Politics is the purpose of directing the activity of the state in order to resolve the various problems, the setting and implementation of the most important goals, the development of the state or other spheres. The instruction from the politician is a special order that allows the powers to reach the same goals in a particular gallery.
Іsnuє impersonal classification policy. For the criterion of directness, one sees, as you know, internal

rennu that zovnіshnyu politics. The internal policy is related to the top problems of the middle of the country, and the outside - to the international arena. In the fall, as the sphere of life is poured in, such direct domestic policies are seen: economic, social, state-legal, cultural. Other cultural policy is viewed as a warehouse of social policy. Leather from direct domestic politics is divided, at its own quarter, behind the Galuzev sign. So, economic policy includes the policy of industrial, agricultural, tax, penny-credit and other.
Social policy is represented by the policy in the field of health protection, demographic, national, youth policy and other. Warehouses of state policy are legislators, administrative, court, personnel, legal policies. Cultural policy - the policy in the gallery of education, cinema, theater and others. Over the years, such a difference in politics is seen as a sci-tech, ecological, informational one. The stinks permeate all spheres of a suspenseful life, and that does not lie long enough for them. Direct politicians to wash their structure and objects to the point. For example, agrarian policy includes the following elements: agricultural policy, agro-industrial policy, modern agrarian policy. The objects of agrarian policy are agro-industrial associations, farmer states and others.
Modern politics can also be directly: defensive, foreign (between physical and legal persons of different powers), modern economic and other.
Structural detailing of state policy allows for the purposeful implementation of programs and projects in a particular area.
For the criterion of dovgotrivalnost see strategic and tactful (in-line) policy. The strategic policy for the time interval is double-line (10-15 years), middle-line (3-5 years) and short-line (1.5-2 years). A tactful policy is a purposeful activity, directing the implementation of the intended strategic goals.
The world has a great influence on domestic politics, given by the most famous official - international politics.
The process of development of the state policy includes several main stages to establish its own political cycle: the identification of substantive problems and the goals of politics; development (formation) of the policy; implement-
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setting state policy; assessment of the results of state policy
At the first stage, there are significant problems and their causes. For example, the worsening of the demographic situation in Russia is due to two bureaucrats: low nationality and high mortality, as if, with one’s own blackness, to fall into the hands of other officials (guess the facts for you). In order to develop the policy in this country, it is necessary to understand the main reasons for such a situation: the ineffectiveness of the state health care, vigilance, unsatisfactory ecology, the growth of alcoholism, and drug addiction.
Another stage. On the basis of the analysis carried out, the goals (targets) are determined. So, in the given example, the demographic situation of the head of the policy is directed to the adopted reasons. Vibudovuєtsya ієrarchіya tsіley in the skin areas of life. Sovereign institutions win the sole role of this process. For example, the main strategy of the current and internal policies is determined by the President of the Russian Federation. Vіn same put zagalnі tsіlі before the federal bodies vikonavchoї, scho to know your vіdbitok from yogo shorichnomu envoy to the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation about the camp at the edge of the main directions of domestic and foreign policy of the state. The order of the Russian Federation determines the main specific goals, and develops the strategy of state policy in other regions. The main document of the Order is the middle-line program of the social and economic development of the Russian Federation. Parliament also takes part in the formation of politics by way of discussing topical issues under the hour of praise for the budget, legislative acts, which lie in the next spheres of state politics. The complexity of the various problems can be brought to the point where, when developing the policy, the organs of state power (political scientists) go to the rescue not only professional officials (experts, analysts, speech writers, etc.), but rozrobku new ideas, pіdkhodіv chi programs.
Third stage. With the adoption of the program, the stage of policy development will be completed and the stage of implementation will begin. Here the Vikonavchi organs of power, us in front of the ministry, services and agencies come to the fore. Coordinating the work of the Order of the Russian Federation and the President of the Russian Federation. Federal ministries accept legal acts (directives, punishments, orders and others.). The federal services will exercise control over their vikonannyam. The stench is doing the same
nіy (license) for zdіisnennya pevnyh vidіv dіyalnosti juridical person and hromada, register deeds, documents. Federal agencies zdіysnyuyut revival vlasnikіv schodo sovereign lane, give services to other federal agencies (for example, at the set standards), legal persons, citizens. The provision of services to the population is one of the urgent problems of sovereign government in all lands, including Russia. Golovne at nadanny servitors - uninterrupted service and quick reaction to the population's drinking. Unacceptable damage to robotic transport, criminal police, housing and communal services and others. At this time, a lot of powers are orienting their robots to a list of basic services, acceptances from the countries of the European Union. At a new transfer, for example, for the citizens, they must pay from the social insurance fund (student scholarships, family benefits and other), to apply for additional help (zocrema, about theft, stolen cars), to see documents (passports, water rights), Record of the assets of the Hromadyansky state. Among the public services for business is the registration of new companies.
In the whole ninth stage of the policy implementation there is a system of entries, oriented towards the final result, which is the case in the working plans of the ministries. The stench of the future will think over the program for the implementation of the tasks set: mark the activities, the headlines of the vikonavtsi, the standards of the vikonannya (technical tasks), the distribution of resources, the standards and criteria for the results of the vikonannya. For vikonannya plans vikoristovuyutsya different methods, peredusіm pravovі. The methods of social-psychological (perekonannya, housekeeping) and administrative (control, obezhennya, quotas) are also widely zastosovuyutsya. The importance of the economy (taxes, tariffs, subsidies) and organizational methods is great. For example, the demonstration of post-employees of the comrades and victors of the work and services is carried out in the competitions, to seperate the sovereign zamovlenya thoroughly.
At the fourth stage, the results and consequences of state policy are analyzed. A final assessment is given of the policy (program) to be carried out by the robots of state bodies. Thus, the activities of the UK ministries are evaluated on the basis of a single methodology for such directions: efficiency, effectiveness and economy. It is recommended to evaluate the work of the local administration for such displays as the achievement of planned goals, unplanned effects, obligatory services, the hour of observation, the level of satisfaction of the population.

It should be noted that a great impact on the state policy may have different groups of interests, including lobbying groups, the activities of which will be discussed in the following paragraphs.

POLITICAL SCIENCE

Lyudina is a political essence. This truth was formulated by the great ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. Politics is in the interests of our people.

Politology- one of the youngest humanities disciplines. Vaughn took shape like the 40s. 20 century. Vaughn originated at the borders of philosophy. The formation of specific political issues in the cheni is less pronounced in the 16th century. See the robots of the Italian thinker N. Machiavelli. Suspіlne right (constitutional and administrative) ruled for political science. Naprikintsі 19 on the cob of the 20th century - systematized development of politics. Politology- in view of the old Greek policy and the vchennya. Science about politics Object political science-political sphere of life. Tse sphere of state-organizing ties, vzaimodiy and vіdnosin.

Politics - from the old Greek polis-city-state. Aristotle's treatise "Politics" - those who are brought to power, sovereign on the right, mystic management of power.

Vision of politics.

1. Politics- tse blues between powers, classes, social groups, nations, which are blamed for the drive of the suffocation, zdijsnennya and the loss of political power in the empire, and also the blues between powers on the international arena.
2. Politics- The purpose of the activity of state bodies, political parties, and community associations in the sphere of influence between social groups (classes, nations, powers), is directly related to the integration of their success with the method of changing political power and conquest.
3. Politics- the sphere of activity of groups, parties, individuals, states, with the implementation of vitally significant interests with additional political power.
4. Politics- fate on the right d-vi
5. Politics- the art of state management
6. Politics - science hold.

political science

Political opinion of the social sub-sectors of the government

Attitudes, interests, goals of social groups and political institutions

D-st of the implementation of models of the future society

Having poured into the power of the political forces of the country (party members, citizens)

D-st z management of the spheres of life of the Society.

See policies:

For the spheres of about-va-economic, social, national, scientific, environmental, cultural, military;

Behind the scale-internal that zovnishnya;

For priorities - neutral, opening doors, compromises, national reconciliation;

By subjects-states, svіtovoї spіlnoti, party, bank, firm.

Politology- This is the science of state-organized society as a functioning one, and develops a political system based on the interplay of warehouse elements: political subjects, political institutions, and political freedom.

From political science, it is closely related to other sciences: political philosophy, political history, political sociology, political psychology, political anthropology, political geography, legal science.

More space in the history of political thought of antiquity is occupied by look Plato(5-4 centuries e.), contributions from the works of "Derzhava", "Law". To the hibnim forms of d-vi vin vіdnosiv:

- timocracy - the power of the ambitious;

- oligarchy- panuvannya nebagatioh richativ;

- democracy- the power of greater;

- tyranny - the dominion of a tyrant.

The ideal state for Plato is the just rule of the wise. Justice. ІІєrarchy: rulers-philosophers, warriors-warts, artisans and villagers-physical workers.

Aristotle all forms d-vi are correct and incorrect. The correct metaphor of d-vi in ​​the blasphemy (monarchy, aristocracy, republic). Wrong-vigoda of the ruler, and not the people (tyranny, oligarchy, democracy).

At Ancient Rome, at the development of political thoughts, Cicero(1st century BC) in the robots “About the State”, “Law”. Legal equivalence. Justice. Three forms of d-vi: royal power, power of optimists (aristocracy), people's power (democracy). The best form - zmishana - mіtsnіst d-vi i pravova іvnіst yogo hulks.

Serednyovіchnі philosofi-vlada-God's promise. Augustine Aurelius (4-5 centuries). homa Aquinas(13th century) - a hanger of the monarchy. Two types of monarchy: absolute and political. More politically.

In the Age of Resurrection Italian Niccolo Machiavelli(15-16 centuries). Roboti "The Sovereign" and "Mirkuvannya for the First Decade of Titus Livius". Vvazhav, that in the basis of political behavior lie vigoda that force. Politics the goal is true. way

dії for reaching meti: the way to the law and the way to violence. Sovereign may vmiti koristuvatisya obom ways. Makіvelіalіzm- politics is based on the cult of brute force, ignoring the norms of morality.

Philosophers Hobbes, Locke, Spinoza, Montesque, Voltaire, Rousseau, Hobbes are the founders of the theory of the suspense contract . Hobbes- at the robot «Leviathan or matter, form and power of d-vi». Three forms of d-vi can be used: monarchy, democracy and aristocracy. Hobbes the protector of monarchical power.

Locke at the work "Two treatises about sovereign rule". The idea of ​​a rightful state-va-state-in subordination to the state.

Montesque at the work “About the spirit of laws”. Freedom and equanimity. "Everything is permitted that is not forbidden by law." Theory under the rule.(The idea of ​​mixed rule was developed by Aristotle and Cicero). Formerly, this idea found its way into England at the time of Cromwell's reign, though spontaneously.

Jean Jacques Rousseau and the creation of "About the Suspіlniy Agreement or the Principles of Political Law" inspires the understanding of social equivalence. principle of popular sovereignty. The principle of the republican side.

The ideas of French educators were inspired by the Great French Revolution of the 18th century.

German classical philosophy.

Kant(Nim. Phil. 18th century). Roboti "To the eternal world", "Metaphysical cobs of doctrine about law". Autonomy of specialty. Lyudina is a meta, but chi is not zasib. Law and order. Politics-harmony mark and soobi.

Hegel(Nim. Phil. 19th century). The work “Philosophy of Law” is an idealistic theory of the power of law. Vchennya about free will. Vchennya about hromadyanske suspіlstvo and legal power. Ideal-constitutional monarchy.

In this order, the main doctrines of the political thought of the Renaissance era and the period of bourgeois revolutions:

- theory of popular sovereignty(17-19 centuries) with the improvement of the theory of the social contract. Vіdpovіdno to tsієї teorії people-dzherelo vlady and її nosіy.

- theory of legal power

- theory under the rule.

Representatives of utopian socialism 16-19 centuries.

Ancestor- Thomas More(15-16) at the book "Utopia" (place, there is no such thing). Gromadska vlasnіst koshtom vyrobnitstv. Collectivism, planned management of the state. Pratsya is the first need, labor vihovannya. V_d dermal for needs, dermal - for needs. Social equality, equality of women. Vіdmirannya power.

Stages of utopian socialism.

- early (16-18) the birth of capitalism and bourgeois revolutions. Representatives: More (England), Campanella (Italy), Winstenley, Mabli, Mellier, Babeuf (France).

Another stage is the 18th century, the era of Enlightenment. Representatives: Saint-Simon, Four'e (France), Owen (England).

The third stage of the 2nd half of the 19th century. Russian revolutionary democrats: Chernishevsky, Dobrolyubov, Belinsky, Herzen and others. For a revolution, a democratic republic, a people's ruler, a rural community.

Marxist concept of politics. and Engels n.m.fil. 19 Art.

Struggle for power;

The basis is the first, and the nadbudova is the second;

The power is a product of class struggle and serve the interests of the economically noble class. Violence d-vi.

Ideological panivny class

Suspіlne buttya vyznaє svidomіst

The policy is under the order of the economy, but it spills over into it.

Political thought of Russia 19-20 centuries.

Decembrist. Jealousy. Hromadyansk Suspіlstvo. Good people. Republic.

Chaadaev."Philosophical leaves". Causes of the collapse of Russia in the lands of Europe.

Zahіdniki that slov'yanofili.30-40 years of the 19th century.

Slov'yanofili.Kirєєvskiy, Khomyakov, Aksakov, Samarin. Self-confidence of Russia. Preservation of autocracy.

Zahidniki. Belinsky, Granovsky, Herzen, Ogaryov, Botkin. Russia is on its way back.

Herzen.50-60 years. The idea of ​​"Russian socialism". Through the rural community.

Chernishevsky. People's peasant revolution. Populism.

Anarchist-rebellious straight. Bakunin. Zarechennya be-like a power.

Neo-Slovak philosophy. Religious philosophy. Solovyov. Berdyaev. Milyukov.

Modern political war Sunset.

Gumplovich. 19 century."Sociology and Politics", "Fundamentals of Sociology", "Struggle of Races". Representative of social Darwinism. theory of conquest.

Spencer. 19 Art. positivist direct. "Imagine Sociology". Suspіlstvo evolution. The social intelligence of the government.

Pareto and Mosca 19-20 century. Italian vcheni. Elite theory. Moscow at the robot «Elements of political science» - the power of the leader can be in the hands of the minority, the elite. Pareto "A Treatise on Social Sociology". Elite and counter-elite to fight among themselves.

Ostrogorsky and Michels K.19-20 century. The theory of oligarchization (bureaucratization) of political parties.

Weber.19-20 century, German sociologist. The theory of democracy. Bureaucracy.

American Churches of the 20th century. Lasswell, Dahl, Toffler, Italian Bobbio, fr. Crisis. Power for the minds of the cob of post-industrial society.

01.02.2017

Meta follow-up- Reveal all variations to the appointment of politics, understand the essence of political knowledge, give the correct understanding: politics, as well as sciences.

Why do we need to understand our process of understanding politics? Politology is the science about politics, and then, we need to explain what politics is!?

• In my opinion, centrally, verily firm:

- Crazy: politics is a suprising phenomenon, there, de є suspіlstvo, z'yavlyaєtsya politična warehouse suspіlstva. Aristotle sign the people, like "political creature", the nature of a person has a pragmatic connection with fellow tribesmen, a pragnennya united for reaching common blessings - family, place, power. The individual is not a suspense, not taking part in political life.

Crazy rice policy politics is a suprising phenomenon!

• The concept of "politics", different approaches:

Pobutovy rіven, politics- Whether the activity of a person, an organization is directed at the reach of a target.

Scientific research- rely on argumentation and systematization, you can name a few examples of relevant approaches to the definition of the concept of "politics":

• sociological;
• substantial;
• scientifically constructed, connected with a specific interpretation of politics.

Sociological approaches (options for interpreting the concept of "politics"):

Economic pidkhid (especially "Marxism")- the idea of ​​economic determinism, for which the policy of ordering is based on economic warehouse suspension of water. All the subjects of politics, who do not wield their own free will, are dictated by the processes of economic development of society. Suspile-political development of the 20th century showed the impossibility of this theory, economy, less important factor , one of the hypostases of the suspіlnogo life of suspіlstva, which infuses into political reality. Butt, Hitler, used as a tool for the economic development of society, the economy is only a tighter and private official, which grafted utopian ideology to the government. The economy, in a different way, has become a “fertile field”, as it “grows” Mussolin, Hitler, Mosl and other representatives of the directly destructive development of the political thought of the 20th century.

Stratification pidkhid(sociological category - a system of criteria that divide the group's suspense (strati, class and other)) - the main idea of ​​the stratification approach polagaє in supernice singing groups (classes (“Marxism”), zatsіkavlenih groups (A. Bentley, D. Truman)). Without a doubt, after the “failure” of the communist state projects, it is practical for the whole world. At that hour, as the theory of “hooked up groups” for the time being, became one of the leading ones and the modern democratic pluralistic power grew up.

Legal support- the policy is like a pokhіdne vіd "natural" human rights. Zgіdno z kontsієyu, with people all equal in their natural rights - the right to life and more. Power and politics are the result of a “communal agreement” directed at the defense of the “natural rights” of people. The theory of "suspіlnogo contract" by representatives of such a prominent fiery philosophical thought - Spinoza, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Kant. Powers are an instrument for the defense of the rights of the citizens, the citizens give sovereign powers to the power, more effective security for the defense of "natural rights", a kind of agreement between the skin citizen and the power.

Ethical (normative) pіdhіd — politics as activity is directed to the achievement of a global good . Tsey pidkhid exemplifies the idea of ​​directing politics towards the achievement of a "spoiled" good. However, as the story shows, the subsistence good can be interpreted in a different way, under the “mask” of the subsistence good, there can be “protected” irrational, ruinous motives (the destitution of the enemies of the people, the deprivation of the “Jewish” population and other options) "suspіlnogo good"). I want to, well. Zagalom humane pіdhіd, tse beautiful іdealіstіchna meta-sovereign order, like on the aphids of hisїstichnyh vchinkіv pієkіv politіv, folded dosjazhna.

• Substantial approach (options for interpreting the concept of "politics"):

"Vladne" vyznachennya politiki — sukupnіst dіy directing to power with the method of її nabuttya, vikoristannya that morning. You can talk about those who Niccolò Machiavelli, in his appointed policy, would be more graceful її to distinguish from the modern “sovereign” approach to the appointment of understanding politics (N. Machiavelli, talking about those who are politically "The wealth of koshtіv, which is necessary in order to come to power, to settle down in power, that koris richness її").

Institutional policy making— representatives of which approach are inspired, that politics, the fate of the right "Institutes" , - Powers, parties and others.

Anthropological purpose of politics- even Aristotle, pointing out that a person for his life is a “political creature” according to nature in order to collaborate within the framework of suspіlnyh structures: family, community, place, power. Tobto. anthropological factor of politics, pershoosnova politics, the purpose of a civilized foundation of a person in support, transferring to the very human essence (requiring mutual modality from the social structure) on the basis of legal norms.

Conflict-consensus policy- the whole theory is connected with the ideas of antagonism of the political process, the struggle of the same and at the same time the single essence of the political process. On the one hand, politics is the conflict of interests, the struggle for the removal of gains, benefits, on the other side, politics is the process of directing the achievement of justice, the order is the security of opportunities for the implementation of all participants in the political process. I so politics is consistent with the theory of conflict and consensus - the whole process of directing to reaching consensus.

The theory of "friends" and "enemies"- The theory was developed by the German political scientist K. Schmitt. Ідея К. Шмітта така, наша життєдіяльність наповнена різними видами суспільних відносин - релігійні, економічні, культурні та інше, у процесі людської участі в подібних різновидах відносин, виникає конфлікт інтересів, формується «ущільнення», з якого починає «виростати» поділ учасників суспільного процесу into fragments "friend", "enemy". I at the moment fragmentation appears: a friend is a foe, a policy is announced, how to serve the interests of "friends" and "enemies".

• Scientifically constructed, related to the specific interpretation of politics:

Definitely clear understanding of the policy — politics, process preparation, acceptance of that practical implementation of footwear for the whole succession of decisions. Through the "prism" of the actional mission, politics is a process that develops from the stages: the birth of political goals, the preparation of funds for the establishment of a goal, the organization of the process of realizing the goal, the achievement of goals,

Teleologically defined understanding policy- in which direction the politician speaks yak diyalnist (close to the final concept) directed towards achieving collective goals . Representatives of this concept (Zokrema T. Parsons) emphasize that politics has a “fundamental function” — the function of an effective, collective achievement of common goals. Theological concept comes from two postulates, Persian, people have a collective nature (providna idea of ​​Aristotle), differently, svіdomy and tsіlespryamonirovaniya character dіy subjects of the political process In such a situation, the will of the individual is transformed into the will of the collective creations and the whole society.

The appointed policy is dependent on the system approach- politics, the system is well organized, which helps the city to self-sufficiency, integrity and exchange in other suspension systems

Together:

Price Policy:

• the result of the development of the economy;
• the result of the supernumber of singing groups, closed groups;
• the result of a hromada agreement between the hromadyans and that power, directed at the defense of the natural rights of the hromadyans;
• the result of activity directed towards the attainment of a global good;
• the succession of all diy directing to power;
• as a result of participation in the institutions of power, we are in front of the state;
• the result of the natural scalability of the skin individual to a supple organization with a real access to the natural benefits on the basis of legal norms;
• the result of the search process and the significance of the consensus for the hour of the suspіlnyh conflicts;
• the result of subdivision of prosperity on the other side of the group behind the sign of “friends”, “enemies” and the further process of wildly defending interests until the moment of satisfaction with the interest, or else not reaching the further dissociation of the group;
• tse process of preparation, priynyattya that practical implementation of the main decisions for all subjects;
• the result of the activity of reaching the set collective goal.
• a collapsible system that allows self-sufficiency and at the same time is actively interacting with other support systems.

Poliyatika - the dialist of social groups of the same іndivіdiv articular (usvіdemalenna is supplied) of his own sorelivikh kolekitative izyneres, viloennya otov'yazkovikh for the illegal sassing of the Rishin, and the duplicity of the sovereign -477c) .

Politics- Diyalnistnost іndivіduumіv аnd social groups, pov'yazana z vіdnosinami z drive conquest, utrimannya vykoristannya vladi z metoyu realіzatsії іїхіхіхіхів (New political dictionary_Pogoriliy D.Є. and ін_2010 -31-8s).

Designated policy, historical aspect:

« Politics is the collection of koshtіv, necessary in order to come to power;» — N. Machiavelli.

« Politics is the sphere of freedom between the classes of the economy, "concentration of the economy» — V.I. Lenin.

« Politics is the exercise to participate in the power, or to the point of influx on the power, which is between the power, or in the middle of the power between groups of people, like they are out in themselves» — M. Weber.

"Politics - the master of the values ​​of the middle class" —D. Easton.

Go ahead…

(Greek. πόλις ) were historically molded like local communities with self-rowning, like they constituted themselves like a political formation, cohesion - the form of self-organization of the community was typical for Ancient Greece. She took off the development and expansion through Italy and without a middle through the Roman Empire. For the growing powers of that empire, the policy of mutually with the great territories led to the slowness of the policy and the perfect management system. Politics, as a methodology of management, was molded in policies, the management elite and different camps (crafts, arts, schools) were formed in which the future elite was molded.

By itself, the term, as it is seen, was introduced in the IV century BC. e. . Aristotle, who proponuuvav yoma such a designation: politics is the art of managing a state (polis). In the meantime, politics was seen as an okrema of the social butt of the back to the bottom - even if it’s better, lower, for example, economics or morality. Іsnuє kіlka rіznіh vyavlen about the nature of that policy change:

1. Theological. Apparently, before this announcement, politics, like life in a rush, may be a divine adventure.
2. Anthropological. Taki Pidhіd yawyazu with a human nature: to come across, the same, they are mutual for dictations of the Satuns (I, with the same, the zumovy, the zumovs, are low in the characteristic rice ).
3. Biological. Podіbne interpretation, navpaki, may be on the verge, that the nature of politics is guilty of understanding on the basis of sleeping soils for humans and creatures - such, for example, as aggressiveness, the instinct of self-saving, the struggle for survival, etc. speaking with the phenomenon of aggressiveness of war, revolution and other conflicts that make room for the life of prosperity.
4. Psychological. Vidpovidno to the first manifestation of the political interplay between people - needs, interests, emotions and other manifestations of the human psyche. For example, S. Freud interpreted politics to the traditional key for himself, for example, associating the nature of politics with incomprehensibility.
5. Social. Vidpovidny pіdkhіd conveys that the policy of є spawned suspіlstva and was formed in the course of the evolution of the rest - in the world of growth and development of social stratification. The neolithic revolution can be seen as the right point of these supremacy changes, as it plunged into the forms of the state, so it into the way of life of people as a whole. The logic of the appearance of politics at any time may look like this:
   1. Increasing productivity of people's activity will lead to the appearance of private authority. Остання, у свою чергу, сприяє розвитку економіки, її спеціалізації, а також формуванню нових соціальних об'єднань, поглиблює автономність і незалежність особистості, забезпечуючи їй можливість досягти певного становища в суспільстві економічним шляхом, а також посилює розшарування суспільства за майновою ознакою, породжуючи конфлікт .
   2. Social differentiation, in addition to ethnic and religious signs, is becoming more pronounced.
   3. Demographic growth and expansion of economic activity actualize the problem of independence of other cities and towns, as well as the task of protecting the integrity of the territory, which is under the control of the designated land.

Obviously, the policy blames the connection for the second time, the virishity of vikladenі more problems and conflict situations by traditional methods - for help, moral attitudes, then. Parallels with the law of politics act as one of the new regulators, recognized for solving these problems; Moreover, with this method, a state is formed as a new form of structuring and organizing the life of people. By virtue of this understanding of politics, without intermediary it will appear with the understanding of the state and power. The concept of the political scientist M. Duverger sees three forms of power - anonymous, individualized and institutionalized; the first two are designated as sovereign, and the third - as powerfully sovereign, which has a public character and inspires the emergence of politics.

Essence of politics

In the course of the development of scientific and philosophical ideas, various political agendas were promoted: the more “tsar's mystekstvo”, which influences the Volodymyr's wealth of specific (oratorical, military, judicial, etc.), in the mind of “protect all the people with the greatest possible "(Plato), knowledge about the correct and wise rule (Machiavelli), the leadership of the sovereign apparatus or embracing the goal of leadership (Max Weber), the struggle of class interests (Karl Marx). Let us expand the clouding of politics like activity, which manifests itself in the behavior of hromada groups, like the totality of models of behavior and managing the suppleness of the lungs and create power control, as such, at the same time, smash for the will by the power of power. Існує також уявлення, що у найзагальнішому вигляді політика може бути визначена як соціальна діяльність, спрямована на збереження або зміну існуючого порядку розподілу влади та власності в державно-організованому суспільстві (внутрішня політика) та світовому співтоваристві (зовнішня політика, глобальна чи світова політика).

Politics is a richly planned social phenomenon, which can be seen as an instrument of self-regulation of society. The main purpose of the policy is low, proponated by various theoretical directions, in which one of the main aspects in political activity is supported: institutional, legal, economic, psychological, social, anthropological, etc.

Main Approaches

In a historical retrospective, the basic trends in the essential nature of politics, like i, like y in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bgenesis, can be pointed out at the boundaries of the totality of various theoretical approaches. Before them, you can see the following:

1. Substantial. The appointments of the policy appear without intermediary from the understanding of the government, dictating the policy, either as a management for the help of the government, or as a practice until the wake of that saving. Zim is directly associated with the understanding of politics, presented in the works of M. Machiavelli, M. Weber and K. Marx.
2. institutional. Appointment, in some kind of respect, to look after the singing organization, or to the kind of partnership of people that victories over the functions of the government. As a rule, as a key institution, a state is designated (such a look, zokrema, V. Lenin), however, there are other variations that accentuate respect for other public institutions.
3. sociological. Within the framework of this approach, society is accepted as a collection of structurally organized groups that realize their needs and interests for additional power, and politics, apparently, like these other forms of activities of such social groups, are in the realm of consumption.
4. teleological. Podіbne razumіnnya the essence of the policy is explained by the concepts of the organization, the purpose and purpose of the statement, the understanding of which the field of the term “politics” is expanding.

In addition, modern political science has two protracted approaches, one to one, to the understanding of politics: consensual and confrontational. Pershered Virishnnya of problems with non -Salitsky and non -confusion methods, behind the pre -person spivprats, the jacket of compromise, I half in the nomo rosemi, the yak is a recable of the house of the other in the place of the other. or organizations over the weak. Necokhoy, VTIM, at the Tsomu Vidnachiti, Shcho is not a skewedness of the meaning of the importance of be the same with the product є a product of the borotbi cucumber of the ribs (conflicts of one thing confrontational approaches.

Alternative appointments

• Politics is the fight against impersonal interests (the art of management for the improvement of the interests of all versions of the society). Appointment related to the etymology of the Greeks. πολιτικός, de πολι (poly) means faceless, and τικός (tіkos) - interest; (literally - "impersonal interests") [ ]. So, the sovereign servants in the places of ancient Greece were called politikos, and the hulks, yakі little cіkavilis that took the fate of the political life of their place, were called ιδιοτικός ( idiotikos) ;
• Politics is the art of the permissible. The history points to the manipulation and aggressiveness of the policy of wealthy rulers. Politics is a management, a tool, and it is necessary to revise it for the purposes of falsification (imitation character) of politics;
• Politics is the all-season phenomenon of a suspenseful life, which permeates all forms and includes all forms of social activity of people, all kinds of activities from these organizations and kerіvnitstv within the framework of the processes of virobnitstva;
• Politics - the goal of managing the distribution of resources;
• Politics is the whole sphere of the life of society, connected with the otriman, the utriman and victories of power;
• Politics - tse pragnennya to participate in the power, or nadannya vplyu on rozpodіl vlady, either between powers, or in the middle of the power between groups of people, as if they won't take revenge on their own;
• Politics - the fate of the right of the power, the right of the power, the designation of forms, the task, the change of the power of the state;
• Politics - the purpose of the organization's activity (її behavioral model), the zocrema activity of the state to realize its goals (interests), for example: - technical policy;
• Politics - be it a program of diy, see all the activities of independent pottery, no matter what. Obviously, in terms of significance, we can say, for example, about the currency policy of the bank, about the school policy of the Moscow municipalities, about the family policy of the squad of every person and every child;
• Politics - sukupnіst zahodіv і dіy, investih u reach explicitly given result;
• Politics is a form of joint publicity that reflects the corporate interests of the commonwealth and that manifests itself in the community (states) as flows, disruptions, trade unions and other public organizations and associations for specific interests. The most thoroughly organized party and church among them;
• Politics is the art of uniting people;
• Politics is the struggle for the right to establish their own rules for the gri;
• Politics - the art of evil in the name of goodness (philosophical and ethically assigned to a broad meaning);
• Politics - the decree of the third person, which should be directed at the vikonannya;
• Politics - the strategy of anyone, on the proposition of right and freedom, has been drawn. (Politics like this can propagate rights, vіdmіnі vіd rights, proponovanіh іnshoy politiki);
• Politics - come in the one that gets used to a special way with the method of creating ideas about those, like everything can be vlashtovano in the middle of the middle. For example, the policy of the firm "A" can change the functions of the company that it has, with the method of increasing profits.

Policy functions

Apparently before its recognition, the policy has a number of main functions:

1. Implementation of the interests of social groups, which may be significant at a glance of power.
2. Regulation of that ordering of processes and vidnosin, which is based on the state, as well as the minds, in which the practice of such virobnitstvo is established.
3. Security as an approach to the development of sustainability, and the adoption of new models of yogo evolution (for innovation).
4. Rationalization of water for people and help to eliminate problems in society, search for reasonable solutions to the problems that arise.

Policy structure

In politics, there are subjects, which actors are independent and independent participants in the political process (for example, people’s souls, institutions, organizations, etc.), 'Yes. In the aftermath of such interdependence, political views are blamed, as, in their own right, they are determined by the political interests of the subjects. On all the listing of structural elements, political evidence (the totality of values, ideals, emotions) and political culture intersect from the side. The summation of warehouses creates the manifestation of the greater abstraction: political system, political regime and political processes.

See Politics

The classification of types of policies is determined by the number of substituents:

1. Behind the main sphere of socialism: economic, social, scientific and technical, military thinly.
2. Directly or by scale: the inside and the outside.
3. Behind her character is progressive, reactionary, scientifically grounded and voluntarist.
4. According to the subjects: the politics of the world, spilnoty, powers, organizations, etc.

Political processes and suspense

VID vidpovіythovypynosti Politika Opitive requirements of the sincer of suspension at Yogo Matteric, the spiritual aspect, and such a regional man of the actual rustle, the head of the Ekonomichny, so the very seniors in the aspects of the same quick abo, navpaki, zatrimka development.

The basis of political processes is the collection of ideas and methods of their implementation. Politics may have a temporal character, so it can be changed through the change of leaders (kerivniki).

• The political party is the organization of the same-minded people from the far-flung schools of the process and ideology of management. Political ideology is based on a description of the concept of phenomena and mechanisms, processes and management structures. The politicization of management often demonstrates the opposing of ideologies and manipulations to the arrogance of the goals of the shadow government and the lobbying of the interests of third parties beyond the borders of the management itself. Political parties look at the implementation of state administration in a different way. Therefore, the policy of the powers is determined by the balance of both and/or opposition to different ideologies.

Depending on the type (profile, equal) of organization, they distinguish: sovereign policy (zocrema monetary policy), military policy, party policy, technical policy (for voluntary organizations) just.

In the fall, directly, the activities of organizations are divided: internal and external politics, social politics, too.

As the international organization Oxfem is appointed, “in the rich countries, the main imbalance leads to imbalances in the political representation of the other groups of the society. Political and economic rules and solutions to save money for everyone else" .

Political systems and ideologies

Today, 20 political and ideological systems are seen:

Politics(Greek politikē - mysticism of government)

The activity of the organs of the sovereign power and the sovereign administration, which reflects the state of affairs and the economic structure of the region.

The nourishment of that subdivision of a supple, sovereign life.

The sing rank directs the activity of the power of social groups in various areas: economy, social and national incomes, demography, and security.

Politics- scorching kerіvnitstvo for diy that priynyattya solution, scho easing the attainment of goals. Politics is directing to reach the goals or to achieve goals. Directly installed by a path, as a follow-up, she explains, with a rank you can reach meti. Politics deprives freedom of action.

Politics(Greek politikē - sovereignty chi suspіlnі vіdnosinі vіd grek. πόλις - power) signifies vіdnosini with other subjects of political interests (powers, corporations, in all spheres mutually). The basis of the policy is formed by the constitution, or by the general planning of great organizations with a folding hierarchy and a richly profiled structure. The politics of foreign and internal relations are mutually motivated and reflect the foundations of self-organization and management.

Polis (Greek: πόλις) - the self-organization of the mass of the city (including the local community), as it constituted itself as a political formation, cohesion, - a special form of self-organization of the community, typical for Ancient Greece. Nabula developed that expansion through Italy and without a middle through the Roman Empire. For the growing powers of that empire, the policy of mutually with the great territories led to the slowness of the policy and the perfect management system.

Politics, as a way of understanding that methodology (method and order of zastosuvannya) was formed in policies, the administrative elite and different camps, crafts, arts and schools, in which the future elite was molded, were desegregated. Therefore, the political formation was originally politically blue as a long-term rule of law and obov'yazki sides, later designated as strategic and implemented through the functions of strategies.

У сучасну епоху політика стала схожа більше не на управління, а на маніпуляції зі складною ієрархією еліт та псевдоеліт, що підпорядковано багатофакторній рефлексії на різнорівневі та багатопрофільні сигнали (стимули) у реальних умовах природних мінливих факторів та вчинків, у тому числі і неадекватних поступів .

Vuzkoy sensi politics have a simple part, a program or directly such activity, a collection of tools (instruments) and methods (techniques) for the implementation of singing interests to reach the goals of the singing social (subject to the political process) goals. Politics is also called the process of adopting a decision, as well as the behavior of the great-state institutions. In the communities of the community, which self-organize, politics can be conceived in the mutual relations between the singing groups of people, for example, in corporate, academic, religious institutions.

Science development of politics is carried out at the borders of political science.

Alternative appointments

Politics is the fight against impersonal interests (the art of management for the improvement of the interests of all versions of the society). Appointment related to the etymology of the Greeks. πολιτικός, de πολι (poly) means faceless, and τικός (tіkos) - interest; (literally - "impersonal interests") [ dzherelo not specified 252 days]. So, the sovereign servants in the places of ancient Greece were called politikos, and the hulks, yakі little cіkavilis that took the fate of the political life of their place, were called ιδιοτικός ( idiotikos) ;

Politics is the art of the permissible. The history points to the manipulation and aggressiveness of the policy of wealthy rulers. Politics is a management, a tool, and it is necessary to revise it for the purposes of falsification (imitation character) of politics;

Politics is the all-season phenomenon of a suspenseful life, which permeates all forms and includes all forms of social activity of people, all kinds of activities from these organizations and kerіvnitstv within the framework of the processes of virobnitstva;

Politics - the goal of managing the distribution of resources;

Politics is the whole sphere of life of life, connected with the otrimans, the utrimans and victories of power;

Politics - tse pragnennya to participate in the power, or nadannya vplyu on rozpodіl vlady, either between powers, or in the middle of the power between groups of people, as if they won't take revenge on their own;

Politics - the fate of the right of the power, the right of the power, the designation of forms, the task, the change of the power of the state;

Politics - the purpose of the organization (її behavioral model) to realize its goals (interests), for example: - technical policy;

Politics - be it a program of diy, see all the activities of independent pottery, no matter what. Obviously, in terms of significance, we can say, for example, about the currency policy of the bank, about the school policy of the Moscow municipalities, about the family policy of the squad of every person and every child;

Politics - sukupnіst zahodіv і dіy, investih u reach explicitly given result;

Politics is a form of joint communion, which reflects the corporate interests of trade unions, and which the public society (states) have like flows, disruptions, trade unions and other public organizations and unite for specific interests. The most thoroughly organized party and church among them.

Politics is the art of uniting people.

Politics is the fight for the right to establish your own rules for the gri.

Politics is the art of evil in the name of goodness (philosophical and ethical dedication of the sensi).

Politics - the decree of the third person, what to induce at the vikonann.

Politics - the strategy of anyone, on the proposition of right and freedom, has been drawn. (The policy is like this, you can propagate rights, you can see the rights that are propagated by another policy).

Politics - come in the one that gets used to a special way with the method of creating ideas about those, like everything can be vlashtovano in the middle of the middle. For example, the policy of the company "A", can change the functions of the established by it, with the method of increasing the profit

Main Approaches

The wise men of the past decreed politics in a different way: as a “royal mysticism” cherubate with all other mysticisms (oratory, military, judicial ones) that vminnya “protect all the hulks and, if possible, rob them of the greatest of the best” (Plato); like knowledge about the correct and wise rule (Machiavellian); like the leadership of the state apparatus chi in a burst of goal leadership (Max Weber), like the struggle of class interests (Karl Marx). Current political scientists designate politics as activity from the drive of supportive interests, manifested in the behavior of hromada groups, and also as a collection of behavioral models and institutions that regulate the suppleness of the waters and create power as the power of control itself.

Modern political science has two key approaches to understanding politics - consensus and confrontation.

Consensus understanding

The consensus of the rosuminnya of the half to the hollows is possible for the half -mutual mutually mutual, Vihivanni conflictv, the Politika to the Gromadzki Acti, the storage of the rosynnya ry, the jaid, has a vigilly vigilan, at Yak.

confrontational reasoning

Confrontational razuminnya politics (Karl Schmitt) comes out of the fact that political interplay is blamed for the result of reaching the singing intensity of the spreads among people. Politics is created by groups of people who publicly fight, mutually signify in terms of "friend / foe".

the level of competence of the township's characteristics and their rational choice for the timely and complete execution of the task, set by the greater political power of the state;

the accuracy of scientific analysis with the best modern methods of modeling projects of great political decisions, including taking the risk of making inadequate decisions by the political capital of the state.

Political processes and suspense

The basis of political processes is the collection of ideas and methods of their implementation. Politics may have a temporal character, so it can be changed through the change of leaders (kerivniki).

Political parties - the organization of the same-minded people from the big cities of the process and ideology of management. Political ideology is based on a description of the concept of phenomena and mechanisms, processes and management structures. The politicization of management often demonstrates the opposing of ideologies and manipulations to the arrogance of the goals of the shadow government and the lobbying of the interests of third parties beyond the borders of the management itself. Political parties in different ways can look at the implementation of state government. Therefore, the policy of the powers is determined by the balance of both and/or opposition to different ideologies.

Depending on the type (profile, equal) of organization, they differentiate: state policy, military policy, party policy, technical policy (for the choice of organizations) is thin.

In the fall, directly, the activities of organizations are divided: internal and external politics, social politics, too.

the art of managing the power and the suspense;

the collection of social ideas is shaped by them;

sphere of activity of the state, parties, community movements

exercising to participate in the power, or nadannya injecting yourself into the power (Max Weber).

Political systems and ideologies

Div. also: Political system

Today, 20 political and ideological systems are seen:

[ed.] Vіdomi politichnі thinkers

Retirement of the appointment

Political vision blue- form a mutual relationship between the subjects of politics - goodwill, partnership, discussions, conflicts, panuvannya and ordering between participants in political life.

political power- the possibility of building one's will to impose one's will on others.

Political organizations- the collection of sovereign and non-state institutions, which express the interests of particularities, groups, suspіlstva.

Political culture- the type of setting up to political manifestations that appear in behavior.

Political awareness- political psychology and political ideology, motives for political participation (ideas, feelings, experiences, values, assessments).

Subjects of the policy- individuals, social groups, typesetting, organization, masses, support in the process of implementing the structure of state power.

Politics has a special role in the life of society

Politics is a supra-echoly foldable sphere of human vision. One of the most important tasks is the management of the welfare of the interests of various social subjects. Many interests I often include one by one.

The category of “politics” has a wide range of names for the one-man work of the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle. Vіn having looked at politics as a form of splіkuvannya sіmey and pologіv for the sake of a happy, good life. In Denmark, this term is often used to mean variance, see the flow and kerіvnitstva. So, to talk about the politics of the president, the party, the firm, the editorial office, the principal mortgage, the nominee, the leader of that participant in any group.

Politics- appears as a sphere of activity, connected with the rozpodіl that zdіysnennym vlady in the middle of the power and between the powers with the method of reaching the security of the suspіlstva.

In the most broad meaning the policy is not interpreted otherwise, as a function of organizing the peaceful life of people in the household , as it is necessary for that corisne in this plan of order. And the political blueprints are like a system of votes between people, as they blame them on developing themselves from the drive of the organization and the functioning of the sovereign power.

Nayavnіst that stand of the policy to lie down due to low factors. Tsya stіykі nebhіdnі factors, or zv'yazku, i є laws of politics. Before such links, you can add the following:

staleness of the subject's policy in the interest of another subject. Vibudovu policy of the one who married safely: in the blessings, including in life and health, in the social setting, splkuvanni meagerly; whoever has great resources, that one dictates the mind of a political (collective) reason; i.e., dictates to the one who has less incubation;

the staleness of the stability of political assets in view of the readiness of subjects to sacrifice some private interests;

the staleness of the sleepy security of the sleepy in the form of fairness rozpodіlu social positions of the subjects of politics.

Safeguarding three main elements.

Social security may be on the basis of saving the subject of his singing status.

Economical security means access to the facilities.

Spiritual security conveys the possibility of a free choice of ideas, believe, savor it thinly, as if it does not infringe on the interests of other people.

Politics is like a suspense

traditional, if the policy is determined through the state, then the fate of the people in the given power;

sociological, at the borders of some kind of policy is interpreted by the widest sense, as if it were some kind of social activity, which, with independent ker_vnitstvom people, rozpodіl benefits and resources, regulation of conflicts just.

In the traditional way the policy stands as a special one, ruling over other sovereign-dominated spheres of suspenseful life and being implemented in it. There are such specific designations of the policy, which interpret it as:

the sphere of the struggle for power and the way to implement the goal of power;

science and the art of state administration;

way of carrying out legal social punishments and orders that in.

In sociological approach politics, as a bulky activity, is not obligatory bound up with sovereign power, but also, it does not establish a special sphere of suspenseful life. There is a present creak, and be like a manifestation of a chi diy nabuvayut political nature of this world, such a stench "zachіpayu organization and mobilization of resources, the necessary implementation of the goals of a particular team, splnosti too.” It often seems to him: “Wherever you throw it, the politics will break.” There is a presence to inspire with this, if the retinue is so sensible as a person, what is left for the rest, that the fault is at the master's house, wanting to actually stay with the retinue "under the heel".

Interpretation of the concept of "politics":

The course, on the basis of which decisions are taken, come in whenever you finish that molding day.

The art of managing people, all kinds of activity from independent ceramics.

The sphere of struggle for conquest, the triumph of that victory of sovereign power.

The art of governing the state.