Pererakhuyte problems, pov'yazanі z vikoristannyam water resources. Problems of optimal selection of water resources. Water resources and water resources

Current problems of water resources

Already at the same time, in rich regions of the earth's backlands, there are great difficulties in the provision of water supply and water supply in the wake of the acidic and sizable supply of water resources, which is due to the pollution and irrational water supply.

A small amount of straying can’t mean I’ll become a water-bearing place, so because there’s a building of biological purification, but the problem lies in the fact that, as a rule, a lot of straying rivers that are thrown off the water, even though the water is large, it can’t hit the enemy.

Through the destruction of the ecological level near the waterways, there is a serious threat of a significant deterioration in the ecological situation with a fire. Therefore, before the people to stand the greatness of the task of protecting the hydrosphere and preserving the biological equality of the biosphere.

The problem of clouding the Light Ocean

Naphtha and oil products are the widest straying rivers near the Light Ocean. On the cob of the 80s, near the ocean, approximately 6 million tons of oil were needed, which amounted to 0.23% of the light vidobutka. Most of the oil consumption is related to transportation from areas to vidobutka. Emergencies, angering overboard with tankers of flushing and ballast waters, - all the same, the presence of permanent fields of straying on the routes of the sea ways. During the period of 1962-79, due to accidents near the sea, about 2 million tons of oil were produced. For the remaining 30 years, beginning in 1964, about 2000 boreholes were drilled near the Holy Ocean, of which less than 1000 and 350 industrial boreholes were drilled near the Pivnichny Sea. Through insignificant turns, 0.1 million tons of oil are widely used. Great masses of oil are found by the sea in rivers, with butt and sludge drains.

Obsyag zabrudnen іz kogo dzherel to become 2.0 mln.t./rіk. With the stocks of industrial production, it consumes 0.5 million tons of oil. Sipping in the middle of the sea, naphtha rises like spittle, satisfying the balls of various tightness.

Plivka zavtovshki 30-40 microns is covered with clay and infrachervone viprominuvannya. Moving out of the water, I make naphtha an emulsion of two types: straight - "naphtha by the water" - and back - "water in naphtha". When the airborne fractions are removed, naphtha is made into a viscous emulsion, which can be collected on the surface, carried by the current, flowing to the shore and settling on the bottom.

Pesticides. Pesticides form a group of piece-created speeches, which are vicorous to fight against threshkіdniki and ailments of the roslin. It has been established that pesticides, which harm the poor, harm the rich brown organisms and improve the health of biocenoses. The agricultural state has long had the problem of transitioning from chemical (which confuses the middle), to biological (environmentally friendly) methods of fighting against children. The industrial production of pesticides is accompanied by the appearance of a large number of by-products, which confuse water.

Important things were thrown. Heavy metals (mercury, lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, mish'yak) lie down to wide and even more toxic, fermenting cavities. The stench is widely stagnant in various industrial wastes, to that, unimportantly, come in, instead of collecting important metals near the industrial sewage waters, to dry high. Great masses of them from the floor come to the ocean through the atmosphere. For marine biocenoses, mercury, lead and cadmium are the most unsafe. Mercury is transported to the ocean by continental runoff and through the atmosphere. When viewing siege and upheavals, 3.5 yews are widely seen. tons of mercury. At the warehouse of the atmospheric saw, there are close to 12 yew. tons of mercury, moreover, a significant part is anthropogenic exodus. Nearly half of the river industrial production of this metal (910 thousand tons / river) is dragged by different paths to the ocean. In areas where industrial waters are wandering, the concentration of mercury in various suspensions is strongly elevated. Contamination of seafood repeatedly led to mercury poisoning of the coastal population. Lead is a typical rose element that can be found in all components of the natural medium: in rocks, soils, natural waters, atmospheres, living organisms. Nareshti, lead is actively rozsіyuєtsya in the middle of the process of the government activity of people. Tse vikidi with industrial and butovy drains, with dim tap saw of industrial enterprises, with exhaust gases of internal combustion engines.

Thermal confusion. Thermal zabrudnennya surface waters and coastal marine waters are the result of the discharge of heated sewage waters from power plants and other industrial virobnitstv. Skidance of heated waters near high waters increases the temperature increase of the water near the waters by 6-8 degrees Celsius. The area of heated waters near the coastal areas can reach 30 sq. km. Greater temperature stratification of the water exchange between the surface and bottom balls. The sourness of the sourness changes, and the stagnation of the yogo grows, as the temperature rises, the activity of aerobic bacteria increases, which spreads the organic speech. The species diversity of phytoplankton and all flora of algae is being studied.

Congestion of freshwater ponds

In places of great crowding of people, that creature of natural pure water does not ring out, especially as it is victorious to collect sewage, and they are transferred from settlements. Even though the sewage from the soil is not consumed much, the soil organisms recycle it, re-vitalizing the life of the speech, and in the dry watercourses the water will seep already clean. Ale, as if uncleanness is drained into the water, the stench rots, and the sour is oxidized. This is the name of the biochemical need of the acid. The greater the need, the less sour is left in the water for living microorganisms, especially for fish and algae. Somehow, through a lack of sourness, the guinea is all alive. The water becomes biologically dead; only anaerobic bacteria are inundated in it; the stench flourishes without sourness, and in their life they see the circulatory day - blast gas with a specific smell of rotten eggs. And without that lifeless water fills with a putrid smell and becomes unsuitable for people and creatures. It can be similar if there is an excess of water in such rechovins, like nitrate and phosphate; stench sip water from the sillskogospodarskih dobriv in the fields or from the river waters, zabrudnenny miyuchimi fences. The biogenic speech stimulates the growth of algae, the algae begin to recover richly sour, and if it becomes insufficient, the stench will die. At the natural minds of the lake, the first time is mulled and stumbled, it is close to 20 yew. fates. Too much biogenic speech will speed up the process of old and change the terms of the life of the lake. In warm water, the sour is more pronounced, lower in cold water. Enterprises, especially power plants, contribute to the greatness of the amount of water for cooling. The heated water is thrown back to the rivers and further damages the biological integrity of the water system. Decrease instead of changing the development of some living species and giving priority to others. Ale tsі novі teplolyubnі see tezh suffer greatly, as only pripinyaetsya pіdіgrіv vod. Organic wastes, biogenic speeches and warmly melt in the background for the normal development of freshwater ecological systems only if the stench is overwhelmed by the systems. But with the rest of the fates on the ecological system, majestic numbers of absolutely alien speeches fell, such a stench does not know the zakhist. Pesticides, which stagnate in the agricultural state, threw and chemicals from the industrial sewage waters managed to penetrate into the frying lance of the water middle, which can cause indelible pastures. You see, standing on the cob of a grub lance, they can accumulate a lot of speech in unsafe concentrations and become even more intimidating for smaller slurs. Contaminated water can be purified. For friendly minds, you follow the natural path in the process of the natural water cycle. Ale zabrudnennymi pools-rivers, lakes thinly - for rejuvenation it takes significantly more than an hour. In order for the natural systems to zoom in, it is necessary for us to move away from the entrances to the rivers. The promises of the wikidi not only make you laugh, but they open the lines of the word. No matter what, the deakies of the city of the state and the trades of undertakings still respect for better throwing off the entrances to the rivers and even more reluctant to move in the least if the water becomes unacceptable or unsafe.

At its inexhaustible circle, the water churns and endures the impersonal differences, or the hanging speeches, then it clears itself out of them. A rich little house near the water with natural waters and spend it there at the same time with a plank or ground waters. That same path to pass and deyakі іz zabrudnyuyuchy speeches, pov'yazanih іz dіyalnіstyu people. Dim, drank that promissory gas and at once from the board settle on the ground; chemical waste and filth, brought near the soil with fertilizers, is consumed by the river from the ground waters. Deyakі v_dhodi go piecewise created ways - drainage ditches and sewer pipes. Qi speech sounds more rotten, but it is easier to control it, lower it, which is transferred in the process of the natural water cycle.

Zagalnosvitovoe vodopozhivannya on gospodarska and pobutovі consumption to become approximately 9% of the total river runoff. That is why it is not direct water supply of hydroresources for lack of fresh waters in quiet and other regions of the earth's backcountry, but rather yakisne. For the rest of the decade, more and more part of the fresh water cycle began to accumulate industrial and municipal drains. On the industrial side and the consumption of oil, about 600-700 cubic meters are saved. km of water to the river. 130-150 cub. km, about 500 cubic meters. km of water, so called waste waters are thrown into rivers, lakes and seas.

water purification methods

An important place in the zapobіgannі dіdroresursіv vіd yakіsnogo vysnazhennya lie spores. Purify spores of different types of fallow water in the main way of sewage excavation. With the mechanical method, the houses are removed from the sewage waters through the system of the various types of pastures. In the past, this method has known the widest zastosuvannya for the purification of industrial stocks. The essence of the chemical method is to introduce reagents at the sewage treatment plants. The stinks enter into a reaction with variability and indistinct straying speeches and scatter their vipadance in the vodstіynikah, the sounds of them are seen by a mechanical path. And this method is unsuitable for the purification of wastewater, which is to avenge a lot of various contaminants. For the purification of industrial stocks in a folding warehouse, the vicorist requires an electric (physical) method. With this method, an electric stream is passed through industrial drains, which will lead to more sieges of sieges. The electrolytic method is more efficient and affects small amounts of energy at the expense of treatment plants. In our country, in the city of Minsk, a group of factories using an additional method has reached a high level of wastewater purification. When cleaning the butovic wastewater, the best results are given by the biological method. In this way, for the mineralization of organic vicarious mud, there are biological aerobic processes that work for the help of microorganisms. The biological method zastosovuyt like in minds, close to natural, and in special biological cases. At the first vapadka, the gospodarsko-pobutovі effluents are fed to the fields of sprouts. Here the water is filtered through the soil and at the same time it undergoes bacterial purification. In the fields of sprouts, impersonal organic good things are accumulated, which allows them to grow high crops. A collapsible system of biological purification of the fermented Rhine waters for water supply from the low places of the country was developed and planted by the Dutch. On the Rhine, pumping stations with partial purification filters were installed. From the rivers, water is pumped from the shallow ditches to the surface of the river terraces. Through a tovscha of aluvial vіdkladen it is filtered out, popovnyuyuchi ґruntovі water. Groundwater is served along the Sverdlovinas for additional purification and then we come to the watercourses. Clean up the problem to solve the problem of saving the quality of fresh waters until the stage of development of the economy of specific geographical regions. Let's wait for the moment, if the available hydro resources are no longer available for the development of a greater quantity of purification wastewater. Todi begin to progressively zabrudnennya hydroresources, nastaє їх yakіsne vysnazhennya. In addition, at all stations of purification from growing wastewater, there is a problem of placing significant connections in the filtering of straying speeches. In such a rite, the purification of industrial and communal drains gives only the timchas's blessings of the mіstsevih order of the protection of water from the stray. The cardinal paths of defense against the zabrudnennya and ruining of natural aquatic and associated with them natural territorial complexes in the field are changed, or to induce a new connection with the waters of the waters, including purified sewage waters. Improvement of technological processes step by step virishuє tsі zavdannya. On the daedal, a larger number of enterprises stop the water supply cycle. At this vіdpаtsоvanі vіdpаtsоvani vіdpаtsоvanі vіd pass іnfrequently purіsіnії, pіslyа such stench саn bаt vikoristаnі in а number of gallows of industry. Outside of the building of all the entrances, directing to the pinning of the skids of sewage near the river, the lake and the reservoir, it is only possible in the minds of the territorial-virobnic complexes that have accumulated. At the borders of virobnicheskih complexes in the organization of a closed cycle of water supply, it is possible to achieve foldable technological links between different enterprises. At the future clearing place, it is not possible to throw off the water from the waterways, but to become one of the technological lines of the lancet of closed water supply. The progress of technology, the outer appearance of medical hydrological, physical and economic-geographical minds when planning and shaping territorial-virobnic complexes allow, in the future, to ensure the safety of the cycle and the preservation of all waters, the circulation of fresh water, and the transformation of fresh water. More and more often for the replenishment of fresh water resources, other parts of the hydrosphere are vicarious. Thus, it is possible to develop an effective technology for the desalination of sea waters. Technically, the problem of desalination of sea water has been eliminated. However, for whom a lot of energy is needed, and for that, water is even more expensive. It is much cheaper to press salty underground water. For the help of solar installations, q water is desalinated in the USA, on the territory of Kalmiki, the Krasnodar Territory, the Volgograd Region. At international conferences on the problems of water resources, the possibility of transferring fresh water, conserved like icebergs, is discussed.

First, having called for icebergs to supply water to arid areas in the backwaters of the earth, the American geographer and engineer John Isaacs. For this project, from the shores of Antarctica, icebergs are due to be transported by ships into the cold Peruvian current and further by the system of currents to the shores of California. Here the stench clings to the shore, and fresh water, which settles under the hour of tanning, is piped to the mainland. Moreover, the condensation waves on the cold surface of the iceberg in the amount of fresh water will appear 25% larger, lower in themselves.

Visnovok

Ninі the problem of pollution of water objects (rivers, lakes, seas, ground waters) is the most relevant, because. to all vіdomo - viraz "water is life". Without water, a person cannot live more than three days, but to learn all the importance of the role of water in life, all the same, he continues to exploit the water objects, irrevocably changing the natural regime with drops and exits. Tissues of living organisms are 70% made up of water, and to that V.I. Vernadsky vyznav life as I live water. The water of the Earth is rich, but 97% is the salty water of the oceans and seas, and less than 3% is fresh. Three quarters may be inaccessible to living organisms, but little water is "conserved" in the ice caps of the mountain and the polar caps (ice caps of the Arctic and Antarctic). Tse reserve fresh water. From the water available to living organisms, the main part is found in their tissues.

The need for water in organisms is already great. For example, to make 1 kg of wood biomass stained up to 500 kg of water. And to that її it is necessary to stained glass and not to get confused.

The main mass of the waters is found in the oceans. Water, which evaporates from the surface, gives healing water to natural and pieced land ecosystems. The closer the region is to the ocean, the more fall falls there. The land constantly turns the water to the ocean, part of the water is steamed, especially by foxes, part is collected by rivers, to which there are rain and snow waters. The exchange of water between the ocean and the dry land means a great amount of energy: up to 1/3 of those that the Earth takes away from the Sun are stained.

The cycle of water in the biosphere to the development of civilization is equally important, the ocean otrimuvav vіd rіchok stіlki vod, skіlki vіtrachav for її viparovvanni. Even though the climate did not change, the rivers did not grind, and the river water did not decrease in the lakes. With the development of civilization, this cycle became disrupted, after the irrigation of agricultural crops, the evaporation from the land increased. The rivers of the pivdennyh districts have been enriched, the light ocean has been swamped, and the appearance of the surface of the naphtha has changed the amount of water, steamed by the ocean. All this increases the water supply of the biosphere. The droughts are often melting, the fires of ecological disasters are blamed. In addition, the fresh water itself, as it turns into the ocean and other water reservoirs from the land, is often strayed, the water of the rich river of Russia has become practically not suitable for drinking.

We have a non-redundant resource - fresh clean water - is becoming redundant. Today's water, supplementary for drinking, industrial production and growth, do not hang out in rich areas of the world. Today it is impossible not to pay attention to this problem, because if not on us, then on our children we will pour all the traces of anthropogenic stray water. Already at the same time through dioxin pollution with water in Russia for a short gin 20 yew. of people. As a result of living in the unsafely polluted environment, cancerous and other ecologically contaminated deposits of various organs are expanding. Henceforth, this problem needs to be eliminated aknaishvidshe and radically look at the problem of cleaning industrial skids.

abstract

For ecology

On the topic: "Current problems of water resources"

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Current problems of water resources

The problems of clean water and the protection of water ecosystems are becoming more and more popular in the world of historical development of society, rapidly growing influx on nature, which is called scientific and technical progress. Already at the same time, in rich regions of the earth's backlands, there are great difficulties in the provision of water supply and water supply in the wake of the acidic and sizable supply of water resources, which is due to the pollution and irrational water supply.

The wandering of the water is important in the aftermath of the drop to it of trades, butovyh and silskogospodarskih vіdhodіv. In some waterways, there is a lot of turbidity on the floor, which led to further degradation, like a water supply. A small amount of straying can’t mean I’ll become a water-bearing place, so because there’s a building of biological purification, but the problem lies in the fact that, as a rule, a lot of straying rivers that are thrown off the water, even though the water is large, it can’t hit the enemy.

Water supply and water supply are often aggravated by biological barriers: overgrown canals reduce the throughput of the building, the color of algae increases the water quality, the sanitary camp, the overgrowth creates barriers at navigation and sporting functions. Therefore, the development of approaches to biological transitions is of great practical importance and becomes one of the most important problems of hydrobiology. Through the destruction of the ecological level near the waterways, there is a serious threat of a significant deterioration in the ecological situation with a fire. Therefore, before the people to stand the greatness of the task of protecting the hydrosphere and preserving the biological equality of the biosphere.

The problem of clouding the Light Ocean.

Naftova plіvka changes the warehouse to the spectrum and the intensity of penetration into the water is light. Transmission of light with thin streams of crude oil to become 1-10% (280 nm), 60-70% (400 nm). Plivka zavtovshki 30-40 microns is covered with clay and infrachervone viprominuvannya. Moving out of the water, I make naphtha an emulsion of two types: straight - "naphtha by the water" - and back - "water in naphtha". When the airborne fractions are removed, naphtha is made into a viscous emulsion, which can be collected on the surface, carried by the current, flowing to the shore and settling on the bottom.

Nearly half of the river industrial production of this metal (910 thousand tons / river) is dragged by different paths to the ocean. In areas where industrial waters are wandering, the concentration of mercury in various suspensions is strongly elevated. Contamination of seafood repeatedly led to mercury poisoning of the coastal population. Lead is a typical rose element that can be found in all components of the natural medium: in rocks, soils, natural waters, atmospheres, living organisms. Nareshti, lead, actively, rozsіyuєtsya at dovkіllya at the process of gospodarsk activity of people. Tse vikidi with industrial and butovy drains, with dim tap saw of industrial enterprises, with exhaust gases of internal combustion engines.

Zabrudnennya freshwater ponds.

The circle of water, the whole long way of the її rush, is composed of decal stages: viparovuvannya, twilight hmar, vipadannya board, runoff into strings and rivers and new viparovuvannya. rozchinenikh gazіv and mineral rechovina, zvazhenny solid material. In places of great crowding of people, that creature of natural pure water does not ring out, especially as it is victorious to collect sewage, and they are transferred from settlements. Even though the sewage from the soil is not consumed much, the soil organisms recycle it, re-vitalizing the life of the speech, and in the dry watercourses the water will seep already clean. Ale, as if uncleanness is drained into the water, the stench rots, and the sour is oxidized. This is the name of the biochemical need of the acid. The greater the need, the less sour is left in the water for living microorganisms, especially for fish and algae. Somehow, through a lack of sourness, the guinea is all alive.

The water becomes biologically dead; only anaerobic bacteria are inundated in it; the stench flourishes without sourness, and in their life they see the circulatory day - blast gas with a specific smell of rotten eggs. And without that lifeless water fills with a putrid smell and becomes unsuitable for people and creatures. It can be similar if there is an excess of water in such rechovins, like nitrate and phosphate; stench sip water from the sillskogospodarskih dobriv in the fields or from the river waters, zabrudnenny miyuchimi fences. The biogenic speech stimulates the growth of algae, the algae begin to recover richly sour, and if it becomes insufficient, the stench will die. At the natural minds of the lake, the first time is mulled and stumbled, it is close to 20 yew. fates. Too much biogenic speech will speed up the process of old and change the terms of the life of the lake. In warm water, the sour is more pronounced, lower in cold water. Enterprises, especially power plants, contribute to the greatness of the amount of water for cooling. The heated water is thrown back to the rivers and further damages the biological integrity of the water system. Decrease instead of changing the development of some living species and giving priority to others. Ale tsі novі teplolyubnі see tezh suffer greatly, as only pripinyaetsya pіdіgrіv vod.

Organic wastes, biogenic speeches and warmly melt in the background for the normal development of freshwater ecological systems only if the stench is overwhelmed by the systems. But with the rest of the fates on the ecological system, majestic numbers of absolutely alien speeches fell, such a stench does not know the zakhist. Pesticides, which stagnate in the agricultural state, threw and chemicals from the industrial sewage waters managed to penetrate into the frying lance of the water middle, which can cause indelible pastures. You see, standing on the cob of a grub lance, they can accumulate a lot of speech in unsafe concentrations and become even more intimidating for smaller slurs.

Contaminated water can be purified. For friendly minds, you follow the natural path in the process of the natural water cycle. Ale zabrudnennymi pools-rivers, lakes thinly - for rejuvenation it takes significantly more than an hour. In order for the natural systems to zoom in, it is necessary for us to move away from the entrances to the rivers. The promises of the wikidi not only make you laugh, but they open the lines of the word. No matter what, the deakies of the city of the state and the trades of undertakings still respect for better throwing off the entrances to the rivers and even more reluctant to move in the least if the water becomes unacceptable or unsafe.

Zagalnosvitovoe vodopozhivannya on gospodarska and pobutovі consumption to become approximately 9% of the total river runoff. Therefore, it is not direct water supply of hydroresources for lack of fresh waters in quiet and other regions of the earth's backwaters, but rather yakisne. For the rest of the decade, more and more part of the fresh water cycle began to accumulate industrial and municipal drains. On the industrial side and the consumption of oil, about 600-700 cubic meters are saved. km of water to the river. 130-150 cub. km, about 500 cubic meters. km of water, so called sewage waters are thrown into the rivers and the sea.

Water purification methods.

When cleaning the butovic wastewater, the best results are given by the biological method. In this way, for the mineralization of organic vicarious mud, there are biological aerobic processes that work for the help of microorganisms. The biological method zastosovuyt like in minds, close to natural, and in special biological cases. At the first vapadka, the gospodarsko-pobutovі effluents are fed to the fields of sprouts. Here the water is filtered through the soil and at the same time it undergoes bacterial purification.

In the fields of sprouts, impersonal organic good things are accumulated, which allows them to grow high crops. A collapsible system of biological purification of the fermented Rhine waters for water supply from the low places of the country was developed and planted by the Dutch. On the Rhine, pumping stations with partial purification filters were installed. From the rivers, water is pumped from the shallow ditches to the surface of the river terraces. Through a tovscha of aluvial vіdkladen it is filtered out, popovnyuyuchi ґruntovі water. Groundwater is served along the Sverdlovinas for additional purification and then we come to the watercourses. Clean up the problem to solve the problem of saving the quality of fresh waters until the stage of development of the economy of specific geographical regions. Let's wait for the moment, if the available hydro resources are no longer available for the development of a greater quantity of purification wastewater. Todi begin to progressively zabrudnennya hydroresources, nastaє їх yakіsne vysnazhennya. In addition, at all stations of purification from growing wastewater, there is a problem of placing significant connections in the filtering of straying speeches.

In such a rite, the purification of industrial and communal drains gives only the timchas's blessings of the mіstsevih order of the protection of water from the stray. The cardinal paths of defense against the zabrudnennya and ruining of natural aquatic and associated with them natural territorial complexes in the field are changed, or to induce a new connection with the waters of the waters, including purified sewage waters. Improvement of technological processes step by step virishuє tsі zavdannya. On the daedal, a larger number of enterprises stop the water supply cycle. At this vіdpаtsоvanі vіdpаtsоvani vіdpаtsоvanі vіd pass іnfrequently purіsіnії, pіslyа such stench саn bаt vikoristаnі in а number of gallows of industry.

Outside of the building of all the entrances, directing to the pinning of the skids of sewage near the river, the lake and the reservoir, it is only possible in the minds of the territorial-virobnic complexes that have accumulated. At the borders of virobnicheskih complexes in the organization of a closed cycle of water supply, it is possible to achieve foldable technological links between different enterprises. At the future clearing place, it is not possible to throw off the water from the waterways, but to become one of the technological lines of the lancet of closed water supply.

The progress of technology, the outer appearance of medical hydrological, physical and economic-geographical minds when planning and shaping territorial-virobnic complexes allow, in the future, to ensure the safety of the cycle and the preservation of all waters, the circulation of fresh water, and the transformation of fresh water. More and more often for the replenishment of fresh water resources, other parts of the hydrosphere are vicarious. Thus, it is possible to develop an effective technology for the desalination of sea waters. Technically, the problem of desalination of sea water has been eliminated. However, for whom a lot of energy is needed, and for that, water is even more expensive. It is much cheaper to press salty underground water. For the help of solar installations, q water is desalinated in the USA, on the territory of Kalmiki, the Krasnodar Territory, the Volgograd Region. At international conferences on the problems of water resources, the possibility of transferring fresh water, conserved like icebergs, is discussed.

The need for water in organisms is already great. For example, to make 1 kg of wood biomass stained up to 500 kg of water. And to that її it is necessary to stained glass and not to get confused. The main mass of the waters is found in the oceans. Water, which evaporates from the surface, gives healing water to natural and pieced land ecosystems. The closer the region is to the ocean, the more fall falls there. The land constantly turns the water to the ocean, part of the water is steamed, especially by foxes, part is collected by rivers, to which there are rain and snow waters. The exchange of water between the ocean and the dry land means a great amount of energy: up to 1/3 of those that the Earth takes away from the Sun are stained.

fermented wikid

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...

a leading scientific guide to Viddila Galuzeva and the regional economy of the RISD,

Candidate of Physical and Mathematical Sciences

Speech on situational analysis "Global problems of water resources".

In the given hour, the population of the world vikoristovuetsya approximately 54% of the total surface water available to runoff (additional to living, fresh water). With the improvement of the pace of growth of the global economy, an indicator of the growth of the population of the planet (increase by 85 million people / r.), and other factors are estimated that until 2025. This indicator will increase up to 70%.

For the UN tribute, more than 18 countries suffer from a shortage of water (1000 and less cubic meters per 1 person/r.), for which it is practically impossible to satisfy the consumption in the national economy and public utilities. According to forecasts, the number of such powers will grow to 33 by 2025.

On a critically low level of water security there are the Near Skhid, Pivnichny China, Mexico, the edges of Pivnichnoy Africa, Pivdenno-Skhidnoy Asia and the low post-tradyansk powers. For the tribute to the Institute of Light Resources (World Resource Institute), Kuwait is located at the most important camp, where only 11 cubic meters fall per capita. meters of surface water, Egypt (43 cubic meters) and the United Arab Emirates (64 cubic meters). On the 8th place in the rating is Moldova (225 cubic meters), and on the 9th - Turkmenistan (232 cubic meters).

The Russian Federation has a unique water resource potential. The total resources of fresh waters in Russia are estimated at 10,803 cubic meters. km/riv. Renewal of water resources (obliging the river runoff of the rivers on the territory of Russia) to become 4861 cubic meters. km, chi 10% of the light river runoff (another place after Brazil). The headland of the Russian water resources - their uneven distribution of the territory of the country. For the size of the water resources of the Pivdenniy and Far-Out federal districts of Russia, for example, they differ 30 times, and, according to the water supply of the population, about 100 times.

The rivers are the basis of the water fund of Russia. For її territorієyu flowing over 120 yew. great rivers (a dove for over 10 km) a deep valley for over 2.3 million km. The number of small rivers is richer (more than 2.5 million). The stinks form close to half of the total amount of river flow, in these basins live up to 44% of the Russian and maybe 90% of the rural population of the region.

Underground waters, yak vikoristovuyutsya, the head rank, for nutritional purposes, may have potential exploitation resources, which will transfer 300 cubic meters. km/riv. More than a third of the potential resources are located in the European part of the country. Until now, the birthplaces of underground waters have been discovered at their own disposal of the total operational reserves of approximately 30 cubic meters. km/riv.

Zagalom near the country, the total water intake for the state consumption is not large - 3% of the average river runoff. However, near the Volga basin, for example, wines account for 33% of the total water intake of the region, and in a number of river basins, the indicator outweighs the environmentally acceptable volatility (Don - 64%, Terek - 68%, Kuban - 80% of the average flow). On the main European territory of Russia, practically all water resources have been upgraded to national support activity. At the basins of the rivers Ural, Tobol and Ishim, the water pressure of the state became a factor, which in a singing world streamed the development of the people's state.

Practically all rivers are scalable to anthropogenic influx, the possibility of extensive water intake for state needs for a lot of them squandered. The water of rich Russian rivers is silted and unsuitable for drinking purposes. A serious problem is the decrease in the quality of water on the surface of water objects, as the majority of the floods do not meet the regulatory standards, and it is assessed as unsatisfactory in practice for all types of water treatment.

The degradation of small rivers is being guarded. We see their muddy, zabrudnennya, zabrudnennya, collapse of their shores. Uncontrolled dilution of the water, the destruction of the waters of the state for the purposes of the water-protecting swamps and zones, the drying of the upper pains led to the mass death of small rivers, thousands of them pinned their foundation. Їhnіy zagalniy stіk, especially in the European part of Russia, decreased more and more by 50%, due to which there is a collapse of water ecosystems, and to make the circles unsuitable for vikoristannya.

Today, according to experts, the standards do not allow for 35% to 60% of drinking water in Russia and close to 40% of surface and 17% of underground drinking water sources. On the territory of the region, over 6,000 plots of muddy underground waters were revealed, most of which fall on the European part of Russia.

Another resident of the Russian Federation, behind the roses of the skin, scurries to drink water for drinking purposes, which does not meet the established standards for a number of indications. Mayzhe the third part of the population is covered with dzherel water supply without proper water treatment. With so many poor people in the regions, they suffer from lack of drinking water and the lack of adequate sanitary-pobutovy minds of living.

Zokrema, neyakіsnu for sanіtarno-hіmіchnimi that mіkrobіologіchnimi pokaznikami Pitney water spozhivaє Chastina population in Respublіkah Іngushetіya, Kalmikіya, Karelіya, Karachaєvo-Cherkeskіy Respublіtsі in Primor kraї in Arhangelskіy, Kurganskіy, Saratovskіy, Tomskіy that Yaroslavskіy areas okruzі that Chukotskomu Autonomous okruzі .

The reason for the problem lies in the massively swamped pools of rivers and lakes. With this main focus on water, the reservoirs create trades and enterprises, objects of the fuel and energy complex, enterprises of the municipal government and the agro-industrial sector. Rіchny obsjag thrown off stocks in the remaining rocks change little. In 2008, for example, vin becoming 17 cubic meters. km. However, it is necessary to note that on this background there will be a decrease in the reduction of the discharge of normative and purified wastewater, which is due to the advancement of the purification spores, their non-acidic work, the violation of technical regulations, the failure of reagents, and the bursting of such volleys of days.

In Russia, especially in the European part of Russia, they are afraid of unacceptably large amounts of water. On the way from the vodzherel to spozhivacha, for example, in 2008, with a total obligation to take water from natural gerel, 80.3 cubic meters. km, the cost was 7.76 km. In industry, the cost of water reaches over 25% (for the cost of turns and accidents at the lines, infiltration, underdevelopment of technological processes). The housing and communal state spends 20 to 40% (for the cost of windings in housing and communal houses, corrosion and wear and tear of water pipes); in the agricultural state - up to 30% (over-watering in the vineyards, depending on the water supply rate with the method of breeding).

The growth of technological and technical aspects of the water state, zocrema, in vivichenni and control of the quality of water, preparation of drinking water, processing and disposal of litter, which are established during the purification of natural and sewage waters. The development of promising schemes for the recovery and protection of waters, necessary for steel water supply, has been pinned.

The global warming and climate change, as a sign of fahivts, led to the improvement of water security of the population of Russia. The largest part of this display is found on the European territory, near the Volga region, in the Non-Chernozem center, in the Urals, in the greater part of Siberia and the Far Descent. At the same time, in a number of densely populated regions of the Black Earth center of Russia (Bilgorod, Voronezka, Kursk, Lipetsk, Orel and Tambov regions), Pivdenny (Kalmikia, Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, Rostov Region) ) Novosibirsk, Omsk and Tomsk regions) of the federal districts of the Russian Federation, as in today's minds it is possible to achieve an exchange of water resources, in the next ten years there has been a further change by 10-20%. In designated regions, one can speak out on a serious shortage of water, which can become a factor that contributes to the economic growth and promotion of the well-being of the population, and due to the need for strict regulation of the supply of water, as well as the provision of additional water supplies.

In the Altai Territory, in the Kemerovo, Novosibirsk, Omsk and Tomsk regions, the change in water resources may not have led to critically low levels of water security and a high demand for water resources. Prote, against the fact that there are even more serious problems here, the prospect of stench can come up with particular stinginess, especially in dry periods. This, first of all, is due to the great scarcity of water resources in the part of the territory, as well as the tendency to increase the intensity of the runoff of transcordon rivers near China and Kazakhstan. For the solution of these problems, it is necessary to look at the possibility of regulating the flow and laying down international agreements on the distribution of water resources in the Irtysh.

Vrakhovuyuchi zrostayuchy inflow of climate and yogo change on the stability of the development of the economy and the social sphere of the country, which is necessary for the development of the sovereign water policy of the transfer of the inclusion to it, the change in climate.

Zagal, the main reasons for the negative trends in the sphere of water resources and possible borders in their most recent experts are natural disasters, population growth, resource-intensive industry and a strong environment, pollution with natural waters, coastal waters, and soils. At the link with sim one of the pershochergovyh zavdan є protection of the aquatic ecosystems of the country and adhering to the rational vikoristannya lead in the rural state, industry and business.

Tse nabuvaє osoblivoї aktualnostі, oskіlki with great natural resources that poverhnevih pіdzemnih water Russie, perevazhna Chastina yakih znahoditsya in skhіdnih that pіvnіchnih regіonah, ekonomіchno rozvinenі єvropeyskі regіoni of Visoko rіvnem complex vikoristannya Water resursіv practical vicherpali mozhlivіst їh osvoєnnya without ratsіonalіzatsії vodokoristuvannya, ekonomії Vod that renewal of the quality of the water medium.

Sherstyuk Valeriya

Annotation to the project

Entry: Hello awesome audience! I am Sherstyuk Valeria, a student of group 311, I am glad to present your project on ecology on the topic: Problems of water resources and ways to achieve them.

3 slide

Meta of my design work: to reveal the most effective ways to solve the problems of water resources.

Manager:

1. Get to know the history of water pollution.

2. Familiarize yourself with the ways to solve the problems of water resources.

3. Compile the classifier of problems of water resources.

4. Expand the memo on how to solve the problems of water resources.

4 slide

Intro. Water is one of the widest on the Earth and the most unimpressive of its powers of chemistry. Without water, the foundation of living organisms is impossible. Water is of great importance to the industrial and the strongest of the varieties; zagalnovіdoma nebhіdnіst її for pobutovyh needs of people, all roslin and creatures. For the wealthy of the living, it is not necessary to serve as a source of support. The solution of problems is curled up in the first line of ourselves, even if we don’t take care of water resources, and also continue to ferment with water, we don’t get enough clean water on Earth.

5-8 slide

In our country, all the waters are calm to the anthropogenic influx. The amount of water in most of them does not match normal vimog.

The main sources of water pollution are black and color metallurgy, chemical and naphthochemical industry, cellulose-paper, light industry.

Microbial contamination of waters occurs as a result of the presence of pathogenic microorganisms near the water. It is also the thermal pollution of waters as a result of the overheating of heated sewage waters.

Zabrudnyuyuchi speech can mentally be subdivided into sprat groups. Behind the physical camp one sees undifferentiated, columns and small houses. In addition, confusion is divided into mineral, organic, bacterial and biological.

So the very widened zabrudnyuvalny rechovina є naphtha and naphtha products. During the period of 1962-79, due to accidents near the sea, about 2 million tons of oil were produced.

So the very dzherel zabrudnennya can be stichni water. Contaminated literary texts are divided into three groups:

1. Overwhelmed with mineral houses (undertakings of metallurgy, machine-building, coal-booth industry; backwaters from the production of acids, budding minerals and materials, mineral fertilizers and other.).

2. Overwhelmed with importantly organic houses (meat, fish, dairy, grub, cellulose-paper, microbiological, chemical industries; factories for rubber, plastics, etc.).

3. Fertilized with mineral and organic houses (subsidiaries of naphtho-booth, naphtho-refining, textile, light, pharmaceutical industries; backwaters from zucru milling, canning, products of organic synthesis and other.)

8-12 slide

Methods of purification of sewage waters can be divided into mechanical, chemical, physical-chemical and biological, if the stench stagnates at once, then the method of purification of that purification of sewage waters is called combined. Zastosuvannya tієї chi іnshої method, in a given skin disorder, is determined by the nature of the wandering and the degree of fluffiness of the houses.

Contaminated water is also cleaned with the aid of ultrasound, ozone, ion-exchange resin and a high pressure, well-proven cleaning with a path of chlorine baths.

13 slide:

Visnovok. I dіyshla vysnovku, scho at the hour the problem of zabrudnennya vodnyh ob'ektіv є the most relevant, tk. to all vіdomo - viraz "water is life". Without water, a person cannot live more than three days, but to learn the whole importance of the role of water in life, all the same, he continues to exploit water objects.

In my work, I have identified the problems of water resources and ways of their solution.

The meta has been reached - I have chosen ways to solve the problems of water resources and that dzherela zabrudnennya.

Jerele Zabrudnennya - Zabudnennya PІDPRIєMOVSIYS, NOTE IN WATER WATER PATHOGENNY MІKROORGANIZSMIV, HEATED CHARDENNY WATER IN THE RESULT OF THE SUPPORT OF THE NEODNYY OF STEECH WATER, THE WATER BEAUNDENNE WATER IN THE RESULTS OF THE SUPPORT OF THE NEODNYY OF THE STEECH WATER, Bіologian Korudnennya Z'-Easy in the result of Zb_lshnya Kilkosti insensi.

Methods of cleaning - purification by natural way, mechanical methods of cleaning, chemical methods of cleaning, physical and chemical methods of cleaning, combination.

Implementation tasks set. I got acquainted with the main problems of water resources, with their history of confusion and ways of solving problems, and also put together a classifier of problems of water resources and developed a memo about the problems and methods of solving water resources.

FOR RESPECT!!!

Zavantage:

Front view:

INDIVIDUAL PROJECT

Stepovoe Lake

2017

INSTUP
1 JERELA WATER DAMAGE


1.3 Encroachment of fresh water
1.4 Kisneve starvation as a factor of water pollution

1.6 Stichni vodi



2.2 Wastewater treatment methods
WISNOVOK
LIST OF WIKORISTAN LITERATURE
ADDITION A (information sheet)

INSTUP

Water is one of the widest on the Earth and the most incomparable of its powers of chemistry. Without water, the foundation of living organisms is impossible. Water is the carrier of mechanical and thermal energy, playing the most important role in the exchange of speech and energy between the geospheres and geographic regions of the Earth. What is rich in why to spriyat її anomalous physical and chemical power. One of the founders of geochemistry, V.I. Vernadsky, writing: "Water stands apart in the history of our planet." The solution of problems is curled up in the first line of ourselves, even if we don’t take care of water resources, and also continue to ferment with water, we don’t get enough clean water on Earth.

Water is of great importance to the industrial and the strongest of the varieties; zagalnovіdoma nebhіdnіst її for pobutovyh needs of people, all roslin and creatures. For the wealthy of the living, it is not necessary to serve as a source of support.

Consume greatness from the water and grow richly. Rich water and chemistry and cellulose-paper industry, black and color metallurgy. The development of the energy industry is also brought to a sharp decrease in water consumption. Significant amount of water is spent on the needs of the living room of the creature, and navit on the needs of the population. Most of the water after that, the choice for the state-owned and butted needs turns to the rivers near the sight of sewage waters. The shortage of pure fresh water is now becoming a problem of light. All the greater needs of industry and the rural state of the waters will demand all the lands, all the world will whisper various works to solve the problem.

At the stage, the following are directly chosen for the optimal selection of water resources: more external selection and expansion of the development of fresh water resources; development of new technological processes, which allow to clear up the water pollution and bring fresh water to a minimum.

Target: to reveal the most effective ways to solve the problems of water resources.

Manager:

Get to know the history of water pollution.
Familiarize yourself with the ways to solve the problems of water resources.
Fold the classifier of problems of water resources.
Expand a memo about solving the problems of water resources.

1 HISTORY OF WATER DAMAGE

1.1 The main characteristic of the dzherel zabrudnennya

Objects are recognized as muddy stones, for which they are thrown off, or else there is a presence near the water objects of the shallow rivers, which will increase the quality of the surface waters, which surround them, and also negatively pour into the camp of the bottom of those coastal water objects.

The protection of water objects in the form of zabrudnennya is carried out by means of regulating the activities of both stationary and other wells of zabrudnennya.

In our country, all the waters are calm to the anthropogenic influx. The amount of water in most of them does not match normal vimog.

The main sources of fermentation with water basins are the enterprises of black and color metallurgy, chemical and naphthochemical industry, cellulose-paper, light industry.

The level of concern for the removal of pesticides during the period of harvesting of agricultural fields should be deposited in the form of a preparation. In case of terrestrial processing, there is less water pollution. In case of air processing, the drug can be carried by streams over hundreds of meters and taken in a tax on unprocessed territory and surface water bodies.

1.2 The problem of clouding the Light Ocean

Naphtha and oil products are the most wide-spreading rivers near the Light Ocean. On the cob of the 1980s, near the ocean, there were roughly 6 million tons of oil. Emergencies, angering overboard with tankers of flushing and ballast waters, - all the same, the presence of permanent fields of straying on the routes of the sea ways. During the period of 1962-79, due to accidents near the sea, about 2 million tons of oil were produced. For the remaining 30 years, beginning in 1964, about 2000 boreholes were drilled near the Svitovoe Ocean. Great masses of oil are found by the sea in rivers, with butt and sludge drains.
Sipping in the middle of the sea, naphtha rises like spittle, satisfying the balls of various tightness. Naftova plіvka changes the warehouse to the spectrum and the intensity of penetration into the water is light. Let the light pass through thin streams of oily oil to become.
When the airborne fractions are removed, naphtha is made into a viscous emulsion, which can be collected on the surface, carried by the current, flowing to the shore and settling on the bottom. Pesticides form a group of piece-created speeches, which are vicorous to fight against threshkіdniki and ailments of the roslin. It has been established that pesticides, which harm the poor, harm the rich brown organisms and improve the health of biocenoses. The agricultural state has long had the problem of transitioning from chemical (which confuses the middle), to biological (environmentally friendly) methods of fighting against children. The industrial production of pesticides is accompanied by the appearance of a large number of by-products, which confuse water.

1.3. Congestion of freshwater ponds

A circle of water, this long way of її ruhu, is composed of several stages: viparovuvannya, twilight hmar, vipadannya board, draining into a glass of a small container and again viparovuvannya. In all its way, the water itself is cleared from the zabrudnen, which is consumed to it - the products of rotting of organic speeches, rotting gases and mineral speeches, slate solid material.

Most of the turbidity of the fresh waters is overgrown with the invisible, the shards of the stray water, the splintering of the drinking water. Ale and vinyatki: miyuchi shobi, scho to kick, as well as floating on the surface of oil products and untreated effluents. Є sprat of natural zabrudnjuvachіv. Z'ednannya aluminum, which is found in the earth, is consumed in the system of fresh water as a result of chemical reactions. Floods wink out of the ground with a bow of magnesium, like a majestic stock of fish stocks. However, the natural straying speeches are miserable among the paired with the vibrating people. i. The stench of the construction of the soil of the mineral, which is to produce to the zbіlshennya together with the water and the ions of important metals. From the nuclear power plants around the water, from nature, they consume radioactive inputs. The removal of untreated sewage waters from the waters of the dzherel leads to microbiological turbidity of the water. According to the estimates of the All-World Organization for the Protection of Health, 80% of people in the world are ill with inadequate quality and an unsanitary camp of the water. In rural areas, the problem of water quality is especially severe - about 90% of all rural residents in the world are constantly koristuyutsya for drinking and bathing with fermented water.

1.4 Kisneve starvation as a factor of water pollution

As you can see, the cycle of the water is composed of decal stages: viparovuvannya, utavlennya hmar, vipadannya plank, runoff into a glass of water, and again viparovuvannya. In all its way, the water itself is cleared from the zabrudnen, which is consumed to it - the products of rotting of organic speeches, rotting gases and mineral speeches, slate solid material.

In places of great crowding of people, those creatures of pure natural water do not ring out, especially as they beat for the collection of sewage, and they were transferred from settlements. Even though the sewage from the soil is not consumed much, the soil organisms recycle it, re-vitalizing the life of the speech, and in the dry watercourses the water will seep already clean. Ale, as if uncleanness is drained into the water, the stench rots, and the sour is oxidized. This is the name of the biochemical need of the acid. The greater the need, the less sour is left in the water for living microorganisms, especially for fish and algae. Somehow, through a lack of sourness, the guinea is all alive. Water becomes biologically dead - it has less anaerobic bacteria; stinks flourish without sourness, and in the process of their life they see the day of the day. And without that lifeless water fills with a putrid smell and becomes unsuitable for people and creatures. It can be similar if there is an excess of water in such rechovins, like nitrate and phosphate; stench sip water from the sillskogospodarskih dobriv in the fields or from the river waters, zabrudnenny miyuchimi fences. Qi biogenic speech stimulates the growth of algae, yak it starts to calm down a lot of sourness, and if it becomes insufficient, the stench will die. At the natural minds there is a lake, the first time to mull and stumble, it is close to 20 thousand. fates. An excess of biogenic speeches will speed up the process of old, or introfication, and change the term for the life of the lake, we will hardly add to it. In warm water, the sour is more pronounced, lower in cold water. Enterprises, especially power plants, contribute to the greatness of the amount of water for cooling. The heated water is thrown back to the rivers and further damages the biological integrity of the water system. Decrease instead of changing the development of some living species and giving priority to others. Ale tsі novі teplolyubnі see tezh suffer greatly, as only pripinyaetsya pіdіgrіv vod.

1.5 Officials who change the development of aquatic ecosystems

Organic wastes, biogenic speeches and warmly melt in the background for the normal development of freshwater ecological systems only if the stench is overwhelmed by the systems. But with the rest of the fates on the ecological system, majestic numbers of absolutely alien speeches fell, such a stench does not know the zakhist. Pesticides, which stagnate in the agricultural state, threw and chemicals from the industrial sewage waters managed to penetrate into the frying lance of the water middle, which can cause indelible pastures. See, standing on the cob of a grub lansyug, you can accumulate a lot of speech in unsafe concentrations and become even more irritating for smaller slurs

1.6 Stichni vodi

Water systems and systems are one of the types of engineering and landscaping of settlements, living quarters, communities and villages, which will provide the necessary sanitary and hygienic minds and cleanliness for the population. The systems of water supply and purification are formed from a complex of possession, spores and waters, which are used for receiving and disposing by pipelines of butovic and atmospheric sewage waters, as well as for their purification and purification before being discharged from the water reservoir or disposal.

The objects of water supply will be of various recognition, as well as the necessary reconstruction of the city, village, crafts, businesses, sanitary and resort complexes, too.

Stychnі Rod - Tseta, Vicarista on the climb, Vykrobnyi Aboy Domіshi, Scho Zmіnili ї іsniy Khіmіchniy warehouse that fіzichni authorities, and Torzheki, Scho, stingy in the territory of the localities of Vipadanny atmospheric atmosphere of Odadiv Aboy Vittsy.

The fallow waters are divided into three main categories:

Pobutovі (kind of toilet rooms, shower rooms, kitchens, lazen, pralen, їdalen, likaren; stinks come from living quarters and large budіvels, as well as from pobutovyh priznіshchen and industrial businesses);
Virobnichi (water, vikoristani in technological processes, which do not fit into greater vimog, which hang up to their strength - up to the category of water, carry water, which rises to the surface of the earth when brown copalins are being harvested);
Atmospheric (wooden and hoist - at the same time with atmospheric water to water the streets, fountains and drains).

Stichnі vodi is a folded heterogeneous summіshі, scho to avenge the houses of organic and mineral pohodzhennya, who live in an unsettled, kolodnoy and razzchinenny camp. The level of pollution of sewage waters is estimated by concentration. The waste water storage is regularly analyzed. Conducted sanitary-chemical analysis of the chosen value of the CPC. The largest warehouse behind the warehouse is industrial enterprises. For the development of a rational scheme of water supply and assessment of the possibility of repeated recovery of sewage waters, a storage and water supply regime is developed not only for the industrial runoff of industrial enterprises, but also for sewage waters from other workshops and aparativs.

Virobnichi stіchnі vodіlyayutsya on two main categories: deluded and not delusional (mentally clean).

Contaminated literary texts are divided into three groups:

Overwhelmed with important mineral houses (metallurgy, machine-building, coal-boot industry; backwaters from the production of acids, budding minerals and materials, mineral additives and other.).
Overwhelmed with important organic houses (subsidiaries of meat, fish, dairy, grub, cellulose-paper, microbiological, chemical industry; backwaters of rubber, plastics and others).
Encroached with mineral and organic houses (industries of naphtho-bouvenous, naphtho-refining, textile, light, pharmaceutical industries; backwaters from the milling of zucru, canned goods, products of organic synthesis and other.)

Krym vyschevkazanih 3 groups, zabrudnennyh vyrobnichih sewage waters, may be the place of throwing off heated waters near the water reservoir, which is the reason for the so-called thermal zabrudnen.

Virobnichi stіchnі vodі can vіdіznyatisії kontsentratsії zarudnyuyuchih rіchovіnі, vіvnem aggressivії thinly. The storage of waste waters is accumulated at the significant boundaries, which indicates the need for a repetitive priming for the choice of an effective and efficient method of purification for a specific skin area. Otrimany rozrahunkovy parameters and technological regulations for the processing of waste water and the siege of the siege of the three-valued scientific achievements, like laboratory, and drinking minds.

The quantity of waste water produced is dependent on the productivity of the enterprise for the enlarged norms of water supply and water supply for various industrial fields. The norm of water supply - the price of a sufficient amount of water, which is necessary for the brewing process, is set on the basis of a scientifically-primed rozrahunka or an advanced dosvidu. The enlarged water supply rate includes all water supplies for business. The norms for vitratiy of wastewater treatment plants are to be established during the design of newly generated and reconstructed water supply systems for industrial enterprises. Enlargement of the norms allows to evaluate the rationality of the victorious leadership of any kind of fluent enterprise.

Warehouses of engineering communications of the industrial enterprise, as a rule, have a few water lines. Nezabrudnenі stіchnі stіchnі vіd nadhodyat і holodzhuvalіnі installations, thіѕ turn аt thе circulating water supply system.

Contaminated sewage waters are to be cleaned, and after purification, a part of the processed sewage waters is supplied to the recycling water supply system in those workshops, where the warehouse complies with regulatory requirements.

The effectiveness of victorious water in industrial enterprises is assessed by such indicators as the number of vikoristan circulating water, the coefficient of vikoristannya and the vіdsotk її vtrat. For industrial enterprises, a balance of water is formed, which includes expenses for various expenses, discounts and additions of compensating water supplies to the system.

1.7 Evidence of ingress of sewage near water reservoirs

Zagalni wash the discharge of sewage waters, whether of any category in the surface water of the basin, are distinguished by their national significance and the nature of the water supply. After the discharge of sewage waters, it is allowed to increase the water quality at the water basins, but it is not guilty to commemorate it for life and on the possibility of a distant victoria water basin, as a water supply, for cultural and sports visits, for the sake of the state.

Beware of the minds of the descent of the waste waters near the water reservoirs are sanitary- epidemiological stations and pool authorities.

Normatives of the quality of the water of the state-drinking and cultural- of the butyl water collection, the quality of the water for the water supply is established for two types of water supply: the first type of water supply is seen, like vicorist, like a drain for centralized or non-centralized state-drinking water supply, as well as for water supply for enterprises of grub industry; to a different mind - dіlyanki vodim, vikoristovuvanі for bathing, sports, and the way of the population, and navit scho near the borders of settlements.

Vіdnesennya vіdnesennja vodomy to that chіnshoy form vоdеrіstіvіnnja is carried out by the bodies of the Sovereign Sanitary Inspection for the improvement of the prospects of vikoristannya vodyom.

In the rules, the standards for the water quality of the water can be seen to the target, rotting on flowing water bodies 1 km higher than the nearest water supply point, and on non-flowing water basins and water reservoirs 1 km off the side of the water supply point.

Great respect is attached to the food of the debauchery and the weeding of the coastal regions of the seas. The standard for the density of sea water, which is to be responsible for the safety during the discharge of sewage waters, is seen to the area of water supply at the opening of the borders and to the gates on the vertical line 300 m to the side of these cordons. When vikoristannі coastal areas of the seas, as a priymach of the waste waters in place of the shkidlivyh rivers near the sea, it is not- toxicological, savagely sanitary and organoleptic limiting indications of shkidlivost. At the same time, before the discharge of sewage waters, the differentiation is stably the nature of the water supply. The sea is looked at not like a water supply, but like a luxuriant health-improving, cultural factor.

Enter at the river, lake, reservoir and the sea, zabradnyuyuchi speech, make significant changes in the regime and destroy the equal state of water ecological systems. As a result of the processes of transformation of the rivers, which are fermented by water, which flow under the influx of natural factors, in the water troughs, there is an outward or partial renewal of their primary powers. In case of this, the secondary products of the decay of zabrudnen can be established, which negatively infuse into the water's water.

2 GET OUT OF THE WRESTLING AND FLUSHED WATER RESOURCES

2.1 Naturally purified water

Contaminated water can be purified. For friendly minds, you follow the natural path in the process of the natural water cycle. Ale, wedged pools (rivers, lakes) need much more than an hour for refreshment. In order for the natural systems to zoom in, it is necessary for us to move away from the entrances to the rivers. The promises of the wikidi not only make you laugh, but they open the lines of the word. And the effectiveness of expensive outbuildings for the purification of such waters is still insufficiently improved. No matter what, the deakies of the city of the state and the trades of undertakings still respect for better throwing off the entrances to the rivers and even more reluctant to move in the least if the water becomes unacceptable or unsafe.

At its inexhaustible circle, the water churns and endures the impersonal differences or the sound of speeches, then it is cleansed through them. A rich little house near the water with natural waters and spend it there at the same time with a plank or ground waters. That same path to pass and deyakі іz zabrudnyuyuchy speeches, pov'yazanih іz dіyalnіstyu people. Dim, drank that promissory gas and at once from the board settle on the ground; chemical waste and filth, brought near the soil with fertilizers, is consumed by the river from the ground waters. Deyakі vіdkhodi go along piecewise created ways of drainage ditches and sewer pipes.

Qi speech sounds more rotten, but it is easier to control it, lower it, which is transferred in the process of the natural water cycle. Zagalnosvitovoe vodopozhivannya on gospodarska and pobutovі consumption to become approximately 9% of the total river runoff. Therefore, it is not direct water supply of hydroresources for lack of fresh waters in quiet and other regions of the earth's backwaters, but rather yakisne.

2 .2 Waste water treatment methods

At the rivers and other waterways, a natural process of self-purification of the water is observed. Prote vin leaks properly. As long as the industrial and buttovial discounts were small, the rivers themselves coped with it. In our industrial age, we have a connection with a sharp increase in water intakes, the reservoirs can no longer cope with such significant confusion. Vinikla need to save, clean the water and dispose of them.

Purification of sewage waters - processing of sewage waters for ruynuvannya or removal of shkіdlivih speeches from them. The fluctuation of sewage waters in the form of zabrudnennya is a folded variety. For some, like in any other way, є syrovina (steel water) that production is ready (water is purified).

Mechanical cleaning allows you to see from butovyh sewage waters up to 60-75% of non-retail houses, that of craftsmen - up to 95%, a lot of such, like valuable houses, vicorist from vicarious houses.

Chemical method:

The chemical method is based on the fact that in the water you can add different chemical reagents, so that you can react with addicts and take them from seemingly unrecognized opadives. Chemical cleaning can change non-retail houses up to 95% and retail up to 25%.

Physico-chemical method:

With the physical-chemical method of processing wastewater, finely dispersed and dispersed inorganic houses and organic and filthy oxidized speech are seen, most often with physical-chemical methods, coagulation, oxidation, sorption, and extraction are stagnant. Widely zastosuvannya also know elektrolіz. Vіn polagaє in ruynuvannі organic rіchovіn v stіchnih vіdnyh vodіvnі vіdavіvnі tаlіv, acids іnshih inorganіchіch rіchovіn. Electrolytic purification is carried out in special spores - electric power plants. Purification of sewage waters for additional electricity is more effective on lead and other industries, in lakofarbov and other galuzs of industry.

Contaminated water is also cleaned with the aid of ultrasound, ozone, ion-exchange resin and a high pressure, well-proven cleaning with a path of chlorine baths.

Biological method:

Among the methods of purification of sewage waters, a great role can be played by the biological method, foundations on victorious laws of biochemical and physiological self-purification of rivers and other water bodies. Є k_lka types of biological outbuildings for purification of waste water: biological filters, biological rates and aerotanks.

WISNOVOK

Tissues of living organisms are 70% made up of water, and to that V.I. Vernadsky vyznav life as I live water. The water of the Earth is rich, but 97% is the salty water of the oceans and seas, and less than 3% is fresh.

The need for water in organisms is already great. For example, to make 1 kg of wood biomass stained up to 500 kg of water. And to that її it is necessary to stained glass and not to get confused.

In my work, I have identified the problems of water resources and ways of their solution.

The meta has been reached - I have chosen ways to solve the problems of water resources and that dzherela zabrudnennya.

Dzherela zabrudnennya - zabrudnennya podprijemstva, nadhodzhennia near water with pathogenic microorganisms, thermal zabrudnennya of waters due to nasledzhennia of heated sewage waters, Thermal zabrudnennya of waters owing to nasledzhennia of heated sewage watersvirobnichi, atmospheric.

Ways of cherry-picking - aboutcleaning by natural path, mmechanical cleaning methods, chemical cleaning methods, physical and chemical cleaning methods, combinations.

Implementation tasks set. I learned about the main problems of water resources, about their history of confusion and ways of solving problems, and also made a classifier of problems of water resources thatmade a memo about the problems and ways of improving water resources.

I dіyshla visnovku, scho inIn this hour, the problem of water pollution is the most relevant, because. to all vіdomo - viraz "water is life". Without water, a person cannot live more than three days, but to learn the whole importance of the role of water in life, all the same, he continues to exploit water objects.

LIST OF WIKORISTAN LITERATURE

Novikov, Yu.V.
Zhukov, A.I.
Mammadov, N.M. Ecology: A guidebook for grades 9-11 of the global education school, -M.
Khorunzha, T.A. "Methods for assessing environmental concerns." / T.A. Horundaya: Moscow, 3rd view., 1998.246 s

Front view:

regional state budgetary professional lighting installation

"Blagovishchensky Medical College"

ADDITION A

Information sheet

PROBLEMS OF WATER RESOURCES AND WAYS OF SOLUTIONS

Stepovoe Lake

2017

Front view:

Ministry of Health Protection of the Altai Territory

Craiova State Budgetary Professional Lighting Installation
"Blagovishchensky Medical College"

REQUEST

for the preparation of an individual project

Student ____________________________________________________________________________

1. Theme of the project _____________________________________________________________

2. Lines of the project task _________________________________________________

3. Change of food

________________________________________________________________________

4. Control terms for submitting the project for revision:

A B C) ______________________

5. Date of the appointment date _________________________________________________

Kerivnik _____________________ /Telegina A.S./

signature

Having accepted __________________________ /Sherstyuk V.G./

Student signature

MOU Odintsovo Lyceum №2

Last job

on the topic:

"Ecological problems of water resources in Russia"

Vikonala:

Student 10 "H" class

Stakhnova V.V.

Scientific curator:

Borisova N.M.

Odintsovo

2011 rіk

ZMIST

INTRODUCTION 3-4

WATER RESOURCES (RESERVES THAT WHITE) 5

CAUSES OF WATER MIND WELDING 6-8

ENVIRONMENTAL STATION OF WATER RESOURCES

4.1. RIKI 9

JEREL WATER DURATION 16-17

METHODS FOR FIGHTING WATER SUBSTANCES

NATURAL CLEANING OF WATER 18
BASIC METHODS OF WATER TREATMENT 19

VISNOVOK 20

REFERENCES 21

ADDITION 22-26

1. INTRODUCTION

Water is one of the most important rivers on our planet. We can bachiti її in a rare, gas-like and solid state. All living nature cannot do without water, as in all processes the exchange of speeches. By the very water, life was born on our planet. People cannot live without water. And, obviously, in our world, water is one of the most important factors that determine the distribution of virobic forces, and even more often, the viability of viability.

"Although the evil conflicts of the last century were often blamed through naphtha, the crooked conflicts of the future century will be blamed through the water." These words are due to the vice-president of the Svitovy Bank, Ismail Serageldin, who vouches for the financing of projects that have come out of the arrogance of the insipid middle ground.

There, where there is water, there is life - this is a simple truth, popular at the Skhodі, has become a broadened phrase, which exactly reflects the relationship between water and life. The importance of water and hydrosphere - the water shell of the Earth cannot be overestimated. And involuntarily ask for food: what is rich in water on our planet, what is enough for the needs of people and the civilization born of it? In the view of experts-ecologists, published in 2009 in the magazine "UNESCO RESOURCES", which is seen in Paris, it is considered that 97.5 thousand of water resources in our planet are avenged by force, and in such a look unsuitable for human life. 2.5 vіdsotka, scho lost, fall on fresh water, like a vikoristovuetsya people for eating, satisfying the needs of the rural state, industry and other purposes. Ale access to tsikh resursіv vіsnoї vіsnoї sladneniya through їх znakhodzhennya in rіznіh vіznіh vіdnіh іnіtіnії sredovischah.

The numbers clearly show us what value fresh water is and how it is carefully traced to it. The Earth's current reserves of fresh water are more and less constant and tend to a fleeting increase.

And in the meantime, the people with skin fate are saving the Daedals more than the priceless vologda. The scientists-ecologists praised that in 1995 the earthlings "drank" 2300 cubic kilometers of fresh water. The greater part of the obyagu was won by the consumption of the strong state and industry. Before arable farming, one falls more than five times more water, lower on the cob of a century. Stained glass industry is 26 times more, and the state government is 18 times more, lower at the dawn of the century.

The need for fresh water grows with the development of industrial potential, expansion of the irrigation system for the agricultural state, the expansion of the sanitary minds of Dovkil. Take the increase in glass windows away from the growth of the population. In 1996, 5.5 million people lived on our planet, and in 2025, according to the forecasts of expert demographers, the figure will approach eight billion.

The development of civilization, as it goes without saying, is accompanied by a majestic crowd for a no-nonsense middle ground. Zabrudnennya water dzherel is responsible for the majestic shkodi of people's health. It's safe to say that 3.3 million people are dying in the lands in such a way.

In order to inspire the normal quality of drinking water to the most important tasks of the day, the experts of UNESCO respect it, to revive quiet areas on our planet, as if through the water, as if there was a bula, turned into dead zones.

Greater is the significance of the rational choice of water resources, the greater the knowledge of them, the greater the achievement of the planet's apparent reserves of water, the additional satisfaction of the needs of the people. W tsієyu metoyu Vsesvіtnya Meteorologіchna Organіzatsіya (for pіdtrimki UNESCO that Svіtovogo bank) visunula propozitsіyu about stvorennya mіzhnarodnoї organіzatsії, zavdannya yakoї polyagalo used in zborі danih about nayavnіst in svіtі resursіv prіsnoї Vod that viroblennі rekomendatsіy schodo їh Rozumny vikoristannya Lyudin, promislovіstyu that sіlskim Gospodarstwa.

2. WATER RESOURCES OF RUSSIA (RESERVES AND VICORISTAN)

Russia is one of the richest countries in the world with natural waters. Our country is washed by the waters of 12 seas, Russia has over 2.5 million large and small rivers, over 2 million lakes, hundreds of thousands of large and other objects of the water fund.

Total natural resources and reserves of fresh waters of the Russian Federation are estimated at 7770.6 km 3 / river. Static (forever) reserves, most of which are kept in lakes and underground waters, amount to about 90 thousand. km 3 /rіk (Table 1).

The head of the small amount of water reserves in Russia - ce їх in the region unevenly divided the territory of the krai (Fig.1). In the remains of Rocky through Econichnu Nestab_lnіst, Shaho called up to Padinna Vipuski Promislovo products, Zinagenis of the productiveness of the Sailo gentlemanship, that inversion of Zroshuvniy Kroshenniy, in Rosіya Namіtilosha Zameneshnya Snsyagiv Waterpool (for 2001-2005 PR. ,4%).

And so the reserves of fresh waters are signifi- cantly rushing through the їхнє postіyny zarudnennya. Intensive development of industry and agricultural production, improvement of local improvement of towns and settlements, a significant increase in population ensured the remaining ten years of sharp increase in water quality in all regions of Russia. Nature is not capable of clearing such a quantity of stray water that can lead to the gradual destruction of ecosystems. And the need for water is constantly growing. The development of civilization, as it goes without saying, is accompanied by a majestic crowd for a no-nonsense middle ground.

The main churn of the water middle is the head of the people. The largest number of waters are succumbing to the state power with the method of reclamation, 3/4 which is irrevocably spent with additional viparovuvannya. There is a great number of water victorious and in industrial production for the purpose of preparing various varieties, mittya possession of that equipment, the use of that container, for a variety of outlets. Large quantities of water are vicarious as heat-carrying and for cooling. Great obsyagi spozhivannya lead that consumption of people: for drinking, cooking zhі, washing, tidying up that pranny lived. At the same time, a person takes clean water for his needs, the needs of industrialism and the agricultural state, and turns it into a natural middle ground with a high level of wandering.

The demand for fresh water is steadily increasing. Increased vitrati and take away the growth of the population. In 1996, 5.5 billion people lived on our planet, and in 2025, according to the forecasts of expert demographers, the figure will approach eight billion.

3. CAUSES OF WATER RESOURCES WELDING

Contamination of surface and underground waters can be subdivided into the following types:

mechanical - promotion in place of mechanical houses, powerful, important, superficial types of confusion;

chemistry - presence in water of organic and inorganic speech toxic and non-toxic;

bacterial and biological - presence in water of various pathogenic microorganisms, fungi and other algae;

radioactive - the presence of radioactive rivers near the surface and underground waters;

thermal - release from the waters of the pіdіgrіtih waters of thermal and nuclear power plants.

And the main reasons for the confusion of water are:

handicrafts, which are found in all kinds of manufacturing industries (especially in pulp and paper, black and color metallurgy, energy, chemical and oil processing industries);

gospodarsko-pobutovі stіchnі vodi, scho mіstya kanal_zatsіynі effluents, as well as a large number of butovіh chemical speeches;

atmospheric water, to avenge the masses of chemical speeches of the industrial campaign, to shrug it off;

plank drains, which carry a large number of diverse rivers, which zabrudnyayut mіskі vulitsі and squares, virobnіchі maidanchiki, selskogospodarski zemlі, green zones, forest massifs and other territories;

chemical aerosols and sawdust particles that are deposited repeatedly.

In Russia, for a long time, no great attention was paid to the problem of the pollution of the water basin. A great number of waste waters of an unknown warehouse were thrown off and thrown off at the water reservoirs - rivers, rivers, stagnant and flowing lakes. For the rest of the hour, our team begins to see a catastrophic camp in the ecology of Russia. Sanctions have been strengthened for the management of the blockade of the damming up of water basins. Vzhito low zakhodіv schodo zakrittya deakikh podpriєmstv (for example, the Priozersky cellulose plant on Ladozskoe ozerі), scho to run the wrong shkodi nature.

Zbіlsheny defіtsit prіsnoї Vod pov'yazany іz zabrudnennyam vodoym stіchnimi waters Promyslova of companies that communal, water mines, rudnikіv, naftopromislіv at zagotіvlі, obrobtsі that splavі materіalіv, vikidami water, Zaliznicnovo that avtomobіlnogo transport of companies shkіryanoї, tekstilnoї harchovoї promislovostі. Particularly zabrudnyuyut surface cellulose - paper, enterprises, chemical, metallurgical, oil refineries, textile factories, the state of the country. Most of the vikoristan river water turns to the rivers and water reservoirs, and then to the growth of clearing spores in the form of an increase in the water. At first glance, at whom the root of evil is plucked. In truth, everything is richer and more serious. Navіt with thorough cleaning, including biological, all inorganic speech and up to 10% of organic, fermenting speeches are lost in the purification of waste waters. Such water can again become adventitious for resuscitation only after bagatoria dilution with pure natural water. And here for a person it is important є spіvvіdnoshnja absolute ї kolkostі stіchnih vіchnyh vodov, hocha bі і purifying, і water runoff rіk.

The light of the water-government balance, showing that all kinds of water-storing are cultivating 2200 km 3 of water on the river. 20% of the resources of fresh waters of the world are spent on the development of wastewater. Rozrakhunki for 2000 r. in the case of admission, that the norms of water supply change, and the purification of the water, they showed that, however, 30-35 thousand rubles are needed. km 3 Tse means that the resources of the total light river runoff will be close to exhaustion, and in rich areas of the world the stink will already be exhausted. Adzhe 1 km3 of purified river water "psuє" 10 km3 of river water, but not purified 3-5 times more. The amount of fresh water does not change, but the water quality decreases sharply, it becomes not added for comfort.

In all its way, the water itself is cleared from the zabrudnen, which is consumed to it - the products of rotting of organic speeches, rotting gases and mineral speeches, slate solid material. Like shkidlivy speeches, they are dragged into the water, the stench rots, and oxydation is stained with sour. Vinication is the name of the biochemical need for sour (BOD). The greater the need, the less sour is left in the water for living microorganisms, especially for fish and algae. Water becomes biologically dead - it has less anaerobic bacteria; the stench flourishes without sourness, and in their life they see the circulatory day - blast gas with a specific smell of rotten eggs. And without that lifeless water fills with a putrid smell and becomes unsuitable for people and creatures. It can be similar if there is an excess of water in such rechovins, like nitrate and phosphate; stench sip water from the sillskogospodarskih dobriv in the fields or from the river waters, zabrudnenny miyuchimi fences.

Enterprises, especially power plants, contribute to the greatness of the amount of water for cooling. The heated water is thrown back to the rivers and further damages the biological integrity of the water system. Unnatural temperature changes the development of some living species and gives priority to others. Ale tsі novі teplolyubnі see tezh suffer greatly, as only pripinyaetsya pіdіgrіv vod.

Even in ancient times, people were engaged in zroshuvalnyh robots and drainage (amelioration). This is one of the main ways to promote the yield of agricultural fields. Nearly 50% of all cultivated products come from reclaimed lands. Land reclamation is of great importance to the strong state (Table 3).

In Russia, the area of exploited lands is constantly increasing. Tse Vede to a significant increase in the conservation of water resources. Under the hour of carrying out water reclamation, it is widely vitrachaetsya up to 200 km 3 of water (fallow water level). Drainage and dryness can lead to serious consequences, changing the natural climate (more dry, short atmospheric precipitation, river exchange). When rozsharuvannі ґruntіv vіvvannyam and nadvіrіmnymi runoff water utvoryuyutsya drainage (or collector-drainage) water. The waters, coming up to the rivers, increase the level of mineralization and the water in them becomes unsuitable for drinking. With drainage waters, as they are thrown into the reclamation system, when the water is drained, biogenic speech, pesticides and other chemical pollutants, which are splashed onto the natural waters, are found guilty.

Water transport is not the most recent water source. Behind the inner waterways of Russia, yakі may have a deep stretch of over 400 yew. km, transported up to 50 million tons of cargo. Water transport, not hanging high to the point of water, is one of the most significant reservoirs of fermentation of water objects with oil products and dependent rivers.

Naphtha and naphthoproducts are brought up to the most heavy chemical rivers. In connection with the growth of the vidobutka, transportation, processing and storage of oil, the scales of the straying of nature are expanding. The rivers of the world are richly to blame for sea and ocean waters over 1.8 million tons of petroleum products. It is due to accidents of oil-filled ships, which transport naphtha from the areas of oil-and-oil production to the areas of storage, in case of emergency situations at offshore oil fields, in case of damaged oil pipelines and in case of spillage of ballast and wash waters by tankers. Sweeping on the surface of the water, naphtha satisfies the tovst plіvku, as step by step it rises on the surface of the water, and under the wind, wind and step by step pass at the mill of the turning emulsion. Tsya visokov'yazka emulsion plіvka zdatna trival hour zberіgatisya on the water surface, destroying sour exchange and bringing hardships to life like lower organisms, and ribs, birds, and sea creatures. All components of naphtha are toxic to marine organisms. Naphtha infuses the structure of sea creatures. With naphtha pollution, the spiving of species of creatures changes and their diversity changes.

The water of the great shkod is zabrudnen not less than dovkіll, and th healthy people. Through the advanced zabrudnennya, the traditionally stagnant technology of processing in the most vipadkіv is not efficient enough. Mayzhe 70% of the inhabitants of Russia drink water, as they do not comply with GOST "Water drinking". The zabrudnennya of fresh waters and lands with a boomerang turns again to people at food products and drinking water.

4. ENVIRONMENTAL STATION OF WATER RESOURCES

4.1. RIKI

The rivers have always been a dzherelom of fresh water. Over 2.5 million rivers flow through the territory of Russia. But in today's era, stench began to be transported through the mouths, which are confused by various shkidlivy speeches. Through tse obmezhenі stocks of fresh water rush even more. Practically all rivers are scalable to anthropogenic influx, the possibility of extensive water intake for the state's needs, with a lot of them exhausted, and thousands of small rivers have pinned their foundations out of the fault of people. The water of rich Russian rivers is cloudy and unsuitable for drinking purposes

Stik rіk zmіnyuєtsya fallow in vіd kolivan climate. The vtruchannya people at the natural process stuck along the river drain. In a strong state, most of the water does not turn into rivers, but is stained for the evaporation of that dewy mass, so that during photosynthesis, water from water molecules turn into organic layers, which produce a river until it is drained. 1500 reservoirs were induced to regulate the river runoff, stench is regulated up to 9% of the total runoff. On the river of the Far Gathering, Siberia and the Pivnochi European part of the country, the gospodar's activity of the people has not yet been injected. However, in the most inhabited areas, the vines shrunk by 8%, and in such rivers as the Terek, Don, Dnister and Ural - by 11-20%. The water flow has changed markedly at the Volz, Sirdar and Amudar. As a result, the tide of water to the Sea of Azov was shortened by 23%, to the Aral Sea - by 33%. Rivne Aralu fell to 12.5 m. Significant congestion in small rivers is established in the rural area through the disruption of the special regime of state activity in the water protection zones and coastal swamps.

4.2. LAKES

Russia has close to 2 million fresh and saline lakes (Table 4); Among them, the world's greatest freshwater lake is Baikal, and the Caspian Sea. Lakes on the territory of Russia are also unevenly spread: most of them are located at the Pivnichny entrance (Kolsky Pivostrіv, Karelia), in the Urals, in Western Siberia, on the Lensko-Vilyuysky height, in Transbaikalia and the pools of the Amur river.

A lot of lakes are their own regulators of river runoff: they reduce the height of rivers and floods, protect the territory from flooding and flooding, create slurries for an even internal distribution of river runoff. In lakes, like in rivers, throw off water.

Lake Baikal is one of the cleanest (before recent) lakes in Russia. The biggest problem for Baikal is the regulation of the Angara runoff by rowing to the HPP cascade. Shards of the same river that seeps from the lake; The significance of the smallest colivans of equal water in Baikal has been known for a long time. Yogo promotion to lead to the development of abrasion (ruinuvannya shore). Abrasion does not only harm coastal ecosystems, but also brings thousands of tons of soil near the water, which leads to an increase in the concentration of biogenic elements. To raise above the normative level of Baikal to economical costs, connected with the flooding of settlements, sallies, ports and the lost minds of the industrial fishes of Baikal.

Another problem for Baikal is the fermentation of its waters. One of the reasons is that the administrations of the subjects of the Federation seem to be allowed to use the above-normative time-hours allowances and discounts for businesses to stand at the immediate proximity to the protection of Lake Baikal. The biggest introduction to Baikal is the Baikal Pulp and Paper Plant (BTsPK), which was founded in 1966. for the production of strategic syrovin - cord pulp. Endemic algae and mollusks have appeared near the twenty-kilometer-long plama in the area where wastewater is discharged to the plant.

Significant obsyag zabrudnen come from the waters of the river Selenga. The ear of the flow of zabrudnen is given by the industry of Mongolia, especially the garnicho-bagachuvalny plant in Erdenet. The main contributors to the Selenga beating Russia and Ulan-Ude, de cleanly sporud not to cope with the discounts of industrial enterprises of the city. It also adds to the flooding of the Selenga river, where the rest of the rocks lead to the mass breeding of thinness and strong patronage undertakings and uncontrolled dacha life.

The industry of the Irkutsk region is the main source of atmospheric zabrudnennya in the region. The most unsafe for the ecosystem of Baikal is the supply of fluorine from the Shelekhiv aluminum plant and the sirki from the scalding of the coal at the thermal power plant.

The Baikal region faces the same problems as the rest of Russia. The last increase in the income of some groups of the population in the business centers has become systematic and uncontrolled expropriation of land on the shores of Lake Baikal, including in zones with special protection. Budіvnitstvo settlement and podpriєmstv on such plots without cleansing spores to bring to the lake biogenic elements (nitrogen and phosphorus), especially unsafe for endemic organisms.

In the development of the level of life, which is possible, in the business centers and rural areas, the local population of the Baikal regions live for the resources of the lake and taiga, sharply increased poaching, zokrema, illegal fishing for ribeye and hacking the fox. The rest are especially unsafe on the shores of Baikal and along the valleys of the rivers, which flow into the new one, which leads to the degradation of the forests, the change in the water content of the river and the decrease in the self-purification of the building of the Baikal ecosystem.

4.3. Liodoviki

The temperature of the planet is rising exponentially. The Arctic may be the first victim of global warming. Chi will wake up the Earth of its krizhanoї cap? The dance of the arctic ice has been calling alarm for a long time. It is no longer possible to write off as a private thought of all the scientists and journalists, as if they were blowing up a sensation. Three hundred fahіvtsіv іz 8 kraїn, scho between the Arctic, stretching chotirokh rocіv carried out an assessment of the camp of ice in the latitudes. It has been established: the Arctic polar cap has changed by one fifth for the remaining 30 years.

At a time, ice packs in the Pivnichny Icy Ocean occupy approximately 8.4 million km3. [*Pakovy ice - sea ice with a tovshchina not less than 3 meters, which, having awakened more than 2 river cycles, the growth of that tannennya. At the sight of the great krizhanyh fields, it is important to watch in the Arctic basin. Ce average value: the collection of the ice shell grows up to 18 million square meters. km, the wind changes. The elders are afraid that for a hundred years of the area of the Arctic ice in the summer month the two women will speed up. Tannennya liodiv to move the river of the Light ocean, and to cause further changes in the climate on a planetary scale. And for the fauna of the pivnіchnyh districts, it will be a catastrophe. For example, for example, for the witches, who are constantly blazing with the floating ice of the Arctic, they simply will not be deprived of a place to live.

One of the main reasons for changing the climate is the strengthening of the greenhouse effect through the increase in the presence of active gases in the atmosphere - instead of carbonic acid. As usual, the tempi should be saved, the concentration of CO₂ at the top of the cobXXIIcentenary of growth vdvіchі! Unfortunately, the forecast, prepared by the Obchislyuvalniy Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, confirms the news. Rosrahunki show: with a double increase in the concentration of carbonic acid in the atmosphere, the ice-free ocean warms by 1.5 ° C, and the area of ice in the summer months changes by 80%. And yet not the most pessimistic of the possible scenarios. The deyakі experts prophesy that even before 2070 the fate of the ice in the Arctic can be broken again.

On earth, periods of cooling and warming change one another. 8–5.5 thousand years ago, the weather in Europe was on average 2–3 degrees warmer, lower today, and the ice cover of the ocean is maybe even less. The cold weather, which began in the first quarter of another thousand, turned out to be unfortunate and already in the end of the 19th century it changed to warmer weather. As a result, in the 1930s, winter temperatures in Greenland increased by 5 ° C, in Svalbard - by 8-9 ° C! Swallowtails and thrushes appeared in Iceland, blue-headed thrushes began to nest in Greenland. And since the 1940s, the temperature has dropped again, and over the coming 25 years, the ice area in the Arctic has increased by 10%. It is important that all the "hit" is the result of one-on-one cycles of "warmth - cold" varying weather - in short, up to tens of thousands of years.

How old are the current warming and what will be the legacy, it’s unknown. Navіt yakscho all kraїni svіtu come to the Kyoto protocol, which regulates the release of industrial gases into the atmosphere, without giving a swidky effect.

It is necessary to rely on the correctness of the hypothesis, it is good for some kind of Arctic ice - a system that is self-regulating. When the polar cap tumbles, a ball of desalinated water settles on the surface of the ocean. Between them and the earthen balls a transitional ball is created, which crosses the warm waters to the surface of the ocean. The water is cooling, freezing, and the ice shell of the Arctic is growing again.

4.4. SEAS

Nothing is protected from the zabrudnennya of that sea, for a long time it has served as a place for the temple of wild sewage. Entanglement occurs as a result of falling into rivers, and then into the ocean of sewage waters of various enterprises. How many waterings and forests, processed with pesticides, and naphtha waste, transported by tankers? Naftove zabrudnennya Light ocean, without a doubt, the most wide-ranging phenomenon. In 2 to 4% of the water surface of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, it is permanently covered with naphtha. Sea waters usually contain up to 6 million tons of naphtha hydrocarbons. Mayzha, half of the entire population is connected with transportation and the development of genera on the shelf. Continental naphtha is muddled near the ocean through a river stik. The retail components of naphtha are already ruthless. The presence of them in the sea water will lead to the death of their sacks. The stench is negatively injected into the taste of sea creatures. Place the fish eggs in the aquarium, with an insignificant concentration of oil products, more germs in the guinea.

Together with the river runoff, important metals are needed in the ocean, rich in toxic power. The total value of the river runoff is 46 thousand. km. take to the river At the same time, up to 2 million tons of lead, up to 20 yew. tons of cadmium and up to 10 ths. tons of mercury. The most high rivers are muddled along the coast waters and inland seas. Chimalu plays the role of clouding the Light Ocean and the atmosphere. So, for example, up to 30% of mercury and 50% of lead, which enters the ocean, is transported through the atmosphere.

Chlorination in carbohydrates, which are widely vaccinated as a way to fight against the skids of the agricultural and forest state, with carriers of infectious ailments, already rich for ten years at a time with a runoff of a river and through the atmosphere come near the Holy Ocean. DDT and other pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls and other substances of the same class are found everywhere near the Holy Ocean, including the Arctic and Antarctic.

The scale of the fermentation of the products of the seas and oceans is so great that in the rich lands sanitary norms have been established in some of the quieter and less rough rivers. It means that at the concentration of mercury in water, only 10 times higher than the natural one, the fermented oyster already exceeds the norm, it was installed in some countries. It shows how close that border of the zabrudnennya seas is, that it is impossible to cross without shkidlivyh nasledkіv for the life and health of people. The steps of the muddled sea water of the Daedal are getting bigger. Often the building of the seas and oceans to self-purification appears to be insufficient. In the main fields, zabrudnen are formed near the coastal waters of the great industrial centers and narrow rivers, as well as near areas of intensive shipping and oil production. Already swirling swirling with currents and shkidly pouring into the zones, the most rich in creatures and growth, setting up a serious shoddy state of marine ecosystems.

For example, near the Krasnodar Territory, the project of the Caspian Pipeline Consortium (CPC) is being implemented: oil pipeline is being laid, oil-filling terminal is being built. And there were dozens of hectares of relict yalivtsevy forests (creatures and birds living in them have spent their ecological niche and were doomed to death).

Another example: residents of the Novorossiysk region are protesting against the existence of a naphthalny port near the villages. Pivdenna Ozereyka, shards are creating a threat to Russia's only child resort of federal significance - "Anapa", stashed nearby. So far the Zhovtneviy District Court of Novorossiysk was pleased to call a statement from a group of citizens about the wrong conduct of the CPC's work, but this decision was protested by the Novorossiysk prosecutor's office.

4.5. SNIGOGALKI

The problem of winter snow collection is to blame the state building, and Moscow is not to blame: such difficulties are colliding in the greater cities of Pivnichnoy Europe, the USA and Canada. Folding Poliakaє not Tіlki in Nezkіdnostі Підтримувати Влюльці, that roads Vіdpovyky to tehnіchnyi standard_vkluatatsії in Umovki Rіzko Zb_lighted transport stream, and y oglvostі mіnіmіzії zbitkіv Navroichnyh Sadovichi, the camp of the Middle of the Middle of the Mosgapolіs is not possible to name the ass_lin.

The main types of winter snow removal activities are the fight against forging and clearing (viving) from snow and ice, moving from snow to specially introduced local storage areas (snow storage and snow melters). As the main protioglacial materials, vicarious are technical strength, sand, crushed stone and, in a few fluctuations (at temperatures up to -300C) - rare calcium chloride. The stagnation of the remaining drug is associated with a negative impact on the electric power supply, stoked under the bottoms of the city's electric transport (trams, trolleybuses). Vіdpovіdno up to tverdzhenoї "Timchasovoї іnstruktsії z tekhnologii ї vybirannya vіzryannya ulitsa i proїzdіv...", obrobka ulitsa is carried out by special machines-rozpodіlniki with a norm of vitrati 50-60 g/m 2 . The technical ability to dose does not allow the sniffle to be changed when the weather changes. In this order, the value of 50 g / m 2 is good for any weather minds for the winters of the Moscow region. The most unsafe villages of highways and streets (steep descents, pidyomi, galmіvnі maidanchiks, tunnels, unsafe turns and crossroads, trestle bridges, zippers of the public transport are thin) Crushed stone of a fraction of 2-5 mm, mixed with a technical sill, and, possibly, with a squeak, stagnates during periods of snowfall of significant intensity, which passes at low temperatures again. In times of snowfall and temperatures are lower than -15 ° C, it is possible to successfully complete the roadway part of the street with crushed stone. The processing of the passing part of the motorways of the city, according to the rules, may be carried out immediately after the ear of snowfall with the improvement of the class of the road. A similar pidkhid is victorious and for a distant visit to the snowy mass.

Possibility of throwing snow from the road beyond Uzbekistan or on the lawn, or spreading greenery of the smog is surrounded by the methodology of winter tidying up the street with a low class (other row values) of the road. At the borders of the place, the most common roads, from both sides of some є lіs chi landing, tobto. To finish the different components of the navkolishny middle. In such a rite, throwing snow, especially in the middle of the place, in the minds of such a growth to perebuvayut at a crouched camp, is unacceptable. A possible exit from the situation is either the transfer of "clean" snow (not chipped with anti-icing drugs), or the standard processing of molding a snow shaft on Uzbek and distant imports of snow.

Tidying up and turning the streets and autoways is important for the help of mechanical aids. That is why it is necessary to formulate the best possible technique, which is victorious in winter cleaning. The main shortcoming of the technique is the impossibility of fixing the machines-salt underlayment with the method of gnuchka dressing of the passing surfaces. Parking technіki become unsafe for the most important middle ground like dzherela wikidiv into the atmosphere of those rare effluents, which are formed most importantly from oil products. At the same time, it is necessary to have a sporud and conduction of additional entries, investments in minimization of hits. Tobto. a place for possible repairs and a mitt of technology due to a hard surface (asphalt, concrete) with a 3-5% slump in a water intake. The water receiver is responsible for the mother's capacity, enough for the reception of drains, that includes the possibility of seepage. The smelting of naphthoproducts can be removed from the surface and utilized. It is unacceptable to drop untreated drains from the parking lots of equipment to the sewer (water drain) barrier.

For the placement of the equipment necessary for the distribution of the equipment into the atmosphere, it is taken from the “Methodology for conducting an inventory of the wikis entering the atmosphere for motor transport enterprises. NDIAT”. At the time of re-visiting the showings, it is possible to carry out additional entries, directing to lower the air intake into the atmosphere. Saving salt should be less effective on hard asphalt surfaces, uniquely salt exposure to wet ground. Necessary periodic control and re-verification of the capacities, which are vicorated for the collection of rare reagents with a method of sabotaging the turn.

Snow callers (post-yni chi timchasov) є local dzherelami zabrudnennya dovkіllya, regardless of the type of equipment. Expansion of sewage snowmelt waters, near the warehouses of such chlorides (at concentrations that are rich in GDK), naphthoproducts, which are important, become unsafe.

4.6. UNDERGROUND AND GROUND AND WATER

The problem of ensuring the population of Russia with good acidic drinking water is one of the most socially significant, shards of healthy people, ecological and epidemiological safety of the regions of the country. Underground waters grow near the Sverdlovinas on the mud up to a few kilometers. More than a third of the potential resources are located in the European part of the country. Zagalom at the edge of the stage, the development of reserves of underground waters is taken from 20%. Fresh underground water is formed in the Moscow region, more importantly with additional atmospheric fallout. Falling to the surface, some of them seep into the system of aquifers and form underground stik. The average consumption of underground waters in this region is close to 11% of the norm of atmospheric precipitation.

Underground vody vikoristovuyutsya head rank for drinking purposes. So the stink of the overflowing river of life. The stinks of the rivers of tsiliy and the safe eating of the rivers in the winter and summer between (otherwise, at low standing water horizons), if the surface stik during the day. With a strong increase in the flow of groundwater, porous with surface, underground waters, the river runoff acts as a regulating factor.

Behind the minds of the flood, three types of underground waters are seen: perched water, soil and pressure, or artesian.

Ground waters are called waters that lie on the first water-resistant horizon below the top. Sounds of stench can be seen up to the water-impenetrable layer and are characterized by a greater and lesser constant tide of water. Soil water can accumulate both in puffy porous rocks, and in hard cracked collectors.

Groundwater that accumulates in the alluvial deposits is one of the water supply holes. The stench vikoristovuyutsya like drinking water, for watering

The exits of underground waters on the surface are called dzherels, chi keys.

Irrespective of the natural protection of underground waters, the quality of water can deteriorate from time to time. The main dzherela zabrudnennya subterranean waters near Moscow: a turn of sewer collectors, seepage of zabrudnenny atmospheric fallouts through zabudnenny soil, sipan and obstruction of the call, a turn and filtration of clean spores, technological communications and no sewerage і. The most zabrudnenі was m. Moskva soil water. Їх zabrudnennya pov'yazane head rank with oversized wide widths of rare communal inlets, as well as gas-like inlets of motor transport, industrial enterprises, thermal power plants and іn.

JEREL WATER LIFETIME

A lot of residents of Moscow and Pdmoskov'ya vvazhayut that water from the dzherel or kolodyaziv is richly better for yakistyu, lower than that, as it should be near the city's apartment from the water supply system. Whoever ascribes to the neck water a little lacking authority. Prote inacceptability of health can be blamed on itself in people, like getting old water - no one can guarantee it.

It is impossible to control how different officials pour in the waters of the rain. Sewers pierce, unauthorized throwing off of industrial enterprises - all the same, if you have a drink by the water. The laying out of corpses of creatures, white sloughs, sections, feces is the main source of the appearance of ammonium nitrogen and nitrates near water. At the well waters, a large amount of nitrates often escapes through the stagnation of nitrogen fertilizers. It does not matter to show the traces of living in such a drive.

The presence of these pollutants confirms that at the same time, pathogenic microorganisms could have been consumed by the water from these rivers, which calls for different illnesses. The presence of intestinal coli in the deformed people and creatures also signals about their possible presence. According to the documents of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service in 2007, roci for tsimi pokazniki near the waters over fifty dzherel pіdmoskov'ya mayzhe exceeded the permissible norm for the second time. Particularly unsafe is the intake of biologically aggressive microelements into the body, such as mercury, mish'yak, cadmium. Widely known to spread illness among the inhabitants of the coastal regions of Japan (in the middle of the last century) through the ingress of mercury and cadmium into the water. As a result, people who have eaten riba have suffered stagnant paralysis and rubble of brushes that do not succumb to rejoicing.

Possibly, the deaky gentlemen of the dzherel’s water were spared, and their dzherel was not confused. But no one can guarantee that such a situation will be saved in the future. According to the opinion of the authorities of the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Service of Moscow, the water of all natural springs of Moscow and the richness of Podmoskov'ya is not suitable for drinking. At the same time, come in and clean up the dzherel, and then you better get better in the vіd vіvannya dzherelnoї vody.

VISUAL LIFE OF JEREL DRIVE.

Tsіl: signify the rіven zabrudnennya of the waters taken from the dzherel.

We took a sample of the gallbladder waters of Odintsovo. Samples were taken from selected polyethylene plates, washed with HCl (1:1). The analysis of waters was carried out by stretching after sampling. Water was paid for such points: transparency, siege and color.

Under the bottom of the cylinder, a font was laid out, which could be clearly read through the singing ball of water, which tells about weak confusion.

Trohi commemorate the siege, which is guarded on the days of the cylinder, to witness about the little zabrudnennya dzherel.

The color of fresh waters was determined according to the chromo-cobalt scale of color.

Visnovok: the transparency is not strong, the slightest commemoration of the siege, and the coloration is insignificant to tell about the slightly confused dzherel.

CHEMICAL LIFE OF WATER.

Tsіl: Dosvіdchenim way to reveal potassium cations and lead, chloride-ioni and sulfate-ioni in water samples.

10 ml of the sample was placed near the test tube, 5 ml of the reagent was added.

2K + + Na + + 3- = K2Na↓

Vipadanya zhovtogo siege to check about the concentration of potassium ions over 0.1 mg.

2) 10 ml of the sample was placed near the test tube, 1 ml of reagent was added.

Pb 2+ + CrO42- = PbCrO4↓

They predicted opalescence, which indicates that the concentration of lead cations is less, lower than 0.1 mg/l.

3) 4 drops of nitric acid were added to 10 ml of a sample of water, and 0.5 ml of sebum nitrate was added.

C l - + Ag + = AgCl↓

It is cloudy to say that the concentration of chloride-ion is more than 10 mg/l.

4) 3 drops of hydrochloric acid were added to 10 ml of water sample and 0.5 ml of barium chloride was added.

SO 4 2- + Ba 2+ \u003d BaSO 4 ↓

It is vague to talk about the amount of sulfate-ions - over 1 mg / l.

Visnovok: on the basis of chemical data, it is possible to confirm that the water is compatible with SanPiN and is admissible to healing, but there is a tendency to increase the quality of the water of the neck.

6. METHODS FOR FIGHTING WATER WATER WEDDINGS

6.1. NATURAL CLEANING OF WATER

Self-purification factors with water can be mentally divided into three groups: physical, chemical and biological.

Among the physical factors, the most significant may be the development, differentiation and mixing of the confusion that needs to be found. A good mixing and a decrease in the concentration of suspended particles is ensured by a quick crossing of the river. Sprinkle self-purification with water from settling on the bottom of indeterminate fallouts, as well as from fermented waters. In zones with a moderate climate, the river clears itself after 200-300 km from the point of zabrudnennya, and in the Extreme Pivnochi - after 2 yew. km.

Znezarazhennya vіdbuvaєtsya under the influx of ultraviolet viprominyuvannya Sontsya. The effect of infection is reached by a direct harmful influx of ultraviolet changes on the protein columns and enzymes of protoplasm, microbial cells, as well as spores and viruses.

From the chemical factors of self-purification with water, the following are the signs of oxidation of organic and inorganic speeches.

Before the biological factors of self-purification by water, algae, mold and yeast fungi are seen. However, phytoplankton does not always positively contribute to the self-purification process: in the few floods, the mass development of blue-green algae near the artificial water basins can be seen as a self-purification process.

Self-purifying water from bacteria and viruses can be accepted by representatives of the creaturely world. Thus, oysters and other amoebis adsorb intestinal and other viruses. Skin of mollusks filtered for doba over 30 liters of water.

Unfriendly to the process of self-purification with water, deak factors are poured in. For example, chemicals are polluted with water and industrial wastewater, biogenic elements (nitrogen, phosphorus and other) galmuic natural oxide processes, driving in microorganisms. The same is true for the discharge of thermal sewage waters by thermal power plants.

A rich stage process, which sometimes stretches for three hours, is self-purification of oil. In natural minds, a complex of physical processes of self-purification of water and oil is formed from a number of storage systems: vaporization; settling breasts, especially re-wrapping with sediments and saw; squishy little breasts, called by comrades; splicing of the breasts, which make the spitting from the included water; a decrease in the concentration of stale oil and oil after sedimentation, merging and mixing with clean water. The intensity of these processes to deposit depends on the dominance of a particular type of oil, the temperature of monitoring and the type of sony lighting.

In small rivers, the building up to self-purification is significantly less, lower in the great ones, and the mechanism of self-purification is easily destroyed during overwhelm.

Jari, which adjoins the water protection zone, is due to buti fortified, so that they did not make a fuss, did not smuggle with water.

Dzherela, who revives the river and the lake, may be cleared, looked after.

The essence of the mechanical method lies in the fact that from the sewer waters, mechanical houses are seen through the path through the filtration and filtration. Mechanical cleaning allows you to see from butovyh sewage waters up to 60-75% of non-retail houses, that of craftsmen - up to 95%, a lot of such, like valuable houses, vicorist from vicarious houses.

Among the methods of purification of sewage waters, a great role can be played by the biological method, which is based on victorious laws of biochemical and physiological self-purification of rivers and other water bodies. Water before biological treatment is given mechanical, and then for removal of disease-causing bacteria and chemical purification, chlorination with rare chlorine or chlorine vapor. The biological method gives great results during the cleaning of communal wastewater. It is also used for purification of outputs of naphtho-refining, cellulose-paper industry, and production of piece fiber.

7.VISNOVOK

The logic of the development of the life of the Earth determines the activity of a person as the head official, moreover, the biosphere can function without a person, but a person cannot function without a biosphere. The official foundation of the biosphere is pure water. The next generation will not let us through those who allowed us the opportunity to enjoy the primordial nature.

The skin of a person may have the right to a friendly dovkіllya. The pro tse is written in the Constitution of the Russian Federation. Tim, who is violating the right, reprimanded. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation has a chapter, as it is called "Ecological evil". Kozhen inhabitant of the planet Earth is guilty of watching his life for the camp of dovkіllya.

Preserving the harmony of man and nature is the main task, like standing in front of the next generation. Tse vimagaє change the bagatioh statement about the equalization of human values. The necessary development in the skin person of "environmental information", as the choice of options for technologies, the life of business and the use of natural resources is significant.

One of the main goals of modern education is the promotion of ecological culture of the younger generation, the formation of an ecological way of thought. For example, in the twentieth century, the order of our state was praised and approved by the Sovereign's program for the enlightenment in the gallery of the protection of the necessary middle ground. At it the goals and principles of organization of environmental education were determined. An important point is the fact that the priority of environmental education, the obligation of the implementation of environmental disciplines in all the main pledges are enshrined in the laws "About illumination" and "About the protection of the natural environment." When the “Take everything from nature” went out, the necessary transition to the “Nature is our house” went out.

REFERENCES

1. Vorontsov A.I., Kharitonova N.Z. "Protection of nature", M., Vishcha school, 1997 pp. 68-91.

2. "Engineering ecology and environmental management" Ed. Ivanova N.I., Fadina I.M.,-M., Logos, 2008, p. 124-149.

3. "Engineering Ecology" Ed. Medvedeva V.T.-M., Gardariki, 2005, p.59-84.

4. Konstantinov V.M. "Protection of nature", - M., Academy, 2003, p. 75-89

5. Konstantinov V.M., Chelidze Yu.B. "Ecological foundations of nature", -M., Academy, 2004, p. 58-76.

6. "Problems of the conservation of the navkolishny natural environment and natural resources" Ed. Burkova N.A., Shiryaeva V.V. - Kirov, 2006, pp. 23-31.

ADDITION 1

Table 1 "Total water resources of the Russian Federation"

Water resources

Static (perennial) reserves
fresh waters

Middle bazaar obyag
(renewal)

total, km 3/r_k

part of stock
fresh water, %

total, km 3/r_k

part of fresh water reserves, %

Rivers

470

0,53

4270,6

41,9

lakes

26500

29,80

530

5,2

swamps

3000

3,37

1000

9,8

Liodoviki

15148

17,04

110

1,1

Underground ice

15800

17,77

Underground water

28000

31,49

787,5

7,8

Gruntova Vologa

3500

34,3

Together (behind oblique positions)

88918

100

10198,1

100

ADDITION 2

Fig.1 "Potential supply of water resources"

ADDITION 3

Table 2 “Obsyagi of sewage waters, which should be in the form of industry, such a communal state at the top of the bunk. Moscow and її tributaries»

Districts

Volume of sewage waters of the city and settlements

Obyag of sewage waters around the kremikh enterprises

Volume of waste water from agricultural objects

Usyogo by region

Mozhaysky

24800

18850

43650

Odintsovo

51210

23660

1720

76590

Istrinsky

56986

33440

7400

97876

Ruzky

17810

10485

28365

Krasnohirskiy

2000

3000

5000

Sonyachnohirsky

5968

Volokolamsky

1270

together

160044

89435

9190

258669

(for credits Mosvodokanal NDIproekt)

ADDITION 4

Table 3 "Areas of developed and drained lands near Russia in the countries of the near abroad"

Rik

Land area, million ha

drained

zrushuvanih

of all

1970

7,4

10,9

18,3

1975

10,1

14,2

24,3

1980

12,6

17,3

29,9

1986

14,9

20,2

35,1

ADDITION 5

Table 4 "Main hydrological characteristics of the largest lakes in Russia"

Lake

area

dzerkala, km 2

Glibina, m

Stock up on water

km 3

Surface

high tide, km 3/river

Middle

Biggest

Caspian Sea

395 000

190

980

76 040

266,4

Baikal

31 500

730

1741

23 000

60,1

Ladozka

17 700

230

908

74,8

Onezka

9720

127

285

19,9

Taymir

4560

2,8

0,3

Khanka

4190

10,6

18,5

Chudsko-Pskovsk

3550

7,1

35,2

12,2

Pererakhuyte problems, pov'yazanі z vikoristannyam water resources. Problems of optimal selection of water resources. Water resources and water resources

It's easy to send your harn to the robot to the basics. Vikoristovy form, raztastovanu below

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