident on the oil platform in the Mexican Zatotsi.
Overworld exploitation of populations. Vykoristannya populations with relocation potential lead to a change in the number of populations and yogo death. In Russia, under the influx of intensive human trade (especially poaching), the number of elk and saiga populations has sharply decreased. Poaching has weakened the population of sturgeon fish in the Caspian basin. At the Far Skhodі after intensive harvesting of the fern-bracken population. In the Pivdenny Urals, there are practically no natural populations of the medicinal plant Rhodiola Iremelskaya. In rich regions of the European part of Russia, there are populations of cranes and blackberries.
An infusion of intense relaxation. Replacing the thinness of natural phytophagous, yakі perebuy in ecological rіvnovazі with growing groupings of steppe, led to the reduction (in 34 times) of the species stock of steppe ecosystems. An example of this is that the populations lived near the steppes of the Pivdenny Urals. In the past, shkutilgals were dominants, but in the remaining 30 rocks the floorings were laid out with a strong vipas, which leaned on the sides of Chervonih books. It was badly marked on the share of the kovils by the development of the whole and fallow lands, as it changed the area of the natural steppe groups and increased the grazing potential. Influx of adventive species. In rich species introduced, you can see that they naturalized, appeared in a more viable camp, lower aborigines, since in new areas they have no control species, you can see the mystic flora and fauna. In Australia, rabbits take kangaroos. In New Zealand, the introduction of black swans and swimming deer caused the population of rich carnivorous species to collapse. Vitality sights of aboriginal people can be vicklican to overexploitation of any resources, including zapiluvachiv for roslin, as it happened with the settlement in Europe of the low-lying area (Div. 6.2.1).
Control nutrition
1. Override the main anthropogenic risk factors for the population.
2. Introduce examples of supra-world exploitation of populations.
3. How can they be introduced into the population of mystic species?