The main reasons for the National Vigilant War in the middle of the XVII century. boules:
2.1.1. Causes of political character- ahead of the national-voluntary war in Ukraine there was no power of its own. Most of the Ukrainian lands were included in the warehouse of the Commonwealth, the feudal right of which was distinguished by a special zhorstocity, and the sovereign laws were separated by the sovereign magnates and the local administration. The Ukrainian people, in fact, have no prospects for a full political development for the minds of a distant perebuvannya at the warehouse of the Commonwealth. One of the reasons for the war was the incompatibility between the Cossacks and the factually political leadership in the Ukrainian society and the destruction of the camp through the “Ordination of 1638”, like the Polish Sejm having adopted from the Sich in 1639. Vidpovidno to "ordination" the register was changed by 6 yew. including the Cossacks, they took the fate of the rebels. In whom the electiveness of the Cossack foreman, the Cossack judiciary were eliminated. Natomist hetman was assigned to the Polish commissar. Representatives of the Polish chi polonized gentry were appointed to plant colonels and osavulis. The villagers and the townspeople were afraid to join the Cossacks. The Cossacks did not have the right to settle less near the cordon places.
2.1.2. Causes of national-religious character- obmezhennia for Ukrainians with the rights of occupancy of the ranks of the settlements and work in the organs of self-registration of the city; inconsistency in the legal and political situation of the Ukrainian Orthodox nobility, the fringing of interests on the side of the Polish magnates and nobility; the Polish magnates and the gentry, the Catholic clergy were disrespectfully placed before the Ukrainian movement and culture; after the Brest Church Union of 1596 the Polish gentry systematically and purposefully promoted Catholicism among the Ukrainian population, hindered the Ukrainian language in the statutes and primary pledges; catholicism and uniatism attacked the rights and freedom of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church rapidly: the confiscation of the church lane and lands was enforced; provadzhuvsya obov'yazkovy tax for the population on the morning of the Catholic and the Uniate Church.
2.1.3. Causes of social character- depletion of natural resources on Ukrainian lands (for example, sleeping in the forests for the sake of chances and selling potash on European markets); increase in panshchina (5-6 days per day), in-kind and penny rent; zbіlshennya podtkіv and vіdpratsyuvannya villagers on the self-righteousness of the state; settlement of the special fallow land of the peasant among the Polish gentry and magnates; розгул магнатсько-шляхтського свавілля, посилення експлуатації з боку орендарів, які намагалися при оренді землі отримати максимальний прибуток, і більшість міст на території українських земель перебували у приватній власності, розвитку ремесла та торгівлі перешкоджав увесь суспільно-політичний устрій Речі Посполитої з її анархією та свавіллям , by the system of orders and outposts, by standing guards on the morning towns, by the militant system; Ukrainians were granted the right to practice at the workshops, and the occupation of the craft by the workshops was thoroughly examined. One of the most important rethinks of the National Volunteer War in the social and economic sphere was the denunciation of two different types of government: Cossack, as it was actually a farmer for its essence, and a folk farm, which was based on prakіvlnіkrіv.
2.2. Character, driving forces and forces of National-Vizvolno war. Behind its character, this nationwide movement is nationally arbitrary, religious, anti-feudal. Cossacks, villagers, townspeople, Orthodox clergy, part of the Ukrainian gentry became the driving forces of the National Vigilant War.
The Cossacks played the most important role of the National Vigilant War, as they carried on their shoulders the main thrust of the struggle for independence. Itself created the backbone of the army, the basis of the new political elite. The Cossacks played a leading role in the ruined Polish and formation of the Ukrainian state institutions - the central and local organs of power, judicial institutions, the army, the administrative-territorial system. The villagers also took an active part in the rebels. Appearing without exception in 1648, the advancing fates vociferously fought for the preservation of "Cossack rights and liberties." An active part in the war was also taken by the philistines, part of the noble gentry and the lower Orthodox clergy.
The goals of the National Vigilant War were: the adoption of the Polish political, national-religious and social panuvannya on the Ukrainian lands; enlightenment and development of the Ukrainian national state; liquidation of crime; gaining special freedom by the villagers; radical changes in the ranks of the ranks of the suspіlstva, coming to the heights of the power of the national for the warehouse of the Cossack foreman; liquidation of the middle and great feudal power over the land; the establishment of a new type of government on the basis of a different (farming type) Cossack power over the land; the permission of the Ukrainian cities of the reign of the king, magnates, gentry, the Catholic clergy.
2.3. The cob and the perebіg of the National-Vizvolnoї war. Ocholiving the people's rebels, Chigirinsky centurion Bogdan (Zinoviy) Khmelnitsky, who on his own account swaville the Polish gentry and the hardships of a disenfranchised camp. Not knowing justice, they were guilty of a small corral of one-thinkers vyihav u sik, de u 1648 p. buv obrany hetman Viysk Zaporizky. Having become a hetman, B. Khmelnytsky called out to his generals before the rebellion.
2.3.1. The beginning of war. Boyovі dії y 1648-1649 pp. The first victories were won at the battles on Zhovti Vody on May 5-6, 1648. that pіd Korsun 16 May 1648 p. With a stretch of lita 1648 p. The rebellion sacked the territory of the Kiev region, Podillya, Volyn and the Left Bank of Ukraine.
On the cob of the war, Bogdan Khmelnytsky, that Cossack foreman, lost their rights and liberties, the equal rights of the Orthodox and Catholic Churches, and after the first wins, they started peaceful negotiations with the Poles. Ale, the rest did not go to deeds, but rather taxed an hour, to pick up the brothers for a farther struggle against the rebels.
13 spring 1648 The Cossacks won the victory over the Poles at the battle near Pilyavtsy. Zhovtni - leaf fall 1648 p. trival oblog of Lvov. The Cossacks, having taken off the vikup, left the place and straightened far away to the Polish fortress Zamostya and went to the Wisli metro station, but, having learned about the choice of the new Polish king, B. Khmelnytsky waited for a truce with him and turned the Cossack army to Ukraine.
23 breast 1648 p. the Cossacks entered the tract as far as Kiev. Here, as historians say, Khmelnytsky's eyes turned to the main method of struggle. Dosі vіn not pіdnіmavsya more for the interests of your own I will become - Cossacks. Now I have seen my bindings for all the people. In the course of negotiations between the Poles and the Poles, declaring about their name, they called the whole of Ukraine and the Ukrainian people from the Polish government. The Hetman, having rethought the lessons of the minuloric struggle, for the first time in the history of the Ukrainian suspense-political thought, formulated the main ambush of the national sovereign idea. For a while, there were serious changes in the self-reliance of Ukrainians: the development of the idea of the Batkivshchyna, unity and independence, a touch of a wild mark and national identity.
2.3.2. Zborivsky peace treaty. 8 sickle 1649 p. B. Khmelnytsky and the Polish king Jan Casimir signed the Zborivsky peace treaty. Yogo zmist actually meant that the Polish order had first recognized autonomy (self-regulation) Ukrainian Cossack State at the borders of the Commonwealth on the territory of three voivodships - Kiev, Bratslav and Chernigiv.
A new military-administrative and political system began to take shape on the green lands, the Ukrainian national power, the Hetmanate, was formed. The traditional military and suspіlniy devices of the Cossacks were transferred to the svіlnenu territory. A national Cossack foreman came to the vlady for the warehouse. The Orthodox Ukrainian gentry became enough to swell the її part.
According to the agreement, the number of Cossacks of Viysk Zaporizhsky was measured by the register at 40,000 individuals. Mustaches, who did not spend up to the Cossack register, could not turn around. An amnesty was voted for all the participants of the national-voluntary war under the wire of B. Khmelnytsky, Orthodox and Catholic gentry, who came to the Cossacks and fought against the Polish orderly forces. The Orthodox Metropolis of Kiev was confirmed in its own rights, and the Kiev Metropolitan could go to the Senate of the Commonwealth. The food about the union was passed on to the Sejm.
Peace treaty signed unsatisfied no cossacks, no order of the Commonwealth. Offended parties rozpochali preparations for a new stage of war.
2.3.3. Political and social and economic changes in Ukrainian lands. Under the onslaught of the people's uprisings, the militant Polish magnates and the panows, the Catholic clergy, were embarrassed to lose their shirts and tikati. Through the war, the feudal landownership was significantly submerged, and the fortress was reduced. Bogdan Khmelnytskyi was streaming the growth of the great earthen time. Cossacks and villagers ransacked the land, full of lords: part of the land passed to the power of the Viysk execution. The Cossacks and the villagers became strong landowners. The townspeople took away the opportunity freely and without interruption to engage in crafts, trades and trade. Cossacks residually took shape in okremy stan camaraderie. The change in the expansion of overcoming those duties has taken away the growth of the economic possibilities of the peasant states. The localities had new opportunities to show the initiative of the craftsmen and merchants. The positions of the Orthodox clergy changed. Pravoslavia has become a universal ideological creed, as if the national forces of Ukraine have vanquished in the struggle against the foreign panuvannya.
2.3.4. Podії 1651-1653 rokіv. Porazka at the battle Berestechko(Cherven 1651) negatively slamming into the fighting spirit of the army. Hocha battle under the White Church near Veresni 1651 p. they showed that the Polish army was not able to defeat the Cossacks, but B. Khmelnytsky had little strength for the offensive, and also did not take the pride of the Crimean Khan, which was the moment to stand on the bik of Poland. Everything tempted the offending parties to go over to negotiations, which ended on the 18th of spring, 1651. invisible to Ukraine Bilotserkivskoy please.
May 22-23, 1652 B. Khmelnitsky at the battle Batigom vshchent having defeated 30 thousand Polish soldiers. In fact, it was vindicated to the Zborivsky treaty. The struggle continued in the Moldavian campaigns and battles under Zhvanets(Zhvanetska obloga among Zhovtni-brudni, 1653).
The flow of the war was more old, the more B. Khmelnytsky and the foreman were fighting, that with their own forces alone, without the help of the calling of Ukraine, it was impossible to defeat Poland. One of the most promising allies of Ukraine was the Turkish sultan. But the help of the sultan was really only limited by orders to the Crimean Khan to come before the operations of Viysk Zaporizky. The Tatars were inappropriate allies, and with their robbing stench they tormented the Ukrainian population. B. Khmelnytskyi Daedalі more schilyavsya until perekonannya, scho nadіyym ally could be more than Russian "single" tsar.
2.3.5. Close proximity to Russia. Pereyaslav glad. A new attempt to achieve an expansion and the unification of all Ukrainian lands near the borders of the national power was shattered by the attempt to get help Russia. 1 Zhovtnya 1653 r. The Zemsky Cathedral near Moscow vyryshiv to accept Viysko Zaporizka "under the temple of the sovereign's hand." An embassy was sent to Ukraine for the legal execution of this act Art. Buturlina . September 8, 1654 At Pereyaslav, the Starshinsky Rada came to the fore, and then the General Viysk Rada. It was declared that the Hetmanate was transferred to the protectorate of Russia for the preservation of the fundamental rights and liberties of Viysk Zaporizky. The rules of housekeeping at Pereyaslav were solidified at birch trees near Moscow, the documents established the system of norms for living between the Hetmanate and Russia, according to literature yak Pereyaslavsky agreement 1654
2.3.6. Growing resistance between the Hetmanate and Russia. Hanging 1654 r. Russian army rozpochala vіyskovі dії against the Polish army near Belarus. їy supported the 20,000-strong Cossack corps І. Zolotarenko. Allies zdobuli Smolensk, Minsk, Vilna, I. Zolotarenko zahopiv pivdenna Belarus. All the same, come on in to help Belarus in the Cossack way, they called the first conflict from the Moscow governors, as if all the Cossacks took the land, they called the “royal ones”.
Autumn 1654 p. the Poles, having enlisted the support of the Crimean Khan, violated their marches to Ukraine. U sichni 1655 p. B. Khmelnytsky from the Cossacks and the Moscow Vіysk spoke against them. Virishal battle that was fought Okhmatova(Near the Kiev region) in the rest of the days, the Sich spent great losses on both sides, but did not bring success for the day. It significantly weakened the hopes of the Ukrainians to help the tsar, who before that had done his best to support Ukraine with his own will through his voivods, and to win the Cossacks for the conquest of Lithuania and Belarus.
2.3.7. Pragnennya B. Khmelnytsky to complete the consolidation of the Ukrainian lands. Z 1655 p. B. Khmelnytsky, having developed an active diplomatic activity, using other important political forces to secure the independence of the Ukrainian state. Zokrema, the allied blues from Sweden were formed. In the spring of 1655 p. Swedish king Charles X Gustav started war against Poland. Koristuyuchis tsim, B. Khmelnitsky with the Ukrainian military and F. Buturlin’s corps in the autumn, destroying Galicia, defeating the Polish army Mіstechkom ta starting a tax Lviv. Oskіlki F. Buturlin in the name of the tsar vimagavs, schob otrimani place lay to the tsar, then B. Khmelnytsky did not storm Lviv, but fledged with a vikup.
The Ukrainian-Muscovite war seized Lublin and the hetman saw the prospect of uniting all Ukrainian lands under his mace. Ale here to help Poland, the khan reappeared. B. Khmelnytsky was embarrassed to enter the city of Lvov. 20 leaf fall 1655 p. Ozerny the Tatars attacked the Ukrainian-Moscow tabir, and everything ended with negotiations that reached the second campaign of 1655.
Six fates of trival The national war of the Ukrainian people led by Bogdan Khmelnytsky against the battle of Poland in Ukraine. In the course of the war, the power of the Polish-Lithuanian state of the Commonwealth was tumbled down, the Ukrainian Hetman state was formed on the basis of Bogdan Khmelnytsky. Ale Polshcha tried with all her might to turn Ukraine around.
Shche in 1648. ending the war of B. Khmelnitsky allies. The first, to whom the Crimean Khan turned away (want, as if showing the hour, he turned out to be a filthy ally), through him Bogdan Khmelnitsky tried to take away the support of Turechchini, trying to establish close contacts with the Sultan's vassals - Moldova, Voloshchina, Semigrad.
Naturally, it was a pragmatic act to establish an alliance with a one-way Moscow, as if it led more than once, even though there was no war far from Poland.
In 1651, through the destruction by the Poles of the Zborivsky treaty, the Ukrainian-Polish war continued, and at once the Moscow-Polish war began to fall. In Moscow, in the fierce 1651, the Zemsky gatherings were held, on which the clergy with the patriarch and boyars gave their fortune to take Hetman Zaporozky under the tsarist protectorate. Ale, there were no real crumbs.
Not far away for the Cossacks, the Battle of Brest in 1651 - for the wrong ally of the Crimean Khan, led to the establishment of the Bilotserkivsky agreement, which significantly shortened the land in Zborov in 1649.
And the military dії trivali. Visnazhennya Ukrainian people encroached between. The places were ruined and there was no need for help. On May 22, 1653, new arrivals arrived to Moscow after the arrival of Bogdan Khmelnitsky - Kindrat Burlyai and Siluyam Muzhilovsky. The stench repeated again the swindle of the Cossack hetman to step on the Zachists of Ukraine, to take it “under the temple hand” and send it to the aid of the army.
Prote tsar half-heartedly tried to get home from the Rich Commonwealth with a diplomatic path. The tsar ruled the post to Warsaw with the helpers to the king, smirking with the Cossacks, turn his privileges, like the stench they took away for the sake of Zboriv, say the Brest church union of 1596. The Poles have risen to the riverside.
On July 1, 1653, the tsar’s ranks, calling Zemsky zbori, had representatives of the nobility, clergy, tsar’s officials, representatives of towns, merchants, and peasants at some of the Crimean boyars. The participants of the gatherings hung out their decision: "Hetman Bohdan Khmelnytsky and all the Zaporizhka with places and lands should be accepted."
On July 9, 1953, on the eve of the resolution of the Zemstvo elections, the Moscow detachment sent a diplomatic mission to Ukraine.
On June 23, 1653, Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich at the Moscow Cathedral of the Assumption of the Kremlin commanded “to deafen the military to go to war against the gates of the Russian land and the Orthodox faith - the king of the Commonwealth and Lithuania - Jan - Cozymir”.
On the first leaf fall, the embassy arrived in Putivel, and it was about 2 months in that near-cordon place. They checked for the turn of Bohdan Khmelnytsky from combat actions. It will be necessary to declare, as the same place will be taken for the celebration of all official ceremonies and negotiations, the oath, the presentation of the royal charter, the regalia for the hetman Zaporizky military, gifts. Moscow wanted these ceremonies to go to the yakomog urochistishe, so it chimed in that the ceremonies were held in Kiev. And Bohdan Khmelnytsky, having stopped the business negotiations, was inspired to leave Kiev, so that he could escape the inevitable urochist. Bogdan Khmelnytsky formed Pereyaslov, a place beyond the Dnipro - the center of the Pereyaslov regiment, with a great population of that developed trade.
On March 31, the Moscow embassy arrived at Pereyaslov. Bohdan Khmelnytsky buv shche near Chernigiv. We took care of the funeral of my son Timosh, and then we didn’t have a moment to drink to Pereyaslov because of the unfortunate ice on the Dnipro. On the 6th of September, the evening of wine is already at Pereyaslov's. The hetman's first guardian was born, and the order of the ceremonial and official guardianship was established on its guardianship. On April 8, to hold a taєmnu Rada at Bohdan Khmelnytsky's with the Cossack general foremen and commanders, then after voting the royal letter, after which the elders will be glad again for the end - the final re-adventure - the oath at the church of Hetman Bogdan Khmelnytsky. And then the stewards and the nobles will go through Ukrainian places and take an oath in honor of the Ukrainian people.
Prote sergeant's council, as they praised the acceptance of the tsar's patronage, made corrections, which were grounded on the democratic minds of those cossacks and yogo historical background. Virishi took the people to the joy. After the first foreman for the sake of 8 September about another year of the day, it was not possible for the last day, having sounded a call to the general for the sake of, after there were no attendance at the second day.
At the training camp at Pereyaslovi, Bogdan Khmelnytsky appeared in the rank of general foremen and colonels. At his promo, having painted the camp of Ukraine in the extreme, in which she stumbled on the last of the war, continued to threaten Poland, saying that the only order for Ukraine is the same reason for the protection of a strong state. Crimean Khan and Christian Orthodox Tsar. The hetman ended his promo with these words: "And if someone is not good for us now, wherever you want, the road is free." The mustache of the present agreed with the thought of Bohdan Khmelnitsky. After the selection of foremen at Bohdan Khmelnitsky, one of the general foremen held an official audience with ambassadors, on which he was presented with a royal charter and read out the її. At the letter it was said that the king: “ordered to accept the hand of hetman Bogdan Khmelnytsky under your temple and all Viysko Zaporizka with places and lands and will help them against enemies with warrior people.” Let's take a small oath. Ale in the Assumption Cathedral, de vain it was small, there were many unforeseen difficulties. Bogdan Khmelnytsky, having asked for an oath in the name of the king, that the Poles do not blame them and do not hurt them. The tsar’s messengers categorically took the oath for the tsar, in words, that only swears can swear allegiance to the tsar, and endow the tsar” the tsar’s merciful word. And the tsar and the enemies of their defense will be protected, and they don’t see their liberties, and with the help of others they will be free, they will be free like before.
Bogdan Khmelnytsky and the Cossack foremen looked ahead, which meant an absolute totalitarian tsarist power, but they put great hopes on Moscow in the war with Poland and in order not to start a conversation, embarrassment, or a discussion, and wait for a one-sided oath. At the church, the hetman, general foremen, colonels, centurions and a few dozen delegates from various regiments swore allegiance to the Gospel.
Bohdan Khmelnitsky, that foreman was not satisfied with just one royal word, they were hankering after the letters of guarantee. First, the supply of food for the folding of a written sovereign treaty with Moscow was put forward. The main thing in this situation was those that Bogdan Khmelnytsky, having defended the independence and autonomy of Ukraine with an international treaty. And, insanely, they were even more turbulent by those who encouraged the Muscovites who, in Pereyaslov, were inspired to make such an agreement.
Vikhodyachi s tsgogo in nature did not have Pereyaslov's lands, not the contract of 1654. In 1654, the rotation was not numerous, as it had a small declarative character. Vіn not mav zhodnyh juridical and legal forces. The unilateral oath of the hetman, part of the foremen, cossacks and townspeople was also taken. At Peresol, the Ukrainian elections did not take away the official documentary act, which would signify the union of the two powers, the same written guarantee of the tsar's ranks of the commemorations of the Moscow envoys.
To this we become aware of why Bohdan Khmelnitsky showed such initiative and composure in the arrangements for the agreement with Moscow. Vіn having started to legitimize the sovereignty of the Ukrainian Hetman's State, zmusit the tsar's order to take on the goiter, as if guaranteeing the independence of Ukraine, that vykonanny of an equal, nasampered, military union with Moscow.
On the 11th of the Ukrainian birch after they arrived to Moscow. On the 13th birch, the urochist had an audience with the king. Between the 13th of February and the 26th of February, negotiations and acceptance of the contract took place. On the 26th of the tsar, having seen the decree on the entry of Ukrainian ambassadors, on the 27th of the year they handed over the text of the agreement, which included 11 articles. Ukrainian ambassadors came from Moscow.
Think at the back of your mind that you hung out with the sleepers of the military, vikonuyutsya. Ale, irrespective of the price, from the side of Moscow, small crumbs fought to re-incorporate Ukraine. The Muscovite tsar, having begun to call himself the name “Great and Small Russia, autocrat”, rush a new signet for another rush to try again, wanting to keep and in words come Ukraine to Russia as a Russian Volodymyr. But all the same, the tsar did not humiliate the robit as he wrestled with the roots of Ukraine, even the great authority of Bogdan Khmelnitsky, who firmly and consistently resisted the onslaught of the king and defended the rights of Ukraine.
After the death of Bogdan Khmelnytsky, a tragic hour has come for Ukraine. Її further away history - tse steps її zahoplennya Moscow autocracy, and gave the Russian Empire, like in 1764 the Ukrainian Hetman state was swayed. I don’t care about the price, try and try Ukrainians to get out of the countryside.
Now we can confidently say that the idea of Ukraine's independence has reached the level of our people. Having gone through a century of suffering and humiliation, Ukraine has become an independent, independent power.
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- Bogdan Khmelnitsky was born behind documentary tributes around 1595. Bogdan Khmelnytsky, like a rich yogo peer, was preparing to become a Cossack, but on the vіdmіnu in view of his one-year-old wines, not just become a Cossack. Tobto began to rise to the top, fencing, shoot, and then, having learned to read and write at the Kiev school, then yoga was sent to Galicia to єzuїtіv. But it’s impossible to forget that Bogdan Khmelnytskyi became a well-trained Cossack, having taken away the spirit of the Cossacks with his mother’s milk, and it was insanely marked on the character of the future hetman and a greater life story.
young Khmelnytsky no less guarded the humiliation, humiliation of that suffering of his people, and he himself recognized it. In the future of 1620, if they fought with the father in Moldova, they were taken into captivity. Bogdan himself then said that: “having known two fates with fierce captivity”, he was staying in Constantinople - on one of the galleys of the Turkish fleet. Redemption by the Cossacks from slavery, Bohdan Khmelnitsky turned home, twisting the Turkish and Tatar language and hating them to the point of aggressors.
Prote, not a special character, shoved Bohdan Khmelnytsky on the rise of the rebellion against the Polish gentry. The voluntary struggle of the Ukrainian people has become for the new rightful life even in the distant fates of youth.
Since 1594, there were rebellions in captivity in Ukraine. Bohdan Khmelnytsky in 1645, together with the dekilkom foremen, started preparations for the great popular uprising, as if in 1648 the roci. This great rebellion of the Ukrainian people started a willful war against the power of Poland.
Bohdan Khmelnitsky was the creator of the evil forces of the rebellious Ukrainian people. The merit of Bogdan Khmelnytsky is those who contributed to the first fate of the war for the help of bringing Cossack foremen from the various villagers and Cossack pens, who were victorious in Ukraine during the hour of the uprising, to organize the people's free army. Vіn having rebuilt the village corrals to the disciplined regiments.
In the visual aid 1648 -1657, Rockiv Bogdan Khmelnitsky, having pulled the storage strategies of the strategist, the tactics of the Kozatsko - the villagers of the village of Zaporizkoye Viece, the Yaki Vin of the Good Slovy, if he entered to the backbrains of the backbone.
The success of the military, political and sovereign activity of Bohdan Khmelnytsky, among other factors, being distinguished by the other factors, that the hetman zumіv zіbrati navzіr'ya talented Cossacks, the villagers and the townspeople did not know the Polish military, advanced.
After the process of formation of the Ukrainian Hetman State, Bogdan Khmelnytsky became active and broad political activity. On the savage territory of Ukraine, a new sovereign apparatus was vilified, which was called during the hour of arbitrary warfare, victorious at diplomatic vodnosins and rich powers.
Zovnіshni stosunki, Khmelnytsky's diplomacy also accepted the approval of the Ukrainian Hetman state.
In 1654, an agreement between Ukraine and Russia was signed. Although the assessment of the contract was changed from time to time, the prote on the cob was of a military nature. We fought for a year, as if we were violating the agreement of the royal order and not only wines. Having spent the year right to the sensational treaty, through the practice of different politicians, slander it with one’s own, and it was no longer about the military alliance, but about the resurrection of Ukraine from Russia.
Bohdan Khmelnitsky had an idea to come out of Moscow. Vіn shukav new allies, other political combinations. Great is the significance for the new little one in Sweden, for a trival hour led wars from Poland. As early as 1650, Bogdan Khmelnytsky began to make diplomatic injunctions against Sweden, proponuvay tsіy kraїnі union against the Commonwealth. However, the Swedish Queen Christina did not want to fight. Ale, later, if I am on the throne, Carl Gustav X has changed, I have won the war. Together with the prince of Semigrad (Transelvania and Hungary), they organized an alliance of Protestant powers against the Catholic land - Poland and Austria. The first king, Charles - Gustav X, urged Bogdan Khmelnitsky to come to this union for a joint struggle. The Swedish king tried to get in on Bogdan Khmelnytsky in order to break his wines negligently from Moscow, leading the tsar’s order through his autocracy: “do not tolerate a free people in yourselves”. Prote Bohdan Khmelnytsky, as well as the mav Namir, made Ukraine a neutral country under the protectorate of Moscow and Sweden.
At once, the Polish politicians accepted the project of placing Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich on the Polish throne after the death of Jan-Casimir, for which they were guilty of defending the swedes, and the tsar went to hell. In 1656, I deafen the war of Sweden. And for three months, at the sickle near the city of Vilno, negotiations began between Moscow and Poland, but without the participation of the Ukrainian delegation. It became clear that during the negotiations the proposal for the transfer of Ukraine to the new power of Poland was broken. A document about a truce between Poland and Moscow was signed.
The hetman, through his ambassador Teteria, who ruled in 1657 to Moscow, stating that he did not praise the Vilna land. If yogo began dorikati in alliance with Sweden and vіdpovіv: “Nіkoli I will not rise in the name of the Swedish king, for which I may friendship already six times. The Swedes are truthful people, able to win the affection of that ordinary woman. And the great sovereign taught his merciless over Viysky Zaporizhsky, having made peace with the Poles, praying to defeat our Vitchizna with him. And on the confirmation of their glories of wines, I will help diplomatically in the light of Sweden, Smemigrad, Brandenburg, Moldova, Volshchina and Lithuania. This coalition was directed against Poland and Crimea, as well as the singing world against Moscow.
For example, after some triumphant victories, the coalitions and the triumph of the Ukrainian Hetman's Power, the right coalitions, were formed even nastily. The political and military successes of the Ukrainian hetman and those of his allies called out the alarm of the sovereign powers, and diplomatic bands arose. With the help of the year, Denmark voted for the Swedish war, and Austria hung the military corps to help Jan - Casimir. Trochy arrived to the Poles and the Crimean Khan.
The Cossack regiments had other problems. The tsar's ranks did not come to Bogdan Khmelnytsky's command and to the union with the Swedes, sent their agents to the Viysk Cossacks, as if they raised the Viysk rebellion, conducted propaganda campaigns against the Hetman, discrediting his political forces. The Cossacks, under the influx of these promotions and through their dissatisfaction with the actions of Rakovich, which was without a good plan, did not want to fight anymore and destroyed their home in Ukraine.
All the others have stolen the healthy Bogdan Khmelnytsky and broken his paralysis.
Bogdan Khmelnytsky having made a great pardon, signing an agreement with the king. For the good of reason, if you think about it and want to get out of Moscow, act on the contract, but you didn’t get it.
Prote, mabut, and in the worst dream, not a moment of guilt, in the absence of a day, misfortune, dashing, suffering, humiliation, slavery buv, throwing the Ukrainian people for a long time through this agreement.
NEW HISTORY OF UKRAINE
National and voluntary war of the Ukrainian people against the Commonwealth in the middle of the XVII century.
Hanging 1648 r. in Ukraine, a new rebellion has risen, as a matter of fact, it has slipped into the international sights of Northern Europe, of little epochal significance in the history of the Ukrainian people, important - in the history of Russia and Poland.
Causes of the National Revolution and Voluntary War:
1) political - lack of rights of the Ukrainian people, heavy political oppression from the side of Poland, the exercise of expanding and strengthening the rights of the Cossacks;
2) social - strengthening of feudal exploitation from the side of Polish magnates, gentry and Jewish orders;
3) national - prazhnennya Ukrainian people vyvlnitisya under the oppression of Poland and the Polish panship, as if Ukrainians were respected by people of another ґatunku; save yourself like a people, bury the ethnic cleansings and repressions;
4) religious - practice to stand up for their Orthodox faith, defend against the onslaught of Catholicism and Uniatism.
The revolutionary character of the undertakings was changed by such cardinal changes in the life of the Ukrainian society in the middle of the 17th century, like:
Liquidation of the power of the Polish king, magnates and gentry in the significant territory of Ukraine;
Replacement of the Polish rule of the Ukrainian;
Revolutionary changes in the sphere of power: the liquidation of the Polish magnate-gentry landownership and the replacement of it by the Cossacks; in fact, hundreds of thousands of villagers were skasuvannya krіpatstva and special zvіlnennya;
Formation and formation of the Ukrainian national state;
Іstotnі razrushennya in the religious sphere: the liquidation of the Catholic Church in the fortified territory and the transition to the dominance of Orthodoxy;
Significant changes in the ideology and mentality of Ukrainians: the guiding idea of Ukrainian statehood, fundamentally changes in the wake of the growth of the national self-confidence of the greatness of the Ukrainian people;
About the revolutionary character, it is necessary to indicate the scale of the participation of the Ukrainian population in them: not a few rebellions, like in the 20-30s of the 17th century, but the absolute majority of the Ukrainian people.
B. Khmelnitsky was born on the 27th of the month of 1595. at Chigirin in the sim'ї dribny Ukrainian gentry Mikhail Khmelnytsky, a kind of elder of Chigirin. Bohdan, having obtained a garne of light, began to study at the Ukrainian school, then at the Polish language school in the Lviv region. There he learned Polish and Latin, and later learned Turkish and Tatar. Khmelnytsky fought the fate of the Polish-Turkish war 1620-1621 pp., zokrema at the battle under Tsetsoroy, de perishing Yogo Batko, and Bogdan himself, having eaten at the full, having changed 2 rocks from Yakomu. After the turn of the wines at once from the Cossacks in the 20th century. having repeatedly walked near the sea to the Turkish places, becoming a centurion, a year of the military clerk in Zaporozhzh.
The main periods of the National Revolution and Voluntary War:
1) since 1648 - serpen 1649 p. - the period of the first great victories, revolutionary changes of the political and social and economic nature, the greatest range of people's struggle, the expansion of a significant part of the Ukrainian lands, having closed the Zborivska favor;
2) serpen 1649 p. - September 1654 - the development of the Ukrainian national Cossack state, the continuation of the slaughter struggle;
3) since 1654 - Linden 1657 p. - the entry of the Muscovite kingdom into the war from Poland, the spіlnі vіyskovі dії ukraїni and Moskva, the entry of Ukraine under the protectorate of Moscow;
4) lime tree 1657 r. - birch 1664 p. - the struggle of the foremen's groupings for power, the intertwining of the hromada war with elements of the willful struggle against Poland and Moscow, divided Ukraine into the Right Bank and the Left Bank of the part with protracted political orientations.
Trying to secure the strength of his troops, Khmelnytskyi arranges for an alliance with the Crimean Khan. Polish war was destroyed under Zhovtimi Vody, 3 yew. chol. consumed in full.
Khmelnitsky built his own residence in the place of Chyhyryn, de starting to form his army. On the spring of 1648, 35 regiments were formed with a number of 80 thousand. chol. The rebellion expanded throughout Ukraine. The main force was the peasantry, and the core - the Cossacks. Khmelnytsky was promoted and they took the fate of the rebels of the Ukrainian population, under the blame of the great Polonization of the Ukrainian magnates and the great Orthodox clergy.
REMEMBER'YATAI
The cob of that main underpinning of the National Revolution and Vizvolnoy war is closely related to the life and activity of the stone worker - Bogdan-Zinoviy Khmelnytsky.
REMEMBER'YATAI
For Zborivska pleasing (8 sick days, 1649), the number of registered Cossacks increased to the previously unfulfilled number - 40 thousand. The gentry could turn to their maєtkіv. Under the rule of the hetman, three voivodships passed: Kiev, Chernigiv and Bratslav. Sovereigns planted could hug less Orthodox; the hetman took away Chigirin from his district; Metropolitan of Kiev - seat at the Senate.
REMEMBER'YATAI
B. Khmelnytsky's victories led to significant changes in the political camp in Ukraine. The organs of the sovereign power of the Commonwealth were liquidated on the territory that had grown, and a new political system began to take shape, a Ukrainian national power was formed. Clearly for the political I will arrange all Ukraine's buv ustriy Zaporizkoy Sich.
Boyovі dії trivali 1649 r. 5-6 sickle at the battle near Zboriv. It was the leader of the smart bastard of the Polish army, and then he turned the Tatar Khan against the defeat, who did not want to destroy Ukraine. Khan pishov at the taєmnі talks with the king, having taken away the rich gifts and zmusiv Khmelnitsky to please the king.
Tsim were dissatisfied with the offending parties: the Poles wanted to bring Ukraine to the subjugation of the camp in 1647; A lot of villagers were already called those who did not reach the register, and those that the gentry turned to maetkiv. New battles were inevitable.
18 worm 1651 p. Polish military (150 thousand people) and rebels (100 thousand + 50 thousand Tatars) settled near the metro station Berestechko on Volyn. 18 spring 1651 was signed by the Bilotserkivsky agreement. Register changed to 20 thousand. Chol. The registers could live less in the Kiev region. Hetman was spared the right to enter the international unions. The villagers turn to paniv.
Fighting dії trivaly and offensive rock. May 22-23, 1652 B. Khmelnytsky at the Battle of the White Mountains of Batog.
Maxim Krivonis (Russia), Ivan Bohun, Ivan Zolotarenko and a lot of others, who became famous during the hour of the magisterial military days, were among the prominent generals of the Vizvolnaya war.
Autumn 1653 p. smut Polish Viysko zoseredzhuetsya near Zhvanets (nі Khmelnytsky region). Yogo was sharpened by the regiments of Khmelnitsky and the Tatars. The Poles were already suffering from the cold, hunger and sickness and the blows ahead of the day, and yet again they vryatuvav khan, who stole a secret pleasure from the king, for which the rest of the mav pay the Tatars 100 thousand. Chervintsiv and allowing them 40 days to take a yasir in Volyn. Vіdnosiny z Ukraїnoy mali regulate the minds of the Zborіvskogo treaty.
The service of that housekeeping of Bogdan Khmelnytsky. - Conversation with Chaplinsky. – Vtecha at Zaporizhzhya. - Khmelnytsky's diplomacy is prepared for the uprising. - Tugay-bey, that krimska helped. – Pardon of Polish hetmans and transfer of registers. - Help Zhovtovodsk and Korsunsk. – Rozpovsyudzhennya insurrection of Khmelnytsky throughout Ukraine. - Poland without a queen. - Prince Yeremia Vyshnevetsky. – Three Polish regimentaries and their defeat under Pilyavtsy. – Bohdan’s entrance from Lviv and Zamostya. - Zagalny rush to the people to the lava of the military and the plurality of registered regiments. - Ruinіvnіst Tatar help. - The new king. - Adam Kisil and the truce. - People's remembrance. – Obloga Zbarazh and Zborivsky treatise. - Mutually opposed to the new dissatisfaction. - Behind the scenes order of Bogdan Khmelnytsky sultans. - Remembrance of war. – Porazka under Berestechko and Bіlotserkіvskiy agreement. - Friends of Timofiy Khmelnytsky and death in Moldova. - Zrada Islam Giray and Zhvanetsky agreement.
Ukraine ahead of Khmelnytsky's rebellion
Mayzhe passed ten years at the hour of the strike at Ust-Startsi. Unfortunate Ukraine znemagala under oppression, Polish and Jewish. Polish castles and gentry gardens multiplied and prospered with free labor and the sweat of the Little Russian people. Ale, the silence that was panwing in the region was dead, and the outrageous humiliation of the people fooled the snobbish lords and the easy-going gentry. Hatred towards third-party and new slanderers and burning anger from them grew in the hearts of the people. The ground for the new, terrible, rising was ready. Only sparks were rejected, so that I would grow majestic, burn everything; only a few people did not hang out, so that they would lift the whole people and take yoga for themselves. Nareshti, such a person appeared in the person of our old acquaintance Bogdan Khmelnitsky.
Like and often used in history, the special image, the special rahunki called out yoga on the rich side, like they became the cob of great podiums; more deeply stuck fraught with the ground of people's thoughts and pragnen.
Zіnovіy chi Bogdan laying down to the noble Cossack homeland and son of Chigirinsky centurion Mikhail Khmelnytsky. For deakim tributes, talents youngak successfully learned at the Lviv and Kiev schools, and also saw through the years not only his mind, but also the illumination of the midst of the registered Cossacks. Together with the father, Bogdan took the fate of the Tsetsors battle, having perished de father, and the Tatar-Turkish is full of blue groans. Having tasted the wines of each other for two years, the docks have risen (otherwise, they have drunk); there, you could get to know the Tatar zvichai up close and learn to make friends with such noble people. Youmu needed everything in good time. In the era of the old Cossack rebels, they were victoriously serving the Commonwealth against their relatives. The singing hour of the wines embraced the clerk's quarters; and in the era of conciliation, he was the same Chigirin centurion, like a bov yogo father. In the light of the rest of the wines, having subsided and reached significant milestones, spreading over the river Tyasmin versts for five miles from Chigirin. Mykhailo Khmelnitsky slaughtered Subotov settlement here. Vіn otrimav tsey maєtok for his military merits, shriveled up to the new great crown hetman Stanislav Konetspolsky, old age Chigirinsky. To say that the hetman robbed Mikhail to inspire his elder. But the hetman's roztashuvannya did not pass from father to son. Bogdan's Natomist Bohdan was not only known to King Vladislav himself, but to entrust that honor with honors.
Close to that hour, the Venetian Republic, which was stamped by the Turks at its maritime trade and its Middle Earth Volodynia, decided to raise the great European League against them and turned back to the Polish Commonwealth. The Venetian ambassador Tiepolo, supported by the papal nuncios, diligently encouraged Vladislav IV to form an alliance against the Turks and the Crimean Tatars, and pointed out to him that it was possible to get the Tsar of Moscow, rulers of Moldova and Wallachia, to this alliance. Rushcha struggle for the Ottoman Empire has long ago become a commandment to the mind of the war-loving Polish king; Ale scho vіn vіg mіg robiti without favor to the senate and the sejm? And neither the nobles, nor the gentry, richly, did not dare to wear themselves as victims for the sake of this important struggle and indulge themselves with such a dear peace of mind. Of the nobles, the king, however, succeeded in destroying the crown chancellor Ossolinsky and the crown hetman Konetspolsky on his own. From Tiepolo, a secret agreement was laid, like Venice, the goiter was to pay military bills of 500,000 talers for a stretch of two years; the military preparations began and the recruitment of zhovniriv under the drive of the necessary entries against the Crimean raids. They decided to let the Cossacks from the Dnipro to the Black Sea; on which Tiepolo especially leaned on, roaring the sea forces of the Turks, and they chose to be selected from the Venetians of the island of Crete. And in the middle of these negotiations and preparations by the birch tree 1646, the crown hetman Stanislav Konetspolsky died in rapt, two days later (and evil words were spoken in naslidok) of his ship, having entered into a vineyard in old age with the young prince Lubomirskaya. Behind him, the king spared the head support of the planned enterprise; however, not in raptom from a new vіdmovivsya i prodovzhuvav іyskоі preparation. Crimean Venetian subsidies, they went part of the encroachment of another squad of Vladislav, the French princess Mary Ludovika Gonzaga, having made friends in the previous 1645 rotation. For the help of the entrusted king, the king of the Ukrainians at the taєmnі negotiated with the members of the Cossack elders, the head rank of the Cherkasy colonel Barabash and the Chigirin centurion Khmelnytsky, who was handed a large amount of pennies and letters were given to the trip of the great number of horsemen.
At the same time, that preparation of the king was brought to light, wisely, it was not long before they became hidden and destroyed the strong opposition among the senators and the gentry. On the grounds of the opposition, such noblemen appeared as the Lithuanian Chancellor Albrecht Radivil, Crown Marshal Luka Stalinsky, Voivode of Russia Yeremia Vyshnevetsky, Voivode of Krakow Stan. Lubomirsky, kashtelian Krakivsky Yakiv Sobesky. The new Crown Hetman Mykola Pototsky, now Koniecpolsky's successor, also leaned on the opposition. Chancellor Ossolinsky himself gave in to the belligerent displeasures of the dissatisfied, as if they were already calling the king in usirs to attract absolute power for the help of hired troops. Looking back at such a vision, the king did not know anything better, as if in a letter to his warriors, he thought of letting go of a part of the chosen corrals. And the Warsaw Seim, which was similar to the fate of 1646, fared and praised not only the release of hired pens, but also the change of the royal guard, as well as the removal of the king of all foreigners.
Features and Life of Bogdan Khmelnytsky
For such political conditions, Bogdan Khmelnytsky, having broken his ties with the Commonwealth of Russia, and having taken the part of the new Cossack rebellion. This epoch of one's life has become a significant world for legends and it is important to remember these historical details. This can be done more easily in the wild, found rices.
Behind all the signs, Bogdan Bov is not only a good, smart Cossack, but also a hospitable gentleman. I succeeded in bringing the Maetok of his Subotovo wine into a perfect look and populating it with quitrent people. On top of that, he won the king’s steppe land, which lay behind the river, devastating the pastures, the threshing floor and the wind of the farm, mabut, the names of Subotivka. Vіn mav svіy budinok i in the city of Chigirin. Ale, having changed wines, it’s more important at Subotov’s. Here is the living room door of yoga, reminiscent of servants, thinness, bread and all sorts of supplies, representing a sign of a possible Ukrainian state. And Bogdan himself, being already a widow, twinkling two young blues, Timothy and Yury, obviously, koristuvavsya at his entourage with posh and pogo, like for his main camp, so even more for his mind, illumined and like a person was informed, confirmed. The Cossack foreman of the register of that hour already came across the platform of seeing the help of the Little Russian people, who was commemoratively trying to reach the privileged state of the Commonwealth, that to the pan-gentry, which she had inherited in the language, in the ways of life, in the lives of hundreds of women. but the common people. Such a letter is Khmelnitsky, and even though his ambition was far from being satisfied, then it’s good for him, who is guilty, not respecting his own merits, still not taking away either the colonel’s or the old-timer’s order, through innocence to the new nearest Polish power. The very cost of unroofing and calling out a fatal zіtknennya.
After the death of crown hetman Stanislav Konetspolsky, the Chigirin starostvo passed to yogi son Oleksandr, the crown cornet. The rest, having left with his keruuchy or old starosta, like a gentry, viklikany z about. princedom of Lithuania, in the name of Danylo Chaplinsky. Tsey Chaplinsky, having a swelled character and addicted to profit, to stealing, but the people are safe and have managed to reach the old hetman, and even the young spadkoєmtsyu. Vіn buv zatyaty Catholic, hater of Orthodoxy, and allowing himself to know about the priests. The fortune-teller started the Cossacks, especially not liking Khmelnytsky, to the one who had lifted up that huge camp to the mine camp, or to the one who blamed supernice among them in terms of growing up to an orphan girl, like it wriggled in the homeland of Bogdan. You can let go of those and others. Chigirinskiy podstarosta poached us in ways to crush the Chigirinskiy centurion, and voiced claims for this Subotivskiy maёtok or accepted it on the front part, moreover, squeezing from the new crown privilege on the whole maєtok and not turning. As if, for the presence of Khmelnytsky, Chaplinsky slayed on Subotov, burned down the sacks with bread and robbed the maiden, as if slaying his retinue. For the last time, he stole the elder Bogdanov's son, the son of Timothy, from Chigirin, and punished him with severe victories publicly on the market. Then, having saved Bogdan himself, for a few days he spent some time in rapture, and he only succumbed to the prohannya of his squad. More than once, the swings were fought for this life. For example, once on a campaign against the Tatars, a slanderer of old age fell into Khmelnitsky in the body and hit him on the head with a sword, and a well-kept hat protected him in the face of death, and the dashing one swung around, mistaking him for a Tatar.
Marno Khmelnytsky was savaged with skargs and to the old age of Konetspolsky, and to the head of the register of the Polish commissar Shemberg, and to the crown hetman Pototsky: he did not know the city of Chaplinsky's wines. Nareshti Bogdan went to Warsaw and turned back to King Vladislav himself, in view of whom he had already entrusted to the Black Sea campaign against the Turks. Ale and the king, for his useless power, could not help Khmelnitsky in an instant and the Cossacks looked like pansky images; it seems that you have nіbi at your razdratuvanni against the nobles of the wines, having shown you on the pattern, having guessed that the Cossacks themselves were warriors. Vіm, zgadane handover, yak was not saved in the taєmnitsa, ymovіrno, more and more sponkali deyih lords to accept Chaplinsky's bik from yogo superechtsі z Khmelnitsky for Volodinnya Subotov. Chaplinsky, maybe, zoom in on the rest of the people who are not safe for the Poles, and we’ll be stingy against them. It is also not surprising that the crown hetman Pototsky and the cornet Konetspolsky punished the Chyhyrynsky colonel Krechovsky to take Khmelnytsky under a barge. The Colonel, who was friendly until the last, asked then to give him freedom for his bail.
Bohdan's Escape near Zaporizhzhya
Bogdan is clearly bachiv that the appointed pani will not give you peace, do not finish the docks; and to that, having succumbed to my freedom, having come across the most important fate: go to Zaporizhzha and call for a new rise. Sob not to show up before the Cossacks empty-handed, vin, first leave your nest, for the help of cunning, zavolodiv deakim royal letters or privileges (Zokrema with a letter of encouragement for Chornomorsk campaign), which were saved in 19.97 Cherkasy Colonel Barabash. Rozpovidat, nebi on St. Mykoli, on 6 December 1647, Bogdan, calling to himself in Chigirin, a friend of his godfather named at once, having drunk yoga and put to sleep; taking a hat and a handkerchief or a hustka from a sleepy one (for a different version, a key in a box) and sending a gentleman to Cherkassy, to the colonel's squad, with an order from the name of a person who was assigned privileges and hand over the messenger. Lies, like Barabash, having thrown, the letters were already in the hands of Bogdan. Sweat, without delay, vin from the son of Timofiy, with a great number of years of registration of Cossacks and from a large number of servants, galloping straight to Zaporizhzhya.
Having broken up about 200 versts along the steppe paths, Bogdan landed on the island of Butsk or Tomakivtsi. The Cossacks, who knew here, lay to the quiet, like a few years ago, under the leadership of otaman Linchay, they turned against Barabash and the other registry foreman for swearing selfishness and ingenuity of the Poles. Khmelnytsky was stabbed to death in the rooted one. Lіnchаївївїні even though they didn't take you to the hotel room, but they put themselves up to a new suspicion. In addition, there was an outpost on Tomakivtsi or a Chergovy Varta in the registered Korsunsky regiment. That’s why Bogdan didn’t have a problem pishov at the Sich itself, as it was also roztashovana bula deshcho down along the Dnipro in the misi or so zv. Nikitin Rogu. For the sound, at the winter hour near Sich, a small number of Cossacks were abandoned for її protection, with a cat otaman and a foreman, and others grew up with their steppe farms and winter houses. Protective, perverted Bogdan did not hasten to slander the sichoviks about the fate of his arrival, but, for the time being, surrounded by taєmnichnymi narads with Koshovim and foreman, step by step dedicating them to his plan and sounding їх loudly.
Bogdan's vtecha, obviously, could not but call out a singing alarm on the fatherland among the Polish-Cossack authorities. Ale vіn masterno tried, you can rozsіyat yogo fight and resilience until the singing hour of the vіvvannya be-like energy zakhodіv. For this reason, according to the letters of reference, Bohdan sent a low number of letters to the “leaves” to various osіb with explanations of his behavior and his thoughts, and to Colonel Barabash, the Polish commissar of Shemberg, the crown hetman of Potocky and Chyostyunsky In these arches, the wines with a special hotness tingle on the images and plunders of Chaplinsky, which embarrassed Yogo Shukati poryatunka; moreover, your own special image will appear with the fierce pressures of the Ukrainian people and Orthodoxy, with the violation of their rights and liberties, hardened by royal privileges. At the end of their lists of wines, they tell about the security of the administration of the Viysk Zaporizky to the 1st royal majesty and the clairvoyant pans-senators of the special embassy, as if we are fussing about the new confirmation and better the appointment of privileges. There are no riddles about whether you threaten with a payment. Navpaki, whole person, unfortunate and persecuted, humbly calling to justice. Such a tactic, behind all the signs, reached its mark, and the Polish spies, who penetrated all the way to Zaporizhzhya, so far could not tell their patrons about Khmelnytsky's thoughts. Vtіm, Bogdan has not yet known and told, what kind of turnover in the future will you do and how will you know the wines of the Russian people; For this, for the sake of self-preservation, it is the fault of the mother, for the time being, she looked humble and the sovereignty of the Commonwealth. Later, having already shown from the first few years that we will not forgive the repetitions of Tarasov, Pavlyukov, Ostranin, then simply-hearted, uncomplicated politicians, as if they appeared on the choli of near Ukrainian, stabbed. The teachings of their butt, rushed by the winter hour, to prepare the springs and folk ground, and allies for the fight against Poland.
Spilka of Bohdan with the Crimean Tatars
Practicing over the ruined minds of the Ukrainian people for the help of his friends and the hardened envoys, Bogdan, however, did not rely on the Ukrainians alone, but at once turned away for the help of others, where more than once the enemies of Christ had been sent to help, even to Christ himself without success. And here I took the wine to the right with a well-documented and gentle hand; moreover, having become accustomed to his special knowledge of the Ordi, її zvichaї in that order, and also gained from her if knowledge and familiarity with current political conditions. Alya did not get rich on the right side of the third side. On the throne of the khan sat Islam-Girey (1644-1654), one of the greatest miraculous Crimean khaniv. If, after having changed with the Polish people, it was possible to be closer to the nobility of the camp of the Commonwealth and the establishment of the Cossacks before it. Islam-Girey, even though I was dissatisfied against King Vladislav, who didn’t want to pay you a great commemoration, even though Khmelnitsky would send Cossacks against the Tatars and Turks, on the cob of negotiations, without thinking of great significance Chigirinsky centurion; besides, the wines did not immediately spread the war from Poland, without taking off the front of the Turkish sultan; and Poland was close to the world with Porto. In his own time, Bogdan, having made his camp of the floor important, thinking that he would deprive Zaporizhzhya and close to him of the middle of the Don Cossacks. Ale of love to the fatherland and a rush of similar yoma from Ukraine to Zaporizhzhia, they drenched it, and froze, first lowered to the Don, try happiness at the open Ukrainian enterprise.
The cob of Khmelnytsky's rebellion
For the expansion of Ukraine from Zaporozhye, as we know, the fort Kodak was built on the cob of thresholds and occupied by the Polish garrison; and beyond the thresholds, for bezperednyy guarding the sichoviks, the registers of the police on the basis of trimali vartu. At that hour, as it is said more, the varta bula was posted by the Korsun regiment; it was known on the great Dnipro island of Butsk or Tomakivtsi, which, lying 18 versts beyond Nikitin Rog, detouded Sich. Bil Khmelnytsky was caught up to five hundred Ukrainian enlisted men and women, as if they were ready to follow him, wherever you lead. For example, on the cob of the fierce 1648 fate of Bogdan, well, not without pleasing the Zaporizhskaya foreman, and ymovirno, not without help from the side of the people that sbroєyu, with their own stupid stupidity, raptly attacked the korsunts, we will strengthen here. camp. This first decisive and striking blow was seen by the distant moon in Ukraine: from one side, destroying the praise and courage in the hearts of the oppressed Little Russian people, and from the other - calling out the great anxiety among the Polish inhabitants, pans and gentry, especially envoys from Zaporizhzhya and Khmelnytskyi scattered across Ukrainian villages to rouse the people before they were slaughtered and recruit new clerics under the ensign of Bohdan. The crown hetman Mykola Pototsky took his quartz soldiers and accepted important foreign visits. So, having seen the suvory of the universal, having protected all sorts of torments from Khmelnytsky and threatening death to the squads and children who were deprived of their homes, and having spared the lane for these young people, they will decide to fly to Khmelnytsky; for the crossing of such vtіkachiv, the watchman was placed on the roads to lead near Zaporizhzha; panis-landlords withdrew the request to build only superfluous locks, and from the undesirable ones, on the contrary, to bring in harmatization and shells, gave strength and trimati in readiness to overhead the banners, so that they could come to the crown army, and choose their serfs from the armor. By virtue of this order, thousands of self-burners were selected in the great maєtkas of one prince Yeremi Vyshnevetsky. Prote, you can vvazhat, what more claps far away to grab. Come in, accept, show that the Poles now happened to be on the right, not with a much more peaceful and possibly untroubled Russian village, but with the people, who were hungry for freedom and called to fire. Appointed come in for the first hour. Ukrainian villagers continued to preserve their serenity and humility in front of the lords, and for the time being, there were no more than enough cutthroats, people without backs or as if they had nothing to spend, continued to go to Zaporizhzhya.
Khmelnytsky's team at that hour, perhaps, had over 2,000 people, and for that, diligently engaged in fortifying their encampment on Tomakivtsi, ditching the ditch and stuffing the palisades; accumulating real reserves and powering a gunpowder factory. Hetman Pototsky did not become shy when he entered Ukraine: he did not see Khmelnytsky’s mournful messenger, but now he himself turned to Bogdan and repeatedly sent to him, calmly turning back to the fatherland and pleading for mercy. Bohdan didn’t say anything and navit zatrim envoys. Pototsky sent captain Khmeletsky for negotiations: he left his word of honor, that the hair did not fall from the head of Bogdan, that the wine was left stabbed. Ale Khmelnytsky, knowing well what the Polish word meant, and once again letting in envoys, presenting through them his mind of reconciliation, like him, vtim, squealing like a cholobitt: first, sob the hetman with the crowned Viyshov from Ukraine; in a different way, seeing the bi-Polish colonels from their comrades from the Cossack regiments; thirdly, that the Cossacks were turned away by their rights and freedoms. Tsya vіdpovіd zmushuє zduvatatis, scho Khmelnytsky, hovering over the many envoys, trying to win an hour, and now, behind the friendly surroundings, he spoke in a rich tone. On the right, at the right hour, the Tatar help came to the new one already.
The first success of Khmelnytsky, tobto vygnannya registry, forced that Tomakivka island to be buried, without getting into Krim. Khan became available to yoga messengers, and the talk about help began to grow. (Behind some unknown reliable signs, Bogdan nibito at the same time himself managed to get to the Crimea and especially arrogate with the khan). Imaginatively, there was no fence on the side of Constantinople, if they knew about the efforts of King Vladislav and the nobles to build Cossack gulls and throw them on the Turkish shores. At the same time, close to that hour, the septenary Mohammed IV appeared on the Sultan’s throne, and for the little ones, the master of Islam-Girey scurried, and so trembling, according to the promise to Porti, of a greater independence policy, lower than others. Tsey khan was especially slender to the point of gaining on dry land to deliver vidobutka to his Tatars, in the midst of which he was greeted with love and remembrance. Khmelnytsky stumbled on the weak string. Vіn pіdburiv the Tatars obіtsyankoy vіddavati їm all future Polish povnu. The talks ended when Khmelnytsky set his young son Timothy as a handcuff to the khan and swore allegiance to the alliance with the Horde (and, perhaps, to the dean’s order). Islam Giray, however, forgot his feet, and yet did not destroy himself with his horde, but on top of it, destroying to help Khmelnitsky his old friend, the closest to Zaporozhzh, Murza Tugay-bey of Perekop with 4000 feet. Bohdan hurried to transport a part of the Tatars to the right bank of the Dnieper, but the stench did not bother to go and drive away the Polish guards and by themselves open the way for Ukrainian imports near Zaporizhzhya.
Koshovy otaman at the same hour, for the sake of Khmelnytsky, having pulled over from the Sich Cossacks from their winterers from the banks of the Dnieper, Bug, Samary, Konka and іn. There was a victorious kіnne and more, from a thousand to ten. If Bogdan came here from the kіlkom as ambassadors from the ordi of Tugai-bey, then with the help of the guards in the evening it was sent, so that the coming day would be taken to the joy. On the 19th of April, early in the morning, the accordion shots were fired again, then they hit the cauldrons; the people were chosen stiles, that all could not fit on the sich Maidan; and to that they went for the fortifications on the land field and there they made a glad. Here the sergeant-major, having voiced the war about the cob of war with the Poles behind the pods of them, formed the utskas, spoke about the fiss of Khmelnytsky's plan and the arrangements for him to form an alliance with the Crimea. Ymovirno, Khmelnytsky immediately gave the Cossacks stolen royal privileges, which the gentlemen did not want to win and bring them. In the region, she was zvіma tsimi svіstkami and zadalegіd before that, the council was prepared in a single flock vyguknula declaring Khmelnytsky to the eldest Viysky Zaporizky. Koshovyy once sent a military clerk with a large number of chicken otamans and noble fellowship to the military treasury for hetman's kleynots. They brought a gold-painted korogva, a horsetail made of gilded daws, a silver mace, a silver wysk druk, and a copper cauldron with dowbosh, and handed them over to Khmelnitsky. Having finished the Rada, the foreman of that part of the Cossacks went to the Sich Church, listened to the liturgy and the prayer service. Then the firing from the garmats and muskets was crushed; because of which the Cossacks roamed with kurens for insult, and Khmelnytsky, with his retinue, wounded the white of the kosh. Having repented of the offense, the wine and the foreman climbed to the joy of the kosh and here they made one part of the military march with Bogdan on the way to Ukraine, and the other part to rise again in their fish and animal trades, but be ready to march on the first. The sergeant-major said that if Bogdan arrived in Ukraine, then the Russian Cossacks would arrive before the new, and the army would multiply.
This rozrahunok had a good understanding of the Polish bats, and the crown hetman, like a kind of birch tree, having taken into account that Khmelnytsky had up to 3000, writing to the queen: “God save you, let them take you to Ukraine; then three thousand shvidko grew up to 100,000, and what would we do to fight with the rebels? Zgidno z tsim poboyuvannyam, vіn chekav only spring, schob virushit from Ukraine in Zaporizhzhya and there to strangle the rebellion in the yogo germ; and for others, for the sake of Zaporizhzhya, for the sake of bringing up the old idea: allow them sea raids. Ale, so please, now they are already stumped. Pototsky himself stood with his regiment near Cherkasy, and the Polish hetman Kalinovsky with his own near Korsun; The port of the crown army rose near Kanev, Boguslav and other nearby towns of the right-bank Ukraine.
And yet, among the Polish bats and pans, it didn’t work out in the very plan of the day.
The well-known Russian Orthodox nobleman Adam Kisil, the voivode of Bratslav, radiiv Pototsky, do not go beyond the thresholds, to rozshukuvat a rebel there, but rather to take a fancy to all the Cossacks and indulge them with various indulgences and pleas; for the sake of not crushing the innumerable crowns of the warriors into corrals, rushing from Krim and Ochakov toshcho. That sensi vin wrote to the king. Vladislav IV, after visiting Vilnius and the stars, stalking the Cossack fur on the cob, otrimuyuyuchi various reminders. The crown hetman announced his plan to attack the Khmelnytskyi two forces: one by the steppe, and the other by the Dnipro. According to a mature thought, the king waited for Kisel's thought and issued an order not to prolong the war and yet to buddy from the campaign. Ale, it was pizno: stubborn and self-singing Pototsky had already pushed ahead of the offense corrals.
Zavdyaks of the Tatar guards clung to the Polish spies about those who worked in Zaporozhzh, and Pototsky did not know about Khmelnytsky’s forestry movement, nor about the march from Tugay-beym. The acceptance of Bogdan was helped not only by his special intelligence and knowledge for the friendly political environment; ale, no doubt, from the beginning of the epoch, a significant part of blind happiness appeared. The head of the fortune-teller leader, that is the crown hetman, no matter how much he thinks, lie down in his own way to help Khmelnytsky succeed and win. So good wines were ordered by military forces that were in yoga hands! Bilya Getmanv Zibaminvi, Miraculo Ozbrinі quartzian regiments, Nadvirni Panci Gorobi, the re -rope of the Cossack - not more than 15,000 at that hour of the Dobricye VIISKA, Yak in the Mitetsk hands could be Roschaviti Bogdanovy, who was Zaporizhny, who wanted it to be Zaporizhn. Ale s znevagoyu stavlyachisya to the forces of the enemy and not listening to the rebuff of his comrade Kalinovsky, Pototsky thinking about taking a simple military walk and, for the sake of the success of the campaign, starting to crush his military. Vіn vіddіlіv іst thіsіаchі and having sent їх in advance, having handed over the cherubannja of the sons to their Stefan, zvichayno, giving him the honor of deserving the hetman's mace, and giving him the Cossack commissar Shemberg as a comrade. Most of the advanced paddock of the nibi navmisne was stockpiled from the registered Cossack regiments; Although at the same time they brought them to the oath of allegiance to the Commonwealth, it was still great lightness to trust them with the first zustrіch with their relatives, who were fooled. Moreover, the most advanced zagіn was upgraded in two parts: about 4,000 registered Cossacks with a large number of hired nіmtsіv were put on kayaks of abo river boats, and the Dnipro from Cherkasy was sent to Kodak with a few supplies of battles; and another part, up to 2,000 hussars and dragoons, from the young Pototsky went along the steppe road to Kodak, under which two parts were small. The other part is to blame for following the nearby Dnipro coast and constantly picking up links with the river flotilla. Ale cei zv'yazok soon got lost: the cinematography collapsed without haste with respite; and the flotilla, which was carried by the current, went far ahead.
Those Tatar roses, like they pinned the Poles to news from Zaporizhzhya, helped Bogdanov, in the form of swindled and rolled spies, to find out about the hetmans’ trip, and put their military on the paddocks. Vіn having left the fort Kodak for the time being with a її garrison of hundreds, and also collapsed on the right banks of the Dnipro to Stefan Pototsky. Of course, I realized, I was not able to speed up with the Kremlin flotilla of registers, and I hung out of the neighbors, as if I had taken them away from them, and they sharply changed their positions at the same time for the zahist of their rotten people and their ignorance of the gnobbiting rights against. The registered regiments at that hour, as it seems, were commanded by the unloved colonels from the Poles, or the unloved Ukrainians, who trimmed the bik lyakhiv, yak Barabash, who was at the flotilla for the eldest, and Illyash, who ruled the planting of the Viysk osavul here. According to the marvelous carelessness of Pototsky, having changed the middle of the foreman and Krechevsky, condoning the Chyhyrynsky regiment after Khmelnytsky's flow, and, well, now he has shied away on yoga bik. Perekonannya, especially the image of the Tatar horde, to help, raised. The registries became overwhelmed and killed the hired employees and their bosses, including Barabash and Illyasha. After that, for the help of their ships, the stench was transported to the right bank of the other Tatars Tugay-bey; and left behind for the help of their horses helped them to come to the Khmelnitsky camp; there, they were delivered from the ships of harmatia, stіvnі and combat supplies.
Battle under the Zhovtimi waters
In this manner, if Stefan Pototsky stumbled upon Khmelnytsky, he stumbled against 10,12,000 enemies with his own 2,000. Ale y tsim did not fringe the change in numbers. Registers of Cossacks and dragoons, who were in the land paddock, recruited from Ukrainians, did not bother to cross to Khmelnitsky. With Pototsky, only Polish carpets were left, and less than one thousand people were laid down. Zustrich was found on the swampy banks of the Zhovtykh waters, the left tributaries of the Ingultsya. Regardless of the small number of their squad, young Pototsky and his comrades did not waste their masculinity; they sharpened their encampment from the wagons, they sounded the trenches or the trenches, set up harmati on them and broke up the most important defense, leaning on the hand on the side of the head army, where they ruled the gun with a sound. Ale tsey messenger, swindled by the Tatar nazniks, having testified to the Poles in the distance, so that the stench would deprive them of any hope for help. For a decade of days, the stench was well protected; the lack of real and combat supplies made them shy to negotiate. Khmelnytsky was waiting for the wise garmat and zaruchniks; Pototsky waited easier, but without gunpowder, the harmatians were already already marni. Negotiate, however, vanished in vain, and bіy resurrected. Strongly tight, the Poles thought up almost a step, and with a camp they demolished through the beam Princes Bayraki; but here they drank the finest mistsevity, were honed by the Cossacks and Tatars, and after a great defense, partly blamed, partly taken into captivity. Among the rest were known: Stefan Pototsky himself, a kind of young man who died in his wounds, the Cossack commissar Shemberg, Jan Sapieha, the famous hussar colonel Stefan Czarnetsky, not less than Jan Vigovsky, and other representatives of the Polish and Zahidno-Russky people. The pogrom began around May 5th.
If a bunch of Polish zhovniriv perished in an nervous battle, the hetmans with the head of the military stood near Chigirin, and spent a significant part of the hour in piyatiki and banquets; їхній majestic convoy littered with barrels of honey and wine. The Ukrainian lords, who had joined with them, huddled alone in front of one not only with their rich armor and armor, but also with a great amount of stocks, expensive utensils and impersonal gratuitous servants. The flatterers-chauffeurs slandered the hostility of zhalyugidnyh ills, such, ymovirno, having already defeated the advanced fold and, tight-fitting, now hush the lions in the steppes, not hastening to ask for the bells. Prote, in order to finish the trival the day of remembrance in the blue, began the turbulence of old Pototsky. They were already walking like a anxious sensitive; but still they didn’t believe them. A chauffeur galloped up to the new one from Grodzitsky, the commandant of the Kodatsky fort, with a sheet, telling about the capture of the Tatars from the Cossacks, about the safety of the river bank and the transfer of the registers to the Khmelnytsky bik; at the end of the wines, he asked for reinforcements for his garrison. Cі visti like thunder struck the hetman; in view of their splendid pride and self-indulgence, the wines once changed to a cowardly roar for a share of sin. And then, in order to hurry up to help, for the time being, the good men were still busy, starting to write to the king through the chancellor Ossolinsky, depicting the country in the extreme sky in the face of the horde with the Cossacks and blessing the commonwealth; Otherwise, the Commonwealth perished! And then we destroyed the victories at the return trip to Cherkassy, and the only ones here caught up with the poor vtkachiv, who vryatulyalis in the Zhovtovodsky pogrom. The hetmans quickly stepped far, to the middle of the Polish Volodya, and with a thought they zupinilsya on the banks of the Ros, whitening the place of Korsun. Here the stench dug in, roaring up to 7,000 garniy vіysk, and checked Prince Yeremia Vyshnevetsky to help themselves with a six thousand pen.
Battle near Korsun
Khmelnytskyi and Tugai Bey were left for three days in the city of their Zhovtovodsky victory, getting ready for a distant campaign, that power-wielding army, as it was signifi- cantly increased by newly arrived Tatars and Ukrainian rebels. Then the stench hurried after the hetmans who were coming, and on the grass appeared in front of Korsun. The first attacks on the fortifications of the Polish tabir were shot down with frequent harmonic firing, as the attackers recognized significant losses. The Polish nazniki slaughtered a sprat of Tatars and one Cossack in full. The hetman punished them to feed them with cakes about the number of enemies. Kozak sings that 15,000 Ukrainians have come alone, and tens of thousands of Tatars are on their way to new ones. Lightweight and light-hearted Pototsky sighed at the thought that the enemy could sharpen yoga from his sides, swearing and bringing him to hunger; and then there was something else to say, that the Cossacks want to let down the Ros and get water from the Poles, for which they have already sent robots. The hetman, having lost his head and virishiv, leave his trenches. Daremno comrade Yogo Kalinouskiy leaned over, so that on the coming day to give a decisive battle. Pototsky was not good enough for such a risky cry, and more than the coming day fell on Mondays. Shouting to Kalinovsky’s ban, “I’m a pleban here, and in my parish, the vicar is guilty before me!” Vіysk is punished to deprive him of important transport, and take only legenі for the camp, for a small amount of money for the skin korogva. In the second half of the century, the military entered the camp and demolished it in the march to Boguslav with the camp, we fought at 8 corrals with garmats, infantry and dragoons in the front and back rows and with armored or hussar kіnnot from the sides. Alya was collapsing, it was burning heavily and ungrably, it was filthy carried out. The great crown hetman, who, suffering from gout, sang out the intoxications in the carriage; and the full hetman was little heard; besides, they did not lead a good vision and were short-sighted. There were two roads leading to Boguslav, one through the fields, straight through and through, insha foxes and hillocks, roundabout. And here Pototsky robbed the last choice: he commanded to go along the rest of the road, as it was more stolen from the enemies. In the middle of the crown war, more sprouts of registered Cossacks were left, like the hetman, having continued to trust, unrespectfully on the bottom, and to navit from them were selected guides for the manivtsi. The Cossacks already in advance gave Khmelnitsky the nobility about the future trip and yoga straight ahead for tomorrow. And I didn’t bother to live my own visits. A part of the Cossack and Tatar military hid at that very night hurried to take deyakі mіstsya at a high price, rule there zasіdki, zasіki, dig up ditch and sip vali. The Cossacks gave special respect to the so-called Kruta Balka, they dug across the yak with a deep moat and trenches.
Having stepped into the fox forest, the Cossacks and Tatars hit him from both sides, suffocating with sacks and arrows. Hundreds of registered Cossacks and Ukrainian dragoons, which were taken from the Poles, hurried to the first missions to go to the lavas of the attackers.
Tabir was collapsing and defending himself, until he reached Krutoi Beam. Here wine is not a moment to hem a wide and deep ditch. The front carts, which had descended into the valley, zipped, and the back ones continued to pull on them from the mountains. It was a terrible mess. The Cossacks and the Tatars from their sides took on the storming of the Tabir, and when they called, they ripped and smashed it. The guilt of the Poles was relieved by the hetman himself, who sternly punished the people to get off their horses and defend themselves in an unimaginable line for him. Only those who did not listen to the order, those few servants, like they led the pansky horses, hurried them for flight. The whole tabir and the impersonal polonenikh became zdobichchu peremozhtsiv. In the midst of the rest, the hetmans were offended; from the most important pans, their share was divided: Jan Odzhivolsky, a Chernigivsky castellan, Dengof, the chief of artillery, young Senyavsky, Khmeletsky, and so on. horses and inflamed thinness shared navpіl with the Tatars; and yasir chi brantsi all vіddanі in the hands of the Tatars and brought by nevilniks to the Crimea, de possibilit mali vikupu checks, exactly indicated for skin bag. The Korsun pogrom began 10 days after Zhovtovodsky.
Expansion of the army in Ukraine
It happened to those that the Polish hetmans and Ukrainian ladies were so afraid of: the insurgents began to expand rapidly in Ukraine. Two strikes of the best Polish military, Zhovtovodsk and Korsunsk, and full of both hetmans, made a nasty attack. If the Ukrainian people have crossed over in their eyes, that the enemy is not as powerful as it was before that time, then the flame of freedom was deeply attached to the hearts of the people, and that freedom was lifted with an overpowering strength and soon poured over the edge; Everywhere began a zhorstok crooked crackdown on the rise of the Ukrainian blacks from the gentry and the bay, as if they did not rise up in good fortified places and castles. At the tabirs of Khmelnytsky, flakes began to roll from the sides of their mouths, which ticked in the pans, and enrolled in the Cossacks. Bogdan, having passed his convoy from Korsun to the mountains of Russia, to the White Church, leaning on the number of a numerical army, as if he began to power and build for help from the Poles, the armor and shells. Assuming the title of Hetman of Viysk Zaporizky, we will encircle a large number of six regiments of registers, becoming the ordering of new regiments; appointing colonels, osaulivs and sotnikivs as his own. Zvіdsi vіn rozsilav rozsilav Ukraine their envoys and universals, like the Russian people called out to unite and rise in one flock against their oppressors, Poles and railways, but not against the king, who himself will destroy the Cossacks. The new Cossack hetman was clearly unaware of being caught by an unsuccessful success and still vaguely realizing his further goals; before that, as a person has been brought to light for a long time, not trusting the status of happiness, less than the status of his and her allies of the Tatars, and being afraid to call on the fight with himself, all the forces of the Commonwealth, with such knowledge, do good. To that, not surprisingly, even further diplomatically, try to weaken the hostility of the people in the eyes of the Polish king and the Polish nobility, and to get ahead of the militia against yourself, “Common Rushen”. From the Bіloї Church of Vіn, having written to King Vladislav a shanobly messenger, in which he explained his own reasons and circumstances, that intolerant pressures in the Polish lords and officers, humbly asking the king for forgiveness, swearing that you should faithfully serve him and the good of the old . Zvіdsi it is possible to make visnovok, but not yet thinking of making links between Ukraine and the Commonwealth. But the messenger did not find the king alive. The untidy Sejm's opposition, the failures, and the last of the remaining fates were rather harsh on the health of Vladislav, who had not yet reached old age. With a particularly stubborn rank, the son of Sigismund, the son of Sigizmund, who was deeply in love with him, blew up his successor. An ear of Ukrainian stabbed, brought by Khmelnytsky, chimalo shave the king. From Vilni vіn napivbіlnoy went from your yard to Warsaw; Ale dear, the ailment, which was strong enough, caught yoga in the little town of Merechі, de vin and died, 10 May, later, not having lived to the Korsunsky defeat; we don’t know why he took the news about the Zhovtovodsky pogrom. Tsya unbearable death of such a king, like Vladislav, was a new and not the most favorable situation for Khmelnitsky. In Poland, an era without a queen has come, with a lot of restlessness and troubles; power in this hour was the least building up to the energetic strangulation of the Ukrainian rebellion.
Not interfering with the messengers to the king, Khmelnitsky’s fruitfulness on the leaves at the same time turned with similar conciliatory messengers to Prince Dominik Zaslavsky, to Prince Jeremiah Vyshnevetsky and other panivs. Naysuvorishe was placed before the envoys of Prince Vyshnevetsky. Vin zbiravsya to go to the aid of the hetmans, if he found out about their defeat under Korsun. The Deputy of Usyakoi Vidpovidi" Khmelnitsky, the prince punished the guards of the envoys; and then, bachachi of their majestic left-bank Volodinny with stupefied stabbings, having flooded their residence Lubnya with 6000 well-drained good vіysk, having straightened up to Kiev Poliss, and under Lyubech, having crossed to the right bank of the Dnipro. In the Kiev region and in the Volyn region, the mothers are also great volodynia, and here they roared the energy struggle for the Ukrainian people, calling out under their ensigns to the Polish gentry, vygnana from the її Ukrainian maєtkіv. With the bitterness of their veins, having turned over the faces, without mercy we blamed the villages and inhabitants with fire and sword, which they ate up to their hands. Khmelnytskyi, guiding different sides of the corrals for the support of Ukrainians, hanging against Vyshnevetsky one of the most powerful colonels in his own, Maksim Krivonos, and for an hour or two the opponents fought for the changing fortunes, superbending one against one at the walls of the city. In other parts of the same regions, as well as in the Kiev region, Polissya and Lithuania, there were more and less colonels Krechevsky, Ganzha, Sangirey, Ostap, Golota and in the distance. A lot of places and castles passed into the hands of the Cossacks, who brought the Orthodox part of their population home. In Qiu epoch and woeful fortress Kodak squandered to the hands of the Cossacks; for dobuvannya yogo buv messages Nizhinsky regiment.
The envoys of Khmelnytsky sent a letter to the king and a decree of Cossack scargs, after the death of the remaining one, they were guilty of giving a leaf and a scarg to the Senate of the Panam-Rada, for which time the primate was famously known, tobto. archbishop of Gnezdinsky, who was the king's monastic for the whole hour. At that time, the primate was the old Matviy Lubensky. The senators, who had gathered at Warsaw for the convocation Sejm, did not hasten to come back and, hoping to win an hour before the new king was betrothed, entered into negotiations with Khmelnytsky; navіscho appointed a special commission with the guidance of Adam Kisel on choli. Arranged in the Cossack tabir, Kisil negaino entered into a conversation with Bogdan, corrected his envoy to the new command and reconverted him to turn in surrender to the bosom of his sleeping mother of the Commonwealth, that of the Commonwealth. Khmelnytsky did not compromise with the mysticism of writing humble, affectionate, but bezmistovny messages. However, after an hour of negotiations, they were washed away to reach the kind of truce, but it didn’t work out. Prince Yeremia Vyshnevetsky did not give up on the new one, and continued the war; zagin yogo viysk in the eyes of Kisel attacked Ostrog, occupied by the Cossacks. Vyshnevetsky, as before, fiercely, vishai, to plant Ukrainians on a tuft. Kryvonis take place Bar; other Cossack corrals hoard Lutsk, Klevan, Olika and others. The Cossacks and their embassy are fierce against the gentry, moreover, they take the gentry as a squad, and especially mercilessly wield the railways. In order to vryatuvat life, richly accepted Christianity, but the best of it was given away, and, drowned in Poland, there they turned to the faith of their fathers. The chroniclers seem to have started in Ukraine at the same time that they did not lose their railway. So the gentry, leaving their shirts, rushed to rush with the retinues of those children into the glib of Poland; and those, yak, dragged them to the hands of the risen serfs, mercilessly recognized the beaten.
Time after time the Senate, having lived for some time, come in diplomatically and viyskovi. Vin going to write notes in Crimea, Constantinople, to the rulers of Voloskiy and Moldavsky, to the cordial Moscow governors, slaying everyone to the world to help the Commonwealth and ringing in the heart of the rebel and rebel Khmelnitsky. At the same time, the panamas were punished to get out of Glynyany, not far from Lvov, from their sizable corrals. So, as the offense of the hetmans was full, it was necessary to recognize them as intercessors. The high-pitched voice of the gentry, telling us the head of the Russian governor, Prince Jeremiah Vyshnevetsky; but with our own pihat, zhorstkoy and quarrelsome character of wines, we have made ourselves rich opponents in the middle of noble panivs; among them was the crown chancellor Ossolinsky. The Senate went as far as the supremacy of the world: the deputy of two hetmans of the vins recognized the military three chiefs and regimentaries; and to herself: the governor of the Sendomir prince Dominik Zaslavsky, the crown underling Ostrorog and the crown cornet Oleksandr Konetspolsky. Tsey not far away triumvirate becoming the subject of gluzuvan and dotepiv. The Cossacks gave their members the following honors: Prince Zaslavsky was called “a feather-bed” for his tenderness, softness and wealth, Ostrorog – “Latin” for his richness to speak Latin, and Konetspolsky – “a child” because of his youth and abundance of talents. Vyshnevetsky was appointed only to one of the military commissars, who were given to help three regimintars. The proud voivoda did not reconcile himself with such confessions and this hour was especially special in his own time. A part of the lords with their overhead banners and commemorative militias arrived before the new one; the other part went with the regimintars. Offended by the wars, they came together at the same time, and at the same time a force was established in 30-40,000 of some well-powered zhovnirivs, a large number of crimson convoy servants. The Polish ladies went to war with great pomp: the stench of the boules in their outfits and rich outfits, with the helpless servants and carts, clearly entangled with real food supplies and distant fillings. At the camp, benqueti and piyatiki were found in them; their self-confidence and non-turbulence grew strongly when they swayed the floorings of the numerically selected army.
They tell Khmelnytsky that he spent a lot of time in the White Church, not speeding up with his victories, and after Korsun did not hurry at the block of mayzhe without defense to Poland, so that with a decisive blow he would end the war there. Ale, it’s unlikely that such a call is made by the whole group of gruntovna. The Cossack leader maw organized military and charitable support for all kinds of internal affairs in Ukraine; and the possibility of this move could be increased by the great fortresses. Until that time, the Poles had not been deprived of lifelessness before the Crimea and Constantinople. For the time being, the Sultan was trying to take the side of the rebel and streaming the Khan from afar to help Khmelnitsky. In Moscow, the order of the hoch and sympathetically was set for the rebellion, but it marveled askance at the union with the infidels. On the other hand, it didn’t give any help against the Crimean people, as the Poles vymagali on the basis of the rest of the agreement laid down by A. Kisel, but instead put up a cordon more cautiously. The main negotiations between Khmelnytsky and Constantinople and Bakhchisaray, however, gradually led to the fact that the khan, having taken off the sultan’s years, again crushed the horde to help the Cossacks, once again in a rich larger number.
In ochіkuvannі tsієї Khmelnytsky again came to the rescue, straightening up to Kostyantinov and taking the place. Ale, having found out about the proximity of the fortune teller and not yet looming under the hand of the Tatars, he entered and became a convoy under the Pilyavtsy. The Poles took Kostyantinov back, and here they were churned out like a camp. The middle of the military commanders sent parts for the sake of that superchka about those who were left behind on what was handy for the defense of the mission, who advanced further. Larger guards, among them Vyshnevetsky, for the sake of being left behind and not going to Pylyavtsiv, the city is already overwhelmed and swampy, which lies at the tops of Sluch. But the opponents of them overcame, and it was even worse to advance further. The Polish foreman and the untimely triumvirate did a lot of good work for Khmelnytsky.
Under Pilyavtsy, the Polish military became a convoy of the nearby Cossacks in the tight and unhandled world. The good things started and the okre attacks began; the regimentaries, knowing that the horde had not yet arrived, all chose to strike with all their strength at the fortifications of the Cossack tabir and the small Pilyavetska fort, as the stench contemptuously called the "kurnik", but they called it like a stench; and Khmelnytsky also winced in the face of the great battle, like an horde. From the powerful yoma of guilt, I went into cunning. 21 spring (new style) at mondays, after the sunset to the new pіdіyshov, there is still a three thousandth advanced Tatar zagіn; and Khan Mav will appear in three days. Khmelnytsky zustrіv zagіn with harmatny firing and great noise, which trilled the whole night, after arriving himself khan from the horde; which settled the anxiety in the Polish camp. On the next day, numerous Yurbi Tatars hung against the Poles, shouting “Allah! Allah! Okremi essences that started, soon, zavdyaki podkrіplenyam from that side, turned into a great battle; It wasn’t far off for the Poles, the leaders of them were clearly afraid and rottenly supported one by one. The stench was so little recognized that they took for the orderly a Cossack naked dressed in Tatar lahmittya, as if at once from the Tatars she called out to the help of Allah. And the Cossack regiments of Khmelnytsky roared with their loud cry: "For the faith, well done, for the faith!" Beaten from the fields and having gone to the trouble of their misfortune, the Poles lost heart. Regimentaries, commissars and head colonels after the end of the battle, not dismounting from horses, made the military council. It was decided to go out in a camp to Kostyantinov, to take a better camp, and an order was given to prepare a tabir, i.e., put the cart in order. Ale deyak noble panis, with Prince Dominik himself on the choli, who tremtili for their expensive belongings, slowly under the cover of night set him forward, and they themselves followed him. Already one ruh hauled for the camp in the night dark, having done the chimali bezlad; and if the call widened, that the chiefs were whirling and depriving the army of the victim of the Tatar horde, a terrible panic fell upon him; I felt the fading of "Quiet, who can!" Whole korogvi rushed at the horses and gave themselves to the most soulful haircut. Naykhorobrіshі, zokrema Yeremia Vyshnevetsky, were choked by a sleeping stream and ganebnoy begly, so as not to drink to the full of Tatars.
By mid-May 23, the Cossacks knew the Polish tabir by mistake and did not believe their eyes, being afraid of ambush. Having perekonavshis, the stench diligently began to vivantazhuvat napovneni every good Polish haul. Never before, never since has it come to him so easily and such a majestic achievement. Some wagons, bound by a bay, named "treasuries", appeared thousands of sprats. The camp also knew the hetman's mace, gilded and embellished with expensive stones. After Korsun and Pilyavits, the Cossacks wore rich Polish attire; and golden, silver speeches and stench utensils were picked up by shoes, which they sold for a cheap price to Kiev and other neighboring merchants. Dobrozichlivy Khmelnytsky, zvichayno, taking his own left part of the tsієї zdobichi. After Zhovtikh waters and Korsun, having occupied again their Subotivsky maetok and Chigirinsky door, now they have repaired there, as it seems, a sprat of a barrel filled with a sapling, some of them were ordered to be buried in taєmnih places. And even more important for the wealth was that high value, like the three-time Poles who won, now in the eyes of not only their people, but also their susidiv. If on the third day after the arrival of the Poles under Pilyavtsy, a horde arrived with the Kalgou-sultan and Tugay-beym, it was assumed that Poland was not strong enough to fight against the mighty Cossack hetman. She did not have a ready-made war, and the road to the very heart of її, tobto to Warsaw, was open. Khmelnytsky at once from the Tatars rightly destroyed that bik; but on the way to the capital, it was necessary to cut through two metropolitan points, Lvov and Zamosty.
Hike Khmelnytsky to Lviv
One of the richest trading places of the Commonwealth, Lviv at the same time was well-fortified, provided with a sufficient amount of ammunition and shells; and the garrison was supported by a part of the Polish troops from Pylyavits. Ale marno Lvіvska mіska vlada blessed Jeremiah Vyshnevetsky to accept their bosses; the gentry, who chose the new one, voted him the great crown hetman. Vіn didpomіg only to rule the defense and then poїhav; and the providence here was handed over to the master at the military right Christopher Grodzitsky. The population of Lvov, which was formed from Catholics, Uniates, Virmens, Zh.dov and Orthodox Rusyns, grew up, took large sums of money on military windows and wasted one-family to defend itself to the remaining extremity. Themselves Orthodox zmusheni prikhovuvaty their spivchutya right Cossacks and help to defend through rіshuchu overwhelm that spirituality of the Catholics. Hordes of Tatars and Cossacks appeared unexpectedly; the stench evaded the frontier and roared the cover of the upper castle. But the bulk of the husbands were arrogant and the tax was dragged on. Having stood here for three days, Khmelnytsky, maybe, sparing the place and shrugging off the attack, having waited to take a great payback (700,000 Polish zlotys), and, having poured yoga with the Tatars, having taken his tabir on the 24th day.
Obloga Zamość
Kalga-sultan, tight-fitting zdobichchyu and brace, rushing to Kam'yantsya; and Khmelnytsky from Tugay-beym pishov to the fortress of Zamostya, as if imposing his head forces; In the meantime, around the Tatar and Cossack corrals, they spread across the littoral lands of Poland, spreading fear and desolation.
Our Cossack and Tatar hordes, as well as being sensitive about the fortune-telling mood of Moscow, went into extreme insecurity, like the Rich Commonwealth opinated, embarrassed, nareshti, Poles hasten to deceive the king. The main contenders were two brothers of Vladislav IV: Jan Casimir and Karl Ferdinand. Having offended the stench, they went to the clergy: Casimir, for the hour of his zakordonnye neviryans, having joined the Order of the Jews, and then having taken the rank of cardinal from the papi, and after the death of his elder brother, having nominally assumed the title of King of Sweden; and Karl mav the rank of bishop (Wroclaw, then Plotsky). The young brother generously spent his wealth on the part of the nobility and bribe, to get the crown. To the side of this trimali and noble deacons, for example, the governor of Russia Yeremia Vyshnevetsky, his friend of the governor of Kiev Tishkevich, the crown lieutenant chancellor Leshchinsky and іn. And yet the party of Jan Kazimierz was the number one and the strongest. On choli її standing crown chancellor Ossolinsky, before her laying voivode of Bratslav Adam Kisil; The widowed Queen Maria Gonzaga diligently supported with her sigh the French ambassador at once, who had already laid down a plan for the future h Kazimir. Nareshti, for the rest, the Cossacks voted for themselves, and Khmelnytsky in his messengers to panіv-for the sake of directly vimagav, sob Jan Kazimierz became the king, and Jeremiah Vyshnevetsky did not confirm the crown hetman, and only once declared war. After a bagatioh superechok and a line, the senators changed the king's son Charles to their candidacy, and on the 17th leaf fall of the new style, the Varshavsky Seym was single-handedly zupinivsya on the choice of Jan Casimir. Three days later, having sworn allegiance to the ultimate pacta conventa. Wash your mind for the king, vtіm, for the first time they have added more deeds: for example, the royal guard could not be put together for foreigners and is obliged to take an oath on the name of the Commonwealth.
Zavdyaks of the men's defense of the garrison, which, after seeing off the Weyer, the cover of the Zamość was also dragged out. Ale Veyer stubbornly asked for help and reminded the senators about his difficult camp. To that, if Jan Casimir is chosen to be secure, the new king, not checking for the completion of all formalities, having hastened to declare the decree to himself from the side of Khmelnytsky, and having corrected the well-known youma of the Volyn gentry Smerovsky, pid Zamostya with a sheet, in such a manner, you will not be punished . de i checks to the commissars for negotiations about the mind of the world. Khmelnytsky, having accepted the royal message in a shabby manner, declared that he was ready to vikonate the king's will. Deyakі colonels, with Krivonos on choli, and the words of Chornoth quarreled against the entrance; but the cunning envoy tried to destroy the Khmelnytsky pidozru at the cleanliness of the name of Krivonos himself and the yogo pribіchnіv. Imovirno, winter has come, difficult taxes and great expenses in people have also poured into the decisions of the hetman, who either did not know, or did not want to give respect to those who already had a fort in an extreme camp due to hunger. Khmelnytsky handing Smerovskiy a writ to the king with his Vistula honor and humility; and on the 24th of the fall of the leaves, they entered Zamostya, taking a small payback for the Tatars of Tugay-bey from the Zamoysky townspeople. The rest of the pishov at the steppe, and the Cossack wagon train and the harmaty reached out to Ukraine. Obviously, the Cossack hetman was still struggling with his final goals, not knowing the point of support for the resurrection of Little Russia, and calling for a new insight from the Commonwealth, looking for the sight of the newly elected king. Indeed, at the same time, from the pinning of the Polish kingless, the most sympathetic minds for the will of Ukraine were pinned down. Vіdstup vіd Lvov and Zamostya є deakoy world a turning point in the uninterrupted series of successes to trivalo, blame and entangled struggle of two nationalities and two cultures: Russian and Polish.
Anniversary of Ukraine in the form of Poles and organization of the Cossack army
All Ukraine is on the left side of the Dnieper, and according to the Case and Pivdenny Bug on the right, at the same time, not only the bula was cleared from the Polish pans and railways. nowhere major Polish ensign. Naturally, the Russian people were quiet, because they were guilty for a long time under the Polish-Jewish yoke; the priests accepted yoga with images and prayers; the Bursaks (especially near Kiev) performed a lot of rhetorical panegyrics; moreover, they called Yogo Roksolansky Moses, equaling the Maccabees toshcho; simple people homogenously and radiantly grafted yoga. And the hetman himself went through the place and place on a richly tidied up horse, retired as colonels and centurions, who wore luxurious robes and harnesses; after him they carried the Polish ensigns and maces, and carried the full gentry women, such noble and simple Cossacks of the land of their own picked out their squad. The people were not cheaply dealt as long as there is freedom and trophies. The fire and the sword were already fixed in a little devastation in the country; already a lot of the population perished in the sight of the sword that was full, and the main rank was not in the enemies of the Poles, but in the allies of the Tatars. Tsі hizhaks, zhadіbnі zhadіbnі up to yasirs, were not surrounded by a full of Poles, for what little right for the mind; and often the native Russian embassy was buried in captivity. The stench of young remiseniks was especially taken away, as they inherited the fashion of the gentry and shaved their heads on their heads, letting the chuprin on the top of the Polish zrazok; the Tatars went into, scho take them for Poles.
No matter how it was, Bogdan, having returned to Ukraine, may be the new ruler of the land. We stopped at Kiev and bowed to the Kiev shrines, and then went to Chyhyryn, falling asleep in the hetman's residence. Tіlki Pereyaslav gave another honor from Chigirin. Yakshcho Viri Deed Stra, the nasamed Khmelnitsky Pisl Obslnnya in Ukrainian, Bulo was whistled with his old Prikhilnіstya і Kumoy, Tobto with a squad of Chaplinsky, and he was in the same way, he was abandoned by the breeze. Then we continued the roaring post of Korsun with the organization of the Cossack army, as everything was better; oskіlki were attributed to the new as the mass of the embassy and the villagers, and the rich city dwellers; and in places with the Magdeburg right to navit burgoistry and paradises left their outfits, bared their beards and molested them to the military. Behind the words of the chronicler, it was important for the skin village to know someone, who either didn’t pishov himself, or a son, or didn’t send a servant-boy to the military; but in the other yard they all went, leaving only one person for a look at the state. The Crimean domineering Little Russian people of warlikeness, the Crimean pragnonnya zamіtsnnya zamіtsnіnya for themselves zvіlnennya in pansky captivity or in the state of violent law, here it was the bait of majestic health, that the Cossacks got rich in the Polish conditions Together with the influx of people, the Viysk territory expanded. Vіysko could no longer be surrounded by six hundred military regiments of the Kiev Voivodeship; The last regiment of Mav bi was over 20,000 Cossacks, and a hundred - over 1,000. Now, on both sides of the Dnieper, step by step, new regiments were established, as if they were taking the name behind their head posts. In Vlasna on the right-bank Ukraine, there were five and six regiments, yakі: Umansky, Lisyansky, Pavolotsky, Kalnitsky and Kievsky and on Polissya Ovrutsky. The stench multiplied like a head rank on the left bank of Ukraine, de to Khmelnitsky there was only one povny, Pereyaslavsky; now the regiments have settled there: Nizhinsky, Chernigivsky, Prylutsky, Mirgorodsky, Poltava, Irkleyevsky, Ichansky and Zinkivsky. With this rank, in the qiu epoch, up to 20 more registered regiments appeared. The leather from them was required to be ruled by the regimental foreman, spread by hundreds in the hometowns and villages, to provide the yakomog with armor and combat supplies only. , Giryu, Frost, Ostap, Burla ta іn.
In the order of the internal arrangements of Ukraine and the Cossacks, Bogdan at the same time diligently took care of the znosiny. The success of the struggle in Poland turned to a new trust, and in the residence of Chigirin, they settled after mayzhe in the su sidnіkh powers and lords with hospitality, gifts and taєmni propositions of some friendship, some alliance against the Poles. Buli followed from the Crimean Khan, then from the rulers of Moldova and Wallachia, from the Prince of Semigrad Yuriy Rakochi (the greatest contender for the Polish throne) and then came to the presence of Tsar Oleksiy Mikhailovich. Khmelnytsky dosit maisterno vyvertavsya middle їhnіh raznomanіtnyh Іnteresіv i propozitіy і sladіv їm literacy vіdpovіd.
Negotiate Khmelnytsky with the Poles
Jan Casimir, the naskilki allowed him to rule and soobi, beginning to prepare for the strangulation of the Ukrainian rebellion. After the greatness of the gentry, the wines did not harden Vyshnevetsky in the hetman's position, but on the contrary, a part of the senators continued, with the chancellor Ossolinsky in the country; that new king himself did not fit in with the new one, like a colossal opponent of his candidacy; Perhaps Khmelnytsky's poise and boldness were not lost, because Vyshnevetsky was not given the hetman's paper. Ochіkuyuchi, while Pototsky and Kalinovsky, Jan Kazimierz took the hands of the sovereign with his arms with his hands. And this time, at the turn of the year 1649, when it arrived, a bula was sent to Khmelnytsky for negotiations on the commission, on the basis of the new orders of Adam Kisil. If the commission with its own honor crossed under Zvyagl (Novgorod-Volinsky) across the Sluch river and entered the borders of the Kiev province, then Ukraine, then it was won by one Cossack colonel (Donets), recognized for її escort; on the way along the road, having shifted the population, they took the fortune-teller and inspired them to deliver food; the people did not care about the daily negotiations with the Poles and respected Pokіnchenimi be-yakі vіdnosini with them. At Pereyaslav, the hetman himself at once from the foreman's sounding of the commission, from the Viysk music and harmonic firing (9 fierce), however, Kisil once perekonavsya, that tse buv is no longer a huge Khmelnytsky, from yogo zapevnennyy at vіddanostі to the king of that Rechі. Commonwealth; now Bogdan's tone and yogo otochuychih buv richly lofty and rich. Already during the ceremony, he was presented with the hetman's signs in the name of the king, the mace and ensign, one podpiv colonel interrupting Kisel's rhetorical word and choosing paniv. Bogdan himself, with obvious baiduzhistyu, put himself up to these signs. Negotiate and tell, scho vіdbulisya then, did not call for an act from the yogo side, without respect for all the medical advice, promote and reconsider Kisel. Khmelnytsky often sounded drunk, and even rudely behaved with commissars, seeing his enemy Chaplinsky and threatening the Poles with all sorts of hardships; threatening to blame dukіv i knyazіv i zrobiti king "vіlnim" and calling himself “one sovereign” and calling himself “autocrat” of Russia; having shown that earlier he fought for the power of the image, and now he fights for the Orthodox faith. The colonels boasted of the Cossack victories, directly mocked the Lyakhiv and said that the stench was not so much anymore, not Zholkevski, Khodkevichi and Konetspolski, but Tkhorzhevski (cowards) and Zayonchkivski (hares). For a long time, the commissars also spoke about the captivity of the Poles, especially those taken from Kodak, Kostyantinov and Bari.
Nareshti, the commission of the ice agreed to lay down a truce until the bottom of the Trinity and went away, taking with them the deacons in front of the world, instigated by the hetman, and to itself: so that Kiev and Ukraine didn’t have the name of the university itself, so it didn’t exist. so that the Kyiv Metropolitan sat at the Senate, and the voivode and the castellan were from the Orthodox, so that the hetman of the Cossack order would be right to the queen, so that Vyshnevetsky would not be the crown hetman too soon. Colonel and all the foremen to the possible commission, which may come to the river Rossava. The main reason for this intransigence, perhaps, was not so presence in Pereyaslav of foreign lands and hope for the help of the courts, but rather dissatisfaction with the people, abo, vlasne, black, yak obviously called the hetman at the conversation and barked, fearing the future, krіpatstvo Polish lords. Khmelnytskyi sometimes spoke to the commissars, that from this side of his life I threaten the insecurity and that without the help of the military for the sake of guilt, I can’t do anything. For the umpteenth time the embassy Peklo was not far off. Kissel with the Komіsієyu and yak they did not slander the rich nobles of the Orthodox Rusyn, ringing yogo little not in the ranks of the Commonwealth and in the taєmnih favors with his kinsmen and odnovirtsy Khmelnytsky (whom the deyakі іtelіgentnі Poles called "Zaporvelіm"); however, the king assessed the directing to the appeasement of the practical work of the summer and already healthy with ailments of the voivode of Bratslav; at that hour, the voivode of Kiev, Janusz Tishkevich, died, and Jan Kazimir gave the Kiev voivodship to Kisel, promoting him to the senatorial rank, even more dissatisfaction with his comrades, panіv-radi Kunakov, Grab'yanka, Samovidets, Velichko, Tvardovsky, Yuzefsky, Kokhovsky, Albrecht Radzival, Mashkevich: "Monuments" Kiev. Commissions, Akti Pd. and Zap. Russia, Acti Moskov. Dominions, Supplementum ad Hist. Ruњ. monumenta, Archive Pivdenny Zakhid. Russia and in.
Monuments I. Vid. 3. Adam Kisil at the List to the Primate-Archbishop of Lubensky on 31 January 1648 think about your own mind, don’t split up Polish women and don’t go to Zaporizhzhya (No. 7). Sheet of the Lviv Syndic about Zhovtovodsk and Korsunskaya porazka. Here it is said that Khmelnytsky, standing under the White Church, "calls himself Prince Rus" (No. 10). Polsky will supplement one of the agents of Khmelnytsky, who was sent to Ukraine, Yaremi Kontsevich herself. To attach your Cossack ring, agents "to wear a running hair." The clergy help the rebels; for example, Vladika Athanasius of Lutsk sent Krivonos 70 gallons, 8 drinks of gunpowder, 7,000 pennies, to attack Olika and Dubno. Orthodox priests ask to lead one to one from place to place. Orthodox Christians at the localities move among themselves, as if to help the Cossacks; the stench promises to set fire to the place under the hour of their attack, otherwise sip the piska in the harmonica thinly (No. 11). Sheet from 12 chervny Khmelnytsky to Vladislav IV, also dead. Calculation of the Cossack scargs, given to the Warsaw Sejm on 17 days, signed by Khmelnytsky. Vіdpovidі tsі scarga. (Nos. 24, 25 and present). Leaf of Krivonos 25 linden to Prince Dominik Zaslavsky, skargo for the darings of Yeremia Vyshnevetsky, like a head and planting small people on a clod, and grumbling eyes to the priests ”(No. 30). Kissel's leaf to chancellor Ossolinsky, on the 9th sickle maetka Guscha cossacks, moreover, "well, all virizans, yards and taverns of the bedroom" (No. 35). A sheet of the Podilsky judge Myaskovsky, on the same day of the 9th, about the capture of Bar by storm from the Cossacks. "Nashkidlivishe buli moskovski walk-mesta, for which the guards ordered the villagers to go" (No. 36). For the help of Kisel, Kryvonis for his zhorstokіst for the order of Khmelnytsky buv landings on lansyug and prikutiy to harmati, and then we will bail. There were 180,000 Cossacks and 3 38 and 40 near Khmelnitsky nibi in sickle. (No. 51). Velichka about those who followed Zhovtikh Vody Khmelnytsky sent to Chigirin zagіn to zahopit his enemy, which is strativ. Vtіm, Bohdan himself prostovuє tsyu legend, vmagayuchi repeatedly in the form of Polyakіv vdachі yoma Chaplinsky. Notes of one of the commissars, Myaskovsky (Nos. 57, 60 and 61) about the negotiations of Kisel’s commission with the Cossacks at Pereyaslav. About wash, handed by Kisel, div. also in Kunakov, 288 - 289, Kakhovsky, 109, and in Supplem. ad. Hist. mon. 189. Novitsky "Adam Kisil, governor of Kiev". ("Kyiv. Antiquity". 1885. Leaf fall). The author, Mіzh іnshim, s Ksikga Michalowskiego to direct the Latin verse-paskvіl to the disliked by the Poles, Inferno. Kisselya and bring yoga mother. For example: Adde quod matrem olim meretricem Nunc habeat monacham sed incantatricem.
Akti Pd.u Zahid. Russia.ІІІ. View 17 Pieklo birch. Kisil was telling the nobleman's voivode about flowing into Zaporizhzhya alone 1000 or three more than the Cossacks of Cherkasy; "and their elders have a simple clap, which is called Khmelnitsky," which thinks to go to the Don and, together with the Dons, make a sea raid on the Turkish land. (Perhaps, something similar to the cob was opened not without the participation of Bogdan himself). And on the 24th of April, the very same Kisil at the leaf to the Moscow boyars was telling them that the Polish army went "by the field and the Dnipro" to the Khmelnitsky health resort and hung hope on the shvidka of the yogo stratum, as if the wine did not flow to the Crimea; and in anticipation of the arrival of the Ordi, he was told that, after the agreement had not been signed, the Moscow military might come to the aid of the Poles (No. 163 and 177). Details about the election and coronation of Jan Casimir (No. 243. Zap. Kunakov).
Akti Moskov. State Court. v. II. Records of 1648 - 1649: about the capture of Kodak, about the Zhovtovodsk and Korsun battles, about the crossing of the Leistrovs to Khmelnytsky; marvelous sensitive about the king, for the sake of the fact that vin utik at Smolensk, but scho vin infection with the Cossacks, wanting the people to stand up for the Orthodox faith. Poles and Zaliznytsy fight for the Dnipro, tobto. right-handed on the left side, they are blamed for the hour of taking any place. The inhabitants of the left bank bless God under the royal high hand. Obviously, on the cob tsієї vynischuvalnoї ї vіyni leva side tyagne to Moscow (№№ 338, 341 - 350). In the years 1650–1653: a report of the Bilgorod Voivode about the pestilence near the Cherkasy places; about Timothy Khmelnitsky's going to Moldova, about the Bilotserkivsky agreement, about those that the right side is pulling to Poland, about the people's skarga against Bogdan for his union with the Tatars, who devastated the land, about the union of the Don Cossacks from the Kalmiki against the Tatars, about the colonels of the Nizhinsky IV. Zolotarentsi and Poltava Pushkar, about the presentation of Turechchini and іn. (Nos. 468, 470, 485, 488, 492 - 497 too) Supplementum ad Hist.Rus. monumentu. Universal from Warsaw for the sake of the royal election and the war with the Cossacks; why go, scho Rus, tobto. the Cossacks, no longer easily attacked with bows and arrows, now stink with fire fighting (177). They gave the leaves of Khmelnytsky Kisel, Zaslavsky, to the senator of the z-pіd of Lvov, to Weyer of the commandant of Zamost, the sheet of the king to Khmelnitsky pіd of Zamost and іn. Archives Pivdenniy Zahid. Russia, part II. vol. I. Nos. XXIX – XXXI, Instructions to the Volyn ambassadors to the Sejm near the birch, 1649.
Following Kunakov’s advice, not one Cossack-Tatar bulk, but also sensitive about Moscow’s preparations, Smolensk and other places urged the Poles to hasten the choice of the king and order the fortifications of Smolensk (Ak. South. and West. Ros. III. 306)
For the mission of Yakov Smerovsky and the entrance to the Zamostya div. based on the handwritten manuscripts of the article by Oleksandr Krausgar, placed in one Polish selection of 1894 and updated in the Russian translation in the chest No. Kiev old times for 1894 Canon Yuzefovich and Grab'yanka speak about the urochist zustrіch Khmelnytsky. About full of Tatars remіsnikіv, yakі bare the heads of the Polish, povіdomlyaє Self-seeing. Yogo confirms the following fact: the starodubets Gr. Klimov near Kiev, among the concentrations of the Tatars; but if the Cossacks "bashed, they didn't know how to win, they took yogo to the Tatars for themselves" . (Acti Pd. i Zap. Ros. III. No. 205). About the friendship of Bogdan on his cousin Chaplinsky ("with the permission of the Patriarch of Tsaregrad") Grab'yanka, Self-seeing and Tvardovsky, speak. Smaller details about those in the commissar's student of Kisel (Monuments. I. vid. 3. side 335 - 339): neither the Beagle Patriarch of Rusalimsky, on his way to Moscow, met at Kiev Khmelnitsky in absentia, to that Chaplinska Bula was also in Chyhyryn. Vіn sent їy gifts with money; but Khmelnytsky's son Timoshka, "the right rose-breaker", gave Yogo a gourd and shaved his beard, and Khmelnitsky's retinue gave you only 50 talerіv. The Patriarch first gave Bogdan the title of "the most brilliant prince" and blessed Yogo "for the end of the blame for the Lyakhs." About the same patriarch and friends of Bohdan, Kokhovsky speaks (111). Kunakov to talk about the Patriarch of Rusalimsky Paisiya, which was the first hour of rebuking in Kiev, having blessed Khmelnitsky to approve the Greek faith in Russia, to cleanse it from the union; To this, Kissel's commission was not successful (it was understood that a better fortune-teller was set before Paisiya). Before that Patriarch Paisiya Khmelnytsky issued a secret order to the Ukrainian elders, written by the clerk IV. Vigovsky (Akti Pd. and Zap. Ros. III. No. 243 and 244). At Kulakov's article list about the embassy near Warsaw, among others, there are smuts of pan-for the sake of that hour; and also a cіkavі yogo voіdomlennya about the talks of Mary Ludwiga with Jan Kazimierz about the exit for the new zamіzh. (No. 242).
About Pilyavitsi div. Monuments (No. 53 and 54), Kunakov, as well as Polish writers Kokhovsky, Mashkevich and Tvardovsky. Pod Pilyavitsy, perhaps, having fallen into the house, the impostor Jan Faustin Luba, as if he had a super-clear star from Kunakov. (Stor. 283, 301 and 303). Kokhovsky recounts that after Pilyavits Khmelnytsky brought to his power that power of the duke’s Volodar (vim ducis et aucloritatem complexus), it’s almost without his title. After distributing the wine, plant it to otochyuchim yogo persons, like from: Charnota, Krivonis, Kalina, Evstakhіy, Voronchenko, Loboda, Burlai; but the most important for the new one was John Vigovsky, head of the clerkship. Tsei Vigovsky, nobleman of the Greek religion, previously serving at the Kiev court, for a fist in the acts of sentences to death, but with the shovel of noble people, having fallen down її, and then joining the military. !" (And on the side of 36 Pototsky's words to Kalinovsky: praesente parocho cesserit jurisdictio vicarii). Kohovsky was the Lviv canon Yuzefovich, whom he himself knows, if he had a chance to describe the blog of Lvov by Khmelnytsky and shukati nshіnshіnzhіnzherel, (151). Rosovyda about the Chudovi Vidinnya in the Catholic churches of the Monasters, the VID VID VID VIDA VID. Woyna Domowa Samoyla Tvardovsky, written by the Polish Virshami of the Rotsi, at the old Stefi, the clerk of Lubyveki, remembered, remembered. I’ll call it “The Tale of the Cossack War with the Poles”. Here are some details. For example, about the capture of Tulchin by Colonel Ganzha, then Ostap, about the driving of Prince Chetvertinsky by the high-handed holots and the capture of his squad by the colonel (12-13). 48): Czetwertinius Borovicae in oppido interceptus; violata in conspectu uxore as enectis liberis, demum ips e a molitore proprio ferrata pil medius proeceditur. (The same report from Yuzefovich. 129). Kochovsky thinks about the capture of Kodak (57), pardoningly calls him the commandant of the Frenchman Marion, which was the first time he was taken by Sulima in 1635. Colonel Shumeyko of Nizhynsky, a kind of zmusiv of the commandant of the Grodzitsky building, for example, 1648 p. (Schodennik of Mashkevich. "Memoirs". Vip. 2. Page 110. Note). About Kodatsky castle, yoga garrison for 600 people and Dniprovsky rapids, number 12, div. at Mashkevich on the side. 412 - 413 translation. According to Mashkevich, the military hetman Radivil crossed the Dnipro to Loev in 1649. on kayaks, ruling the walk-cities with them (438). Ibid in a straight line. on the side 416 letter to Geisman "Biy at Zhovti Vody". Irpin. 1890 Vіn vazuє zhovtu jar against Saksagan, and the battlefield vvazha village Zholte on the pivnіchno-zahіdnіy outskirts of Verkhniodnіprovskogo povіtu.
Deyakі, not zavzhd stovіrnі, zvіstki about tsі podії we know from Yerlich. For example, from the drive of the rapt death of Vladislav IV, I heard a rumor, nibi on the watering of hayduk yogo, shooting at a deer, what to live, eating from the king, what chasing after him. The Cossacks of the registry, which they had changed for the Poles, "taking off their hats at once," rushed at them. The Cossack commissar Shemberg, who, having drank at the Zhovti waters, was decapitated by the Cossacks. Vіn povidomlyaє about Mykoli Pototsky's addiction to the drunkenness of young panіv, about the mass flow of his maїtkіv nobility with retinues and children, to Volin near Poland after the Korsunsky defeat, if the serfs screeched and rebelled, they began to blame the yard, rob the gentry , Valtuvati їхніх squads and daughters (61 - 68). For Yerlich and Radzivil, for Lvov, a payback of 200,000 zlotys was taken, for Yuzefovich - 700,000 Polish florins, for Kochovsky - 100,000 imperialium. So the very number of warriors, especially the Cossack and Tatar ones, among the dzherelakh there is a great diversity and often an increase.
Єrlich, Orthodox, ale nap_polyacheny gentry and helper, with hatred put before Khmelnitsky and povstalikh Cossacks. This is how different sounds are trapped by Alberkh Radzivil in Yogo Pamietnikax (vol. II.). From them, we know that the Polish ambassadors Kisil and Pac, who turned from Moscow, made a sound in the Senate about their embassy with great slanders over Muscovites. Vіn povіdomlyає pro zrada rosіyskih people pіd tya vіdtya by the Cossacks of the city of Polonny, Zaslav, Ostrog, Korets, Mendzhizhech, Tulchin, the beating of the gentry, the townspeople and especially the railways; yogo Olika also ate yogo piddanikh to the hands of the Cossacks. Vіn pererahovuє їх debauchery, zhorstokostі and bluznіrstva over Catholic churches and shrines; and why induce the prophecy of one dying lad: quadragesimus octavus mirabilis annus. About a strong tide of the Commonwealth and the townspeople from the military and new registered regiments, from Samovidtsya (19 - 20). Kokhovsky named the XVII Cossack legions, but pererahovu 15, and when the names of the colonels were named, super-succession would appear at the new song (115 sides). At Grab'yanka, 14 regiments were rearranged from colonels after Zborov. (94). "Register of the military Zaporizhsky", it was also compiled after the Zborіvsky agreement, to build 16 regiments ("Thurs. Pro. and. and іn." 1874. Book 2). In the Acts of Pivdenny and Zakhidnoy Ros. (T. VIII, No. 33) also after Zborov, "sixteen regiments were charged to the hetman," and the stench was redeemed (on page 351) with the names of colonels; Ivan Bohun leads two regiments, Kalnitsky and Chernigivsky.
About the embassy of Smerovsky and that yogo driving at Yerlich (98). Monuments.I. III. Store 404 and 429. Ksiega Mikhailovsky. №№ 114 and 115. Manuscript collection from the library of gr. Khreptovich (239), delisting the crown hetmans and the king from Khmelnitsky. Іbіd. Russian song in Latin letters about Bohdan Khmelnitsky, pid 1654 (277). Oblogs of Zbarazh: Kokhivsky, Tvardovsky, Yuzefovich, Self-seeker and Grab'yanka. About the gentry, who made his way to the king, to say Tvardovsky and Grab'yanka, but to differ in detail. Grab'yanka calls him Skretuska (72). behind Tvardovsky i Kohovsky, Khmelnytsky live at this oblozі behind the Moscow zvichaєm walk-city for an attack to the ramparts, but not far off; guess minis and counterminis. Yuzefovich vvazhaє pіd Zbarazh is less than 12,000 Poles, and Cossacks and Tatars 300,000! The listing of the king, khan and Khmelnytsky under Zborovym Monuments. I. 3. No. 81 - 85.
Zborivsky agreement with S. G. G. and D. III. No. 137. (Here the Polish text and the Russian translation are not always accurate). Actual messages about Zbarazh and Zboriv Acts of Pivdenny and Western Russia. T. III. Nos. 272 - 279, especially Nos. 301 (Kunakov's report about the oblog, the battle and the agreement, the king's marriage with the khan and Khmelnitsky, which nibito with whom the king was proudly and dryly, then about the foolishness of the serfs on Khmelnitsky for the agreement, on substantiating what Kunakov prophesied for the renewal of the war) and 303 (signature of the szlyakhiv voivods about your own submissions and Zborivsky statistics). T. X. No. 6 (also about qi statti). Archives of Pivdenno-Zakhidnoy Russia. C.P.T.I. No. XXXII. (About the turn of the Orthodox Churches and spiritual materials on the basis of the Zborivsky treaty).
At the details about the defeat under Berestechko, the flow of Khan and Khmelnitsky, the chimal was super-speech. The deyakі polskі authors seem that the khan has caught Bogdan in his place like a brother. (Div. Butsinsky. 95). I repeat myself the note of the clerk Grigory Bogdanov. (Acts of Pivdenny and Western Russia, III. No. 328. stor 446). But the Ukrainian chroniclers, for example, the self-seeing Grabyanka, do not seem to have anything like that. Similarly, Colonel Semyon Savich, the hetman's envoy from Moscow, does not say anything about the rapist Khmelnitsky (Akti Yu. ta 3. R. III. No. 329). Vіrogіdnіshe, scho Khmelnytsky himself did not want to turn to his regiments without the Tatars. And the khan, judging by the quietness of the dzherel himself, explained his flow simply by panic. Ale m. unconditionally(93-94. Contributions to the "Short Historical Description about Little Russia"). The current plan of the battle under Berestechko, which was saved in the briefcases of King Stanislav August, was applied to the first volume by Bantish-Kamensky.
Bilotserkivsky agreement, Batog, Suceava, Zhvanets and steps: Grab'yanka, Samovidets, Velichko, Yuzefovich, Kokhovsky. S. G. G. and D. III. No. 143. Monuments. III. Vid. 3. No. 1 (Kissel’s sheet to the king on February 24, 1652, about the Treaty of Bilotserkivsky, it’s possible to come to Khmelnytsky with pleasure, to cook yoga with the Tatars), 3 (sheet from Stockholm of the great chancellor Radzeevsky to Khmelnytsky zhn 30 to the rock) to the point of praising Queen Christina, as if you could fight the Poles, it would be good to make an alliance with her. 4 (about the defeat of the Poles under Batogh), 5 (sheet of the Polish hetman Stanislav Pototsky Khmelnitsky at the sickle of 1652, with the pleasure of bowing to the mercy of the king). Shchodo shlyubu Timosha z Roxanda divas. Statue of Vengrzhenevsky "Vesillya Timofiy Khmelnytsky". (Kyivska Starina). 1887 Traven). About Bogdan's coyness Kyiv. Old.(1901 r. No. I. under the name "Pasіka B. Khmelnitsky"); From this it is clear that Bogdan saw a flock near the Shungan, which was in the Black Forest, which stood 15 miles from Chigirin. Bogdan’s friend squad, Chaplinsk’s kolishna, “by birth Polk”, after the words of the chroniclers (Hrabianka, Tvardovsky), succumbed to you: dressed in a rich cloth, she presented guests with a slipper near golden goblets, and for a man she rubbed tyutyun at the petiole, and she herself at once got drunk on him. For Polish sensibilities, Chaplinska’s colossus vanished at the junction with one anniversary maister from Lvov, and at once stole from Bogdan one of those dug in by him baril of gold, for which they punished both of them. And behind the words of Velichka, tse zrobiv for the presence of his father Timofy, who punished his mother to hang on the gate. Behind all the signs and signs, there is a legendary character; on scho i vkazuє Vengrzhenevsky at the higher value of the article. Why did I bring the Greek Elder Pavel to Moscow? (Acts of Pivdenny and Western Russia, III. No. 319. Stor. 452 ). About Khmelnytsky's attack on a part of the Ordy and її pogrom was beaten by Mezhyhir'ya to speak Velichko. I. 166.
About the citizenship of Khmelnytskyi Turechchyna to speak Tvardovsky (82) that Grab'yanka (95). Div Kostomarov "Bogdan Khmelnytsky tributary of the Ottoman Port". (Bulletin of Europe 1878.XII). Close to 1878 the author is known to the Moscow Archive Min. Іn. Right, at the same time in the Polish Crown Metrics, a copy of the assets of 1650–1655, which confirms the appointment of Khmelnytsky to the Turkish Sultan, such as the Turkish letter of Sultan Makhmet and Greek letters with Latin translation, writings of Khmelnytsky Khan to Krimsky Khan. From this listing, it is clear that Bogdan took an oath in Moscow and continued to cunning and explain to the Sultan and Khan of his journey to Moscow simply by agreeing with the minds of how to take help against the Polyakiv. G. Butsinsky in his higher title of the monograph (page 84 and further) also confirms Bohdan's Turkish affiliation and bases himself on the documents themselves Archive of Min. Іn. Ref. Vіn directing leaves to Bogdan of the dean of the Turkish Tatar nobles and a letter to the new Tsaregrad Patriarch Parfeniy; this patriarch, who accepted and blessed the ambassador of Khmelnitsky, who arrived to the Sultan, dying as a victim of the slander of the rulers of Moldavia and Volosky. From the first drive of the metro station Butsinsky, we ask for the "History of the Conquest of Russia from the Skhod" by the priest. Mikilsky. Until that hour, you can bring Cromwell's sheets to Bogdan. (Please send me to Kyiv. Starovin 1882 Book. 1.Stor. 212). Documents about Turkish citizenship were then often ordered in the Acts of Pivdenny and Western Russia. Div T. XIV. No. 41. (Sheet of the Janichary pasha to Khmelnytsky on the date of 1653).
The turning point of Ukrainian history was the year 1648. Polish chronicles all before ten years called the hour of "golden calm": judgesthe powers were weakened and experienced a crisis, the Cossacks, snekrovlennaya unsuccessful insurgents, for some hour they were angry at the possibility of a victorious victory, and the Polish military gradually changed in Ukraine. Ten years in front of the Khmelnytsky region brought the Polish gentry a significant increase in economic goodness. The colonization of the Livoberezhzhya, as before the Right Bank of the Dnipro, the expansion of the magnate latifundia of the Vyshnevetsky, Pototsky, Kalinovsky and others gave their lords great income. The first prosperity of Poland was accompanied by a sharp increase in the exploitation of the broad masses, as if they were divided among the gentry, they were without rights and humiliation. The parliamentary freedom of the Sejm was judged by the sovereignty of the total lack of authority. The king did not have time to try to win the resolutions praised by the Sejm, and the gentry vied superechki among themselves from the position of strength. In the sphere of spiritual life, regardless of the votes of 1632, the Catholic Church, with an ever-increasing influx of small people, was preparing a new attack on the Orthodox and Protestants.
The current Polish king Vladislav IV of the Vaziv dynasty was distinguished by tolerance, kindness to the Cossacks, loving to fight, and the Polish gentry almost did not want to go to war. Therefore, Vladislav IV, having conceived a war against the Turks, having provoked the Turks themselves with the help of the Cossacks. In 1646 p. the king of the provinces near Warsaw had a talk with the Cossack elders: Barabash, Karaimovich, Nesterenko and Khmelnitsky. The sergeant-major took away the appearance of the king of koshti, an ensign, sent to the zbіlshennya vіysk at 12 thousand and ordered the buti to prepare for a sea trip to the Turechchina, ale trimati tse at the deep taєmnitsa. That same king himself, for money, began to recruit military. In this rank, sixteen thousand military men were elected to the fate of Lvov in 1646, but still it happened to be dismissed to the power of the Sejm.
The Cossacks did not hurry. In the early hours of Nalivayka, the Cossacks pushed to the independence of the sovereignty of the Ukrainian state, and Zaporizhka Sich was invading a significant part of the steppe Ukraine, expanding its influx into the mainland Ukrainian lands. Qiu "power within the state" can be recognized by the Polish order, all at once, all the time, trying to protect yourself and wanting to weaken it. The Cossacks successfully led an independent foreign policy, conducted negotiations, and laid down land with other lands, poured into the internal politics of Poland and Ukraine. For the transfer of the Cossacks I will arrange for the whole of Ukraine, the great politician and the organizer, the alarm clock of the state. The Cossack foreman Bogdan Khmelnytsky, who had already spoken about important Ukrainian history for a few times, became such an organizer of the alarm clock.
Bogdan Khmelnitsky having resembled the native Ukrainian gentry and was born close to 1595. Zavdyaki batkov, like a servant of Zholkevsky and alive at Zhovkva, and then becoming a Chigirinsky cadet, Bohdan got enlightened at the Lviv єzuїtsky collegium. Together with his father, Bogdan was born to Tsetsoroy in 1620 and drank a Turkish full. Then Khmelnytsky turned back to Subotov, gave tribute to his father Mikhail by the headman Danilovich, and then served at the registered Cossack officer. Zavdyaki rozum, znachnomu vіyskovomu and zhittєvomu dosvіdu Khmelnytsky 1637 rock becoming viysk clerk. After strangling the remaining Cossack rebellion until 1648. Vіn zalishavshis Chigirinsky centurion. Even before the conflict with the elder Chaplinsky, Khmelnytsky became one of the active participants in the already conceived Turkish plan of Vladislav IV, and also, the anti-magnate opposition. Peresleduvannya paniv zamusili Bogdan Khmelnytsky flowing to Zaporizhzhya, de vin rozpochav the organization of the nationwide rebellion. Cooking was three times a day, and not only Cossacks were choked - "vipischiki", but also a wide mass of villagers and philistines. For example, Yarema Vyshnevetskyy had discovered and confiscated a thousand towels in the Lubenshchyna ahead of the day. Up to three hundred Cossacks came from Khmelnytskyi, and not too long ago they switched to yoga, and the Zaporizhians became active participants in the preparations for the insurrection, voted Khmelnytskyi hetman and handed him Kleinodi.
Vodnochas Khmelnytsky nadislav embassy to Krim. At the negotiations with the Tatars, the Cossacks had an indisputable proof - the leaves of the king - how to prepare Poland before the war with the Crimea. To the Crimeans themselves, who were exposed to strife, the proposition of the Cossacks fell to the soul. Dopomіzhne Tatar viysko having choked Tugai - bey, one of the Crimean oppositionists, like a khan, having respected for the better, he would be better. The alliance with the Tatars was suddenly unimaginable, at the worst moments the stench repeatedly greeted the Cossacks, gave Ukraine great battles, zokrema, hooting into the full of peaceful population. Ale, this union, as if naming Krip'yakevich, with a political and militaristic kіntsіvkoy, having secured Ukraine against attacks from the day and giving the Cossack military kinnot.
The Polish government has figured out how to threaten the appearance of Khmelnytsky in Ukraine, for example, the crown hetman M. Pototsky already on the 5th of February 1648. having violated the crown Viysky from Bar to Korsun, and in the universal before the rebels, having punished the Yoma of Khmelnytsky and rozіtisya. At the time of disobedience, Pototsky threatening "all your statues, like at the volost, take away, women, children, virizat".
Boyoví dії rozpochalis at kvіtnі. M. Pototsky was in contact with Korsun and Chigirin and hung against Khmelnytsky his son Stefan and commissar Shemberg (2500 registered and 1500 soldiers), at some Kodak Mali came the reshta of registered Cossacks, like under the wire of Barabash and Karaimovich. Following this avant-garde, the army of Korsun and the brunt of the army from 5-6 thousand soldiers under the cerebration of M. Pototsky and M. Kalinovsky destroyed.
Khmelnytsky far away victorious rose of the Polish troops, on April 26, attacking the avant-garde of S. Pototsky under Zhovtimi Vody and trimming in the flank of the yogi with a stretch of two tyzhniv. Registered Cossacks, under the influx of agitation of the rebels, rebelled against Kam'yany Zaton, drowned their superiors, and crossed over to Khmelnytsky Bik. The Cossacks killed those same people, like the bulls from S. Pototsky. Everything trumped the share of the Polish avant-garde, defeated on May 16 near the Balts Princes Bayraki. S. Pototsky, seriously injured, having eaten at the full and died. The main Polish military, otrimavshi about the fateful fate of his avant-garde, began to advance, under Korsun yogo, having overtaken Khmelnytsky and on May 26, having defeated the Uytssnt. Offending the Polish hetmans ate to the full. The Polish king Vladislav IV died the same way.
First wins of the Cossack warrior Khmelnytsky called the Trochs "igrushki" for the year. In fact, the stench was of little great significance for the roaring of the nationwide insurrection throughout Ukraine, revealed the latest twilight and powerlessness of the Polish administration. The most active participants in the rebellion were the peasants and the lower classes: brewers, winemakers, burial grounds, weekday workers, farm laborers and shepherds, pidmaistri and servants. Hatred to the point, muffled by decades, swelled to its full strength. A spontaneous sea of assaults, robberies, and the destruction of "everything that was called a pan" flooded the whole of Ukraine. The Polish gentry, the Catholic clergy, the Jews - the orendars (Volodars) bouli virizani or flowed to Poland. People’s movement in the Pivnochi and pivdni of Belarus was stunned by Petro Golovatsky, in the Bratslav region - Tryfon z Bershad, in the Uman region - Ganzha, at the "Vyshnevichi - chini" - Maxim Krivonis. The rest was far away from defeating the military Jeremiah of Vyshnevetsky under Nemyrov and Makhnivka and confusing the prince to make his way to Poland by a detour.
After the death of the king, the power passed to the primate of Poland, the old Martin Lubensky, and actually belonged to the chancellor Ossolinsky (his hour of guilt was trying to get the king's power through the "Turkish plans" of Vladislav IV). The Chancellor, having lived on the threshold of the defense of Poland: having called the noble sejmiks, voiced about the recruitment of a new army, and recognized them as military leaders D. Zaslavsky, M. Ostrorog and O. Konetspolsky, whom the Cossacks christened with “a featherbed, a latina and a child.”
At one time, the Polish diplomats turned back to Turechchini, trying to defeat the Tatars, and to Moscow, propagating a negainous attack on the Crimea. Adam Kisil, with his outposts against the Orthodoxy, moved from the embassy to Khmelnytsky, so that a peaceful negotiations would begin. Ta me Khmelnytskyi, children of the White Church, not hastening to develop the military children. At Lipnia, the Cossacks' embassy in choli with Veshnyak arrived to Warsaw with a roll of sheets (dated 12 chervnya) to the king, crown marshal, prince Zaslavsky. Vymogi Cossack instructions were modest: Khmelnytskyi did a twelve-thousand-strong registry, reinstating the rights and privileges of the Cossacks, defending the Orthodox faith and turning to the Orthodox Church Uniates, zocrema near Lublin, Krasnostavі, Sokalі. Otzhe, sensitively, that Khmelnytsky could become the “prince of Russia” and make Kiev its capital, the capital of an independent state, did not succeed.
Rozumіyuchi timchasovy world іz Poland, Khmelnytsky energetically taking up the organization of the regular army. The hetman began to put things in order in Ukraine with a saline hand. A number of regiments were ostracized by the long-standing colonels Jalaliy, Girya, Veshnyaki, Burlyai Among the new boulevards were vchorashny gentry, townspeople, boyars Gogol (Yanovsky), Gladky, Nebaba, Zolotarenko, Morozenko (Mrozovitsky), Krichevsky, Bohun, Nechay. Often the hetman went in with stern approaches: punish robbers to death, who were not fit for the army, and brought home. Navit Kryvonis, the future right hand of Khmelnytsky, was punished for swaville: yogo was nailed to harmati by the neck. In a peaceful pause, Khmelnytsky scurried again and again in the autumn, even with seventy-thousand regular and well-armed army, a large number of easily deployed irregular units. Poland also won the world for organizing and mobilizing information. On the 16th lime near Warsaw, the meetings of the Sejm began, which, with a singing peace, waited to please the cossacks, having confirmed three regimentaries, commissars on the island of O. Kisel for negotiations with Khmelnytsky.
The first lower commissars made their way to Khmelnytsky, Pylyavtsa under the clay began to pick up the new Polish viysko on the island of Ostrorog, Zaslavsky and Konetspolsky. The gentry, for the witnesses of a co-worker, went to war as if to a wedding, taking away the marks, costly stuffing that clothes, drink, produce. On a hundred thousand wars, 100 garmats fell and a convoy of one hundred thousand (!) Carriages.
Khmelnytsky povіv vіysko vіysko nazustrіch to the Poles from Maslovym Headquarters through Pavoloch, Khmilnyk and zupinivsya under Pilyavtsy over Ikva, at the vigilante for the battle mіstsі, de zbuduvav fortifications of the tabir. Okremy tabir was roused by the military of Krivonos. In a flash, the Cossacks trochs overran 100 thousand, the Tatars were 600,000 (the main current forces went 12 (22 for the new style) spring). On the 6th of spring, the Poles went to Starokostyantinov. The Cossacks stole the fortifications, but at night, following the order of the hetman, they left the place, enticing the Polish countryside to Pilyavtsiv. On the 9th of spring, the Polish regiments marched a mile away from the Cossack camp, and on the 11th of spring, battles began for rowing that trenches over Ikva.
The decisive battle took place on the 13th of spring, when the hordes of Bilgorod came to Khmelnytskyi. On March 13, the Ukrainian regiments marched on the attack on the center of the gentry. The Polish kinnota, without a command, started a fretless beat and was torn apart. The Cossacks defeated the Masovian and Sandomierz regiments, the Tatars defeated the divisions of the Polish cavalry. Poles in panitsi beagle. Bliskucha victory under Pilyavtsami gave the Cossack Colonel Yashevsky the opportunity to say: “Not the Poles, who happened before them and beat the Turks, Moscow, Tatars, Nimtsiv. NOT Zamoyski, Zholkiewski, Khodkevichi, Khmeletski, Konetspolski, but Tkhuzhevski, Zayonchkivski, children, dressed in the hall. They died in fear, they beat us up and killed us... Yakby, oh, they poked on Friday - we can’t live long enough to get to Lvov.”
The leftovers of the Polish army, the “pilyavchiki,” were no longer in Lvov, and then they took away a new regimenter, Yarem Vyshnevetsky. Ale, the prince, having saved pennies for defense, having left the place and pishov on Zamostya.
Tim an hour at the Cossack camp after the battle viniklo two concepts of distant actions. Part of the sergeant-major respected that they should take the line of the river. Others, among them Tugai Bey, were forced to go to Lviv. Khmelnytsky zmusheny buv wait a while with the miraculous svogo ally, as well as vrahuvat the mood of the masses.
So, the Ukrainian-Tatar army rushed to Lviv. Khmelnytsky maw had enough strength to take away the headland of the Russian Voivodeship, more so, on August 5, the Cossacks of Maxim Krivonos got the High Castle, and the place was named. Ale hetman, not asking Lviv to plunder the Tatars, having robbed himself of a ransom. So he himself brought the hetman and under Zamosti, de check on the choice of the new Polish king. In an hour, in all Galicia, an insurrection against the Poles broke out. The towns of Gorodok, Rohatyn, Yanov, Yavoriv, Sudovo Vyshni, Krakivtsya, Potelich, Ravi-Russian, peasant insurgents, the hospice of Kholmshina and Pdlyashshya, and all the western Ukrainian ethnic lands, were especially active.
Perebuvayuchi under Zamosti, Bohdan Khmelnytsky actively poured into the fight near Poland. A bunch of wines supported the candidacy of Yury 1 Rakoc, Semimіsk voivode, but he died unexpectedly on the 11th of Zhovtnya. Todi Khmelnytsky, having won the victory of Jan Kazimierz, to support the favors of Polish politicians directly on the island of Ossolinsky.
1648 r_k, r_k of revolutionary changes in Ukraine, culminating in the tract of the hetman's journey to Kiev. The people were slaughtered after the leader, like "another Moses, who freed the Ukrainian people from Polish captivity." In the tracts of Khmelnytsky, the clergy took part in the number of people with the Metropolitan of Kosovo, the present and Russian Patriarch Paissy. The hetman was surrounded by foreign envoys - from Moldova, Turechchina, Transylvania, Voloshin. All the conditions changed the mood of the hetman's plan. Dosі vіn not pіnіmavsya more for the interests of your class - the Cossacks, but now you have recognized your obligations to the whole people, saying to the Polish commissars: God has given me that I am a sovereign, autocrat of Russia. It is enough now for May to see prosperity in the land and princedom of your own, for Lviv, Hill and Galich. And having stood over the Vistula, I will say to the distant Poles: sit and move, Poles. Do not lose the leg of the prince that Shlyakhetka in Ukraine, but if you want some bread from us, let Viysk Zaporizky hear rumors.
The implementation of these plans of the Hetmans had a chance to go through hostile circumstances. Poland had not yet been defeated, the Christian magnates did not want to reconcile with the loss of their citizens in Ukraine. The Tatars were also afraid of the strong and independent Ukraine, so the khan tried to prevent Khmelnitsky from resurrecting again (then it played a fatal role under Zborov and Berestechko). And the Ukrainian people were not sufficiently single-flocked: super-echoes were killed, like between the peasantry and the Cossacks, and between the Cossack elders and the gentry, the struggle for the reach of the rebels began. Social conflicts were brewing. Everything zmushuvalo hetman to conduct a protective and dead policy, shukati new allies. At the same time, Khmelnytsky sent an embassy to Moscow, stole favors from Transylvania, and raised stosunki with Janusz Radziwill. And besides, having carried out a wide mobilization in Ukraine, getting ready for the upcoming war, once again enlisting the support of Crimea.
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