The main philosophical principles and stosuvannya in the known world. Basic principles of philosophy

For this reason, the majority of Russian enterprises have been introduced to ISO 9001 standards. This is a kind of trend, fashion. Some of the companies have achieved vimiryuvanih results. But for the rich, the result was that the certificate was no longer taken away. Business processes have become the next trend. A galaxy of consultants appeared. Fashionable programs ARIS, BP WIN, MS VISIO. Many companies have described their business processes. Somebody went straight to someone else. And more companies have mastered the work with front-end software products. Dali became a darn trend, becoming Lin. The mustaches began to work together with the help of the VIROBNICHI SYSTEM (PS). The results were rich in some ways similar. I would like to understand the reasons for the failures of these projects. I'm trying to propagate my bachelor for a wild discussion.

ISO 9001

For my knowledge, I can say that I have a small number of enterprises (and worked on some of them) of the offensive type. Є planting instructions, regulations on the delivery. Є structures. Ale, everything is formal. For check. Nobody feeds for the function of the child. Punish, protocols can be taken out of the zatrimkoy. You can write and call and get a prize. Tobto. the system of infamous management does not work. Robot in the style of "Extinguishing fire". Minds begin to use QMS. We try to describe all the standards of SUYA. Tim hour tse principally different speeches and numbers they have different. Management as a part of warehouse management, to which one can enter, for example: Economic management, Personnel management and other. So the undertaking may have its own purpose and mission. Tsya meta є metoyu is not in a galuzі yakostі Without an obligation, that growth is not possible to talk about yakіst (for business). Tobto, it is not possible to send more than SUYA. Foreign enterprises well, on the other hand, they have little understanding of the working system of management and the SML have introduced the already working system.

Business processes

The business processes of a number of enterprises followed the reengineering. As a rule, if the work of consultants (or by power) you take away the business processes for the general business: Purchasing materials, Manufacturing, Zbut, then you have lost on that mission, from which you started. It’s a pity, such options have been a lot of bachiti. I had a chance to develop a business process of processing parts on a turning bench. On my thought, the business process can be stepped on: At the entrance - vytrati (including the salary of the participants), at the exit - revenue, turnover, income. Vidpovidno KPI є koefіtsієnt podlennya process. Obviously, a radical reengineering will require a change in the business structure. Unfortunately, behind beautiful abbreviations and software products, the essence is lost. Tsіkavo, scho a number of enterprises that work in the sphere of services (cleaning, servicing budіvel) may be the right business process. Possibly, it is connected with it, that the stench should sound recently created, and the processes on them are simple and clear.

Virobnicha system

In this hour, a lot of companies have appeared, which will develop their own manufacturing systems in the image and likeness of PS Toyota. I trawled a litter of documents that describe the subsidiaries of various enterprises. It's a pity the stench didn't catch me. In all, the basic principles of Toyota PS were introduced, tools were described. (No one is familiar with the PS tool KAIRYO).

In my mind, I have a small piece of the brewing system. Next, I'll try and viklasti my rozuminnya virobnichoy system. Virobnicha system- a complex of infrastructure, possessions, tools, personnel, manufacturing, scientific and technical and informational processes, operational, technological and organizational methods, as a means of effective release of finished products. So, for example, 4M - the model of the manufacturing system (Mensch + Maschine + Methode und Material) is understandable by an order of magnitude. Then I tried to enter into the table on the MACRO the equal components of the function of the PS (I don’t pretend to be accurate yet, I’ll keep it for discussion).

Tobto LIN is one of the tools for optimizing the PS. At the substation, as a minimum, it may still include: development (KAIRYO, re-engineering, purchase of a new property), SME (basing on the substation KAMAZ), Economics (+ finance + appearance) just. Okremo zvіv at the table of methods for optimizing the PS, where the order of s LІN has changed: logistics, TGS, ERP (may be on the vozіvі roboti zі zmіni, nalashtuvannya PZ).

methodi	Tools	Description	manager	Tsіlі
Lean production	5S	Workspace organization system		Promoting the culture of virobnitsia
	VSM analysis	Analysis of the flows from the creation of the added vartost	Organization of flows from the meeting of the added vartost
	SMED	Swedish changeover system	Reducing the hour of changeover, shortening the change of batch details	Accelerate the penny stream. WIP reduction.
	TPM	System of productive productive service	Ownership management. Safeguarding uninterrupted robotic installation.	Accelerate the penny stream. WIP reduction.
	Kaizen	The system of giving propositions, straightened out the plethora of business activities.	Organizational system
	JIT	System "Just-in-time" Kanban.	Inventory management	Lower operating costs. WIP reduction.
TGS	T (Throughput); I (Inventory); OE (Operation Expense)	Shvidkist creation of a penny stream. Bandages capital. Operational Vitrati.		Accelerate the penny stream. lowering Tying capital. Lower operating costs. Return on investment (ROI).
	PB (Production Buffer)	The method of curing with a narrow bowl of virobnitstva. Virobnichesky buffer.	Management of the development and improvement of the university
	DBR (Drum-Buffer-Rope)	The method of curing with a narrow bowl of virobnitstva. Drum-buffer-rope.	Management of the development and improvement of the university
Logistics	ABC/XYZ analysis	Inventory cutting tool	Inventory management	WIP reduction
Logistics	Profit flow matrix	Profit flow management tool	Profit flow management	Accelerate the penny stream. WIP reduction.
ERP system	PZ, 1C, PDM	Automated care for all undertakings	Planning that look. Inventory management. Improving the efficiency of appraisal of managerial decisions.	Accelerate the penny stream. Decreasing the associated capital. Lower operating costs.

I’m about to finish, I’ll try the answers to the question, why projects with substation often don’t go, because I wanted to get it done.

It was already suggested on the forum that the key role was played by the first person of the company. Otherwise, the whole process will turn into a fizzle, drawing a rosette and digging "let's get it right." As it is written on the stand of the company, which is in charge of PS, with the metaphor: "We reduce the turnover of stocks by 30%", then we can say that in the company no one is charged for stocks and PS - went out!

Also, I would like to respect that the choice of PS can be complex, systemic and suffocate all the components of PS. For example, the postulate of the PS "the virobnic process is guilty of constantly getting better with the minimum vitrates or without them" is itself pleasurable. Ale hiba PS can't develop, can't invest? Well, we are not talking about the PS of the war-torn Toity! In addition, the choice of the permissible SMED tool, pulls the replacement of the planning system and the maintenance of the TEO (it is possible to avoid the choice of expensive outbuildings for the details of insignificant expansions). Is it possible, why is there a problem, why am I trying again to take a part of a single whole and to learn how to muse and її practice?

How do we protect millions of dollars for an hour in the provision of PS? Here I would like to point out one important moment. Even more often the savings come out virtual. Tobto far away, for example, to save a little year of the year, or save paper in the office. It is important not just to fix the result. Just need to take into account the real economic effect. Tobto, vrahuvati tse skorochennya anniversary at the approaching visits, or to hire a worker with another work. Change the norm and wipe paper. In any case, you can secure support for the project with financial services and services.

In my opinion, the maximum effect of optimization will be with a comprehensive set of tools, as well as analysis and possible optimization of the components of the PS. In one case, there is enough choice, for example, the VSM tool, in another case, additional ABC / XYZ analysis is required, which would be correct development (investment, purchase of a new property). In future publications, I will write a comprehensive approach to optimization based on the development concept (KAIRYO). I will be grateful for the critical respect, additional.

As a system of principles and categories, philosophy is a fundamental methodology of knowledge. Be-yaky vchenii i, shirshe, spetsialist, which can be right with these and other objects of knowledge (that you develop material systems, processes or phenomena), he is guilty of his activity by such principles:

1. the principle of objectivity. Nebkhіdno vyvchati ob'єkt such, yakim vіn є; it is necessary to turn on a special setting (or a thought), ahead of the way to finish the object. It is necessary to learn the same mind, with those who have it. It is required to practice that our knowledge be the most advanced and universal.

2. principle of consistency Vymagaє razmzhuvati zvnіshnіshnіshnіshnіshnіshnіshnіshnіshnіshnіshnіshnіshnіshnіsnі smіst, elementi's structure, vypаdkovі її manifesting, vyavity raznomanіtnі sides of the object dolіdzhennya, єkh єdnіst, rozkriti form zmіst, elementi і structure, vipadkove і nebhіdne thinly. If we see a manifestation, then it is necessary to reveal the type of connections between them and other manifestations (for example, the reason is a consequence, the need is a manifestation, the essence is a lack of existence).

3. the principle of super-smartness of knowledge: the process and the result of the recognition of antinomy (superchli)

4. principle to historicism: Whether it be a phenomenon, a process or a material system, it is necessary to turn it around, looming on the uvazi її development (self-development), so it seems “in dynamics”. It is necessary to find out what was inflating this vision, like it was wine (doctors take an anamnesis). It is necessary to see the stages, the sequence of changes in these stages. It is also possible to make a forecast about those, how far this phenomenon has developed (process, material system).

5. principle of convergence from the abstract to the concrete is composed of a number of stages. Let's see how the wines zastosovuetsya in medicine.

The spockey (a) is not at one time in the depth of the call of the Conturi Obnish, about the yogo tsilsnіst (cere vimaga bangookh, adhee is not chilly by the lullais of the pathologic process, ale of the zrosumi, Yaki organ structure, on the life of the whole organism zahal).

Then (b) it is necessary to establish a “clit” of similarity to a thought-specific one (in order to signify an illness and make an early diagnosis).

Let's (c) determine the particularity of this disease in this patient.

…and understand (d) how and why the disease is leaking into this patient this way, and not otherwise.

Zvіdsi (e) having determined the stage of illness, the prognosis and (e) to start healing.

Nutrition for self-control:

1. What is "dialectic", "development", "law", "category", "super-exclusiveness", "restriction"?

2. Why does the law of the mutual transition of a few changes to the next ones?

3. Why does the law of unity and the struggle of divisions apply?

4. Why does the law of prohibition apply?

5. What types of calls do you see?

6. Why is there a difference between single, outrageous ones?

7. How is the structure tied to oneself, how is that form?

8. What philosophical ambush you in the house?

It's easy to send your harn to the robot to the basics. Vikoristovy form, raztastovanu below

Students, graduate students, young adults, like victorious base of knowledge in their trained robots, will be your best friend.

Placed on http://www.allbest.ru

1. Sightgazer: the day and the sense

Svitoglyad- a system of deep glances at the world and the world of people in the new, instructing people to the most necessary activity and themselves, as well as educating them with their glances, reconsideration, ideals, principles of recognition of that activity. Tse vyavlennya about svіt yak about tsile i z tsgogo vyavlennya sensi i tsіnnostі human life. svetoglyad natural philosophy of the world of life

The light of the fire is impossible to reveal, because the world is inexhaustible and minlivy. But as a coordinate system є for a skin person - tse її svetoglyad.

All philosophy - skygazer, Wanting neobov'yazkovo schob svetoglyad buv philosophy. Svіtoglyad can be religious, mythological, scientific too. Philosophical svetoglyad є conception of the world and the concept of a person in yoga is born to the world. Philosophical skygazer bipolar: from one side of the world. From the other side - the person herself, as the world does not have a posture. To the head food, be it a light-gazer, the human being is placed to the necessary light.

Svіtoglyad is a folding phenomenon in the spiritual life of a person and a society, including a collection of glances, thoughts, ideas, values, feelings, assessments and principles, a zavdyak like a person’s activity, growing into an organized and orderly character. Yogo life positions become comprehended, and the activity itself becomes goal-directed. The wholeness of steady glances, principles, assessments and reconciliation, which sets the stage to the most effective and characterizes the society of the world with a haunt and the place of the people in this world. Mindful of the peculiarities of a suspense butt and social minds.

Svіtoglyad individual vyznaє dumku. The svetoglyad itself, and not obsyag knowledge of the people, determines the behavior of that vchinka.

Like a person feels in the world, like a place for yourself in the new, such a way it will be.

Nourishment of a person's appointment to the world - the main nourishment of any kind of light-gazer. Vin is concretized in others: why has a sense of life? Chi є happiness? What is the world like? Kіntseviy vіn chi neskіchenny? What is true? What is good, evil, justice? What is beauty, kohannya? The numbers of those rich other meals are thrown into the system of reprimands for them, at the door of the people to the world, to their own setting to the whole world. Svetoglyad іndivіda іndivіda іndivіda іndivіda іn suіdіvіnії on suєmіvіdnоsіn yоgo inner svіtu zі svіtom zvіshnіshnіm, and to that it іs essentially antinomіc: vіdshtovhuvannya "not-I" accompanies prégnennia to unity, prgnnennia to the same breed .

At the center of the skygazer is the problem of a person; recognition of the light-gazer - the safety of people with the most important manifestations of those ideas about values that regulate them mutually about stosunki from zovnishnіm svіtom. Spending life, people, naturally, spending and light.

The saying explains to us what philosophy is, as we give the meaning of such a more wild, lower philosophy, understand like a light-gazer: a light-gazer is a system of the most outrageous statements about the world and the place of people in the world . Whom do you get into daylight hours , henceforth, and the primary essence of philosophy. The light-gazer is formed under the influx of social minds, vihovannya, enlightenment. By the miril of the light-glanced maturity of the specialty - vchinka, vodnosini.

Svitoglyad reveals the buttya of a people, a singing social group, an ethnos. This is the system, having glanced at the world at the light, and at its own place, that role in this world. This is a bugatorical phenomenon, in which there is a splendid sight with rational and irrational elements, rozum and zabobon. Svetoglyad can be divided into components:

Svitospriynyattya- nachno-figurative statement about the world, without direct contact with it (you can show Russia on the cob of the 19th century), which is the main riven of the mastery of the new world, is formed from different necks.

worldview- a system of rational, systematized, priming knowledge about the world (a set of dogmas of the church about the world, a scientific picture of the world), it’s worthy of soundness.

Sense of life- tse nayvischa value, on the basis of which people organize their activities. For example, the system of values is the basis of friendship for people.

world-sensible- i result, i process of non-intermediate sensitive contact of a person with light (mood).

Values- the power of objects to satisfy the needs of people, with the improvement of the system of values, people unite with the group. The system of values: value - the power of objects to satisfy people's needs.

Svitoglyad- Tse synthesis, which includes a deepened image of reality, value and meaning of setting up to oneself and to the real world. Svitovidchuttya and svitospriynyattya often wear emotionally charged and can be dynamic components.

Be-yakіy people talk about the sense of life unreasonably doti, the docks are not over. Life - tse omissions text. Philosophy recommends that the term "meta life" replace the senses. Only at the end of life there is a sense of life (all life stages of the past: love, car'era, and power, to that a person in the world is the same).

theoretical skygazer - be brought in by professionals and bring people to the highest values of culture: truth, goodness. paint.

features:

1) out of the way;

2) critically evaluated;

3) a sample of yoga development (2 and 3 fall as a specialty).

Every day skygazer - in the skin and formed spontaneously in the process of life, in some cases a healthy eye appears, traditionally look at the world and the people;

features:

1) won’t be chosen (butt, atheism from children), won’t be called;

2) there is no new critical setting, that is. people do not sack її weak sides, there is only one;

3) it does not develop (at the same time, son, son, and onuka).

Mythological skygazer - Formed in the era of the primary communal structure.

features:

a) the collective nature of the light-gazer (lived in groups);

b) anthropomorphism - the crowd of nature;

c) non-distinction between the natural and the supernatural (in the mythical Gods and people live together);

d) undifferentiated speech and the image of speech (painting and living mammoth - 2 projections of one speech);

e) the presence of substances - the essence of the immutable, the very essence of the totality: everything was transformed into everything (the gods are transformed into animals, navlyudi-napivkoni - centaurs);

f) the main way of explaining the essence of the speech is genetic (through a description of the journey) - (butt, fire - those that Prometheus lied to other gods and brought to people). Up Anaximenes - light is added up! repeat;

g) a connection with magic (so that by rituals and rites, connected with some specific practical goals; rituals, ceremonies of a special kind, like zmushuyut gods, spirits to help people);

h) anti-historicism of the myth - overcoming the hour of reconciliation, either cyclically, or else, whoever went back, then. from the list of developments. In space, in nature, the basis is a cycle (pori fate, day - night). Really: paradise - a golden age - everything is bigger and bigger.

i) the main pathos (head idea) of the myth - a rozpovid in the fact that order is maintained in the world.

Aristotle: "People began to philosophize according to wonder". Chaos is natural, and order is wondrous. The world has an order, which is not clearly observed by anyone, but is known. If you don’t clean up at the apartment - there will be chaos, order needs to be improved.

Myth was the first historical form for a light-gazer. To be put to life in a philosophical way - then, do not take anything close to the heart, but try to understand the causes of the situation. As if a person was presented, otherwise it’s not true, then it’s not wonderful, but everyday; and as a person is heavy to wisdom, to what is fast, tse divou, cluck and zmushu shukat caused that, tobto. philosophize.

Why is the myth collective? To that it is more important to live alone, if you live from some sleep, and if the skin member of the team has its own world, then living in such minds sooner or later becomes unbearable. In the same way, everything was the same for the primary communal society: statehood, svetoglyad, and culture.

Religious skygazer - pov'yazano іz vyznannyam supranatural svіtovogo cob;

Vidminnosti religii vіd mіfu:

1) religion has a cult system (ceremonies, rituals): religion = myth + cult;

2) zhorstke representation of natural and supranatural svіtіv;

3) in religion it is impossible to stand against God and people;

Features of the religious light-gazer:

1) faith in the all-powerful Creator God;

2) faith in the immortality of the soul;

3) faith in special salvation.

Philosophical skygazer - a new knowledge of the spiritual and practical mastering of the world.

Peculiarities of the philosophical light-gazer

1) rationality and consistency of philosophical knowledge - as myth spires on tradition, religion - on bloodlines, then philosophy - on the system;

2) the rise of scientific-theoretical and spiritual-practical cob. (Aristotle glimpsed, Marx reworked the world);

3) substance - philosophers develop their knowledge, as a rule, from a single substance (ideal or material);

4) special and national character of knowledge;

5) pluralistic knowledge (different specialties give rise to different philosophies);

6) the critical nature of knowledge (and myth, for example, is passed on from generation to generation).

Philosophy, as a form of theoretical knowledge, may have its own object and subject.

Object of science- A fragment of activity, as if it were independent of people.

Science subject- Kut zor, under which the object is twisted.

Object of philosophy- tse svіt yak tsіle buttya that person is like a generic іstota (like that).

The subject of philosophy- ce blatantly in the system "world - people", those who stand for the world as a whole of all people, in return for the world of that people.

Tse blatantly specified in 3 aspects:

1) what are the divisions of light on the material and ideal and what is the first? (Basic nutrition of philosophy);

2) what is the world in Russia, then what kind of direct traffic?

3) why does the nature, the existence, and recognition of a person by the All-Sveet?

2. Ancient Greek natural philosophy

Naturphilos Ofiya - umglyadne tlumachennya nature, scho її tsіlіsnostі. The early ancient Greek natural philosophy (milletian school of that age) became, in fact, the first historical form of philosophy in vzagali. Vinikla natural philosophy actually even before the appearance of the so-called cosmogony, taking the mythological character of the rest. By the Kintsev method of natural philosophy, cosmology and cosmogony were already scientifically grounded and cleared. The ancestor of natural philosophy was the Ionian philosopher. They looked at the following main problems: matter and її (atomic) structure, harmony (mathematical) to the All-World, speech and power, inorganic and organic. The significance of the ionists is not in the higher problems of natural philosophy, but in their setting. In Aristotle, the setting of rich natural philosophy takes away the already natural character.

Until ancient Greek natural philosophy can be seen: Miletskaya school, school of Pіthagoras, atomism.

Most recent achievements are in the fact that philosophy as a whole phenomenon of culture is the creation of the genius of the ancient Greeks (VII - VI centuries BC). The period of ancient philosophy okhoplyuє VI Art. BC for V Art. not. Philosophy Old-time Greece was molded for the minds, if the strongman of the polis was the main post of welfare. Old Greek philosophy includes the following steps:

1. The formation of ancient Greek philosophy (VII - V centuries BC, pre-Socratic period, representations by the Milletian school, Heraclitus, the Hellenic school, atomists)

2. classical ancient Greek philosophy (V - IV centuries BC, short period;

3. philosophic - educational activities of sophists, philosophy of Socrates, Plato, Aristotle).

The most important representatives of the ancient Greek natural philosophy are:

Heraclitus (540-475 BC), Thales (640-546 BC), Anaximenes (585-525 BC), Anaxagoras (500-428 BC), Empedocles Agrigenta (bl. 490-430 e.), Pythagoras (6th century e.), Demokrit (bl. 460-370 e.). Leucippus (bl. 500-440 BC), Aristotle z Stagiri (384-322 BC).

The ancient light-gazer looked at the matter and the idea more than once, without tearing them one by one. All the action and all the elements were thought at once, as real and as ideal.

Ionian philosophy is represented mainly by the Milesian school and the same philosopher Heraclitus . According to Heraclitus, a person is a part of nature; nature (cosmos), which is eternally living fire, is eternal, immortal and not created by anyone; a person is obliged to live in accordance with nature, with a living "soul" - forever alive with fire-logos. Heraclitus was an apprentice to the cycle of speeches in nature and the cyclical nature of history. Vin is one of the first who, having tried to designate an objective law (dialectic), which will lie at the basis of any process that I will become.

Representatives of the Milesian school Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes They went out of their own minds from nature, as if they were self-sufficient in their own reasoning, and explained everything, going into natural forces.

The main schools of Miletus were rumbling on the cob, for what it all turned out to be. we were put in front of the food of the first foundation of the world. For the first Greek wise men, it was important to say something about food: what is the basis, why is it that everyone is popular and everyone is ignorant? Like those from whom everything is allowed and in which everything is “permitted”? What is the support of the unity of the world, which gives birth to everything and all-season? The stinks vikoristovuvali the word "nature" in the meaning - the essence of chogos.

Anaximander having taken apeiron as the basis of everything that exists (I am boundless abstract speech, it is impossible to name it). Apeiron is active, wine is constantly rebuying in Russia, zavdyaki to you all speeches are people and die. Apeiron sees heat and cold.

Bezmezhne Anaximander is forever: wine is not mav on the cob and there will be no end.

Anaximenes vvazhav the cob of all existing povіtrya. The fire - it is re-discharged again (when heated, it will rise again and become fire). Thickening again with water (when cold), sweat with earth, stone, etc. The soul is also formed from repetition. Navіt gods are folded in succession - in the first place.

Thales having taken in that water, as the material basis of everything, is alive, spiritualized at the same time. Thales vibrated the water like a pershopodka not vipadkovo. First, Greece is a maritime power, and the life of the Greeks has always been closely tied to the expanses of water. In another way, in mythology, the ocean has become the great father of everything, the popular mythological cob. Takozh Thales rozumіv the meaning of water in the life of all organisms. Water is the only thing that is left behind in the past when it changes and is unity in diversity. Nature itself, according to Thales, is powerful energy, vitality, intelligence, mentality.

Anaxagoras , Like the ancient Greek philosophers, put nutrition, which is the basis of the world. On the vіdmіnu vіd vіd svoїprednіkіv, tsyu svіtu vіn bachiv іn small material particles — naіnі speeches, yаkі are called homeomerіyami. Vіdpovіdno to Anaksagora, svіt vіchniy, vіn nezdіysnenny i nezshchenny.

Empedocles from Agrigent add the number of element-vіrshiv to chotiriox. Behind Empedocles, the speech is made up of the earth, the water, the fire. Elements of Empedocles are material and endowed with power of philia (love) and phobia (warriors). Tsі two protilezhnosti, dominion in all bodies, and induce matter at ruh. Yoga practice is characterized by:

a) 4 elements: fire, fire, water, earth,

2 forces: love and fortune teller,

b) chem. number: change the proportions of elements,

c) the theory of fir.

Pythagoras tezh occupied with the problem of substances, but fire, earth, water, like that, yogo is no longer in power. Vіn rob vysnovok, scho "everything is the number." The Pythagoreans danced in the numbers of power and in the blue, along with the harmonies.

For all the significance of the opinions of the Pythagoreans, he nevertheless fared to know the basics of nutrition “Why is everything?”. It is similar to that, as not everything is water, but we will repeat it, not everything is in number. Be-yak absolutization of numbers, like їх regularities, є vіdrodzhennya istorochnoї obmezhennostі pyfagorіystva.

co-founders atomistic schools є Democritus іLeucippus . Atomism was allowed, that speeches, expanse, the hour at the principle cannot be extended indefinitely, more than more, given inseparable fragments.

Aristotle - Head of rich sciences: logic, biology, zoology, psychology, ethics. In robots, having looked at the problems of nature: "Physics", "About the journey of that life", "About the sky", "About heavenly phenomena", "History of creatures", "About creatures" and so on.

According to Aristotle's thought, chotiri in the house verses are not material, but only in different manifestations (stands) persomaterials. Pershomaturia stands as a human being, revealing at the same time two or two pairs of opposite authorities. cold or heat і moisture or dryness :

Heat + dryness = fire Heat + moisture = respite

Cold + dryness = earth Cold + wetness = water

3. The problem of the unity of the world

The main nourishment of philosophy is the nourishment of the unity of the world. Directly different philosophies, different philosophical schools and, one by one, philosophical systems, try to bring out the fullness of any kind of connection of speeches, ideas of the very forms of their unity.

Nutrition about the unity of the world - tse nutrition about the setting of people to the world. Like a person and the world are compared one to one, like the stench of the same difference and can’t become one one, - no one can’t be moved. To that philosophical one, only those vchennyas can be taken into account, as if they show the impossibility of the uncorrupted and the unattainable. A person can do everything - and in this way її human essence.

Unity of the world. Light is only one. There is nothing "pose" of this world. No other worlds are welcome. The very statement about the impersonal "parallel" svіtіv may be on the verge of conscience of them in one, accepted in the Duma about their multiplicity. As if I, perebuvaya in this world, I think of another world - this other world becomes a part of me, of myself and a part of that world in which I live. It dawned on me that the unity of the world is affirmed by the thought. Human diyalnіst ohoplyuє be-yakі sides of activity - and even though it is possible to reveal, it can still be included before the practice of material and spiritual forbearance, and become part of the man-made world - human culture.

The principle of unity of the world strengthens what the world is mustache .

Universality . Svіt - raznomanіtny. All the light is made up of rich loneliness, all the powers that be, and the Kremlin, speeches and manifestations, undifferentiated "chastkovy" lights, skins with all the light for the loners, who enter until the new. Ale, the skin part of the single world appears as a whole, because it is less in this single world, and it is seen less as a manifestation of yoga from itself. Svіt neskіnchenny - ale vin shown be-yakіy kіtsevіy speechі, i can be represented in them; final speeches be themselves unskinned - and after a few become unskinned. A person is a part of the world, and that’s why it’s built to accommodate її as a whole. Human life is short - but it’s not possible to transform into eternity.

The principle of universality to say that light is skin .

Tsіlіsnіst. Svіt - cіlіsny. Wines are made up of okremih parts - but all the stench is mutually pov'yazani and pov'yazani in one. The speeches were not given in such a way - the stench of obov'yazkovo is similar in some ways, arguable, mutually delusional. Different parts of the world supplement one by one, and by themselves lie one in one. Zokrema, be-yak rich, equivalent to your sharpness - to the one that complements the light of the sun.

People live in the world - and you can't sleep without it. A person can’t lie down for nothing, he’ll always say not only to himself, but to someone else. A person cannot do anything on her own, without the participation of other people and speeches. Bezgluznist talk about the dependability of whoever it is - we must depend on everything.

The principle of integrity seems to be: light - one goal.

May all the peoples in their development have passed the stage of spontaneous religious and cultural creativity, de the role of a single great-grandfather was assigned to God. Elements of the scientific and philosophical understanding of the world began to take shape in the process of laying out that transformation of the mythological understanding, the shards were needed, and the re-verification of the hardness, so mythology takes everything on the face. Myslennya turned to itself, and the person began to reach himself and the power of thought.

The light is true, but we are absolutely united, one-man, almost incomprehensible.

Look at the problem of the unity of the ancient philosophers, and the diversity of the world was thrown onto the philosophies of the middle class. One of the straight lines, which, after omitting the name of realism, confirmed that the right reality can be understood only as a universal, and not as single objects.

The discussion about unity and diversity of the world led to the fact that the philosophy of the new and especially the new hour clearly showed two oppositions to one position - monism (one, unity) and pluralism (multiple). The clerks of the monastic approach gave priority to the single cob, the first foundation of the world. In the midst of monism, two mutually exclusive solutions were clearly quilted - materialistic and idealistic.

Joden of the philosophers did not hesitate in what we accept.

4. The problem of scientific rationality

Philosophy has no unity to understand "rationality". Prote all raznomanittya can be ordered at the kilka group. Rationality can be understood as:

Characteristics of activity;

Characteristics of knowledge;

Characteristics of methodology and rules of activity;

Attributive power of the current technical civilizations;

Characteristics of light zahalom;

A specific type of orderliness, a particular structure, which resists the lack of structure and the principle of non-violence.

For such a difference, go to the visvelennya nutrition of the difference.

Modern philosophy has two main lines of understanding the problem of rationality: scientism and anti-scientism. In the framework of the first, the emphasis is on science and the search for strict methods of systematizing knowledge. Rationality in scientism is distinguished from scientific rationality in the classical form. Scientism of representations by positivism, neopositivism and postpositivism.

Another line of interpretation of the problem of rationality is connected with the philosophy of life, existentialism, philosophical anthropology. Within the framework of antiscientism, the emphasis is on post-scientific forms and ways of understanding action, on the spontaneity of human behavior and the secondness of knowledge. Science is placed on a different plane, placed on a par with other forms of spiritual culture. Remaining anti-scientism will almost completely deny the value of science. But this negative position is not right. The development of scientism and anti-scientism, their mutual criticism and super-nativity have taken on a new manifestation of rationality.

It has been said that the science of creation is to give evidence for all the nutrition of the human butt and I will arrange the world. Philosophers of the 17th – 18th centuries showed the possibility of attaining freedom from the will of rational knowledge. In the New Age, that era of Enlightenment, the rationalization of nature and the suspense, was seen as a necessary humanization of the mind. Science knowledge is the axis of the guarantee of reaching happiness, and the skin of the skin of a person is reasonable, the main tasks are the development of a healthy lifestyle - enlightenment.

The legacy of this was nourishment - why is the European scientific mind the best fruit of the development of people and culture, why should you lay down your epic and the past at once with it? Modern philosophy has a reconsideration of the phenomenon of rationality, but not to the idea of reason - the greatest value and the greatest achievement of a foreign civilization. In conflicts and crises of the twentieth century, people have learned that a dream gives birth to a miracle, but such a miracle grows and hypertrophies the mind, a kind of forgetfulness about goodness and beauty. Today's philosophy, guided by fragmentary, dogmatic manifestations, should again bring the value and necessity of critical reflection.

Crimea has seen different types of scientific rationality, modern philosophy speaks about post-scientific forms of rationality in science, philosophy, everyday life. To this, one should not speak about rationality, but about the creative intelligence of a person as a day-to-day specialness. Under the creativity of intelligence, building up to a free practical infusion, to the creation of a new one in everyday life, mysticism, science and philosophy. Classical scientific rationality - less than the possibilities of realizing the mind. Next for I. Kant's entire post-classical philosophy tried to hem up the narrowly sensible inter-scientized philosophy and turn it into the faces of a human being. Post-classical philosophy demonstrated that the mind rests on irrationality, logic on illogic, that the mind is no longer dependent on the basis of philosophy, but not the only meta.

The situation that has evolved in the process of interdependence of science and society has highlighted the problem of scientific rationality, daily change, and - obviously - the role of the development of society. The problem has always been one of the most urgent. But today you can talk about a dramatic turn in the virishennі tsієїproblems - about trying to put science as a sign of rationality.

As shown by V. S. Stepin, in the historical development of science, starting from the 17th century, there were successively three types of scientific rationality, which are characterized by a different depth of reflection of the most scientific activity itself.

The classical type of scientific rationality (XVII-XVIII centuries) came from the fact that, with a theoretical explanation of the description of the object, it is necessary to abstract from it, that it should be brought to the subject (last), that it should be zastosovuetsya him by means and operations. Such an elimination was looked upon as necessary for the mind to gain objectively true knowledge about the world. It is clear that at what stage the strategy was followed, and the significant world and the result were determined by the powerful given epic visionary attitudes and valuable orientations. Zvіlnitissya vіd tsgogo vchenu not given, wanting science XVII-XVIII Art. and jumped who. At the same time, with the leadership of mechanics and reduction to a mechanical picture of the world of everything acquired by physics, chemistry, biology, social sciences, with the importance the stage of implementation, on the other hand, did not slap any negative on the results of scientific research. I want to remind XVIII - in the first half of the XIX century. the mechanical picture of the world takes on the status of a global science and we are about to move to a new state of natural science, christening a more primal style of thought, that type of scientific rationality is being saved.

The camp is fundamentally changing in connection with the formation of the so-called non-classical natural science (end of XIX - middle of XX century). A non-classical type of scientific rationality is being formed, which is already a vrakhovu zalezhnistnost of the results due to the nature of such results, which are studied (especially in the case of experiments), and according to the specifics of these operations, which are supposed to be done, which are being developed. Well, up to the very subject and quiet intra-scientific and social values and goals, how to characterize it, then all the same, as before, to be blamed for the shackle, not to know the description in the description of that explanatory twisted.

And now, in our eyes (in the last third of the twentieth century), a new, post-non-classical science is emerging, for which it is characteristic of such mutual understanding of rice, as an extension of superstructure systems that are self-developing, and interdisciplinarity of these achievements. Такому стану і тенденціям розвитку сучасної науки відповідає постнекласичний тип наукової раціональності, що розглядає діяльність вченого в ширшому полі: тепер уже враховується співвіднесеність отримуваних знань про об'єкт не тільки з дослідницькими засобами та операціями, але й з ціннісно-цільової (як усередині наукової, so is the posture of the scientific, social) orientation of the scientist.

5. The perfect match

Ideally- a specific way of buttya of the object, presented (witnessed) in front of the spiritual aspect of the life of the subject.

Ideally- the most important power of information. The problem of the ideal is overwhelmed by one of the most actual and most common in world philosophy. From the opposite standpoint to nature and ideal, philosophical thought people are opposed to materialism and idealism, as well as different “reading” of the ideal and material in different philosophical schools.

Ideally, like a free space, the inaccessibility of a sensitive soul, intangibility, invisibility, insensitivity is thin. sensible images of that sign-symbolic idea are only found in sprynyatti, revealing that mislyachous suspense subject. Whom has the whole principle of vіdminnіst dіysnostі svіdomosti vіd dіysnostі material; mental, subjective - in the form of physical, objective.

Ideally means the process itself, and the result of this process, the very process of idealization, mental fermentation of activity, forms the image of the object, which, with its own blackness, is “the ideal form of the butt of the object at the head of a person.” The back of the ideal images are vindicated and formed as a moment of practical setting of a person to the world, mediated by the forms created by the previous generations of people.

Ideally, being the light of images and understanding, I can understand logic, I can see the independence of the power of functioning, the song of freedom, which manifests itself in the building of the ideal generation of new things, or it’s inflamed, which really does not sound and is really the result of spirituality.

Ideally, you will be left with a special phenomenon, a subjective manifestation of human brain processes. The rest of the information is updated for the individual as a subjective experience, know well.

Ideally, it includes its own emotional and volitional components, intuition, and important structures, which signify the assessment of the manifestations of activity and, apparently, the choice of the future bazhany. Ideally, it becomes apparent “programming” of the possible variants of the practice, which constantly develops in its ideal structures the structure of the future practice.

Otzhe, ideal rich in its daily characteristics, which is mind-boggling and different in philosophical classifications ideal match .

Svіdomіst - vyshchy rіven psihіchnії aktіvї lyudiny, po'yazaniya s molding and vikoristannyam chuttєvih and rozumovyh obrazіv.

Svіdomіst, yak ideal reality, manifest through material forms. Such a material form of evidence is language. Mova is an intermediary between a thought and a subject, which we are talking about.

Svіdomіst - tse vishcha, domineering only people and is connected with the promotional function of the brain, which is related to the narrowed, estimating and tsilespryamovannym and constructively and creatively transformed diy, transferring their results, to reasonable regulation and self-controlling behavior of people. The creature sees the light of folded forms, the ale won’t recognize and know from its own. People and creatures in their own way understand those who are born, but the reasoning of a person is realized in their own form, and in a creature - in a form of reflex, unseen.

6. The structure of a special universe

Universum - lat. universum, "Sukupnіst, spіlnіst") - in philosophy - the sukupnіst of objects and phenomena in general, which is seen as a single system. The infamous sensi has the same term “Vsesvit”.

Philosophy is a form of activity, directing the understanding of the main problems of the human butt, understanding the possibilities and interpersonal knowledge, explaining the prospects of people. Private sciences provide nourishment for succumbing to private moments.

The subject of philosophy is more important in the system of vidnosin "man-svіt", tobto. lyudina vivchaє tsey phenomenon in yoga zagalnosti. Lyudina, as a spiritual being, is guided by the ideal, faithfully.

Knowing more importantly means more deeply penetrating a thought into the Universe, and it is also possible to establish a scale of values of knowing more or less close to that ideal. Along with the Universe it is possible to understand the whole system of romatic activity, in which the exercise of absolute knowledge is systematically organized. Therefore, a collection of thoughts can become a philosophy for one mind: the reaction of the mind to the Universe can be so universal, whole - shorter, can be an absolute system.

People's lives can't be ignorant of power, gradually turn up to the light of the yoga unity, to the Universum.

Universum, stverzhuvav vin, tse "everything is obvious." The universe is all those that we don't actually know, that we absolutely don't have in our positive environment.

Go about the succession of everything essential, in skin speech, those who її vodokremlyuє in other speeches, or go with them: її place, role and category of the middle of silent speeches, so be moving, public life of skin speech, those who are worth it at the great bulk of the universal foundation. We understand under speeches not only physical and spiritual realities, but also everything is irreal, ideal, fantastic and supernatural, like it’s out there. Tse “є” hoards the widest number of objects, which only can be christened, the flooring is wider, which includes speeches, about which we can’t say without exception that they stink, but don’t argue. For example, a round square, lower without live bait.

“The person is the microcosm, the entire universe. Only specialty and can accommodate a universal zmist, be a potential omniscience in an individual form. This universal zmіst is not accessible to other realities of the natural and historical world, which are always characterized as a part of... Speciality is not a part and cannot be a part to be a whole, even if it were to a majestic whole, mustache world. The whole principle of specialness, її taєmnitsya. Oscilki empiric people enter like a part in whether it be social or natural, it’s not like specialness and specialness that is left behind the posture of ordering the part as a whole "

“The person is obliged to herself to bachiti, to improve, to remind with a universal zmіst, to reach the unity of wholeness by stretching her whole life. The specialty is a single, non-repeating image that includes the primary qualities of integrity, forms ... The specialness of oneself to create and build up the power of the share, knowing the dzherelo zusil at the booty, її perevishuє. The singularity is potentially universal, but it is invariably differentiated, non-repeated, irreplaceable, with a single rank ... it is specific singularity with its own not blatant viraz, not tim, that it has two eyes, like all people, but not the other way around. The human specialty has a lot of generic, which belongs to the human race, rich historical, traditional, social, class, family, richly recessive and hereditary, richly “zagalny” ... , become a single value. The person may be blamed, the law of the day does not stagnate before her. All genera and spadkove are only material for creative activity of particularity. The whole burden, imposed on people by nature and supremacy, by history and by the powers of civilization, is put before us by difficulty, which makes support for that creative inspiration in the special department, the single special department. Groups, positions, professional types of people can be bright individualities, but not really special features ... Specialism is not only reasonable, but it is free. The specialty is my whole idea, my whole will, my whole feel, my whole creative act... . Suspіlstvo є ob'єkt. From an existential point of view, sustainability is partly special, її the social side, like space is partly special, її the cosmic side. The person is not an object among objects and not a river among speeches. Won the subject of the middle of the subjects, and the transformation of її on the object and the river means death... Speciality is the absolute existential center. Speciality is assigned to itself in the middle, posture of any objectivity, and it is less visible in the middle, freedom and specialness. Everything that is called, everything is determined, everything is founded on the power of objectivity, not special, not special in people.

Specialty of the Universe, in my opinion, I, my body is buttya, my inner world is a mind, which was formed in parallel with my knowledge of the necessary world, my will, my feeling, etc. - people, supremacy, power. I am a pischinka at the All-Sveta. Зі зростанням людини розширюється його коло спілкування, він знайомиться з традиціями, звичаями свого народу, пізнає навколишній світ - йде формування його особистості, він набуває свого особистого Я, змінюється його світовідчуття, світосприйняття, світорозуміння, він постійно працює над собою, підвищує свій статус у suspension. Win postyno at the joke. People pragne thoroughness.

The universe is what I am and what I feel like, as I watch myself at the suspense. I am a small Vsesvit. For me, there are other omnisciences.

7. Statics and dynamics of a suspended life

Comte pointed out the basis of two sloping problems, yakі vіn calling the problems of statics and dynamics problems. To the right with the problems of statics, we try to show and understand the reason for that spivism; To the right with the problems of dynamics, we try to understand the change, understand the basis of the molecules of organisms - the subject of statics. Likewise, wash the foundations of suspensions, social systems or forms of suspensory life - the subject of social statics. On the vіdmіnu vіd tsogo social dynamics can be right with the minds of the change in the forms of life.

The basis of science is a systematic classification. Pershochergov's task of social statics is to try to compare the forms of social life with the method of changing their classification. However, the forms of social life do not depend on the classification of types of tapologs, as I classify the forms of organic life. The classification may not be specific, but typological, but it will require a folded follow-up. Such a classification can be created either by establishing a typology of the figures of social life or by complexes of similar figures, representations in other social systems. The task was not only more foldable, but it was ignored with an eye to the thought, which is why anthropology is guilty of coring with the historical method.

Prote typological research is only one important part of social statics, and the main task is to formulate the main positions that signify the minds of the foundations of social systems or forms of social life. So the titles of "the first law of social statics" are zagalnennya, as if stverdzhu, that for the foundation of that saving of those chi and other forms of social life is necessary, so that these warehouse elements demonstrated the singing steps of mutual satisfaction. But it’s not enough to formulate the problem of social statics, to unravel the problem due to the nature of such an usability.

The study of the social dynamics is directly related to the creation of a statement about the changes in the social system. Z hypotheses about the systematic interrelationship of the devils of social life are vibrating, that changing some rice with great intelligence leads to changing others.

According to Comte, sociology (social physics) establishes laws for the suspense of development. On the basis of the remainder of the statics and dynamics of Kont, having established an organic link to the order and progress. In the last period of his activity, Comte tried to transform theoretical sociology into a “practical science” of transforming society. In this case, the human being was seen not as a way of taking an individual, not as an isolation of an atom, but in the context of the whole of Humanity, as a majestic organism, composed of the totality of the past, that none of them live and the future generations of people. On the basis of the concept of Comte's ideas, we have chosen various variants of humanistic directing in sociology.

8. Interaction of civilizations

Civilization is a well-established social organization of prosperity, which is characterized by a blatant snarl of individuals who are slandered by it and social cohesion with the method of increasing that suspіlnogo wealth.

Human history is the whole history of civilizations. One civilization changes time, if it ceases to exist, between them there are no clearly christened between, exactly on the cob that beginning. The concept of civilization includes "values, norms, institutions and ways of thinking, which change one generation to give the first value." Civilizations, Toynbee said, "shudder without being stunned by others." Civilization - tse "tlіsnіst". Civilizations, continuing this thought Dribno, domineering song of the world of integration. Їхні parts are assigned to the settings one to one and to the whole. As civilization develops from the country, the powers will be closely tied to each other, the lower powers will be post-civilization. They can most often fight one against one and often enter into diplomatic wars. The stench will be mutually beneficial in economic terms. The stench is interpenetrating aesthetic and philosophical currents.

Civilization - tse widest cultural spіlnіst. In the forces, regions, ethnic groups, nationalities, religious groups, there are special cultures and different cultural differences. The stench establishes civilization. Civilization is also determined by such complex objective elements, like language, history, religion, traditions, institutions and subjective self-identification of people.

Different cultures and peoples gradually pour in one on one, pose one at a time, but still they are filled with themselves, they don’t get angry with others, they don’t swear at them. Similarly, different civilizations intermingle and develop in such a way that the primal human component in them is gradually growing, gaining more and more nourishment, so that in the long run a single culture of people is real.

Light civilization includes: 1) singing light-gazer, ideology, mentality; 2) spiritual institutions (church, party, enlightenment, family); 3) the way of life of individuals, which characterizes the differences of the people of that country.

Civilization is constantly evolving. The stench is dynamic, they live through the fall and the fall, they get angry and share, they know and they seem to be buried at the pisces of the hour.

With the development of prosperity, people's thoughts are changing, new ideologies are being blamed, public institutions are changing, new religions are emerging, the entire culture of people, other peoples, and suspres is changing.

Mіzh people іz development suspіlstva change mutually. In the skin civilization, there is a single Person (or a sprat), as there may be a higher rіven rozvitku. However, the most important part of the suspіlstva is left there de and bula. In this rank, one more important thing is the super-exactness “lesser-greater”. Greater can approach less. There are no real guarantees of what will happen. Zvіdsi vinikaє nebezpeka vіdrivu odnієї sotsіalї grupi z іnshoy. For the growth of civilizations, it’s not possible to give an adequate response to the arrogant civilization: for a small number of people it’s not possible to give an adequate response.

In the wake of the growth of the skin civilization to pass its unique path of development. When you dosvіd, taking away the skin civilization, it is also unique.

The development of civilizations is also influenced by the global problems of humankind. In addition, there are problems associated with vindications between the main social communities of people, i.e., between groups of powers (intersocial). This is the problem of the destruction of war and the security of the world, as well as the establishment of a fair international economic order. These are the problems of interdependence between sustainability and nature: security of energy, fire, fresh water, clean winds, protection of nature in the form of irreversible changes in the negative character, rational development of the ocean of light and the cosmic expanse of thin. І problems associated with the system of people-suspіlstvo. The stench bezpomedny susyuyutsya okremoї lyudiny that lie down with the ability to give real opportunities for the development of specialty. The environmental problem plays a significant role, the health of people has significantly deteriorated, and the cause of death is mass death. Global problems lead to the extinction of people, the use of natural resources. The development of communications to lead to the weakening of the physical equal of people. Nuclear enhancement, development of the cosmos - weaken the zahist of people in the spirit of Nature - the planet's shell - the atmosphere - is deflated (ozone dirks). People are not afraid to look over their appointments to new food. The blue of the lands are changing, the structure of the world state is changing. Dedali more zavdan brought virishuvati spilnymi zusillyami.

9. Ideology

Ideology - a system of glances, ideas, changes, values and attitudes that reflect the interests of various social groups, classes,

We are convinced that people are judged to be effective one to one, social problems and conflicts; and also

10. Irrationalism

irrationalism- tse signification of flows in philosophy, yakі obmezhuyut or zaperechuyut possibilty of the mind in the process of recognition and shatter the basis of light inaccessible to the mind, hardening the illogical and irrational character of the butt. Understanding the irrationalism of the common diversified philosophical systems that hang on the first plane of the rational aspects of spiritual life: will, blindly looking at, feeling, intuition, awake, instinct, unfamiliar and others.

Іrational- how to know beyond the borders of the mind, illogical, non-intellectual, non-simple with rational thoughts, how to superstitify yoma.

List of references

Mykola Berdyaev, ABOUT SLAVERY AND FREEDOM OF THE PEOPLE, Dosvіd personalistic philosophy, Chapter I1, SPECIALTY

A.I. Rokitov, V.M. Boguslavsky and in. Philosophy. Basic ideas and principles. Popul. fig. - 2nd d, revised. that dod. - M: Politvidav, 1990. S. 119

Stepin V.S. Theoretical knowledge. M: Science, 2000

A.R. Radcliffe-Brown STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN PRIMITIVE SUSPILITY Narratives and lectures by E.E. Evans-Pritchard and Fred Eggan

Samuel P. Huntington. SUTICK OF CIVILIZATION AND THE SUPERVISION OF THE SITE ORDER

Aleksiev P.V., Panin A.V. Philosophy: Navch. - 4th kind., rebranded. that dod. - M: TK Velby, View Prospect, 2007, p.28-29

A.I. Rokitov, V.M. Boguslavsky and in. Philosophy. Basic ideas and principles. Popul. fig. - 2nd d, revised. that dod. - M: Politvidav, 1990. S. 119.

A.I. Rokitov, V.M. Boguslavsky and in. Philosophy. Basic ideas and principles. Popul. fig. - 2nd view., Rev. that dod. - M: Politvidav, 1990. S. 121-122.

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Philosophical ambush of "social physiology": problem statement

Momjyan K.Zh.

Henceforth, we have established a register of various "details" for their scale, for which there will be human susprestvo. However, this operation is necessary, as it was already planned more, by itself it does not give us the basis for food: how are you in power?

In order to be consistent with it with sufficient fullness, we can move from a structural analysis of a social system to a functional analysis, that is. look at the real interplay of the elements we have seen. The main meta-functional analysis is understanding, in what order the system is divided into rich parts, building and changing as a single whole, as a blame for the integral power of the whole, such as easing warehouses of one part.

In other words, the functional analysis as bi “revives” the social integrity, timchasovo “dead”, dissected by the structural analysis, revealing the mechanisms of self-creation at the boundaries of fixing the nuclear stations. Mechanisms for changing such states are developing a dynamic analysis, which is only possible once the main functional dependencies have been established in the social system.

As a structural analysis of the suspіlstva, its functional view can only be successful if there are a few inconsistent, at first glance, methodological rules.

First of these rules, the transfer of the last difference between the systemic view of the suspension, without zmishyuchi one by one the problem of functional analysis of real social organisms and different abstraction typological models of suspension.

Насамперед ми повинні розуміти, що можливі залежності між конкретними поодинокими подіями суспільного життя та його безособовими відтворюваними структурами підпорядковуються різній логіці (що забороняє нам інтерпретувати поведінку «доброго пана» Михайла Полозньова та його дружини Маші з чеховської повісті «Моє життя» як організаційну норму між поміщиками the villagers in the Russian village?).

So we ourselves are not guilty of identifying one by one the structuring of the institutional interactions of people in specific social organisms (building the most exotic forms) with algorithms of functional ordering, which may have a universally significant historical significance. It is important to understand that the practice of managing the suspension rights in the political Russian society (“I will punish the engineers to be honest!”) is far from being consistent with the universal algorithms of subordination and coordination linking between the types of necessary activity in the “supplementation”.

Irresistible surroundings are threatening with a lot of incomprehensible type of unstoppable polemics between adversaries and opponents of “pan-functionalism” in sociology and anthropology. The controversy is focused on the problem of more functional links in the suspіlstvі, tobto. nourishment for those who can gain such structural enlightenment from the field of systemic interplay - allow for significant functions, based on the support of such an uncommon yoma "appendix".

Part of theoreticians vvazha, scho all іsnuyuche at the suspіlstvі invariably plays the deak the necessary role, to enter the system of the necessary suspіlstva sv'yazkіv. In addition, what role can be unreasonable (as if the bula was unreasonable to physicians, the role of the mygdaliki in the human throat, which gave rise to a fashion for surgical treatment of the thorny and swollen, as they respected the doctors, the organ).

Advocates similar to “pan-functionalism” (following Hegel’s famous presumption: “Everything is rational is reasonable”) appreciate that non-functional objects in the future can be less time-consuming - like excesses of earlier functional systems that were not spread out. Ale stiyke implementation of the dysfunctional principle is impossible.

Other theorists, however, are in agreement with the opinions of the famous French anthropologist C. Levi-Strauss: "To say that the function is a function, is nothing else, like a truism, but to say that everything is a function in the service is absurd." Developing this idea, Levi-Strauss, having taken into account that in a sustainable life there is an order in the area of necessary functions and other institutions, calling for the satisfaction of life, the consumption of people, to establish such institutions, as they are less likely to be eliminated through the “irrelevant groups of people”.

We do not care that the methodological orientation of the super-healthy and the opponents of pan-functionalism is correct, due to a clear opinion on the supply: about how to go about the welfare? If you want to explore the area of universals - logical models of supremacy, which synthesize in your own world the typological power of social organization - then it will be an adequate position for pan-functionalism. Let's guess that the essence of such a model is based on the revealed sufficient and necessary norms of "social anatomy and physiology", the posture of such an impossibility for the creation of a suspensory life in the presence of any particular historical forms (feudal susprestilism, capitalism). Possibility of dysfunctions in such an approach is protected by theorists, if not considered by them, not to enter before the stake of the authorities, as it is not related to the analysis of adaptively superfluous or pathological states of the social system.

Якщо ж йдеться про конкретні людські обставини, то їх вивчення неможливе без визнання та розгляду таких адаптивно нейтральних або дисфункціональних форм суспільного життя, які об'єктивно перешкоджають відтворенню та розвитку тих чи інших її сфер (навіть якщо багато членів цього суспільства переконані в їхній абсолютній необхідності that korisnostі) )48.

Moreover, dysfunctional can be and specifically suspіlstvo, taken as a whole, - so, lower in the philosophical and historical division of our work, we specifically focus on the problem of dividing the “normal” forms of the public organization and її “abnormal”, “piece” forms Yakik deeds see the “artifact of the Vobronitvva Methods”, the dysfunkionalni of their own basics still piddotykhov’s own Zhitti Krainty, the people of the sulca viklika, the same form of the “artifact” understand as a European "revision" of Asian politarism, as it did not meet the real needs of Russian society, in which it was established).

Another rule for an adequate functional analysis is the transfer of the last difference of subordination and coordination, which is based on various structural "tops" of the existing suspense (the suspense is in charge, its historical type, or a specific social organ).

About this environment, we should say especially, little respectful readers instantly respect that the procedures of functional analysis have already been stopped by us when looking at the simplest act of human activity, if the structural characteristics of the subject and the object have passed to the consideration of the causes of those mechanisms, what is revealed in this process, the sequence of its phases, and its results too.

What can be blamed on food: what is our new approach to the problems of functional analysis, broken logical sequence of work, repetition of what has already been said above? Vidpovid be negative. Guess what, rozmirkovuchi about the principles of being a well-organized system, we came out of the fact of її "rich tier", from the obviousness of a number of ranks in the structural organization. Now it is important to understand that the cutaneous system of these ranks has its own system of functional connections.

Importantly Rosomіti, Zokremi, and we’ve gloomed by our loud -in -the -rusty dullness of social, pushing mi, ilneres, zili, the results of the very tiles of the same , mystetstvom too.

Below, we would like to point out that the unreasonable circumstances of the situation cost these representatives of Marxist sociology dearly, as they ottozhnyuyut the problem of ideal and non-ideal factors of activity with the problem of subordination link between speech and spiritual speech. Ця безневинна, здавалося б, помилка змушувала філософів з прагненням, гідним кращого застосування, спростовувати очевидності історії - всіляко виганяти свідомість зі сфери матеріального виробництва (оспорюючи, зокрема, факт перетворення науки на безпосередню продуктивну силу, який інтерпретувався як проникнення ідеального в цитадель матерії», that ruins the foundations of the materialist svetoglyad).

Explosion, vicious Bagatovimicity of the structural organized suspension of suspension, social security for the same time to explain the illegal pimples of the ivs of the most, comprehensive, component sedimentary - in the sedundant - at the same sedimentation - at the same sort of sedundant pіdtremuvatі and vіdtvoryuvаtіt іѕ tіlіsnіst іn nayrіznomanіtnіshіh minds іsnuvannya.

Following this rule, we continue the functional view of the substance of social activity, having switched our attention to the elementary manifestation - social impact - to the support as an organizational form of the social creation.

It should be said that the nature of the deposits, which are important for the suspensory, is differently understood by the scientists, at their own stages of the conflict of functional problems, as it was conceived more, signifi- cantly outweighing the conflict of the problems of structural analysis. At the same time, the most important superechki fahivtsiv viklikaє the problem is the nature of the directness of the links between the parts of the suspension whole, which makes the theoreticians conflict with one with one school.

Virishuyuchi tse nutrition, part of the doctrine, which is adjoining to the so-called monistic flow in social theory, respecting that these connections may have a subordination character. Tse means that in the skin “above” the social structure and the hundredth of the suspense, taken in vain, we can see the main system-creating official, which is the most determinant influx in all other, like in a new phenomenon.

The nature of such factors, the dominants of a suspenseful life, which signifies the functioning and development of the suspense, different socio-philosophical and sociological schools to work in a different way. “Some hang like such a virish official of geographic and climatic mind: climate, flora, fauna, other configuration of the earth's surface - burn, the seas are thin. (L. Mechnikov, Ratzel, Cholovik, Matteuci et al.); інші - daily ethnіchnі umom, the main rank of the struggle of races (Gumplovіch, Gobіno, Ammon and іn.); the third - daily biological factors: the struggle for a basis, an increase in the population and that in. (M. Kovalevsky, Costa ta in.); others - economic officials and class struggle (Marxism); rich, may be greater, - intellectual clerk: growth and development of the human mind in different forms - in looking analytical, utterly scientific knowledge (De-Robert, P. Lavrov), in looking at the light-gazer and religious beliefs (O. Comte, B. Kidd) , in the form of wines (G. Tarde); deakі vysuvayut like such a major factor in power people, like every organism, exercising on salt and unique suffering (L. Ward, Patten); Інші - podіl suspіlnoї pratsі (Durkheim and chastkovo Simmel) and so on. »49.

With what radical adherents of monism are respected, that their visions of the “head factor” are the same in all branches and at all stages of their historical development. Більш помірні» вважають, що кожна історична епоха або географічний регіон людської історії має свої власні «головні фактори» детермінації: якщо, наприклад, ми можемо з упевненістю говорити про визначальний вплив економіки для країн європейського капіталізму, то це твердження навряд чи застосовне до первісного суспільству or Old China and other Asian lands, in which the dominant role was played by other (demographic, political and religious) officials.

The pribіchniki protilezhnogo, pluralistic, directly perekonanі at tsomu, shcho parts of whether a suspіlnoї system perebuvayut among themselves at the coordinating, and chi not subordination fallow, tobto. mutually pour in one on one, not succumbing to the names that signify, the second ones that signify. Shche M.M. Kovalevsky vvazhav, that “talk about the factor, that is about the central factor, that I am crying after myself everything else, for me the same, that you are talking about those drops of river water, as if with your own hand you will fool over. In fact, it’s possible, on the right, not with factors, but with facts, for some skins and other cases, from many others, they are stumped by those shackled”50.

Apparently, the skin theorist can turn his own power "leading factor" - for example, to look at human history from a look of their role, as they played in the economy in the blue of power (like K. Marx). Such a view, as respected by the French theorist R. Aron, will be entirely legitimate and correct - ale doti, the docks are not accompanied by “dogmatic absolutization”, claims to the unity of such an approach. Indeed, whether a sociologist may have the same right to look at history under the eyes of spiritual and political officials, without absolutizing his point of view, without transforming it into one single possibility.

I characterize the argumentation of such an approach by P.A. Sorokin, who develops the idea of a coordinating systemic functioning and the development of a suspension, which includes the dominant role of them, whether it be an environmental component of the whole system.

“The study of whether an integrated system of sociocultural phenomena, - stverzhu vin, - shows that all the main elements are with a different degree of intensity interdependent. To that of Kolya, the Zmin in one class (said, in the Ekonomic) unfortunate culture to be sorely crushed by one -in -law in the Inshoma class (we say, the relay is not sprinkled, and the classes are how to show transformations in the socio-cultural system as a whole”51.

Для роз'яснення цього твердження Сорокін вдається до аналогії з функціональними залежностями в живому організмі, стверджуючи: «Коли організм переходить від дитячого до дорослого стану, його анатомічні, фізіологічні та психологічні якості зазнають багатьох змін: збільшується зростання і вага, трансформується діяльність залоз внутрішньої секреції , cholovіkіv z'yavlyayutsya vus and beard, accumulating dosvіd. All these mutations are due not to a connection with an increase in growth, but by the appearance of viruses, but by rich-sided manifestations of a change in the organism as a whole”52.

So it goes, to rob Sorokin's whiskers, “and in mutual ... between classes, which are warehouse parts of the socio-cultural system. Наприклад, коли ми вивчаємо західне суспільство і культуру з кінця середніх віків і на всьому протязі наступних століть, ми помічаємо, що наукові відкриття та винаходи виявляються з швидкістю, що збільшується, виникає і зростає капіталістична економіка, мистецтва зазнають фундаментального зрушення від переважно релігійних до переважно secular and sensitive forms, absolutist ethics and zvichaї are sacrificed by the mind of relativist ethics, idealism is changing, materialism is growing; Protestantism is emerging and gaining rank, hundreds of other changes are being made. Zgіdno z Karl Marx, tsі phenomena pov'yazanі zі razrushennyam in ekonomіko-technological minds; looks like Max Weber, the stench is like a link to a serpentine religion, more precisely, a link to the emergence of Protestantism”53.

Not in the weather, not in the other point of dawn, Sorokin vvazhaє, scho “by stretching the metamorphosis of the zahіdnogo suspіlstva and culture zhoden іz the “primary” factors, not buv vіdpovіdalnym for the change of other factors; more, now, change, as the whole social and cultural system has recognized Zakhod, it has been the most important for the entire development of various developments in economic, religious, political and other subsystems, similarly to that, as a change in from a child to a grown-up I will be wiser to the growth of the whole organism”54.

Adherents to monism, on the other hand, hang on to a wicked adversity with such argumentation, proving hardly a correct analogy of success with the water flow of the functioning and development of the body.

For reference, butt from the stream of water, guidance from M.M. Kovalevsky, it is impossible to get into the taman suspense. In times of okremі drops, it is impossible to initiate a violent change due to these simple reasons, which can lead to an external change, but not an immanent model of change, tobto. vyklikano not for internal reasons - like in a state of suspense - but for the sake of external reasons.

У випадку зі змінами організму ми можемо - на противагу думці Сорокіна - стверджувати, що їх безпосередньою причиною є не холістично зрозуміле «ціле» організму, а його інформаційна підсистема, представлена генетичними структурами спадковості, які відповідають за еквіфінальний розвиток за власною програмою, а also for mutational changes, provoked by the minds of the middle class55.

Let's try to give a reading about the functional issues in the social-philosophical and bizarre sociological theories by looking at the two most famous theorists - PA. Sorokin56 and K. Marx57. Vіdminnіst їх podkhodіv maє, speaking my specific sociology, entirely representative character, that is. demonstrating, for our part, the main sore points of the functional theory of suspense in the fire.

Pochnemo z spheres zgodi mizh named theorists. And that and the other one is respected for the possibility and the necessary installation of universal laws of functioning and development, as they appear in any combination, independently of any ethnic, space-hour and other features.

Dalі, and the one and the other is important, that in the basis of the functioning of the skin suspіlstva lie smut factors, which do not change over the course of people's history. You can also swear by the reader, knowing well Sorokin’s arguments on the vindictiveness of social and philosophical pluralism, criticizing him of the monist approach (which in early works is recognized by him as the result of the intervention of the philosophical mind into the field of socio-philosophical problems, illegally investigating the philosophical problems of the people).

It is characteristic, however, that, moving from deep reflections about the principles of “social physiology” to analyzing the specific reasons for the functioning and evolution of socio-cultural systems, Sorokin de facto comes to looking, as a whole, to the canons of social and philosophical monism. Like before Marx, wine reveals the “head” factor of the functioning and the development of society, arguing and defending one’s choice. In this case, however, the similarity of two concepts will end, but the nature of the forces that dominate the constellation will understand them differently. Let's take a look at the main problems that evoke the acute controversy of Sorokin and pribіchnіnі in the materialistic understanding of history.

List of references

For the preparation of this work, we collected materials from the Russian site internet

The 19th century has a high vision and a wide breadth.
I took away philosophical vchennya, as if they were prodovzhennyam,
and the singing world and the completion of the spiritual turn, which motivated
in the Age of Resurrection. Until what hour we will paint the image
German philosophy of the 18th-19th centuries was the father and inspiration of them
kіv, not vipadkovo called classical. Vaughn stood up and rose
given the principles, how many of them can be
the concept of the European philosophy of the new hour - regardless of
all razmaїttya that confrontation її idey.

Nutrition about the separation of philosophy of the XX century from the principles,
put the basis of classical philosophizing, tim
The most important thing is that the main ideas of nature, history,
people, as a rule, are not alone
philosophies, but pan-principles, ideals,
the value of culture during this period. Through them philosophy
and “shopping in thoughts” of their era.

To give a closer look at the non-classical
thoughts with the principles of philosophical classics, take a sample
lemu rozum. Tsey vibir is not vipadkovy: the problem of the mind is the heart
the wine of the philosophy of the new hour. Philosophers of the tsієї epoch came
to a wide cloud of mind, respecting that nature, history,
human activity rukhoma internal power
"reasonable". Talk about the problem to the mind meant, in such a rank
analyze the root problems of philosophy.

Truth is, even in the XVIII century, philosophers most of all understood
jKjpasyM" as one of the most powerful people in learning ways.
news, zavdyaki yakіy vin think, form understanding, oper-
rue them. Within the framework of rational activity, two
layer - Rozumov's activity, based on the dosvіdі, then
є mislennya at the sight of mirkuvannya, proof, rozrahunka
and so on, and diyalnist thought, scho nіbi zdіymaєtsya over dosvіdom,
overdosed. Persha was called a rose, and a friend was called a vlas-
"Ale rozum. Other people called rozum and rozum"
intellect. Superechka philosophers of the new hour about the great could-

things, and chimalih surroundings of the human mind
svіdchiv about those who are rich in them
critical (guess about the criticism of “pure reason” by I. Kant).
The situation that the philosophers of the new hour have understood
the mind is wide, loom on the horizon not only a reasonable building
people, today's reader can be amazing.
him. Khіba іsnuє іs іnshіy іnshі rozum, krіm osoblії
rozumovo-pіznavalnoї zdatnostі concreteї people
s usima її perevagami and surroundings?

In the history of thought, there is a wider clouding of the rozum vinikalo
to the one who is really aware of the problem, which is
looking beyond the "individual mind". Classical
thoughts of the XVIII and XIX century order with criticism of the mind as an individual
dual vibrancy, the tendency to glorify post-
individual mind. Yogo product and form (ideas, understanding,
theory, ideals, norms, values) vіdokremlіnі vіd іdіvіduuma, stink
based on human culture. For help individual
dual and post-individual forms of spiritual activity
a century mastering the world, touching yoga and at once
vaє” world at the Duma. It was the real basis of the theological,
idealistic concepts of the “divine” mind or affirmation
thoughts about those who are the absolute spirit, the greater mind governs
lies the development of the world.

Philosophy wins and establishes the cult of rozuma (zozumіlo-
go to another, expanding sensi). And it seemed to me that
that philosophical science was wonderfully captivating and deviated from mind-
nya, the values of their era. butt can be french
philosophy of the 18th century The cult of rozuma, like a won voted.
la, to a kind of ideological reinforcement and incentives
believe that it has expanded widely, it is possible to rebud
life on the cob to Rosum
ideals of Freedom, Equality, Brotherhood. Pіd tsimi extinguished super-
the Great French Revolution of 1789-1799 was going on. Won
Bula is a real thing, it’s super smart, what zmushuvalo put
food for її ideological support, zokrema about the cult of reason.
Classical philosophy of Nimechchini, named by Marx German
which theory of the French Revolution, from one side, piddala
criticism of the mind of the French mind, and of the other
side, no less highly appreciated the ability of the "right",
"pure" mind. Way from Kant to Hegel - tse way, yakim
kantivske rozuminnya rozum like a vishchoy, ale critically assess-
the new building of the people was given to the Hegelian culture
that "divine" mind.

Before this creation, zvichayno
Hegel himself, wanting to expand in culture, did not sing
ale gegelіvske
rozuminnya rozum, and the Hegelian model is asked. Won something

most often and was criticized by the other half of the 19th century
tiya i in the XX century. At the center of such a Hegelian model was
do it wider, more optimistic, "progressive"
rozuminnya to the mind, which is clouded as a synonym for the law
nostі, dotsіlnostі nature and vishіdnogo ruhu іstorії
to the point of "reasonable mind", as the supreme judge of the clear,
as a bearer of "correct" truth and a guarantor of "greater" morality.
news. Such a "pure mind" was opposed to non-reasonable
nіst - vipadkovіst, randomness, bagatolіnіynіst - specific
new history, real human behavior. ale
it was said that the mind will pave your way through the mustache
linne", "foolish". "Cunning of the mind" (Hegel's term) in co-
night rahunka can overcome the "sourness" of nature and vipadkovo-
article of history. From the look of such a simple "additional
leafy" rozumіnnya іndivіdi є simple zbroєyu
to the mind, embedded in history. Ale care what you accept
measures of deacons can be guilty of them, knowing the power of the mind
and knowing yoga law, come to the truth of reasonable knowledge
ta dії. And if you wear the mind, science, illumine the light
nasіnnya "true rozum" in the souls of other people, the rozin
I can't help it.

With such faith in the "I will overcome the move" of such a position
faith
force, mіtsі rational svіdomostі іndivіda. Ale i ti, hto, ~
similar to Kant
all the same, they deeply believed in science, її progress, through human
thoughts.

L so "B .. the new hour of panuvala vira y thoroughly
mind through the progress of science. Vaughn outgrew at the bigness
Philosophers of that period were inspired by those whose mind was smut.
niy and the best tool for the transformation of human life.
no. The most vivid form of such a mind was respected by science
pіznannya, ale chimalі nadії relied on vihovannia
rozumu, healthy mind, zdіbnosti to pіznannya, vlastih
skin okremіy people. On this basis, the mind was lowered
enlightenment of the masses, and enlightenment - with democracy.

, ^ίί^ 116 and rational knowledge voted head,
virishal power, which allows you to spodіvatisya on a rose-
shennya of all problems, as if standing in front of a person and a person.
property. Shchob vykonat pokladenі on the new grandiose for-
dachas, knowledge, respected classical philosophers, may be
we will clarify, we will prove, we will prove, we will sum up,
let's bring the system to a logical string. Mіzh so know-
yum and navkolishnim light є inner comfort.
More in the navkolyshny man's world
rozuminnyu, panuє prihovaniya vnutrіshnіy - reasonable - order,
vodkriti like a principle is accessible to the human mind, like wine

know “simple and clear rules” (R. Descartes) know and prove
stva (to know the correct method of recognition).

Not only problems of the current world, knowledge, knowledge,
the method of knowledge, ale and food about God, faith and religion
elk to interpret rationalistically. Promovist name
one of the works of I. Kant - "Religion in the confines of the
mind" - allows you to understand directly tsikh philosophic
myslen.

Philosophers-classics podіlyali perekonannya in what they can,
owe buti rationally known and recognized as zagalnolyudski
humanistic ideals and principles, we are forwarding the ideal of freedom
that principle of human specialty. Philosophy in the
nyalosya in obov'yazok nadbudovuvat budіvlyu practice, science,
culture with naive surfaces - get into the system
theoretical thoughts about the hell: about the whole buttya,
about the people that її zagalnu sutnіst, about suspіlstvo like that, about
important principles, and methods of knowledge, about important, knowledge
chimih for all people and in the current norms
news. Nutrition about single, okreme - for example, about okreme
them people, their freedoms, rights, thoughts, suffering - also
were set, but the stench was in the order of nutrition about the day, about everything-
schema (about a person like that, about the life of a person).

Zvichayno, and the philosophical classics had a vchennya, yaki
like bi fell out of the wild picture. For example, the classic
rationalism among the sensi resisted - inkoli well navit
interspersed in the new yak elements - mystical, agno-
stichni, skeptical mentality. Ale in the new hour
skepticism took faith in science
rudely to him. Well, the smut was in the fact that up to the middle
19th century, the ideological revolutions that revolted against rationalism
and there are more than you, who resisted the youma, which is called, did not hesitate to wait.

The main philosophical principles and stosuvannya in the known world. Basic principles of philosophy

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