War Iraq. Arab lands after another world war Iraq another world war

In the political struggle of the post-mandatory period, which became a guest, took an active part in the plethora of the organization, which was grouped around the Baghdad newspaper "Al-Akhali". To її warehouse included Iraqi hromadskі dyachі, yakі pragnuli cardinal transformations of the suspіlny dispensation. Z 1934 Jafar Abu at-Timman and lawyer Kamil al-Chadari became the role of the Al-Akhali robot.

In the arena of political struggle, take up the job class. For example, the 1920s. were created profspilki, and 1934 p. - The Iraqi Communist Party (IKP), which once again declared about the struggle against the internal reaction.

Against the order of the "National Brotherhood" also acted the deacons of feudal grouping. One of the most important Iraqi devils, the great landowner Hikmet Suleiman, having established contacts with the Al-Akhali group. In the name of wines, he entered into negotiations with the leader of the anti-English military grouping, General Bakr Sidki, who took away the popularity of the zhorstok strangled Middle Eastern tribes and the Assyrian rizanina. Hikmet Suleiman and Bakr Sidki laid down a plan for a military coup, about which the leaders of Al-Akhali were told at the last moment.

July 29, 1936 The army under the command of Bakr Sidki demolished to Baghdad and presented to King Gazi I, who had ascended the throne in 1933, an ultimatum with the help of the introduction of the "National Unity" order. The king accepted the ultimatum and entrusted H. Suleiman with the formation of the Cabinet of Ministers. Three representatives of "Al-Akhali" were in the order. Bakr Sidki buv appointments as Chief of the General Staff.

In the program statements, H. Suleiman and Abu at-Timman, having taken the office of the Minister of Finance, voted for us to carry out reforms, to transfer sovereign lands to landless peasants, to adopt the development of national industry, to improve social security and others.

Prote Hikmet Suleiman and Bakr Sidki looked at this program only as an effective zasіb for calming the vastness and hindered its implementation. As a sign of protest against a similar position, the ministers of "Al-Akhali" on 19 March 1937 filed a resignation (before stinks were from the country). Bakr Sidki, who brought an influx of Italian and German ideas to fascism, preparing a new coup with the method of establishing a Russian dictatorship.

Ale rose Hikmet Suleiman and Bakr Sidki with democratic stakes, raising their voices, which made pro-English aggregation. On September 11, 1937, Bakr Sidkі was killed, after 5 days he fell into the ranks of H. Suleiman. In the country, the panuvannya of the pro-English forces was revived, especially since the 25th of December 1938. Nuri Said's detachment was re-formed. The new premier systematically dealt with not only the people's movement, but also his political supermen. At the birch tree of 1939, having explored the anti-Uriad movement, he arrested a great group of oppositionists. April 3, 1939 for mysterious surroundings in a car accident, King Gazi I perished, who did not praise the pro-English course of Nur Said. The son of the rotten 4-fold Faisal II was voted king, the regent at the same time, the one-minded Nuri Said prince Abd al-Ilyah was appointed.

5.4.4. Iraq at the Rocks of the Other Light War

After the entry of England at the war Nuri Said rose diplomatically with Nimechchina. Wanting to formally save Iraq in neutrality, the entire economy of the country was placed at the service of the interests of England. Having succumbed to the military situation, on the 12th of spring, 1939. the order having managed the overarching camp, having strengthened the reprisals against the opposition.

They activated their activities and that oppositional grouping. Particularly energetically joined in the struggle of the anti-English grouping of the anti-English directly, on top of which stood all the officers of the Iraqi army ("golden square"). Victory of the military failures of England in Europe and the Close Descent, the "golden square" zrobiv 1 April 1941. military coup. Rashid Ali al-Gailani's order came to power. Namiri kerіvniki vzmovi bіzni, zokrema weakened fallow land in England. But objectively, they supported the interests of the Axis powers. Nіmechchina and Italy were ordered to give help to the order of al-Gaylani Viysk.

May 2, 1941 The English government roared the Viysk forces against the Iraqi army. Nezabar the whole of Iraq was paid off. The people's masses did not give the army that "golden square" and the order of active support. Having occupied the country, the English government voted for the cleansing of the army and the power of the state. Accepted 1943. amendments to the constitution significantly expanded the prerogatives of the king and increased the order.

On September 17, the order of Iraq voted for the war of Nimechi. The activists of their activity were taken away by anti-fascist and progressive hromada organizations. All the while, the rulers of the stake in Iraq continued their reactionary domestic policy. The Iraqi economy was going through a period of stagnation, succumbing to oppression, after the military requisitions of food, hunger arose. English and Iraqi military turmoil stifled the people's rebellion. The rebellion of the Kurds, which began in 1943, became especially grim. and defeated only in the autumn of 1945. for the help of English aviation.

5.4.5. Iraq in the first war

The sweeping democratization of life during the war period called for a new rise of national-voluntary movement in Iraq, like the 1940s. On their basis at the quarter of 1946. the National Democratic Party of Iraq (PDPІ) took shape organizationally, which expressed the interests of the broad spectrum of the intelligentsia and the small bourgeoisie of the city. In 1946 the beginning of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan (KDP), which protected the national interests of the Kurdish people. The role of the robotic class, vocational school and IKP has been strengthened.

February 23, 1946 Tawfiq al-Suveydi, the liberal leader, having formed the first office of the peaceful hour. The new order skasuvav military camp at the edge, censorship to others. In kvіtnі it won't legalize a lot of political parties.

The struggle for a new illegal Anglo-Iraqi treaty, signed at the beginning of 1948, reached a great strain. at Portsmouth. Tsej agreement pіdbivav pіdbivki bіyskoї vіyskovoї okupatsії ї zberigav vіdnosche stanishche Іraku. Agreement in principle provisions repeating the agreement of 1930. As before, the English took control of the Iraqi Defensive Forces, victorious military bases and other military objects in Iraq. The Iraqi order did not gain independence from the old politics. A new agreement from England called for a splash of mass ledge of protest. The royal government was unable to ratify it. On the 2nd of a fierce new order on the choli with Muhammad as-Sadr, the disturbances were not only about agreement, but to declare about usir to look over the Anglo-Iraqi agreement of 1930. Political uprisings in Baghdad won the province and grew into a national anti-English and anti-monarchist rebellion. It was necessary to organize the Committee of National Spivrobitnitstv, which united the Party of Democratic Party, IKP, KDP, the Party of National Freedom and the Party of the People, as well as low-level organizations.

5.4.6. Iraq in the period of monarchical reaction (1950-1958)

The cob of the 1950s. the entire Arab world was marked by a new celebration of the national-volitional struggle, which shook the patriotic bulk of that in Iraq. Vinikli organizations in the world and mass democratic organizations. There were also created philanthropies of such radical Arab nationalist radical leftist organizations, such as the Arab Socialist Renaissance Party (in the Arabic abbreviation - BAAS), the Movement of Arab Nationalists (DAN) and in. At once the reaction consolidated its forces.

Under the pressure of the anti-Uriad actions of the Iraqi people, 1954 vlada bula zmushena to dissolve the parliament and recognize new parliamentary elections. On black elections, I won by winning the United National Front, which represented the PDPI, the Party of Independence and organizations of the Khilniks in the world, women and young people, as well as communists. Parliamentary elections were held under the auspices of the liquidation of the British political and economic domination in Iraq, the implementation of democratic reforms and independent foreign policy. The monarchical leadership of Nuri Said ventured to go ahead with the coup d'état. At the sickle, born in 1954 The won announced about the dissolution of the legislature elected to the parliament, and it blocked the activity of all political parties. In the country, a regime of military dictatorship was established.

Monarchic Iraq is more close to the reactionary regimes of the sudan Muslim lands. Have 1955 r. for the active participation of England in Baghdad, a military-political bloc was formed for the participation of Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Pakistan. Until the Anglo-Iraqi land of 1955, as it replaced the agreement of 1930, England retained political and political control over Iraq and drew it in from its aggressive actions on the Near and Middle People's Rise, but it did not cry out.

Stand up for the end of Iraq and the pact of Baghdad united all the national-patriotic forces of the country. Manifestations and strikes to protest near the fall of the leaves, 1956 have outgrown the rebellion. Hocha until the middle of the chest 1956 The insurrection was strangled, it killed the Iraqi patriots in the need to unite in joint political deeds and anti-series actions.

Since 1954, among the political forces of Iraq, the national support of the BAAS was seen. The baasti hung plainly and wisely died out, the stench urged the people to carry out social reforms. This party became popular among the population. The authority of the party zrіs in connection with the active participation of Russia against the Anglo-French-Israeli military invasion to Egypt 1956. The greatest supporter of the BAAS was known among the middle class bourgeoisie and among the followers of the idea of Arab nationalism.

On the cob of a fierce 1957 p. the bourgeois PDP and the Independence Party, the bourgeois BAAS and the Communist Party adopted the decision to unite with the National Unity Front (FNU). The program of the FNE promoted the adoption of the rule of Nur Saida, the withdrawal of the country from the Baghdad Pact and the development of the democratization of the political system, the liberation of Iraq from foreign interference, and the implementation of a policy of positive neutrality. The program of the FNE took away the support from the side of patriotic organizations and the illegal army organization "Vilni officers".

Patriotically decorated Iraqi warriors in the country by General A.K. Kasem and Colonel A.S. Aref came out against the ruling regime. Viysk ledge buv uzgodzheny іz kerіvnitstvom FNE. Vistup vіdbuvsya in nіch іz 13 to 14 lime 1958 Two army brigades occupied the royal palace and established orders. A large population came to the Viysks. The capital and the whole country stumbled under the control of the rebels. King Faisal and his motherland, Prime Minister Nuri Said and the deacons of the old regime were imprisoned and beaten. They voted Iraq an independent republic.

Representatives of the higher officers and the fiends of the FNE went to the warehouse of the republican order. It was announced about the departure of Iraq from the pact of Baghdad, about the liquidation of foreign military bases on Iraqi territory. O.K. was appointed head of the state. Kasem. On the 26th lime, Timchas's constitution was introduced, as it sealed the republican conquests and voted the equality of all the citizens before the law. Having become the president on the top of the state, he became the head of the National for the sake of the revolutionary command - the supreme legislative body of the country. Vikonavcha vlad was appointed by the Rada of Ministers, whose members were appointed by the president.

A coup d'état was taking place in the country, and a pro-Nazi and pan-Arab order came before the rule. As a result of the British invasion of Iraq, it was knocked down, and the regent Abd al-Ilah appeared under the rule, who made his appearance on May 2, 1953.

At the time of the earnings of another, Svitovo, Viyni Prem-Ministrom Iraku Buv Nuri-al-Samid, Yaki Piding the Anglo-Iraxy Dogovir 1930 Rock, Zgakimi Viduvyuvyavnia of the British mandate was in the sabotage of the Zberezniy, calling the calls of calls. While respecting him as a sufficient support for supporting the security of Iraq, he wanted to voice the war against the Third Reich, however, his ministers pleased him to get through the folding of the situation not to the greed of Great Britain on the fronts. The Prime Minister, having voted Iraq as a neutral power, has opened diplomatic blueprints with the Third Reich. After the entry of the Kingdom of Italy into the war in 1940, however, Nuri al-Said, then the minister of foreign affairs in the order of the 31st birthday of the same year, Prime Minister Rashid-Ali-al-Gaylan, was able to do it smoothly to change the order of the necessary opening diplomatic contacts from Italy. Under the influx of expansion of the ideas of pan-Arabism after the end of the French campaign to the Wehrmacht, the anti-English sentiment in the supremacy grew stronger through the fallowing of the greater part of the neighboring powers in the foreign influx. Zokrema, the ideologists of pan-Arabism preached to Iraq to take the fate of the wondrous Syria and Palestine and to achieve a political day within the framework of the Arab world. The leaders of the extremist movements propagated the taxation of foreigners from the Third Reich as a guarantor of the independence of that day of neighboring powers.

From the very beginning, Rashid Ali al-Gaylani did not need to communicate with extremists and make diplomatic connections with Great Britain. During the course of the differences in the ranks of the Prime Minister, they won benefits in return for the pan-Arabist organizations. The largest officers of the Iraqi army also supported their ideas and supported Rashid Ali al-Gailani at the same time praising the link with the ideologists of pan-Arabism and raising diplomatic voices from Great Britain. In 1940-1941, the officers of the Iraqi army did not try to cooperate with Great Britain, and the supporters of the pan-Arab movement began to negotiate with the lands of the “axis”. Great Britain won the rule of war to Iraq. Rashid Ali al-Gailani, who allowed a small English contingent to settle in Iraq, happened to be put on the cob in 1941, and yet at the same time, for the help of the army of wines, he again came to the British government, having taken prisoners of the prisoners.

The British began invading to Iraq from the Persian tributary and from the air base in the area of El-Habbaniya near the flower-grass in 1941. Viyskovski dії lasted for 30 days, for about an hour, such as the guardians of the state, including the regent Sharaf Fawaz and Prime Minister Nuri al-Said bigley from Iraq. Until the end of May 1941, Iraq capitulated. Rashid Ali al-Gaylani with his followers, yak dwelt on pan-Arabic glances, ducked at Nimechchin.

The return to Iraq of the regent for his son Faisal II Abdal-Ilah and the leaders of the peaceful political organizations after the occupation of the country by the English are few far-reaching traces. Great Britain took away from the distribution of transport and secured a link, and also achieved, as a puppet order, the war on the lands of the “axis” in 1942. Rashid Ali al-Gaylani's pribіchniks were able to spare their posts and intervening during the hour of war. Chotiroh officers, who were part of the Golden Square organization, as a coup d'etat in Iraq on April 1, 1941, the English rose.

Under the hour of another world war, the leaders of the faded and liberal political revolutions began to play a significant role in the life of Iraq. The entry into the war of the USA and the SRSR and their support of democratic revolutions in the world caused the infusion of democrats in Iraq to a greater extent. People who had experienced the day and the exchange of special freedom and freedom to each other, believed that in the course of the war life would change for better. However, the order did not attach due respect to democracy, and the rules of that exchange for the period of war after the end were not discussed. Regent Abd al-Ilah was on the ranks of the people in 1945, having taken into account that the reason for the people's discontent was the reality of the parliamentary form of government. Vіn calling to the formation of political parties and denounced them again freedom and the beginning of social and economic reforms.

The sweeping democratization of life during the war period called for a new rise of national-voluntary movement in Iraq, like the 1940s. The villagers, young people, the progressive intelligentsia and the national bourgeoisie took an active part in political life, the positions of which were marked for the fates of the war. The role of the robotic class, trade unions and the Iraqi Communist Party (IKP) has increased. At the rock of war, the number of patriotic parties is low, and in the middle of them is the Party of the People and the Party of National Unity. Offended by a small influx of the middle of the intelligentsia, scholars, other merchants and craftsmen. The party of the people was chosen by Aziz Sherif, the party of national unity - Abdel Fattah Ibragim. At the quarter, 1946 the National Democratic Party of Iraq (PDPІ) took shape organizationally, which expressed the interests of the broad spectrum of the intelligentsia and the small bourgeoisie of the city. The children of the Party of Liberals and the Independence Party have begun. The first of them united the liberal assistants and the great bourgeois. Regardless of the innumeracy, there is little influx from parliamentary stakes and villages. The Independence Party expressed the interests of the nationalistically driven great bourgeoisie and feudal lords. In 1946 the beginning of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan (KDP), which protected the national interests of the Kurdish people.

Bagato, in which the famous 1947 appeared. At the time of political repressions near the birch, there were parliamentary elections. At the parliament, the henchmen of the monarchical government stumbled. The struggle for a new illegal Anglo-Iraqi treaty, signed at the beginning of 1948, reached a great strain. at Portsmouth. Tsej agreement pіdbivav pіdbivki bіyskoї vіyskovoї okupatsії ї zberigav vіdnosche stanishche Іraku. Agreement in principle provisions repeating the agreement of 1930. As before, the English took control of the Iraqi enemy forces, victorious military bases and other military objects in Iraq. The Iraqi order did not gain independence from the old politics. A new agreement from England called for a splash of mass ledge of protest. The royal government was unable to ratify it. On the 2nd of a fierce new order on the choli with Muhammad as-Sadr, the disturbances were not only about agreement, but to declare about usir to look over the Anglo-Iraqi agreement of 1930. Political uprisings in Baghdad won the province and grew into a national anti-English and anti-monarchist rebellion. It was necessary to organize the Committee of National Spivrobitnitstv, which united the Party of Democratic Party, IKP, DPK, the Party of National Freedom and the Party of the People, as well as low-level organizations.

The hvil of the people's protests was tempted by the rulers of the stake to wait for the powerful of the rebels. It was voiced about the opening of the Portsmouth Treaty and about us looking over the agreement of 1930. It seemed that the current rebellion ended in victory, but it was not possible to close it. Z birch 1948 mass re-examination of the participants of the rebellion began. The introduction of the edge of the military camp at the link with the Arab-Israeli war in the grass, 1948 allowed the grouping of monarchist general Nuri Said to put pressure on the opposition. The main repressions fell upon the IKP. Її kerіvniki Yu.S. Yousef, H.M. ash-Shabibi and Z.M. Massive reprisals allowed the ruling regime to weaken the tension of the anti-English ledges of the country.

The beginning of the 1950s, in the entire Arab world, was marked by a new celebration of the national-volitional struggle, which arose the patriotic bulk of that in Iraq. Vinikli organizations in the world and mass democratic organizations. It was also created by the phylum of such trans-Arab nationalist radical leftist organizations, like the Arab Socialist Renaissance Party (T1ASV or BAAS), Rukh Arab Nationalists (DAN) and others.

At once the reaction consolidated its forces. At the fall of the leaves 1949 Nuri Said, having created his party, the Constitutional Union, and the chervni 1951. The National Socialist Party of Saleh Jabr was formed. Prote autumn 1952 The order waited for the direct elections to the parliament. The elections took place in 1953, and at the hour of them a rough squeeze was made on the elections, which allowed the parliament to be held in a monarchical manner.

Under the pressure of the anti-Uriad actions of the Iraqi people, 1954 vlada zmushena bula dissolved parliament and recognized new parliamentary elections. On the black elections, I will succeed in creating the United National Front, which represents the PDPІ, the Party of Independence and organizations in the world, women and young people, as well as communists (as an independent organization of the IKP did not take part in the Front). Parliamentary elections were held under the auspices of the liquidation of the British political and economic domination in Iraq, the implementation of democratic reforms and independent foreign policy. The monarchical leadership of Nuri Said ventured to go ahead with the coup d'état. At the sickle, born in 1954 The won announced about the dissolution of the legislature elected to the parliament, and it blocked the activity of all political parties. In the country, a regime of military dictatorship was established.

Stand up for the end of Iraq and the pact of Baghdad united all the national-patriotic forces of the country. Manifestations and strikes to protest near the fall of the leaves, 1956 have outgrown the rebellion. Hocha until the middle of the chest 1956 The rebellion was stifled, it killed the Iraqi patriots in the need to unite in joint political deeds and anti-national actions.

Since 1954, among the political forces of Iraq, there has been a national support of the Arab Party of the Arab Socialist Revival (PASV Baath). The baasti hung plainly and wisely died out, the stench urged the people to carry out social reforms. This party became popular among the population. The authority of the party zrіs in connection with active participation in Russia against the Anglo-French-Israeli military invasion to Egypt 1956. The PASV's greatest supporter was known to the middle class bourgeoisie and to the addicts in the idea of Arab nationalism.

On the cob of a fierce 1957 p. the bourgeois National Democratic Party and the Independence Party, the bourgeois PASV and the Communist Party decided to unite with the National Unity Front (FNU). The KDP, through the distrustful placement of bourgeois participants in the Front, did not win to the new one, but only supported the communication through the IKP. The program of the FNE promoted the adoption of the rule of Nur Saida, the withdrawal of the country from the Baghdad Pact and the development of the democratization of the political system, the liberation of Iraq from foreign interference, and the implementation of a policy of positive neutrality. The FNE program took back the support from the side of the patriotic organizations and the illegal army organization "Vilni officers"

Patriotically decorated Iraqi warriors in the country by General A.K. Kasem and Colonel A.S. Aref came out against the ruling regime. Viysk ledge buv uzgodzheny іz kerіvnitstvom FNE. On the night of the 13th to the 14th linden, 1958, on the eve of the villota of King Faisal II and Prime Minister Nuri Said from Baghdad to Istanbul for signing the agreement on the arrival of Iraq before the intervention of Turkey against Lebanon. Two army brigades occupied the royal palace and established orders. A large population came to the Viysks. The capital and the whole country stumbled under the control of the rebels. King Faisal and Yogo Sim'ya, Prime Minister Nuri Said and the deacons of the old regime were imprisoned and beaten. They voted Iraq an independent republic.

Representatives of the most important officers and the fiends of the FNE went to the warehouse of the republican order. It was announced about the departure of Iraq from the pact of Baghdad, about the liquidation of foreign military bases on Iraqi territory. O.K. was appointed head of the state. Kasem. On the 26th lime, Timchas's constitution was introduced, as it sealed the republican conquests and voted the equality of all the citizens before the law. Having become the president on the top of the state, he became the head of the National for the sake of the revolutionary command - the supreme legislative body of the country. Vikonavcha vlad was appointed by the Rada of Ministers, whose members were appointed by the president.

Lipnev revolutionary podії 1958 can be characterized as an anti-colonial national revolution, the success of which ensured the fate of the broad popular masses of the oppositional monarchy forces.

The main change in the political process after the Lipne Revolution of 1958. became a supernation of the two largest pleasurable parties - PASV and IKP. Offended by the party, they followed the single method of development - pobudov national socialism and voluntarily elected to get out of the broad people; masi. The communes established ties between Ukraine and the KDP and began to organize joint anti-Ukrainian rebellions, establishing Iraqi Kurdistan as their base. The struggle between the Baathists and the communists led to the split of the FNE in the spring of 1959. U sichni 1960 ryad having made the law on the legalization of political parties. The IKP was inspired by the legalization.

There was a split among the lavas of the bourgeois National Democratic Party, as a result of which party, the National Progressive Party of Iraq was seen, which began to shirk to an alliance with the PASV, Kerіvnitstvo PDPІ u Zhovtni 1961 p. it was embarrassing to say about the “freezing” of the party’s activity “until it was completed” in the country. In fact, such a statement meant the self-dissolution of the party.

The non-importance of the political situation was indicative of the economic activity in the order. April 30, 1958 the law on agrarian reform was adopted. Whose law, having half the character and partially liquidated the feudal land-ownership, simply surrounded it. The feudal lords lost half of their lands, in order to split the confiscation of excesses among the landless peasants. We paid a penny compensation to the owners of the latifundia for the land.

Active participation in the ongoing agrarian reform in the 1958-1960s. took the peasant spilka. With the help of the feudal lords, the middle peasants were divided among the villagers in the province of Amar, the reform was successfully carried out in the provinces of Kut ta Nasiriya. Order hung also the program of the industrial development of Iraq, for the implementation of such a wine we can obtain all the national resources and patriotic forces of the country.

The important significance of the formation of the economy of the youth of the Iraqi Republic is little development of trade and economic letters from the Soviet Socialist Republic, which followed the renewal of diplomatic letters on the 18th day of 1958. July 11, 1958 In Baghdadi, Radyanco-Irakska was traded in Baghul, for the land, for the Jacob Radyanskiy Union on the infantry on the traditions of the comski to Eklet Zobov, I had to move in the Irak of the Complete Predelnanni for the Pidprimani, and Takozhiy Pikhili, a row. , and humanitarian directives, which included also foreign loans (1964) and defense pledges.

Thus, the vigor of the new order called out the baked opir of feudal and bourgeois-comprador reaction. In the minds of the political tension, the head of the state, Kasem, became a special dictatorship, which, in turn, brought displeasure from the side of political allies: zokrema, the supporters of Kasem were led by the PASV, DAN, and the so-called Iraqi nasserists, followers of the nassersky way of development. At one time the stench organized the Socialist bloc of the opposition order. The situation that has evolved, the forces have hurried, that the throats of the revolutionary process have jumped. On the 8-10th of the fierce political opponents of Kasem, spying on his military units, they staged a coup d'état.

As a result of the coup on the 8th of the fierce boulevard, new bodies of power were created - the National Council of the Revolutionary Command (NSRK) that order; key positions were occupied by members of the PASV (baathisti). Abdel Sasalyam Aref became President and Prime Minister - Ahmed Hassan al-Baqir.

In the wake of the establishment of the new regime, reprisals were launched against the IKP, which made great sacrifices. And all at once there were talks of super-accomplishments in the camp of recent allies in the Socialist bloc. Zokrema - PASV - from one side, Iraqi nasserists and DAN - from another point of view, they thought about how to approach the negotiations about the union of Iraq with Egypt, which took place in birch-grass 1963. On May 25, the NRNC announced about the release of the nasserists. Their representatives were taken out in order, and the local organizations moved to an illegal camp from the black 1963. took part in the anti-Baathist political coalition.

The conflict between the Baathists and the Nasserists started the collapse of the Socialist bloc. Following the Nasserists of the new DAN, a number of other unionist organizations, and the formation of A.S.Aref's military group. Until the middle of the summer, all political parties and groupings were organized in an alliance with the PASV.

The foldedness of the camp, in which the PASV appeared during this period, was viklikana tim, that the party jumped to get on its own bek everything without a fault, and the class of the suspіlstva on the basis of the power concept of “harmony of the Arab suspіlstva”. To this end, a number of people wanting to reduce the introduction of labor control in the great enterprises, the fate of workers in profits from the satisfaction of the national bourgeoisie, and the nation to nationalize the great foreign capital - with the permission of foreign companies to inspire their activity.

Super-cheerful visits to a number of economic regions shouted distrust to someone like the national bourgeoisie, and foreign companies, and caused the country to grow into economic chaos. The national bourgeoisie began to curtail business and transfer capital across the cordon, which called out the growth of unemployment and the discontent of workers. Foreign companies changed their trade with Iraq. At once, the low number of entry calls led to the speed of economic contacts from the SRSR and other socialist lands.

In the agrarian region, the order was adopted from the quarter and red 1963. make laws about the speedy payment of land and rent payments. At once about those, if the peasantry after the public laws began to spontaneously hoard the landowners' lands, the order under the pressure of the landowners went into reprisals. Tim himself bulo dovіru to the politics of power bulo bіdіrvano like feudal lords, and among the villagers. Before that, the red 1963 p. on the pivnochi of Iraq, chergovі vіyskovі dії mіzh regular army and kurdish pens were rozpochalis. The battles were filled with a zhorstogo character.

Try the PASV to know how to get out of the camp; In the spring, two groupings settled down in the new one, the differences between the two grew into the Viysk zitknennya. The situation that happened, quickly grouped A.S. Aref. Enlisting the support of the Unionists and a significant part of the Viysks, they won on the 18th leaf fall of 1963. state coup. All power was in the middle of the hands of the army. Becoming President O.S. Aref, and after his death in a plane crash (1966), power passed to his brother, General Abdel Rahman Aref. Viysk extremist groups attempted to establish a harsh repressive regime in the country. A lot of famous participants in the revolution of 1958 And the military oppositions were arrested and physically reduced, against the Kurds they were tried against the military forces.

Having succumbed to the destruction of the split of the patriotic forces in the country, the rulers of the Viysk leadership went into demagogic maneuvers, it broke up the orderly program of everyday life in Iraq, the so-called "Arab socialism", the agrarian reform, the introduction of the planned economy and the private sector. The old politics voted for loyalty to the ideas of Arab unity. The program was publicized on the 26th leaf fall, 1963. Then, having praised Timchas's constitution, she voted for equal rights of all nationalities in Iraq, and she turned over to the majority of the population of the edge of the National Assembly. At the same time, the constitution defended the vigor of political parties, replacing them with the Arab Socialist Union - the ranks of the organization, which united the various political groups and forces, which supported the ranks of the domestic and foreign policy.

Not loathing suspіlnoї pіdtrimki, ravlyachá verіvka A.R. The arefa was spiraling on things in the army and statehood. Vaughn tried to balance between the helpers and the bourgeoisie, on the one hand, and the workers - on the other hand. But the political instability only aggravated the sovereign crisis of the country.

Opposition parties and that group succumbed to the situation that developed, that isolation of Iraq in the Arab world, at the link with Yogo's non-participation in the 1967 Israeli aggression. at the Nearest Departure. Order declarations about the readiness to hold democratic elections and form a coalition order could not destroy the regime. July 17, 1968 baasti and army officer groups staged a coup d'état and seized power. President Aref was arrested and suspended from the country, the presidential power passed to the leader of the Baathist party, General Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr.

On the day after the burial of the vlady, the PASV held a serious break at their lavas, moved into the right-wing extremist elements and created a new party graveyard at the warehouse of five osibs, among them already playing an active role, becoming an army officer and a party activist.

June 16, 1970 a new Timchas constitution was adopted, as Iraq voted "a people's democratic republic." The Rada of the Revolutionary Command (SRC) became the supreme body of the structure of state power. Rada of Ministers was vested with vikonavchy power. A.Kh. became the head of the SRK and the president of the republic. al-Bakr. At the fall of the leaves 1971 The project of the Charter of National Parties was adopted, de facto, the organization of the spivprats of all political parties and groups of Iraq was hung in the first place. The great honor was praised by the order in 1972. decision on the nationalization of power “Irak Petroleum Company. The nationalization of all oil resources in the country was completed before the end of 1975. The oil wealth of the krai passed into the hands of the state, which led to a serious blow to the positions of foreign capital in Iraq. Have kvіtni 1972 The Iraqi order pishov on the signing of the Treaty of Friendship and spivpratsyu z SRSR.

In the circle of songs, the economy of the country has begun to change: having planted a relentless growth in the power of the sovereign sector. At once, the enterprises of the government sector were given a lot of money, including with the withdrawal of licenses, loans, and money from the state budget.

The respect for the development of the industrial base of the country was raised in a flash. Capital investments have increased significantly both in absolute terms and in visual terms. So, as for the five-year plan, development for 1965-1969 pp. in. 187.2 million dinars, or close to 31% of all capital investments, were spent on the development of industry, in addition to the five-year plan for 1970-1974. . - more than 500 million dinars, or 35%. Safeguarding the growth of industrial production by 12%.

At the herb 1970 Bulo praised the new law on agrarian reform. Por_vnyano іz the law of 1958. Vіn suttєvo having reduced the maximum of zemlevolodіnnya, some kind of dif ferentiation is fallow according to the type of soil, the type of sіlskogopodarskoї produktsії, the method of growing thinly. bud. The maximum of lands that are left to the great landlords, but the changes are greater and lower by 2 times. The law zvіlnyav villagers to pay the rent and liquidate compensation to the feudal lords. Significantly, having pried, he ripped off the peasants at the bezstrokov and free of charge koristuvannya among the landless and land-poor peasants. In just two years after the adoption of the new law, over 3.8 million dunams were distributed - significantly more, lower over the past ten years. Usyogo to lime tree 1972 6.8 million dunams of landowner lands were distributed among 125.7 rural families. About 240,000 families became the guaranteed orendar of sovereign lands. Nearly half of all rural families seized the land on the rights of sovereignty and guaranteed rural rent. In this manner, the economic and political influx of feudal lords in the countryside was marked out.

The transformation of the economy was accompanied by important social advances. Heads of the middle of them - adopted the law on labor in 1970. and the law on social and pension security in 1971. Offend the law! they took away the advancement of life and the improvement of the minds of the workers.

Cerivnitstvo PASV called to spivpratsi all political parties and public organizations with a method of reaching the edge of stability and security of democratic reforms. The order was announced to settle the Kurdish problem in a peaceful way, to establish the rights of the people of national minorities and to legalize the activity of political parties. The most significant political opponent of the Baathists was the Communist Party. Ale, at that hour, the IKP split into two parts: the Central Command in the choli with Aziz al-Khodzhem and the pro-Radian Central Committee in the choli with Aziz Mohammed. 1968 r. the baasti urged both factions of the IKP to move to the rank and file cabinet. The central command supported this proposition. The Central Committee (CC) shied away to a compromise union and recognized the key role of the PASV in the order, the APF and the army. Recognition of the political leadership of the PASV meant the voluntary leadership of the communists in the homeland to play the role of the political life of the country.

The baathism reached a significant level in Kurdish nutrition - the central internal political problem that threatened the stabilization of the state. Some of it was taken by those who, in the 1960s, had become split in the political Russian Iraqi Kurdistan. In 1964 in the DPK, a dribno-bourgeois nationalist group split up on the island of Talabani. This group took shape in the independent Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan, which shied up to join the ranks of Iraq. The Kurdish rebels, enamored by Mustafa Barzan, continued to wage war against Iraqi rule. Prote Viysk corrals of the Kurds were broken, Iraqi Kurdastan transitions. One of the blues, Masoud Barzani, having sprung up the Democratic Party of Kurdistan, continued his fight against the Ba'athist regime on March 11, 1974. in Baghdad, the law on the autonomy of Iraqi Kurdistan was adopted. 1975 The KDP, which adopted the program of cooperation with the Baathists, was legalized, and its representatives were appointed by the governors of several provinces. Vibori showed that Iraqi Kurdistan, otrimavshi autonomy, appeasement. The irreconcilable opposition, angered by the emigruvaty, continued to fight against the regime beyond the borders of the country.

Admission to the Baathist regime of the DPC and the IKP significantly changed the spivvіdnennia of political forces in the country. Kerіvnitstvu PASV far away split the lava of the main opposition parties and consolidate their political authority. At what hour did the Baathist party become the rukh of the secular type, which knew the representation of all versions of the Iraqi Suspili. The political struggle was transferred to the PASV itself.

July 7, 1979 OH. al-Bakr buv in the face of the current posts in the state and the army. Vіn buv uzyaty pіd Saddam Hussein home arrest, and for the official version - pіshov vіdstavka through the ailment. Presidential power was transferred to S. Hussein, who at once became the president of the republic, the prime minister, the head for the sake of the revolutionary command, the commander in chief of the armed forces and the general secretary of the party. In this rank, S. Hussein took the middle in his hands of absolute power in the country.

One of the first tasks of the ruling party and its leader was the establishment of its own povnogo ideological, political and administrative control over the state. Individuals were assigned to the party, the army and the sovereign apparatus, especially to S. Hussein. Particular respect was attached to the baasization of the benefits, greatness was seen in the thorough ways and forms of propaganda and social demagogy. Ideologizing the nature of the spheres of culture and enlightenment, which are oriented towards the development of people in the soul of Baathism. Baathist ideas were also planted in the mass professional and public organizations, and zhorst control was established over them.

The Communist Party appeared as a single serious opposition force, which was left on the path to establish absolute power of one party - the PASV. Having speeded up the komunistiv kasuvati near the krai nadzvychayniy camp and held elections to the National Assembly, SRK zabroniv IKP activities from mass organizations. At the herb, born in 1979 over 30 communists and their prikhilniks were called S. Khussein in the wake of the Iraqi revolution and created their own cores in the army and were strated. The new culture of Iraq opened up links between Ukraine and the Soviet Socialist Republic. Have kvіtni 1979 the ministries of the commune stepped out of line, the communist party pinned its fate on the National Front, and the kerivniki abandoned the country. With the defeat of the IKP in Iraq, a one-party system is being established with a monopoly of the Baathist party on power and a total ideology of the country's supremacy.

Under the influence of internal changes and low external factors, the new policy of Iraq was changing. Following the camp-development agreement between Israel and Egypt, which called for the death of Egypt with the Arab powers, Iraqi culture tried to show itself as a successor to Nasser's course in the Arab world. At the opposition to Israel, Iraq pishov for an alliance from Syria. Through deep ideological differences, the union of Iraq with Syria turned out to be unconvincing. The “Islamic revolution” in Iran, as it threatened to destabilize the political regimes of the sovereign powers, in front of Iraq, spilled into the policy of S. Hussein. Under the influx of revolutionary changes in Iran, the Baathist Iraq moved towards rapprochement from Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Libya and the monarchies of the Persian Stream. The rulers of the Arab lands laid their hopes on Iraq to defend the Arab world in the face of the coming “Islamic revolution” to Iran.

Vrakhovuyuchi political changes at the Near Gathering, the regime of S. Hussein was strengthened by propagating the idea of a special mission for Iraq and becoming a candidate for the role of a pan-Arab leader, demonstrating the readiness to honor the honor and dignity of the Arabs, the importance of the state of Israel Strengthening the course of the current policy was victorious with the method of militarization of the economy and the entire political life of Iraq. The course towards the militarization of the regime has changed from propaganda calls to the creation of a “united front against the aggression * of Israel and the United States, against the expansionist aspirations of the Islamic regime of S. Khomein in Iran.

The formation of the totalitarian regime of S. Hussein occurred at the time of the fateful Iranian-Iraqi war and the important war for Iraq in 1991. at the Persian Butt.

"Islamic revolution" in the sudid Iran, which threw off the fierce 1979 p. the power of the Shah, shouted a serious alarm from the rulers of Iraq. Deeply religious, ideological, national and political denials, and to create mutual territorial claims divided the two borders. The Islamic order of Iran called Shiite Muslims to jihad against the "destructive and atheistic Iraqi leadership." The calls of the leader of the “Islamic revolution” suffocated the oppositional mass of the Shiites of Iraq on the anti-Ukrainian march. In the Iranian city of Kum, the leaders of the Iraqi party Ad-Daav (Party of the Prize) were victorious, it was devastated to raise the Iraqi people to the rebellion and overthrow the Baathist order with a path of indulgence, sabotage and terror. The construction of these installations was taken by the "soldiers of the Imam" (militants of the Ad-Daav party). In response to the act of terror, the Iraqi order went up to the hanger of the Shiites from the country, having strengthened the policy of supporting national minorities. The Iraqi government called S. Khomein to us to expand the expansion as much as possible to Iraq, but also to the other regions of the Persian Gulf.

The reason for the cob of victories in Iraq against Iran Shiita was the regime of the "Islamic revolution" in the treaty of 1975, signed in Baghdad by the Iranian Shah Pahlavi and Hussein. The agreement of the zobov'yazuvav in Iran to transfer the deaks of the cordon territories to Iraq, on 17 April 1980, the Iraqi detachment voted about the restoration of its sovereignty over the Shatt-el-Arab and gave Iran the right to ship navigation along the river. The territorial problem has become a drive for the cob of war. But the main problem is to vvazhat irreconcilable divination to political systems and ideologies, as well as the exaltation of the leaders of both countries to hegemonism in the regions of the Persk zatok. The war was the result of the clash between two powers, as they claimed to be the leader of the Islamic (Iran) and Arab (Irak) worlds. In times of victory, the regime of S. Hussein maw namir secure itself in the form of a “Shitish revolution” and raise its prestige in the Arab world, in the international arena.

22 spring 1980 The Iraqi troops started fighting and invaded at the borders of Iran. S. Hussein rehabilitated that the enemy forces of Iran were weakened in the wake of the revolution. Prote schob to win the war, it was necessary to secure the nadіyny til. For the sake of the city, S. Hussein defeated the oppositional (pro-Irian) wings of the Baathist party and united the military command. From the establishment of the military camp, the regime was far from reaching the national goal. The Iraqi leader followed the lead of the Sunit Arabs in the Iranian province of Khuzistan. But if the Iraqi warriors invaded the province, the ethnic Arabs and sunites of Khuzistan, which became the largest population.

Veresni born in 1981 The Iraqi troops recognized the first blows, and the influx of 1982. The Iranians conquered the Iraqi troops from their own territories. The Iraqi government realized that the further continuation of the military actions could lead to the destabilization of the internal political situation and the threat to the integrity of Iraq. At the edge of the country, national blues became bright. In the same place, the ears of Irako-Irakskoi Viyni, in 1980, from the Kurdish regions of Bulo, two an anti-shirt forces-democratic National-patrriyotical front, to the Yaky Uvіishov, the Patriotic Union of Kurdiru, was annexed at the jader of Kurdiru. . that National Democratic Front, the Democratic Party of Kurdistan on Choli with Massoud Barzan became the most significant force in that. However, until the mid-1980s, The Democratic National-Patriotic Front has pinned down its activity, and the National-Democratic Front has surrounded itself with the union of the Democratic Party of Communists. Against the KDP and the PUK, the chotiri army of Iraq was sent to help them defeat the forces of the Kurdish rebels and establish military-political control over Iraqi Kurdistan.

The Iranian-Iraqi war has become a protracted one, for an hour of offense, the warring parties spent over a million people killed and millions of wounded and wounded. Material losses were calculated in hundreds of billions of dollars. Vіyna bula vikoristana S. Hussein to the vindictiveness of the establishment of his dictatorial regime. Ale, zіtknuvshis іz vnutrishnopіlіtіchnuyu crisis, serpni 1990 p. President S. Hussein, having declared about the year with Iranian minds in the regulation of the military conflict, that the Iraqi military had been brought out of the Iranian territories and exchanged with the colonies.

Under the hour of the Iranian-Iraqi war, there were changes at the re-establishment of the forces of light. With the weakening and then the collapse of the Radyansk Union, the new Russia's new age, the status of a superpower was changed from a bipolar world to a unipolar one. Change the nevdovzі vіdchuli arab lands. The most important difference was the standing of Pivnochi and Pivdnya. The possibilities of the Arab lands to maneuver in their international hands The Successes of the States of America sounded memorable. S. Hussein wished to turn his country into the great power of Pivdnya, in order to resist the USA, and the first step on this path was the unleashing of a military conflict between Iraq and Kuwait.

Vlitka 1990 the blues between the two dry lands sharply brightened up. The reasons for this were economic difficulties, with which the Iraqi government got stuck after the war with Iran. The Baghdad regime of viishov from the war with the majestic golden borg, which, having become 80 billion dollars, sharply shortened the payment for the sale of oil to the Iraqi execution. S. Hussein rozrakhovuvav bliskavichno zahopit small and rich emirate. It’s not enough to give Baghdad a hard time with Kuwaiti naphtha, it’s important to regulate light prices for naphtha and bring Iraq to a number of leading oil powers, confirm your position in foreign countries, and raise the same authority in the Arab world.

2 sickles 1990 Iraq brought its troops to Kuwait and annexed it as its “19 provinces”. The decision about the annexation of the Iraqi order was covered up with fumes about the sing of the Arabs to imperialism and declaring that Kuwaiti democracy was "piece-made by foreigners", and that should be replaced by "people's democracy", as it stands for the unity of the Arab nation. Vikoristovuyuchi populistski faded, the Iraqi government imagined the role of dissatisfied and defending the interests of the Arabs, regardless of the fact that in some countries the stinks live. The first Arab bulk made S. Hussein a hero, throwing a call to Zakhod, and Iraq - a hard power, as it fought against 30 countries, among them, one hundred and one Great Britain. S. Hussein, demonstrating his pragnennya before the creation of a great power for additional large-scale warfare and against all modern wars, including nuclear. Rocket attacks by Iraq against Israel, an ally of the United States, echoed the growing sympathy for S. Hussein. In the eyes of the nationalist forces of the Arab lands, Huseynivsky Iraq was presented as the vanguard of the struggle against imperialism and Zionism at the Arab Skhodі. The organization of freedom of Palestine, the Arabs Yemen, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Sudan, Jordan, Mauritania were ready to enter the war for Iraq. Not only Arabs, but also other peoples of Asia and Africa showed solidarity with the regime of S. Hussein. Everything was a sign that the military conflict threatened to grow into a total war of Pivdnya against Pivnochi.

US initiatives 6 April 1990 The Security Council of the United Nations issued several trade and economic sanctions against Iraq. Iraq leaned against the international blockade. The American military bases and military bases of the European powers of NATO were switched from the defense of Western Europe to the Radian Union for the task of a disastrous strike on Iraq. NATO bombers were deployed at military bases in Turechchini. The United States sent its military and aviation aircraft to the Arabian desert regions to the Arabian desert to counter the Iraqi invasion. Battleships of the United States and other NATO member powers arrived to the Persk Stream. Egypt, Syria and Morocco sent their military contingents to support Kuwait.

The Security Council of the UN issued an ultimatum to Iraq - until September 15, 1991. bring the military aggressor out of Kuwait, otherwise the war was voiced. Iraqi ceramics produced peaceful propositions. Ale viynu Iraq ingloriously prograved. The US military operations under the code name "Storm in the Wilderness" lasted six days. American aviation quickly brought the victorious city of Iraq into harmony. The Americans were moved by the transfer of the military campaigns to Iraqi territory, the stench was reconquered by the Swedish fall of Hussein's weakened regime. At one time, the politicians were afraid of the possible disintegration of the Iraqi state and made a mistake not to allow the change in the balance of political forces near the zone of the Persian Stream. February 28, 1991 Iraq waited with ultimatums for the sake of UN security, please Kuwait and pishov for bezzarezhnu capitulation.

After the capitulation of the UN (under the dictation of the United States) the harsh regime of sanctions against the Baghdad regime was put through. As early as before, imports from Iraq of all types of syrovina, including naphtha, and ready-made fibers, delivery to Iraq of all types of syrovina and ready-made fibers, sales, or transfer of custom-made and military equipment, and other forms of spryannya in the Russian sphere. The import of foodstuffs and medicines is also severely limited, due to which, naturally, the people are suffering from us, sounding, to the point of speech, not S. Hussein, but the United States. The cancer of the goiter is also to compensate for the clashes that the leaders of Kuwait and other powers suffered from this invasion. Vikonannya tsikh zobov'yazan vimagatime tens of billions of dollars.

Ready to invade Kuwait, Iraqi ceramics did not go without saying, as if the price of their country had to be paid. Zagalna ekonomіchna Skoda, as if having recognized Iraq less in the wake of military actions, is estimated at 50 billion dollars. Over 80% of naphtha-like and naphtha-refining pressures of the country were destroyed, oil terminals, oil pipelines and other important facilities were seriously damaged. Some of the industries of the business were ruined, others were swelled through the marriage of the syrovin and spare parts. Bulo poshkodzhenno roads, bridges, ports, airfields toshchoo. Under the hour of combat operations, Iraq consumed over 50% of food.

At the onset of the fate of the United States, zdіysnyuyuchi zhorst control over the military industry of Iraq, S. Hussein was heard in the numerical violations of UN directives. Zokrema, born in 1995 gave 500 marks to tell about those that Iraq reconstructed most of its military objects; vicorist's technique, import from Kuwait; scho in circumvention of the embargo exported through the Iranian territory 100 thousand. barrels of oil and steel through Turech and Jordan.

In 1995 that 1998 r. American and English UPU defying resolutions For the sake of UN security, they bombed Iraq, which caused great casualties among the civilian population and called out a very negative reaction from the world.

The shock called out to the inner folds. The Kurds stood up again, viking the creation of the powerful state. Opponents of the Baath Party called for the democratization of the state and the collapse of the regime of S. Hussein.

The Kurdish patriotic movement moved in support of the Baghdad order and stood up for the creation of a legal democratic state. The anti-Baathist political forces also began to cry out to the democratization of the sovereign system and led to the promotion at the edge of the rich party political system. The foreign opposition called out to the establishment in Iraq of the Hashemite royal power. Utrimati control over the suspense-political situation in the country S. Hussein got away from the big wind to force the repressive approaches of any political superniks of the dictatorial regime.

Syria

After the war, Syria has three party struggles. The state is subdivided into two zones: the pivdenna zone - near the sphere of France, Egypt and Palestine, the main national party, the head of Shukri alquati. The Pivnіchna part of Syria is tied to England, Iraq and Transjordan, the People's Party, on the Choli - Hashim Al-atasi.

1947 - the Arab Arab party, the party of the Arab socialist renewal - the Baath, is not the party of one country. The will is nationalist, popular, socialist, revolutionary. She advocated strong social programs, nationalization of foreign companies, reforms in the agricultural sector and industry, nationalization of banks. The leading ideologist is the Lebanese Michel La-Flyac. In Syria, Muslim brothers and the union of ullems, Ukrainian fundamentalist organizations actively worked.

1947 - Syria enters the Arab-Israeli war, brigade 2000 people. 1949 - a blow, a change in order. The new cabinet was formed by an independent leader. The officers are even dissatisfied, they demand revenge, they see the losses for the preparation of a new war, they stun the protesters for the failure of the war. Under the rule of Husni Al-Zaim - colonel. Let's turn over mayzhe shroka. From 1951 -1954 - Adib Shishekli. Dictatorship, zhorst regime, control of all parties. Have 1954 p. drop yoga. Live the cordon. The leader of the people's party, Hashim Al-Atasi, will come to power. Vіn divide the cabinet in line with the national party.

Have 1958 p. Michel Laflyak, the leader of the Baath, achieved that Syria was united with Egypt, the Arab Republic was united. Tse hit hard in Syria. Dissolution of all parties. They began to carry out reforms that were within the framework of the Baath ideology. Agrarian reform, which nationalized great enterprises, insurance companies. Injecting Egypt into the rank and file. 1961 spring - coup, їх rich. September 8, 1963 - the Ba'ath Party comes to power. Moscow did not support the Baathists.

Reprisals against terror begin. 8 birch new coup, come to the vlady vіyskovі, lіve krylo zbroynyh forces. A national revolution is being created. Under the rule of Salah Addin-Betar, Baathist. Baasti actively supported the Libyan order. The idea of the life of the Arab socialist society is being extended. I am renewing the union of Syria with Egypt, Iraq. 1964 - the Timchas constitution is introduced. Egypt is a people's democratic, socialist sovereign republic. Lіvі baasisti - vmagayut decisive reforms. Mіzh them that viyskimi go taєmna borotba.

Spring 1966 23 fierce - coup. The decision is being made for the sake of the revolutionary command. A new rule is being requested. The president is the leader of the Ba'ath, Al-Attasi. Baathists are still in power.

Syria enters the six-day war of 1967 - there is the head of the worst blow in Syria. 1967 Syria gets rid of the Dutch highlands - a key occupation zone for Israel.

Vlady hitaetsya mode. Podіl at the Baathist ranks on civilians and viysks. Viyskove wing ringing at the astonishment. Kerivnik Hates Aser - to help you get used to the normalization of the camp. In 1970, a rally was organized against Nuraddin Al-Attasi, Aser issued an order for his arrest, and arrested Sal Ajaddin, the Secretary General of the Baath Party.

Hates Aser is the biggest injection. The Timchas regional church of the Baas is being formed. Program: the creation of the national front, the inclusion of all progressive forces there, the adoption of the people for the sake of, the destruction of the enormous power, the destruction of the evil forces. Vaughn formally does not take power to the hands, ale tse timchasovo. Have 1971 r. rob Khates as president, rule for 28 years. In fact, the dictatorship of Hates Asser. Take on the tactics of the communists. A national progressive front was created, and all leading parties were united - the main Baath party.

Reform is being carried out in the countryside, great companies are being nationalized, an indicative plan is being developed. The socialist tendencies of development are sharply bolstered.

1973 - doomsday war. Syria is taking an active part, trying to double the Dutch heights. Blame the problem of the Palestinians, who were thrown out of Jordan.

Since 1971, the Palestinians have stumbled to Syria.

After the war, 1973 there, a zone of separation of sides was introduced near the area of the Dutch heights. Crimea tsgogo, іzraїlskaya army occupied Yel-Kuneitra

The current policy on internal control is constantly changing: since 1975, Syria has been entangled in the mass war in Lebanon. Syria looks at Lebanon as part of its historical territory.

1975 r - Syria to introduce war to Lebanon, taking an anti-Israeli position. If Egypt begins to seize Israel, Syria is on the alert, suing, 1977. - Syria is one of the initiators of the creation of the national front of resilience and opposition - Hates Asser and Muammar Gaddafi - organizers. There to enter Algeria Iraq and Yemen. They support the patriotic forces of Lebanon against the Maronites, and the national army, all the friends and the Palestinians

In 1977-78, there were reprisals against Muslim brothers. 1981 r. the rest of the organization was destroyed. Have 1980 r. - the Iranian-Iraqi war begins. Syria stands up for Iran. In 1988 the war will end. Have 1990 r. Iraq invades Kuwait. Syria is for the most part standing up for the anti-Raxi coalition. The United States allows the Syrians to enter the military to Lebanon in 1991 (because they knew allies for Iraq). Stinks and so they took their fate there, and from 1990 p. stench play a vital role. War of 75-91 rubles - the results of the Syrians for 2 months were all skinned. They established the Syrian regime. 1991-2005 - the Syrians - the rulers of Lebanon. Stability in Lebanon ended in 2005, when the Prime Minister was driven in, which was against the Syrian occupation, against the settlement of Hezbali.

A huge upheaval begins. In 1999 come Bashir Aset to replace Hates Aset. Vіnіyaky bv a dentist, but here you need to govern. Viyska is actually taken from Lebanon. Blow for the authority of the new order. At once they stood up against the Syrians, but then they strangled everything.

Lebanon

having recognized the greatest costs in the Palestinian conflict. 1946 - Anglo-French military is born. Lebanon becomes an independent state. In 1943, the 4 main denominations - Maroniti, Shiiti, Suniti and Friends - signed a national pact: President of Lebanon can only be a Maronite, Prime Minister - Sunit, Speaker - Shiit, Friends did not take anything away. (Friends are extreme shiїti, for some the leader is god.

The Maroniti wanted to enter the Arab world. More associated with Europe. Suniti and shiiti did not want the annual help of their mother with a rotten entry. The most radical were friends. As a result, the national pact of 1943 fixed that as a result of the efforts of the communities - consociative democracy, then democracy is weather; break down. In the end, please: the maronites were lucky to be a part of the Arab world. The stench of the Christians will not try to establish the dominance of the Europeans in Lebanon.

War 1948 - Lebanon is taking its fate. Sign the agreement about the truce in 1949. On the choli - zhorst order, Beshal Alkhurі. Premier - Sunni, Real Solh. Mustaches took away their own, we will surround friends. In 1949 you created your own party - the progressive socialist party of the friends. Vaughn is aimed at revisiting the vodnosin, for those friends who took away the space in the order. The stench hang claims to change the constitutional order.

Christians - they stink reactionary factions. The main idea is to fight with friends, not to let them change the basic order. Їхній leader - Kamil Chamoun.

After consolidation - the fight begins, the docks are bloodless. 52 Kamil Chamoun to come to the vlady. Carry out a constitutional reform, taking the majority from the parliament, a personnel revolution against the friends.

1967 - the order with a bang zustrіchaє the Eisenhower doctrine - otrimuvali pennies in exchange for support of entry into the fight against the SRSR. Ale, pennies rise up among the Maronites. Rizke strength of the right shouts dissatisfaction.

A progressive socialist party: part of the Shiites and part of the Sunites unite at the national front. The whole front supports a part of the Maronites. Changes of vimogy: to follow the approach, to cope with the progressive regime in Egypt and Syria. The result of 1958 is a rebellion. The next thing is war: the right maronites fight with their left friends. Kamil chamoun travels to the USA, like a visajuyut soldier in Beirut in 1958. under the ensign of NATO. Tse is a scandal. The National Front is growing on a board, embossing on Shamun, drinking wine at the front. The slander of Lebanese did not go far away.

Shihab will come to Vladi. Yogo spadkoєmets - in 1964 Shan Helu - continue the dead line.

The six-day war did not directly lock Lebanon, but after 3 years a nightmare began to appear there. In 70, after the fact that the Palestinians were driven out of Jordan, they all rushed to Lebanon. Since 1971, destabilization, to that the Palestinians have declared their claims to the power.

1968 - in order to streamline the flow of refugees to Lebanon - the third Helf bloc was created: the phalanxes (National Lebanese Christian Party) and the two Maronist organizations were removed. The main directive was against the friends, the Shiites and the party of penetrating Palestinians. In fact, they wanted to come to the zahid, to know how to help against the Palestinians.

1971 - Palestinians began to create camps on the cordon with Israel. 1972 - Israeli soldiers first enter the cordon of Lebanon, masses of victims, press brand of Israeli zagarbniks. Gelf to cross at the offensive, leaving the camps of the bezhentsiv at Beirut and vibrating. Western Beirut under the control of Christians, Muslims.

1973 Doomsday war. After her, the voltage began to increase greatly. Have 1975 p. in fact, the war between the right Christians and the left forces took place in all the largest places. Z 1976 - the introduction of Syria, to introduce troops into the territory of Lebanon. To divide Lebanon into zones - in their zones, the situation was stabilized. But the introduction of the Sir Viysk did not end the conflict. Have 1977 r. the killer leader of the friends - Kamil Jumblatt. After Yogo was beaten in by the leader, becoming Yogo's brother, the whole embittered the friends. Have 1978 r. Israel does not only send troops to the territory of Lebanon, but creates an army of the army of Lebanon from the right Christians on the frontiers of Lebanon, as if they control the territory.

Negotiations are constantly being held about pinning fire. In 1982, the organization of the freedom of Palestine actually seized power in Beirut. Yasir Arafat feels like home there, he doesn’t know either the rightful ruler or the right Maronites. In 1982 Israel to rob the attack on Beirut. Tse already p'yata іzraїlsko-Arabska war. The Syrian forces of the fence cannot do anything.

The Israeli army went to Beirut, sharpened the Palestinian battle camps - the stench was under the threat of destruction, but here, as if for sure, the Americans got in and vryatuvali all. They seized the Palestinians at the vantage and took them. They settled in Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, Egypt - all saved.

Tse is a greedy humiliation. They couldn't just leave it like that. A new president of the right-wing Christian forces, Bashih Zhemayel, was elected. Nevivezen Palestinians beat yoga. By giving Israel the rights of Christians, the camps of Palestinian refugees will be dispersed and thousands of people of the frail age of children and women will be seen.

For the last ten years until 1995 try okremі vіyskovі diї. The Israelis pay for a third of the territory of Lebanon, and the Syrians come there. Send the Palestinians, please, that the problem of refugees has been eliminated. An-ni, raptom vinikaє new power - shiiti. After the beginning of the revolution in Iran, a flood of pennies from the USA fell upon him.

It's an Islamic mayzhe (ruh). Take the initiative to resist the Israelis - serious lads. The Hezbollah party was activated in 1985. More serious lads. Sunity can't sleep. Sunites sing for Tripoli at the pivnochi of Lebanon. Soldiers of the military are strangling the Tripoli fundamentalists. Vіyskovі dії vshukhuhayut. Syrians revise their own military song 1982 Have 1990 r. Iraq invades Kuwait - the first war in the capital. In order to enlist the support of Syria from the war against Iraq, the Americans allow the Syrians to go to Lebanon. Ti for a few days they establish their own order.

Since 1991, the fate of Lebanon has been redeemed by the Syrian troops. Until 2000 liquidate the smug of the army pivdnya to Lebanon. The national pact continues the activities: on the basis of maroniti and shiiti and sunit. But the Syrians could put things right. All trivalo until 2005. if Rafik Haleri, Sunni Prime Minister, having become an anti-Syrian policy, was beaten. 2006 - war against Hezbollah, but these positions may not be broken.

Iraq

Iraq may have ethnic problems. On pіvnochi - kurdi, center - sunіti, south - shiiti.

National Democratic Party of Iraq, 1946 protected the interests of the Kurds. Її actively supported the SRSR. The party worked illegally. The Party of National Unity, the communist party, founded the party for the people.

In Kurdish Rus, the buv fell into factions: a democratic party for Kurdistan and a socialist party for Kurdistan. There was a struggle between them.

After the war, negotiations between the council and England about the signing of the contract are initiated. 1948 - an agreement to end the English occupation. Ale take care: eng. control over the evil forces. Iraqi rule is infringed on the top political problems. After this agreement, the masses spoke out. Mohammed Assad speaks out for good changes.

1948 - the first river of the Arab-Israeli war, Iraq takes its fate. From one side, the Arab lands are in charge of political clashes. Alece allowed the Viyskians to gain control over the country.

In 1953, new elections were held with gross damage, the parliament was dissolved. At 54 r Nuri Said the vlashtov coup. Win pro-English fiend, establish a dictatorship regime, dissolve the parliament and fence the parties. 1955 - Baghdad pact, England takes military and political control over Iraq. Everything is to lead to dissatisfaction, manifestations. 1956 - rebellion. Nuri Said tisne yoga.

The Iraqi branch of the Baath Party is preparing a rebellion, making a call from the army. The Front of National Unity is violating the plan for the adoption of Nuri Said. In 1958, the Lipne revolution ended the monarchy - the deafening of an independent republic. Before the warehouse of the new order, officers and the front of the national unity from the Baath party enter. Iraq to withdraw from the Baghdad pact. The head of the house is Abeggeri Kasen. Vin is the head of the people for the sake of the revolutionary command. A constitution is introduced. The new government-vi - supernichayut communism and baathism.

The communes have established close contacts with the Kurds, which is bad. The Baasti Zim hurried on. Kurds and communism - the power of that їх it is necessary to know. The front of national unity is breaking up. Step by step, liberalization of the regime is being introduced. The party is allowed, political leapfrog begins. Kassen calls out the dissatisfaction of his superniks, 1963 - Abdegil Kasen's felling. Under the rule - Abdel Sulamare. Edit until 1966 Vlad to go to his brother after his death.

In this situation, the constitution of 1963 was introduced, the essence: they are defending the activity of all political parties, an organization is being created for the supporters of the brothers Arefiv - a single bloc. A crisis is brewing in the country, succumbing to the defeat in the Arab-Israeli war.

1968 - Aref is thrown off, under the rule - baathists on the choli with Albakr. The rule of the Baathists is beginning. Baathists carry out turn off the left policy. Nationalization of all resources, until 1975 - There were no annual foreign enterprises. Friendship with the USSR Try to adjust the stosunki with the Kurds. Mustafa barzani vede viyskovi diї z іrakskoy dominion. 1974 - Baasti to adopt the law on the autonomy of Kurdistan. There is established an authoritative body of legislators. Start pіdtrimuvati baathistіv. The Ba'athist Rukh declares its secular character and is adopted by Muslims. Tse viklikaє dissatisfaction of Muslims.

1979 r - Albak, leader of the Viysk opposition, is known from the current posts. Saddam Hussein, in fact, to rob a coup, will vote for everyone: the president, the prime minister, the Baath secretary general, the commander-in-chief. Vіn carry out cleaning, use Albakr's pribіchnik. The communists are against the new one, Hussein is fighting against it. Vіdnosiny s SRSR not pogrіrshuyutsya, however, vіn continue to otrimuvat zbroyu. SRSR want to save the stosunki, but that one doesn’t want to. At 79 r - the development of links from the SRSR. New cleansing and repression of communists. Saddam Hussein tries to find allies. 1979 r - union from Syria, but nothing to go. 80 g - the war was saved from Syria, won on the sides of Iran.

Saddam Hussein is going to make direct contact with Iran. Shukaє allies. Militarization regime. In the spring of 80, Hussein claims the rights to the territory under the control of Iran - the shatel of the Arabi - the shatel of the river, which goes to the Persian inlet (angering the tiger from the Euphrates). Hussein defends Iran's shipping by this region, foresees the cordon territory of his own. Tse to lead to the Arab-Israeli war.

On the 22nd of September 1980 the Iraqi army invades Iran - the 8th war begins. Offended by the krai small their claims to the territory. Hussein vvazhav, scho yogo mayut pіdtremati swamp arabi, vlastuvav zhorst regime. Having closed the energy barrier of Iraq on the swamp Arabs, the Kurds blow gas. The cancer of disillusions after the war. What work? Let's start something new: in 1990 - the invasion of Kuwait begins. Zahopleniy Kuwait. Coalitions on behalf of the United States are actively supporting Saudi Arabia. On the 17th of the fierce, war broke out with the coalition. Irak buv divided into two zones - pivnich - kurdi, pivden - shiiti. Hussein's mustaches fought. Prosvіtaє pіdpіlny Rukh. Saddam Hussein is motivated to work with a nuclear weapon. Everything will end in 2003, if the United States introduces war to Iraq without being praised for the sake of security, violating international norms, under the drive, what has been done in Iraq with nuclear weapons. Saddam was taken to court and wasted. Nini in Iraq did not understand what.

Yemen

Until the Other Holy War - dividing into pivdenny and pivnichny. Pivdenniy - English colony Aden founded in 1839. London led her through the representation of the Bombay Presidency. Aden was a strategic point of England on the Skhodі. Krapka on the peninsula of the Red Sea. Hadraumaut entering to the shid Yemen. The English were preparing an army at Yemeni. At Jordan they created the Arab region, at Yemeni - the Berber region.

At the pivnoch, the situation was different: there the sect of the zaydits ruled. Leader - Imam Yahya. Come in - go to the edge of the Shitska sect.

On pivdnі englіytsі try to remake skhіdny and zahіdny protectorate. 1954 - the organization of the Arab Emirates was organized. In 1962 Federation of Pvdenny Arabia. 67 g - there is a national front. 1968 The Front seizes power and establishes the People's Republic of Pivdenny Yemen. The leader abdel fatab Ismail appears. There are three struggles between groupings. From 68 p pivdenniy Yemen start socialism. At 70 r, the constitution is gaining certitude. The country is named the People's Democratic Republic of Yemen. Radian specialists go there. 1976 - the Yemeni Socialist Party was created. Purpose: to encourage a classless suspense. General Secretary - Abdel Fatab Ismail. The new one's opponent is Nasser Mohammed. Protborstvo 80 rokiv.

At 86 p. to cause political and violent crises, abdel fatab, yogo prikhilnikov are blamed. Before vladi - chi nasser mohammed, that yogo opponents do not give you.

Have 1990 r. everything is failing, the country is in the midst of a crisis. Food problems. At 90 r. pivdenny Yemen voluntarily come to the pivnіchny. In the pivnіchny yemenі - ali abdal asalєkh. There are Zaid sects. At 62 p - a revolution is born there, the imamat is thrown off, a republic has become. Pivnіchniy Yemen is a zone of resistance to Egypt, stink for republican power, that Saudi Arabia, support monarchists. From 62 to 67 r, there was a war between monarchists and republicans. 1968 r. favor between Saudi Arabia and Egypt. Egypt enters after strikes at 68 r. 1968 r. Saudis stop supporting monarchists. A republican regime is being established. Golovny ali abdalla saleh, edit up to 90 g one-way. 1991 consolidate the unity of the country. The Republic of Yemen - all power is occupied by the clan of Abo Abdullah Saleh.

After - crisis. dosi.

Under the influence of General Abdel Kerim Kasel, the coup d'etat and the political course of the republic, which changed, sharply moved on the military and economic interests of the USA and Great Britain. A strong blow was given to the prestige of the "first powers". So, for example, in the hour of the coup, the bureau (headquarters) of the Baghdad Pact with its secret archive and the Anglo-American airfield near Baghdad were slaughtered by shacklers. The ground staff of the aerodrome numbered over 1,100 cases, after that, they destroyed the radar installations and burned secret documents, rozzbroeny and poloneniya. Moreover, with the loss of Iraq, the United States spent its oil centers in Masoul ta Basra.

Two days after the coup, the Americans, on their way to Iraq, sent a significant military contingent to Lebanon, nibito on the path of President Schuman, for the defense of sovereign sovereignty. At the same time, English parachutists landed in Jordan on the passage of King Hussein, in order to give support to the regime, which was opposed by panarabists, like Nasser supported. However, this demonstration of strength did not cope with a proper rebuff. To the thought of zakhodnyh oglyadachiv, "it appeared unlived and undead, like a stunted cob, in a small vine chi aggression." Navit Radyansky Soyuz, after the words of looking around, "having grown rich with a rich demonstration against the American embassy in Moscow, with breaking the slope to the fifth on top of the embassy, maneuvers on the cordons of Turkey and Persia and ... the proposition of negotiations on a high level!" . Until the middle of the day, the American troops occupied Lebanon, and the rest of the English parts were driven out of Jordan through the tyzhniv.

In the birch of 1959, the order of Iraq declared about the withdrawal from the Baghdad Pact and demanded the liquidation of the English military bases on the territory of the country. On May 30, 1959, the British troops left Iraq. At once, the republican order approached the lands of the socialist camp, as if they gave the lands an economic and military help. The Radyansky Union in 1959-1960 gave Iraq a significant scientific and technical support and loans. On behalf of the Ministers of the SRSR No. 1088 dated 25 April 1958, radyansk military radniki and fahivtsy were sent to Baghdad, it became necessary to raise money, for yak iraktsi they paid in pure currency.

At the beginning of 1960, the situation in the country became brighter. Regardless of those that in the 1960s, the fate of the chivalrous law on the legalization of political parties, the Communist Party was not recognized by the authorities and was left behind in an illegal camp. There was a split among the lavas of the central party of the country - the National Democratic Party (NDP). Part of the її members on the basis of Khadid and Javad moved from її lava and established the National Progressive Party, as it took the position of pro-ordinary. Members of the NDP on the choli with Kamel Chaderchi, which were left out, from the leaf fall of 1960, the rock became in opposition to the order. Prote domestic state problems did not plunge a significant world into the military spivpratsy between the two countries. In Iraq, just like before, the laborers of the Radyansk military fakhivtsy continued their work. In addition, captain S.V. Kozhevnikov - fahivets izobіv radіolokatsії PPO, vodryadzheny yak vikladach, radnik vikladach faculty PPO in the technical college, who knew not far from Baghdad. I arrived to Iraq in the fierce year of 1962 at the warehouse of a group of military fahivtsiv from eight osib. Before the captain Kozhevnikov's assignment, the training of Iraqi sergeant-technicians robots at the radar of the Radyansk production P-20 was included. The course of nauchannya razrakhovaniya 1 rіk, vykhodyachi s 600-700 years of the initial hour. 50-60% per hour was spent on practical activities at the training ground. The cadets were engaged in the design of the station, repairs, adjustments, adjustments, regulatory robots and maintenance of combat robots on military equipment at the military (military probation). Courses ended with a sovereign examination of the former cadet of the diploma of a technician for the repair and operation of the P-20 radar. Okrіm vikladatskoi work, Radyansk specialists had to carry out the inspection of the robots and the technical station of the locators (at the same time, about 10 stations were on the combat line), and also their repairs, the shards of the Iraqi fakhivtsy most of the time could not independently vikonate.

On February 8, 1963, units of the Iraqi army launched a rebellion against the order. Colonels Abdul Karim Mustafa and Ahmed Hasan-al-Bakr, who were taken by the active members of the Baath party, seized the Baghdad radio center and low-ranking buddies. The Iraqi Viysk rebel forces that were stationed at the Habbaniya base (80 km from Baghdad) arrived before the rebels and took their fate from the fighting forces. On the 9th of a fierce arrest, General Kasem and two yogo adjutants were shot in a television studio (for other tribute, at the power office). Until 12 o'clock, according to the announcements of the Baghdad radio, there were more guards at the front desk, calling at the guards. Zhorstokі reprisals began against communists and Kurds. Zagalom, for the tribute of the last periodical sightings of quiet days, for the period from 9 to 12 fierce, about 1500 deaths perished.

The next day, the coup new order - the National Revolutionary Rada on choli with Colonel A.K. Mustafa, who became the unfortunate president, and Ahmed Hasan-al-Bakr, who had conquered the premier-minister's seat, was recognized by Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Algeria and Kuwait. The Radyansky order and the CPRS denounced the dії baasists.

On the 18th leaf fall of 1963, the fate of the army's grouping in the country with Abdel Salam Aref caused a new coup, replacing the Baathist order and defending the Baath party. Period 1964-1968 years. characterized by an uninterrupted struggle of power between various political groups, and by partial changes in order.

17 Lipnya 1968 Rock Party Baas Spіlno with Gruopoya Ofіtsev-member of the Pidpіlny organized "Rukh Arabian Revolutionary" ZdiSnil Chergovy Dagging, Vnaslіdok of the Yakiki Party-$ .Prime Minister of the First Baathist order). The Rada of the Revolutionary Command (RCC) became the main body of power. A number of people from political affiliations, among them members of the IKP, having introduced special features at many settlements, earlier from political motives, having paid low wages for the category of practitioners in the form of a "defense tax". In 1970, a new law on labor was adopted, as well as a law on pensions and social security for workers, a new law on agrarian reform. March 11, 1970, the Statement was adopted on the peacefully democratic regulation of the Kurdish problem: they recognized the right of the Kurds to national autonomy within the framework of the Iraqi state; the activity of Kurdish organizations, the Democratic Party of Kurdistan was allowed; the Kurdish language is voiced by another official language; 5 ministries-Kurds were in the order; rozpochato zdіysnennya program of economic development of Kurdistan.

The domestic and foreign policy pursued by Ahmed Hasan al-Bakr has created a mindset for the BA'ath to come closer to other political organizations in Iraq. In the late 1970s, a new Timchasian constitution was born, which voted Iraq a "people's democratic republic", the main meta which is "the creation of a single Arab state and the establishment of a socialist system."

On November 15, 1971, the President of Iraq launched the draft Charter of National Affairs. A new voice was raised on the unacceptability for the edge of the capitalist path: the need to create a united front of progressive parties and patriotic forces to Iraq on the basis of a stronger fight against imperialism, zionism and reaction; the need for recognition of foreigners from socialist countries and others. In early 1972, two representatives of the Iraqi Communist Party were included in a row. On March 1, 1972, the order adopted a law on the nationalization of power by the "Irak Petroleum Company", which led a strong blow to the American monopolies at the Close Convergence.

In 1972, between Iraq and the Radyansk Union, a Treaty on Friendship and Spivpratsy was laid down, and in spite of this, for the pleasure of the Radyansk special services, the Iraqi rozvіdkoy.

On May 31, 1976, the Head of the Radi Minister of the SRSR O.M. arrived before Iraq on an official visit. Kosignin. Tsey krok became an important milestone in the waters of two lands. After the discussion with the intercessor of the head For the sake of the revolutionary command of Saddam Hussein, who had become the head of the state, about the recognition of the spivpratsi between both countries, the Radyansky guest on the occasion of the President of Syria, El-Assad. On the thought of a good friend, the trips of O. Kosigin were pov'yazan s pragnenny SRSR until the union of Iraq, Libya and Syria in the fight against Egypt, which one-to-one annulled the Radyansk-Egyptian agreement of friendship and spivpratsi. It should be noted that at that time the spivpratsya between the Radian and Iraqi intelligence services became tight, that Iraq, having turned into a single non-communist country, de Radyansk rozvіduvalny operations were pinned down. All contacts with Iraqi agents have become official contacts. Such a special camp was taken care of, the docks of Iraqi ceramics did not raise reprisals against the communists.

On December 11, 1978 Saddam Hussein, like another person in the country, arrived in Moscow. Regardless of those who not long before that in Iraq, the communist party was beheaded - 21 years of suffering and a lot of arrests, of A.M. Kosigina and briefly L.I. Brezhnev. Hussein coped with a friendly reaction. Radyansky kerivniks fell to the soul of yogo grandiose plans to unleash the Arab world at the fight against the camp-maiden land. As a result, I won a solid contract for the supply of radyansk armor. Until 1980, an ear of war from Iran, to the country from the Radyansk Union were sent: missiles (type "Osa-1", "Osa-2"), torpedoes and patrol boats, vinishchevachs (MiG-21, MiG-23, MiG ) -25), propeller-bombers (Su-7, Su-20, Su-22) and bombers (Tu-16, Tu-22), transport aircraft (An-12, An-24, An-26) and helicopters (Мі-25, Мі-6), infantry fighting vehicles, armored personnel carriers, tanks (T-62, T-72), anti-aircraft installations, equipment and equipment, engineering, stationary and portable anti-aircraft missile systems (air defense systems S-75, S- 125) ), missile systems of salvo fire, operational-tactical and tactical missiles, too.

The fates of the reign of Ahmed Hassan Al-Bakr are characterized by the activation of the Radian-Iraqi waters in the Viysk galusi. In 1972, the share of imports from the Soviet Socialist Republic was 95%. However, until the end of the 1970s, the won began to decrease and in 1979 it shrunk to 63%. Iraq, having become the Daedals, looked more and more to France, Italy, Yugoslavia, Portugal, Brazil and to the Successful States. Just for two years - 1978 and 1979 - France sold to Iraq 2.2 billion dollars worth of weapons, putting the borders on the cost of the defence, including the Mirage, AMX-30 tanks, SA 330 Puma helicopters, SE-3160 " Aluet". Tsya helped, for the tribute of a zahіdny druk, bula pov'yazana z dіyalnіstyu French concern, like having taken away from the leaf fall of 1967 the great oil concessions and occupied a core camp in exploitation and development of Iraqi oil. Before the speech, the French called out protests to Israel, who looked at them as if the embargo had been violated after the Arab-Israeli war. It expanded to Israel, Syria, Jordan and AOR. France, by its own power, motivated its deliveries to them, because Iraq was not a belligerent side, although they wanted to take their fate from the fighting forces.

On December 24, 1969, we departed from Cherbourg, again destroying the embargo, five gunboats, which had previously been induced by the French for the Navy to Israel.

In 1979, Saddam Hussein, one of the leaders of the Arab socialist renewal, became the president of the country, who headed for the industrialization of the country and the advancement of the population's life. The implementation of the policy was supported by large revenues from the nationalized oil-button (about 3 million barrels per day). At once, the reorganization and reorganization of the defense forces of the country began. The central place in this process was introduced to the military defense of the USSR. At the link with the cim Irakshche protyazhu bagatioh rokіv prodovzhuvav zaschatisya head buyer (another after India) radyanskoi zbroї. I do not care about the suing by Saddam Hussein and the SRSR in Afghanistan, which put the Radian Union on one dope from the USA. In the 1980s, 53% of all Ukrainian buyers fell to the part of the Soviet Socialist Republic, 33% of Iraqi imports fell to Western European lands, including France and Great Britain. In the 1980s, the Soviet Socialist Republic took 13 billion dollars from Iraq for its Russian exports. Zagal, according to the estimates of Russian military experts, from 1970 to 1990, 2.5 thousand were delivered to Iraq. single artillery systems of various calibers; 5 thousand single armored vehicles (tanks T-55 and T-62), 300 combat aircraft MiG-21, MiG-23 and MiG-25; 300 combat helicopters Mi-24; 6 strategic bombers Tu-22; 20 coastal defense boats and tens of thousands of single firearms, acquiring anti-aircraft guns, ammunition and military equipment. All tsyu tekhnіku having helped to serve the great zagіn of radyansk military specialists. For the information of a large senior engineer of the upovnovazhenny DIU DKES (1973-1977), colonel at the representative I. Litovkin, until the beginning of 1990 in the country there were 8 ths. 200 radian military fahivtsiv, at the VNZ of the Ministry of Defense of the SRSR were trained over 6 thousand. military servicemen in the face of the forces of the armed forces. In 1979-1982 pp. The head military officer in Iraq was General A. Mokrous, the commander of the DIU DKES was Captain 1st Rank G. Kharitonov, Colonel I. Litovkin. With an ear of vine in 1980 B. Chubar, G. Popov and V. Baloyan successively worked as an encouragement in Baghdad.

After the attack of Iraq on Iran in the spring of 1980, the fate of the delivery of military materials from the Radyansk Union was pinned on time. Ce Bulo was tied with an "image" to S. Hussein, who did not please his duty with Moscow. Prote in the country was kept by the pratsyuvati radianska viysk fakhivtsi, zokrems, pilots, yaks were put on the wing of "Saddam's falcons" at the Tikrit air base.

In Chernivtsi 1981, the embargo on the import of goods to Iraq was lifted, and after S. Hussein's visit to Moscow in December 1985, a new development arose, right up to the middle of 1990, if the Iraqis attacked Kuwait. Just for five years, from 1982 to 1987, for foreign tribute, the SRSR put Iraq with a sum of 10 billion dollars.

Respectfully, the fates of the Iranian-Iraqi war for Iraq also acted like the FRN. Support for the Successful States was dictated by two main motives. First - the pragnennyam "punish" Iran for squashing, recognized for the hour of the Islamic revolution, and the other - economic interests without a middle in Iraq.

On September 2, 1990, the Iraqi army sacked Kuwait and President Saddam Hussein voted on the 19th province of Iraq, wishing us to take control of the wealthy Kuwaiti oil fields. It should be noted that, for the irony of the cold war, the offensive sides of the enemy were thrown out in the main radyansky zbroєyu. For the tribute of a good friend, the first party of the Radyansk organization came to Kuwait in 1977, a friend - at the quarter of 1978. It included FROG-7 rocket launchers, light portable rocket launchers PPO SA-7, FM-21 katyushins (according to the American classification) and other. at 400 million dollars.

The support of the Iraqi leader, who, having declared about the pragnonennia "spread the naphtha of the Arab monarchs over the bans of the Ukrainian Arabs," gave a serious blow to the economic (leading rank of the oil) and political interests of the Successful States. At the link with the CIM, the Rada of Security of the United Nations imposed economic sanctions before Iraq, and the United States isolated the coalition of 29 countries, as if they threw about 725 thousand to the district of the country. soldiers.

The security forces of the UN Republic of Belarus caused an ambiguous reaction of light intelligence. So, the American evangelist Billy Thundered ahead of the war, rushing up to twenty thousand hearings near New York, having anticipated that the crisis in the region of the Persian Stream is nothing more than a "prelude to the bottom, truly tragic for the people ... in the whole world."

Lubavitcher Rabin, the leader of the ultra-Orthodox directly in Judaism, hung around in the same spirit, calling the tension at the Near Gathering "I'll open, I'll burn the fire with fear."

Looking ahead, respectfully, that the "prophecies" of the American evangelist and the Lubavitch rabbi have been shattered. .

An observer of the newspaper "Washington Post" Richard Cohen wrote: "We are not afraid of death (S. Hussein. - A.O.), Ale povnogo political iznischennya Saddam. For this yogo, it is necessary to give power and prestige, having turned yogo on a walking fiasco, on an outcast, and let him in on a filthy soul. about fighting for the interests of all the Arabs who exploit, in other words, foreign capital.

On September 17, 1991, a large-scale repeated attack began, which took away the name "Storm in the Desert". The land operation - "The Sword of the Hollow" was launched on the 24th by the UN forces under the command of the American General Norman Schwarzkopf.

For several days, regardless of the presence of Saddam Hussein's chemical and biological weapons, as well as ballistic missiles of the Radyansky virobnitstv, the Iraqi military recognized the blows. Chi did not succeed and try to start a large-scale submarine war by the forces of Iraqi combat swimmers. Moreover, in order to neutralize the saboteurs, the Americans used vikoristan fighting creatures - dolphins and sea lions, tossed the terminology from the Paget Sound base. Letting go of saving Kuwait, the stench immediately changed the situation. Most of the Iraqi combat swimming swimmers were driven in by sea lions-saboteurs, and others splintered and gave up. As soon as I finished drinking, it was announced that all the stench had passed the training of Krim. They told me that the stench was stinking at the Radyansk bases, how Russians train dolphins, killer whales and sea lions, and they realized: it’s impossible to get into them near the water!

In the wake of the military battles, the Iraqi soldiers laid down tens of thousands of killed and wounded, and the allied troops did not outweigh one thousand soldiers and officers. Of these, 149 Americans (458 injured) and 54 British were killed.

An important warehouse division of the war became the rank of special operations, the creation of an informational and psychological impact on the enemy and the world's bulk in a flash. It is necessary for us to indicate the most important decision to make a decision about stosuvannya. For the tribute of a foreign friend, in the preparatory period from midday to midday 1990, President George W. Bush signed three secret directives that sanctioned the creation of "the most lucrative visits to special programs." These directives also designated the order of organization and conduct of psychological operations for the entire period of the crisis, regulated the activities of development services, scientifically advanced institutions, as they deal with the problems of the Arab world, psychologists and low army organizations. The fact of accepting these documents is evidence of those that psychological operations were put on a par with combative ones.

As the main ones, the leaders of psychological operations were appointed: to mobilize the world's thought against Iraq; acceptance of the activity of the anti-Raxi coalition; destroy the clear split in the Arab world; succumb to the possibility of nadanny as the edge of support for Iraq; inflame the euphoria of "cheers-patriotism" in the USA and other countries; disinformation of the command of the enemy forces of Iraq and the wide spread of military plans; bringing the populace of Iraq to President Saddam Hussein; supporting the movement of support in Kuwait and giving support to the opposition forces in Iraq; perekonannya in the hopelessness of the support of the bagatonic forces. All transfers and other orders were filed through the channels of sobs, federal departments (CIA, research institutes toshcho), military forces (RUMO, molding PsyO toshcho). A special role in the conducted psychological operations was given to the mass information, whose work turned the conflict in the Persian prison, according to the words of the French newspaper "Humanite", into "the most critical in the nineteenth century." Let me tell you that the American, British and French correspondents, included in the warehouse of accreditation at the Ministry of Taxes and Duties of journalistic bulletins, in writing goiter were strictly adhering to zhorst norms according to the nature and dignity of the transmitted information, established by the military authorities.

For the "correct" explanation of the international enormity of the reasons for the war, the following provisions were put forward: a) restoration of the lost independence of Kuwait; b) the defender of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Qatar and Oman against the aggressive spirits of S. Hussein; c) defense of the freedom of light (tobto zahіdnogo) ship navigation near the Perska zatotsі; d) defender of the unimportant rights of Kurds and Shiites from Iraq itself; e) the need to establish a democratic regime in Iraq. Gorodyaki Dominayuyu, the camp of the American INformation agencies, the ShO was supplied to 70% of the MITROO -FORMATSIE, the USA TALSIM OF THE ENSISHERS OF THE POSITION OF THE POSITION OF THE ROSOLE IN THE INSIPELIYA DUZTYA, "PIDGODOVOYYSHYA. Already after the end of the war, and the truth of the policy of disinformation, US Secretary of Defense R. Cheyne said: "Better off, we are guilty of our task. With such a textbook "democratic" understanding, like glasnost and freedom of speech, they did not hesitate.

Significant space in the special operations of the United States was introduced to the visits to neutralize the possible friendly position of the SRSR to Iraq. Because of this, the American ZMI expanded various misinformation messages, which put the radiant side in a negative light. So, on the 14th leaf fall of 1990, on the sidelines of The Washington Times, it appeared that there was a warning about the delivery of SS-12 rockets, which had not been continued, to Iraq. Tsya campaign thrived with a prolonged conflict. У лютому 1991 року, коли військові дії союзників проти Іраку були в самому розпалі, засоби масової інформації Заходу передали добірку матеріалів, в яких з посиланням на анонімні джерела з ЦРУ та представників радіорозвідки Саудівської Аравії повідомлялося про нібито перехоплені радіопереговори якогось радянського офіцера, керівника діями іракського to the battalion, which, having helped the troops to serve, aim the Scud missiles at the targets; .

A hundred years worth of food was delivered to Iraq, it should be said that not long before the crisis in the Persian Empire (during the reign of Margaret Thatcher) the regime of Saddam Hussein was delivered to the regime of Saddam Hussein by the deacons of English companies - destroying the embargo, the UN 1985 rock.

Moreover, about qi illegal trade operations, the order of the country was informed back in 1988. One of the directors of the company Matrix Churchill, who sent a message to Iraq, Paul Henderson, who also worked on the English MI-6, in an interview with the London newspaper "Sun" mentioned the names of these high-growers. Among them are Minister of Commerce Mike Heseltine, Minister of Defense Malcolm Rifkind, Minister of Internal Affairs Kenneth Clark and intercessor of Minister of Foreign Affairs Tristian Garel Jones. Zagalom, for the tribute of zahіdnih zasobіv masovoї іnformatsії, Іraku was sold ozbroєnnya for 37 million dollars.

Like the fierce fate of 1991, Iraq will be maddened by the UN's mind about fire. ZMI told the whole world about the successful completion of the war of "high technologies". This term is used to propagate the visible characteristics of the American armor of the new generation of high tension. Для зміцнення цього визначення на всіх етапах війни в засобах масової інформації вихвалялися точність ударів американських літаків-"невидимок", крилатих ракет (включених у головний ешелон повітряного масованого удару), французьких та англійських винищувачів-бомбардувальників, дії космічних засобів розвідки, зв'язку та aims of letaks in control of the battlefield. Prote, as it seemed in the past, all this apologetics was an element of a massed psychological processing of enormity. Її tsіlі were led to zalyakuvannya the enemy (and potential enemies), the relocation of the population of the lands of "western democracies" from the "easiness" of carrying out similar operations and the "pulling" of new American products to the international market. Real reports about the effectiveness of "high-cotton" armor began to seep into the press three or six months after the war in the Persian zatotsі. It turned out that a part of the high-current bombardment accounted for a total of 7%, and 93%, which were left out, fell on primary (non-ceramic) ammunition, which was broken down during the technology period in the "tnam war", and the bombs of the free fall - the product of another. Vplivova, the American newspaper The Washington Post, in its quarterly issue of 1992, wrote that the small-sized F-117A aircraft, prepared using the "stele" technology, hit close to 60% of the targets, and not 90. 288 sea-based Tomahawk cruise missiles that were launched having hit, they hit less than 50% of the targets, and not 85, as representatives of the US Navy said earlier. In addition, as reported by the magazine "Flight" on the 7th of September 1993, "the American intelligence service made it possible to spend the enemy in tanks, for 100 widows, and it is possible to swipe for 134 widows." Both of the Americans and their allies on the right turned out to be unclean. After the operation "Storm in the Desert", the agency "France Pres" brought to the attention of the reader the information that the cause of 15% of the loss of human losses from the side of the coalition was the shooter in his own way. The American newspaper "Newsday" estimated that the manpower spent on the fire by the power of fire was approximately 50%. For reasons of reason, 30 tanks were reduced, or more often, 30 tanks were taken out of the way. The main fault in the vipadkah was aviation. So, the facts became superfluous, if the attack aircraft A-10 of the U.S. Air Force launched a laser-guided missile attack on the armored personnel carrier of marine infantry, after which six people perished. The second stormtrooper attacked the stronghold of the Bagatonic forces in a mild manner - they killed the majority of the English soldiers.

On the whole, it can be stated that the victory of the coalition forces was the result of a not so physical decline in Iraq's military machine, as if it were an organized informational-psychological influx on the enemy. So, for tribute to the Pentagon, a 40-day repeated operation at the daily military plan brought results to the relief. Spent іraktsіv became in litaks - 10%, in armored vehicles - 18%, and in artillery - 20%. At the same time, the morale and fighting spirit (for show-offs that were registered) decreased by 40-60%. Already the first battles with the advanced troops of the Iraqi army showed that it was completely demoralized and not good enough to lead a defensive battle. These and other pokazniki allowed the Pentagon experts to bring the rest of the psychological operations - ce "combat armor, like not driving in, but fighting psychologically and acting as the most important factor in increasing the combativeness of the military.

Well, the delivery of the SRSR to the crisis in the Persian Gulf, then practically from the very beginning, Moscow sued Iraq to Kuwait, took part in the direct participation in the military actions and took the position of the military non-compliance in the conflict.

At one time, in some vіtchisnyanyh zavods of mass information, the lists of readers were published, yakі called for more active participation of Russia in the conflict for the coalition. Shouts were heard before the formation of groups of volunteers from among the Radyansky hromadas. So, for example, in the newspaper "Izvestia" on September 2, 1991, a note was published by the "transversal worker of the VOHR Ministry of Railways" V. Pimenov, 1950 to the fate of the people, Russian for nationality, yak lived in the village of Mykolaivka, the Sign me up as a volunteer." Having proponouvav, not going into the victoriousness of the regular Evil forces, allow "the hulks of the SRSR, who are supposed to take part in the activities of the international military association with the instrumentation of the aggressor, voluntarily enter into a specially created pіdrozdіl on the territory of the SRSR." In the opinion of the author, the creation of such a child would have demonstrated to the world the firmness and courage of the Radyansk Union. Explaining his position, V. Pimenov writes: "The Soviet Socialist Republic and all of us are insufferably special for the current crisis in the Persian zatoc. Even we ourselves poured Saddam Hussein, his political regime and, more than that, helped him to the evil forces, as if they were infecting the world with a headache." . They gave the question: "So why should we immediately get together with the condemned aggressor - put your hands up and give victorious labor (having actually done it) to the US soldiers of those other lands, if you can resist the aggressor in Saudi Arabia at once?" .

As a result, the SRSR did not seem to be able to clearly and vagomly obstruct its order before the crisis, in fact, having “given” its many allies from the region, pretending to be a rumored successor to the US initiatives. Water, at the same time, UN UN UN 3 KVITRY 1991 Roku No. 687 Tu VIDPOVENITY TO RISHENNE SPSR VID 9 Kvіtni 1991 Rocks to the Irako-Kuwaiti Bul was directed by the Grunskiykhovski . .I. Ovskina. The head of the mission included "watching out for fortune tellers who live on the territory of one state at any time, as well as frightening the path of their presence without the right to zastosuvannya forces of possible destruction to the cordon."

The weakness of the position of the Radyansky Union regarding the situation in the Persian prison turned out to be a whole low cost for Moscow. We are ahead of the economic ones. On the right, in the fact that the Soviet Socialist Republic's blocking of Iraq became the leading rank for the supply of zbros at the end of 1989 was 3 billion rubles. 796 million rubles. According to other estimates, the borg of Iraq to the Radyansk Union reached 6 and 8 billion dollars. Viysk's defeat of Iraq and internal political pressures in the country, which followed the cym, made it possible to take away the blocking of Baghdad for an unimaginable hour. Crimia tsgogo, pіd nіdnаnja bіlо put the policy of Moscow on the market ozbroєn, like in the region, so in the world zagalom. The war in Zatotsi has become a kind of shock between American and Russian military equipment. The US victory over the army of Iraq, which at that time was approximately 53% manned by radyansky defences, became a drive for mass propaganda of the quality of the American defences. Regardless of the absurdity of such a vysnovka, this thesis was actively developed by Washington both in the course of the conflict and throughout the year.

In the midst of the wild euphoria associated with the success of the "blitzkrieg", the United States promoted facts about the deeds, which were completely unacceptable for official Washington, and became famous in the past. And the very same about chemical injuries of varying severity, more lower in 20 thousand American military servicemen, as they were brought to a weakening of their immunity. The clinical picture of the ailment of military servicemen, who went through the "Storm in the Desert", took away the name of the "syndrome of war in Zatoci". Bagato ji-ai became disabled, others died, not zumіvshi podolat oncological ill. Well, the number of veterans, who had this syndrome, became, behind the outrageous tributes, maybe 100 thousand people. Since this information was leaked to the other, Washington had to give some explanation. According to an updated version of the military servicemen, who took part in the operation, they became victims of the influx of infection of mistsevity in the aftermath of the hard aerosol haze after the bombardment of Iraqi objects, de, as it mattered, they took care of the bruises of speech. About the right reasons for the "syndrome of war in Zatotsі" the official government decided not to expand, even though they knew about them.

The life of Movchannya was destroyed through a sprat of rock, if a scandal erupted in the lands of NATO, leukemia and death of 18 military servicemen, who took part in peacekeeping operations in Yugoslavia. The reason for the sickness, for the hardships of the rich veterans, in both periods was the attack on military servicemen with ammunition filled with uranium (OU). For tribute to the foreign friend, at the hour of the operation "Storm in the Wilderness", the American military fired close to a million "uranium" shells. The investigations carried out by the German professor Sigvard Günther near the regions of Iraq, de Americans planted ammunition with uranium filling, as well as the survey of regional mass information, painted a threatening picture. Otrimani results showed an increase in the incidence of oncological diseases among the population, as well as an increase in the number of congenital calisthenics in Iraq and in the families of military servicemen in the United States, who took part in the operation. The same appearances were also noted among the native creatures, as before among the cows. Moreover, following the words of the professor, toxic speeches, which were consumed in soil water and sweat from agricultural products, became a source of potential insecurity for the future generations of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait. Behind the Americans themselves, traces of uranium-encrusted dowkill can be seen as long as 4.5 billion years.

In 2003, the US troops unleashed a new war against Iraq. The official reason for the attack was nibito presence at the edge of the mass population. Chimalu's contribution to the "rozkruchuvannya" tsієї versії zrobili english special services. At the same time, the “fact” about the Iraqi purchases of uranium in Nigeria is very wide-ranging for the Americans. If you try to inform independent experts that Niger is one of the most important satellites of Paris in Africa and that "unsanctioned activity" could not help but lose the respect of the French special services, it was not taken to respect. They didn’t “pervert” the UN’s version of the version and the UN experts, they said that the documents about the secret Iraqi-Nigerian ploy were fake.

The right camp was hung up by the French newspaper "Monde" even before the cob of the military operation. "The main goal of the anti-Iraq operation is naphtha," the newspaper writes.

Here, in our opinion, the atomic history of Iraq is finally being built up and bumped into. I took my cob from the 17th day of 1959, if the ranks of the SRSR and Iraq signed a favor in the nuclear chamber. Vono passed on the task of technical research to Baghdad at the work of a small long-term reactor, an isotope laboratory, and also at the conducted geological and research work on radioactive ore at the training staff. Vodnochas at the document it was clearly discussed - everything is carried out for exclusively peaceful purposes. In 1968, the leaders of the Radyanskiy dopomozi in 1968 rotated in the desert of Thuwaitha for 15 km on a daily basis from Baghdad, having opened up a small nuclear reactor IRT-2000 with a capacity of 2 MW. Yogo vikoristannya for the creation of nuclear weapons, due to the small pressure of the reactor, was turned off.

At the end of 1975, Saddam Hussein, the vice-premier of Iraq, who, having seen Moscow, tried to sign a new agreement about spivpratsyu z SRSR near the nuclear gallery. The Radyansk Union waited a while to sell to Baghdad a number of nuclear technologies, including a perfect nuclear reactor, and put the mind that further robots would be delivered directly to Iraq under the international guarantees of the IAEA, including themselves for military purposes. Such a situation did not dominate Iraqi culture, and in the faith of the same fate Hussein saw Paris. As a result of negotiations with the Prime Minister of France Chirac, a deal was reached on the sale of the Ozirak nuclear reactor to Iraq, the final laboratory "Isis" of the total stock of nuclear fuel - a total of 72 kg. Moreover, without any guarantees IAEA. For this sake, France took close to three billion dollars.

In 1976, Iraq signed a contract with Italy for the purchase of hot chambers, which were attached to the processing of radioactive sulphurous elements and plutonium. According to experts, the combination of a French reactor and Italian hot cells ensured the possibility of plutonium bomb production even in the first half of the 1980s.

At the beginning of 1979, a nuclear reactor for Iraq was delivered to the port of La Cien-sur-Mer for Toulon. Zvіdsi yoga was planned to be transported to Basri by an Iraqi ship. However, nothing happened. At night, on April 7, 1979, the reactor was demolished after a sabotage operation carried out by the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad. The French detachment "survived at the camp" of Hussein and voted that a new reactor should be installed.

In 1981, another reactor, Ozirak, was successfully delivered to Iraq and placed in a nuclear center in the Thuwaitha desert. In lipnі 1981 the fate of the wines became to the tune. In the spring of 1981, the center was witnessed by the IAEA inspection team, but it did not reveal any damage to the regime of non-disruption of nuclear weapons. On June 7, 1981, the Israeli UPU, on the basis of a secret plan approved by the Cabinet of Ministers on June 29, 1980, carried out an operation to lower the reactor, which took away the name "Babylon". In the implementation of the project, there were heavy vinyl-bombers F-16, leather for two 908-kg ceramic-wrapped bombs Mk.84 and linings and aircraft F-15. About 18 years 35 hvilin Israeli airmen, having illegally violated the territory of two sovereign powers, launched a bombing strike near the nuclear center near Baghdad.

After the demise of the "Ozirka" two months earlier, French President Francois Mitterrand announced the end of the fight against Iraq in the nuclear field.

Ale, let's turn to the fate of 2003. Ahead of the American Aggression Saddam Hussein, in an interview with the Egyptian tradesman Al Usbua, described US policy in this way:

"America wants to achieve unity in our region, for the cob in Iraq, and then we won't take over those Arab lands, as if we were dissatisfied. From Baghdad, we won't destroy near Damascus and Tehran, if we divide into parts.

I am convinced that the model of other emirates and kingdoms will become the widest in our region. Therefore, all the great Arab powers will be divided into sprats of parts in such a way that the stench could serve American interests. America is the source of all oil – from Algeria to the Caspian Sea”.

Speaking about the US oil claims, it means that approximately for the time before the American aggression, for example, in 2001, Iraq propagated Russia with the "dovgostrokovu program of anti-terrorism". Within the framework of this program, domestic companies could earn 40 billion dollars in five to ten years. Nasampered was talking about vidobutok naphtha. The Iraqi government has also declared that it is ready to give Russia "absolute priority" in signing the favors of this galaxy. It was decided to transfer to the Russian companies the largest in the Nearest Gathering of the Majnun and Nakhr Omar genera, the reserves of which to make hundreds of millions of tons. Earlier, talk about these gigantic relatives of Iraq and Europe with the French company "Total Fina Elf" and sign a memorandum on mutual understanding. For the fate of 2001, France took part in the battles of Great Britain and the USA, supporting the strengthening of sanctions against Iraq, and the favor was not met.

The package of projects, like Baghdad planning to propagate Russia, also included the arranging of several hydropower facilities on the Tigris River and the restoration of the life of the largest in Iraq TES "Yusifiya". Іrakohovuvav also on the rescue of Moscow during the spurred oil pipelines to Syria and Jordan, as well as in the wake of the war in 1990-1991, the fate of oil refineries. In the meantime, half of the planned projects (in total, approximately sіmty specific projects) belonged to the oil and gas sector, electricity and petrochemicals. In addition, in the gallery, the development of industrial production, transport and communication. However, these plans were not destined to fail.

On March 20, 2003, an American contingent of 140,000 soldiers launched an operation codenamed "Shock and Awe." The stretch of three tizhniv opir of the millionth Iraqi army was broken. On April 9, 2003, the US troops entered Baghdad, and they themselves completed the planned operation with minimal expenses on 115 killed.

It means that before the cob of war, for the tribute of the newspaper "Argumenti and Facti", the Embassy of Iraq in Moscow took 10,000 applications for volunteers to fight the American army (for the tribute of the newspaper "Versia" - 2500 Russians). At the same time, according to the official statement of the intercessor of the military operations of the US Army in Iraq, General Mark Kimmitt, the expected participation of Russian volunteers in combat actions was not recorded. Prote behind the words of the spokesperson for the apparatus of the Kurdish parliament in the city of Erbil Abdulli Mohseni, in 2004, dozens of "young people from Russia and Ukraine" passed through Iraqi Kurdistan, the leading rank of Muslims. Ale and Russians. For the sake of the newspaper "Versiya", from the spring of 2003 to Iraq, five Russian volunteers were fighting, as in 1992-1995 they took part in the battles near Bosnia on the Serbs. Truthfully, after 2 months, through ignorance of the mov, and without getting in touch with the partisans, the stench turned to the fatherland.

Prote "battle for democracy" did not end as planned at the Pentagon. A terrorist war broke out near the country, as if 450 American soldiers were taken for a lifetime, they were transferred to Iraq. Out and Russia stumbled. In 2004, for two months in Iraq, there were several incidents with Russian hulks, which led to human sacrifices. As a result of the last (May 25) - shelling of a bus by firefighters of the "Interenergoservis" company, 2 individuals perished and 7 were injured.

On December 13, 2003 Saddam Hussein, who was born in the American government, was buried in one of his cases and handed over to the investigation (after suffering). Prote tsia podium did not lead to a pacified situation in the country, as the American authorities of mass information sang, but on the other hand, the consolidation of radical Muslim forces. Such a development of the situation was conveyed to the very beginning of combat action by the American analyst of intelligence research, John Pike. Winning such a thought: "Just marveling at those who are part of the krai got away from the war against terrorism, and also at the future war against the ZMZ, then you will be deprived of guilt, because we are the third world in advance." Approximately the same thoughts were reached by the Australian minister of foreign affairs, Oleksandr Downer, who spoke out about the possibility that the conflict could grow to a global scale and swell as a result of the collapse of civilization.

Pike's and Downer's words turned out to be close to the truth. Anti-American sentiments grew in rich countries, volunteers and members of radical Muslim groups rushed to Iraq. The country has become a training ground for partisan and terrorist operations. At the same time, the special services started planning the downfall of the Iraqi scientific elite. About tse povіdomiv fifth channel of the French TV channel with messages to a high-ranking French general. The main target for the hour of "democratization" of the country became fakhіvtsі in the halls of energy, chemistry and physics, graduates of universities, doctors, engineers and lawyers. Behind the words of the general, the plan of the physical destruction of the Iraqi scientists is quiet, who should be guided by the spivpraciuvati іz zahіdnіmi prizdnіtskimi centers, buv raspravleniya vіdpovidalnymi persons of the United States and Israel. We were told about the scientists, who took their fate from the rocket, nuclear and chemical warfare - about 3500 cases.

The main "thinker" behind the Iraqi allegations was the Israeli intelligence agency "Mossad". Їy, as vvazhaє the head of the professional team of Iraqi engineers Forces ed-Din Abbas, as a whole, the authorities want to occupy the occupational forces. It's not clear, I'm going to blame Iraq again for rethinking the development of science. According to the statement of one hundred Iraqi scientists and universities of science, which appeared on April 11, 2003, a list on the Internet, it was reported that American military scientists should import documents from Iraqi scientific centers that are related to scientific projects. Tsі dії, in the opinion of the scientists, to allow the raktsіv possibilty to revive the national science. In addition, the Americans "obroblyayat" vchenih shkodo transition to a job in the American or British recent centers. Tim, who is inspired, fences in the hands of their robots, trims them under arrest, blackmails. Especially nezgovіrlivih - zishchuyut.

French secret services uncovered Israeli commandos at the warehouse 150 officers in Iraq. For the information of the French ZMI, the commandos have at their disposal a list of Iranian facsimiles from the chemical, bacteriological, nuclear and missile programs of Hussein. This list of warehouses is still up to the cob of war on the head of the UN commission for caution, control and inspection of Hans Blix.

For the tribute to the French channel, the main targets of the Mossad agents were 550 Iraqi fakes, over 100 of them, for the tribute of the same dzherel, until the middle of 2004 the fate was already reduced.

Israel categorically informs the French about their prison raids in Iraq. There are a number of killed Iraqi scientists, and also those who died for unaccounted for, as if they recognized the attacks, every day, or they are pacified under arrest without trial, and they continue to grow.

As far as the Russian position on the Iraqi crisis, then, like a past war, it was a striman. Tim is no less, he broke up the Iraqi evil forces, having created a change of mind for spivpratsi between the lands near the Viysk galley. Following the advice of the military observer V. Baranets, the Radyansk army is planning to rebuild the "new" Iraqi army. The chief of the General Staff of the RF Armed Forces, Colonel-General Yu.Baluevskiy, and the commander-in-chief of the Joint Defense Forces of NATO in Europe, American General James Jones, spoke about it during the autumn of 2004 in the Belgian city of Mons. In this manner, Russia is connected to the implementation of the plans of the United States and NATO for the creation of "post-Hussein" military forces to Iraq. The supply was planned to be paid "on a fee basis" - for pennies and naphtha. In this case, the language could go for up to 2 billion dollars.

Trinity war in Iraq cost America until the beginning of 2006 ten billion dollars. Of these, Washington gave 300 million to the largest PR campaigns in the United States to conduct an information war. The central idea of the robot was the thesis about the valiant American soldiers, who bring freedom, prosperity and, of course, democracy to the Iranians. The propaganda campaign of the American services of psychological warfare was less successful at the first stage of the military campaign, if a fake was circulated about Saddam Hussein's plan to bring down the mass population. If the presence of ZMZ in Iraq was put under more doubts and more, if it was clear that Bush knew to the beginning of aggression, that there was nothing, the situation changed dramatically. To really fail, the Washington administration began to shove the enemy on the boats. It became Russia. ZMI has launched information that Moscow has somehow secured Baghdad with “stolen money” in the Americans with valuable reports about the “military resources and plans” of the United States.

As far as human casualties are concerned, according to the Russian Newsweek magazine, 1,661 people were spent in the beginning of the campaign until the middle of 2005; Great Britain - 69; Italy - 25; Ukraine - 18; Poland - 17; Spain - 11, other countries - 24. 15,000 casualties were spent in Iraq, and by the end of 2005, 23,000 civilians were killed, plus 42,500 were injured.

The United States rozvyazan war broke out and the Russian hulks. On the cob of black 2006, the jeep of the Russian embassy in Baghdad was booked, which was driven to the place, and blocked by militants from the Rada of Mujahideen Shuri group. The guard of the embassy of Vitaliy Titov, pretending to be his comrades, was beaten, and four other guards of the embassy: the guard of Oleg Fedosiev, the guard of Anatoly Smirnov, the cook Rinat Agliulin and the third secretary of the embassy Fyodor Zaitsev, were stolen. For their joke, that sound was on all channels: both diplomatic and special services. An operational headquarters was set up near Baghdad. As the Speaker of the Federation for the sake of the Federation, Sergiy Mironov, spoke, he spoke three times a day. Ale, maybe, the terrorists are a little bit namіr to drive in the brants. After a few days, they expanded the video recording from the screening of three spokesmen of the Russian embassy. As a result of the investigation, a sprig of versions of this evil was hung up. Behind one of them, the deputy of the operation to steal Russian citizens were the secret services. At the thought of Senator Mikhail Margelov, with such a rank, the United States, it was possible, to bring Russia into the Muslim world, to punish independent politics in Iraq, Iran and Palestine, and to drag them into war in Iraq on their own sides.

Notes:

The newest history of the Ukrainian foreign Asia and Africa. - L., 1963. - S. 587.

Bar-Zohar Mikael. Ben Gurion. Rostov-on-Don, 1998. Z. 224.

February 14, 1947 England has declared that it is transferring the Palestinian food to the decision of the UN. On November 29, 1947, the UN General Assembly praised the decision to split the territory of Palestine into an Arab state (43% of the territory, 725 thousand Arabs, 10 thousand Jews) and Israel (56.5% of the territory, 498 thousand Jews, Arabs7) . The capital of Palestine, Jerusalem, is the center of three world religions, which was seen in the international zone. Obviously, the piecework of the Jewish state at the center of the Arab world called out a negative reaction from the side of the Muslim lands. The Arab powers denounced the plan of action and did not recognize the decision of the UN.

"Haganah" was respected by a large-scale, straining, miraculously built secret organization. For the tribute of the British special services, in 1943 the number of "Khagani" was estimated from 80 thousand to 100 thousand people. In fact, on the right, there was a trohi and naksha. On the cob of May 1947, the battles of the “Khagani” unit, including 9,500 recruits from the youth corps “Gadna”, had only 45,337 men and women. Of these, there are less than 2200 soldiers, who were part of the Palmach shock brigade, were trained by English instructors at the rock of the Arab rebellion (1936-1939) and the Other World War. Most of the other formations of the "Khagani" went through only a thorough training and could not be taken in by the combatants. As of April 12, 1947, the entire arsenal of "Khagani" had 10,073 screws of different models; 1900 automatic machines; 444 light machine guns; 186 medium caliber guns; 672 single 2-inch mortars; 96 single 3-inch mortars; 93738 hand grenades and 4896303 cartridges.

Shipboard P. special operations. Lub'yanka and the Kremlin. 1930-1950 rocky. M, 2003. Z. 476.

Shipboard P. special operations. Lub'yanka and the Kremlin. 1930-1950 rocky. M., 2003. S. 470-472.

For a hundred years the activities of the Radianian special services in Palestine, the next thing to know is that the interest in this region of the Radianian exploration lies even until the beginning of the 1920s. From this region, the activity of such spіvrobіtnikіv Іnozemny vіddіlu (ІNO) of the OGPU, like Yakiv Blyumkin, who arrived in Palestine in 1923 and became a mentor of the Jewish militants; Yakiv Serebryansky, a member of the Special Group of Special Recognition at the NKVS Secretariat. In 1924, Leopold Trepper, an agent-informer of the Radyansk intelligence service near the Vydnia, Israel Beir, opened his career in Palestine as the "Great Chef" of the European secret service of the Radyansk intelligence service ("Chervona Kapela"). Vіn viїhav to Palestine nevdovzі after the advent of Austria to Nіmechchini, becoming an active member of the sub-Jewish army "Hagan" and taking part in the fighting battles of the Israelis against the English.

In 1966, Aref died behind mysterious surroundings as a result of a helicopter crash.

The Great Radian Encyclopedia ... S. 397.

Nafto's promise to Iraq after Another world war was a single galuzzi, which is small today technically possessed. A number of camps in niy having borrowed the concern "Irak Petroleum Company" and yogo daughter structures. In 1946, the oil and gas production of the region was 4.7 million tons, and in 1955 it increased to 33.7 million tons. In 1960, the roku won 47.0 million tons. Moreover, the main obsyag is oil and gas export; in Iraq itself, for example, in 1955, the recovery was less than 1.2 million tons.

Endryu K., Gordievsky O. KDB: history of the most recent political operations from Lenin to Gorbachov B/m. View. "Nota Bene", 1992. S. 554.

Grinevsky O. Secrets of Radian diplomacy. M., 2000. Z. 181.

Hussein Saddam. Born in 1937 in the small town of Tikrit. Behind the light is a lawyer. I started my political career in 1957, having joined the party of the Arab Socialist Renaissance (BAAS), on the cob of the 1960s I took part in a number of changes and coups. In 1964, a number of people were arrested and sanctioned for tasting dumplings. After the revival in 1966, the roci continued its political activity and in 1968 became one of the leaders of the lime revolution, which brought General Ahmed Bakr to power. In 1969, he was appointed intercessor of the head for the sake of revolutionary command, and in 1979, Bakr's successor in the highest positions of power.

The main center for the preparation of combat creatures was created by the USSR in the 1970s. The stench was spread near Sevastopol, near Vladivostok, near Klaipeda, Murmansk and Batumi. "Vichovantsi" of these centers were victorious at the hour of the war near the waters of Ethiopia, Angola and other lands. With the collapse of the Radyansky Union, the unique oceanarium near Sevastopol was transferred to the Ministry of Defense and the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine. Viysk's followers stumbled there.

Volkovsky N.L. History of information wars. SPb., 2003. 4.2. S. 473.

Cit. on: Chrisco V. Secrets of psychological warfare (meti, task, methods, forms, dosvid). Minsk, 1999. Z. 430.

In order to carry out a wide range of visits to disinform the enemy as part of a strategic psychological operation, 252 command and 96 battalions for robots were assigned to civilian populations, as well as 8 battalions from a warehouse of 4 groups of psychological operations (number 20 nearby). These forces are small mobile devices, television and radio stations, sound stations of a different class. Without intermediary, at the headquarters of the command of the Bagatonic forces (MNF) in Er-Riyadh, a working group was created, staffed with officers of psychological warfare, as it was responsible for all the "psychological operations" that were carried out at the expense of the Bagatonic forces. Usnoy propaganda in the course of combat actions was carried out by 66 groups of fakhivtsiv from sound-mechanics, given to the commanders of units and reinforcements along the entire front of the MNF. The groups were seen from the warehouse of the regular 6th and 9th battalions of the psychological operations of the US Army, as well as from five reserve companies. Propaganda was intensively developed and nurtured. Over 30 million copies of leaflets were expanded in one hour of the operation. The main themes of the leaflets were: marnist support; the inevitability of a rout; vodmina to the building in full, to desertion, redundancy at the entrance; plea for the war on S. Hussein.

Under the production of uranium, the isotope uranium-238, which is removed as a result of the technological process of enrichment of uranium, is exposed to uranium ore isotopes uranium-234 and uranium-235. After the conversion, the isotope U-238 is depleted, so it is called uranium poisoning. The tip of the projectile, made from OS (replacement of the traditional tungsten one), is approximately 20% more armor penetration, and its variance is relatively small (actually, it is due to technological inputs). The indicator of radioactivity in the OS as a "worked" material is low and does not become a serious threat to health. Nebezpeka well, according to the thought of many scientists, it is believed to be wide in appearance, in water, in the most important particles of uranium, which may be highly toxic. Qi parts are utvoryuyutsya when vibuhu ammunition, if more part of the uranium core is transformed into a saw blade. Unsafe - to build a dotik from fragments of armored vehicles, fired in harmony with "uranium" ammunition. Latent (attachment) period of DU on the body of a person is three times 2 to 5 years.

If Yugoslavia, then there the Americans won over 30 thousand ammunition from the OS in 1999, in front of Kosovo, in areas near the cordon with Albania. And in 1994-1995, Bosnia had 11 thousand.

Roschupkin V. Professor Günther's advance// Nezalezhny Viyskovy look around. 2006. No. 11. P. 8.

On the 25th of September 2003 the experts of the Naglyadovo group from Iraq created an unambiguous visnovo: a mass strike (ZMP) in Iraq every day. The group included 1400 fahivtsiv, the main rank from the USA and Great Britain. Having distinguished the group, the CIA special guard (the UN colossal inspector) David Kay.

Kiselov O. Nuclear Race with Biblical Missions // Nezalezhne Viyskove Oglyad. 2005 No. 43. S. 5.