Software security TSF core is composed of trusted add-ons, which are sorted out in order to implement security functions. Give respect to those who have fully hacked libraries, including PAM modules in some cases, are hacked by programs that are trusted. However, without having a copy, the fully victorious library itself is accepted as an object to be trusted. The team that is trusted can be grouped in an offensive rank.

• System initialization
• Identification and authentication
• Merezhev programs
• Package not processed
• System management
• Audit of equal koristuvach
• Cryptographic support
• Support for a virtual machine

The core components can be divided into three warehouses: core core, core threads and core modules, fallow depending on how the stink will be wrapped.

• The main core includes a code that can be checked to give a service, such as servicing the system call to the core or turning off the service or restarting. Most of the compiled kernel code falls into the same category.
• Kernel threads. In order to eliminate the standard tasks, such as clearing disk caches or improving memory, the way of vivantage of non-recurring side blocks, the core creates internal processes or streams. Flows are planned as such, like a zvichayny process, but the stench does not bother the context in an unprivileged mode. The threads of the kernel hack every single function of the kernel. Threads of the core are located in the open space of the core, and are less likely to be processed in the privileged mode.
• Kernel module and add-on driver kernel module are code snippets that can be enabled and enabled in the same kernel if needed. They expand the functionality of the kernel without the need to reconfigure the system. Once the object code of a kernel module is captured, it can deny access to other kernel code, and in such a way as to statically link the kernel object code.

I'll add a driver - a special type of kernel module that allows the kernel to gain access to hardware devices that are connected to the system. Digital attachments can be hard disks, monitors or interfaces. The driver interacts with a part of the kernel, which is left out, through the same interface, which allows the mother's kernel on the right with the usima in a universal way, regardless of their basic implementations.

The core is composed of logical subsystems, which provide different functional possibilities. Navіt despite the fact that the core is a single program, which vykonuєtsya, different services, as if it were different, can be divided and combined into different logical components. These components interact to ensure the same functions. The core is composed of the next logical subsystems:

• The file subsystem and input subsystem: This subsystem implements functions associated with file system objects. Implemented functions include those that allow the process to create, support, interchange, and view file system objects. These objects include regular files, directories, symbolic messages, simple messages, files specific to different device types, channel names, and sockets.
• Subsystem of processes: This subsystem implements functions related to process control and flow control. Implemented functions allow you to create, plan, viconate and see processes and flow subjects.
• Memory subsystem: This subsystem implements the functions associated with the storage resources of the system's memory.
• Merezheva subsystem: This subsystem implements UNIX sockets and the Internet domain, as well as algorithms that are used to plan smaller packages.
• Subsystem IPC: This subsystem implements functions related to IPC mechanisms
• Kernel module subsystem: This subsystem implements an infrastructure that allows you to support modules that are occupied. Implemented functions include capturing, initialization and vivantage of kernel modules.
• Linux security extension: Linux Security Extensions implement various aspects of security that are secured for the entire kernel, including the framework of the Linux Security Module (LSM). The LSM framework is the basis of the modules that allow the implementation of various security policies, including SELinux. SELinux is an important logical subsystem. Tsya subsystem implements the functions of mandated keruvannya by access, so that access can be reached between usima objects and objects.
• Add driver subsystem: This subsystem implements support for various hardware and software add-ons through a hot interface, so that you don’t get stuck in the add-ons.
• Subsystem to audit: Tsya subsystem implements functions related to the recording of critical data to the security of the system. Implemented functions include tі, yakі zahoplyuyut kozhen sistemnym viklik, schob zapisnі vіdnoshennі vіdnoshnі v zeppekі podіі і і, yakі implement nabrіzuyut і recording control data.
• Subsystem KVM: Tsya subsystem implements the support of the life cycle of a virtual machine Vaughn completes the instructions, which are victorious for the instructions, as they require less than small revisions. For further completion of the instructions, KVM calls the component to the QEMU box.
• Crypto API: This subsystem provides an internal cryptographic library for all kernel components. Vaughn will secure cryptographic primitives for the well-known parties.

The kernel is the main part of the operating system. It is mutually without intermediary with equipment, realizing a pool of resources, providing services for supplements, and avoiding direct access to supplements for equipment and fallow functions. Before the services that rely on the core, one can see:

1. Management of all processes, including operations with their creation, completion or suspension and inter-process exchange of data. The stinks include:

• Equivalent planning of processes before the end of the process on the CPU.
• Podіl protsesіv at the CPU z vikoristannym mode podіlu by the hour.
• Watching the process at the CPU.
• Attaching the core after the end of the entered quantum to the hour.
• Seeing the hour of the kernel for watching the other process.
• Rescheduling the hour of the kernel for the completion of the zupineny process.
• Managing metadata associated with a secure process, such as UIDs, GIDs, SELinux, feature identifiers.

2. Vidіlennya operative memory for vykonuvanny process. This operation includes:

• Dozvіl, scho seen as the core for the processes, on the bedroom of the vikoristanny part of the address space for singing minds; however, in this case, the kernel protects the authority's address space to the process of calling it.
• As the system recognizes missing memory, the kernel makes it possible to store the memory in a way to record the process of time in the memory of another equal, or split it up.
• It is necessary to interoperate with the hardware of the machine, to set the virtual address to the physical address, as well as to set the difference between the addresses generated by the compiler and the physical addresses.

3. Maintenance of the life cycle of virtual machines, which includes:

• Set up a boundary for resources, set up by the emulation add-on for this virtual machine.
• Launching the program code of the virtual machine on the viconan.
• Processing of the completed robots of virtual machines or the way of completion of the instructions, or zatrimka of the completed instructions for emulation of the open space of the coristuvach.

4. Maintenance of the file system. Price includes:

• Vision of secondary memory for effective saving and memory of data.
• Vision of old memory for the files of the koristuvach.
• Utilization of non-corrosive space for saving data.
• Organization of the structure of the file system (discussed principles of structure).
• File protection against unauthorized access.
• Organization of controlled access of processes to peripheral attachments, such as terminals, string extensions, disk drives and storage attachments.
• The organization of mutual access to data for subjects and objects, based on the access based on the DAC policy and whether it is any other policy that is implemented by the LSM.

The Linux kernel is considered to be the type of OS kernels that implement the planning for the implementation of the day. In the kernels, which can have such a possibility, the code of the kernel will run until completion, tobto. the planner is not built until the re-planning of the task at that hour, if it is in the nucleus. In addition, the planning of the kernel code is executed in parallel, without any sloppy planning, and the completion of this code is three until the moment of completion, that turning to the open space is short or to an explicit blocking. At the cores that are to be taken, it is possible to develop the plan at any point, while the core is in the camp, in which it is safe to re-plan.

Yuri MORZHIN, intercessor of the general director - director of the branch of the BAT "STC of electric power industry" - VNDIE;

Yuri SHAKARYAN, intercessor of the general director - science scientist of the VAT "STC of electric power industry", science scientist of VNDIE;

Valery VOROTNYTSKY, intercessor of the director of the branch of the BAT "STC of electric power industry" - VNDIE s scientific work;

Mykola NOVIKOV, Intercessor of the Scientific Clerk of the VAT "STC of Electric Power Engineering"

Speaking of excellence, quality and environmental friendliness of electricity supply, we are to blame for the development of new and innovative technologies for the development, analysis, forecasting, rationing and reduction of electricity consumption in electric networks, operational dispatch control mode. We propagate the material, a tribute to the branch of the Scientific and Technical Center of Electric Power Engineering by the Science and Technology Institute of Electric Power Engineering (VNDIE), in which it is told about the most important on this day the development of the institute in Denmark.

Improvement of costs and systems of rozrahunka reductionelectricity consumption

New approaches to the system of management of electricity, the formation of tariffs for services from the transfer of electricity, to the system of normalization and management of the level of electricity inputs, and to develop the development of methods for their development. Tsey development is carried out today at kіlkoh on a straight line.

Accuracy rozrakhunkіv technical costs (RTP) Electricity is transferred to the account of a greater variety of operational information about the switching mill of the electric line (Fig. 1), physical parameters of її elements, regime data about voltage, equal voltages.

Necessary transition from the determined costs of the cost of electricity to the final estimates from the specified accuracy and confidence intervals with a further estimate of the risks when a decision is made about the investment of costs at a decrease in costs.

Another vector of development is the development of fundamentally new intellectual models for the appearance of anonymous, unimportant officials, which add the value of actual and technical costs of electricity to the forecasting of costs. One of these models is based on the development of artificial neural networks, which are, in fact, one of the areas of artificial intelligence technologies that are actively developing.

Розвиток автоматизованих інформаційно-вимірювальних систем комерційного обліку електроенергії (АІІС КУЕ), автоматизованих систем технологічного управління (АСТУ) електричними мережами, графічних та географічних інформаційних систем (ГІС) створює реальні можливості для вдосконалення програмного забезпечення розрахунків, аналізу та нормування втрат електроенергії (ПО РП) . Zocrema, at this time, there is an urgent need for the integration of software and hardware complexes (PTK) and databases АІІС KUE, ASTU, ГІС and RP software, which can be found in them, to improve accuracy, transparency and roughness of rozrahunkі in the mode of electricity, balance electricity. Often such integration has already been done. Further development may be based on new approaches to the standardization of information exchanges between different PTCs on a single information platform, including the variety of so-called SIM-models.

As practice shows, the traditional methods of reducing the cost of electricity cannot ensure the improvement of costs on a technically and economically primed level. Getting closer to the next equal becomes all dear and will require great zusil. It is necessary to establish a fundamentally new technology and technology for the transfer and distribution of electricity. Nasampered tse:

• Modern static regulation of the attachment of late and transverse compensation of reactive tension.
• Attachments that are primed for high-temperature superconductivity (HTSC).
• The stagnation of "smart" technologies in electrical networks (SmartGrid technologies). Це дозволяє за рахунок забезпечення електричних мереж засобами системного контролю та управління навантаженням у темпі процесу не тільки здійснювати оперативний моніторинг споживання потужності та електроенергії споживачів, але й керувати цією потужністю та електроенергією з метою найефективнішого використання пропускної спроможності електричної мережі у кожний момент часу. For the consideration of such management, it is also ensured that the optimal cost of electricity in the measures for the allowable value of the indicators of the quality of electricity.

According to the estimates of the American Energy Efficient Economy (ACIE) until 2023, the future of Smart Grid technologies will be allowed to save up to 30% of the planned energy consumption in more recent approaches to efficient energy efficiency. So the skin third of a kilowatt-year can be taken away not for the expansion of tensions that are generated, but for the energy resources for the help of new information technologies.

The value of the actual cost of electricity in electric yards, for which the responsibility is paid at the given hour of the electric yard organization, it is significant to lay down the amount of electricity in the amount of electricity that was needed in the electric yard and in the electric measure.

The practice of modern AІІC KUE shows that it is possible to achieve expensive and rozpodіlenі in the vastness of the information-combat system can go out of tune with the process of exploitation, use the accuracy of the simulation, make a positive difference in the outcome of the battle All this requires the development and implementation of methods for assessing the reliability of vimiryuvanya, the identification and localization of imbalances in tension and electricity, optical transformers.

To the little one: screenshots of the robotic program "RTP 3".

Interactive modeling of the development of robotic energy systems

Dynamic model of EEC real time. It will ensure the possibility of modeling the EEC of great expansion in an accelerated, uplifted, and real-time hour. The model is designed for: stimulating the dispatcher's training simulators to the mode, analysis of installed and transitional modes, analysis of accidents, modeling of primary and secondary control systems and anti-emergency automation (PA). The EEC model is protected by electromechanical and trival transitional processes, frequency and active pressure control systems (ARChM). The cost of technical costs of electricity and pressure (including for the classes of voltages and regions) and other parameters of the regime is being reviewed. For the first time, in Russia, a model of this class is being developed for encouraging complex training simulators at the same time with a topological analysis of the entire switching circuit of the energy supply.

The model needs to complete the exact algorithms for simulating transitional processes behind the “frequency - active pressure” mode (speed controllers, steam reheating, boiler automation). The voltage regulators are based on two possible schemes: a simple one (as a regulation of the reactive tension, which adjusts the value of the voltage at a given level) and a refined one (as the EPC regulation system of a synchronous machine with the ability to regulate the voltage, frequency, etc.).

The model of security for the flow mode of energy facilities based on the information of the plant assessment (OS) and HVAC data. Rozrakhunkov's scheme, otrimana in the OS definition, expanded (approximately 2 times) for the calculation of normative and preliminary and a priori information, as well as reliable TI and TK in HVAC.

The model has a topological analysis of the new switching circuit, and it has a її іnformatsiyna vzaєmodіya with the regime (rozrakhunkovoy) scheme of energy facilities. This is to ensure the management of the mode of the model by the way of raising / switching off the switching devices, which is familiar to the operational personnel in a way.

The control model is displayed in an interactive mode with the help of control systems and PA and scenarios for the development of accidents. An important function of the model is the re-verification of the damage and the foundation of the flow mode according to the criterion N-1. There can be set of options for control by criterion N-1, recognized for different modes of controlled power supply. The program allows you to change the rozrahunkovy regime in the EEC model with HVAC data and show pardon and daytime data to the regime.

First, the model was tested for wake-up simulators in real time, and then its functions were expanded for the analysis of accidents, re-verification of algorithms in the identification of energy systems as objects of control and other tasks. The model is vikoristovuetsya for regime processing of applications for supervision of the repair of possession, modeling of ARCHM systems, informational support for operational personnel of the EEC and energy supply as a guide to the dispatcher of the regime. On the model, a study was carried out with the expansion of frequency and stress in real schemes of large size with large burrows, as well as on schemes of Lanzug and ring structures. The technique of using WAMS data for the reliability of the streaming mode for OS and HVAC data has been developed.

Vіdmіnіst danny razrobki vіd іnchih - possibilitаіnі modeling dynаmіnіnі energоєkіkіv vіlії єkії і іn real time, tsіlіnіnі stuzhennja zadіmі vіdami HVAC and zavdannya OS, razrahunkovo ​​scheme expansion by 70-80% for the schedule of busbars, power plant reactor. .

Today, the dynamic EEC model of the real hour has been tested by the EEC, FGC EEC, ODU Center, BAT "Bashkirenergo".

Complex KASKAD-NT for operational

information on individual and collective tasks

(control boards and video walls)

The complex is a custom molding and display of various screen forms (diagrams, maps, tables, graphics, etc.) on individual (displays) and collective screens. Applications for displaying HVAC information and other software systems in real time, both on individual (displays) and on collective (mosaic control panels and video walls) equipment.

The system for displaying operational information on video walls was implemented by NEEC, ODU Center and BAT "Bashkirenergo". At the SV EES on a video wall 4 x 3 cubes, the display of the condensed information in graphic and tabular forms, as well as the display of the EEC scheme on the Finnish mosaic shield, was implemented. In the ODU Center, on the video wall, the KASKAD-NT complex displays information about the system of support for the dispatcher personnel at the sight of the operational scheme, schemes on the map and the reporting schemes of the substations.

For BAT "Bashkirenergo" at the given hour the complex is placed in the gym with 3 x 2 cubes of structural and switching schemes and essential information in the tabular form displayed on the video wall. On a small structural scheme, it is possible to open 5 main substations of BAT "Bashkirenergo". On the video wall of 8 x 4 cubes of the control room with a large structural scheme, 62 substations and tributes to technological tasks can be opened. On the great video wall there is the possibility of topological analysis and the introduction of a new switching scheme of power supply.

The KASKAD-NT system is designed for integration with other complexes and was inspired by the recruitment of designers, stastosovuvaniya and systems of fermentation as retailers, and koristuvachs. Tsya osoblivіst vozbezpechuє mozhlivіst pіdtrimki and development of the functional of the system vіdobrazhennya without intermediary koristuvachami and service personnel without zaluchennya rozrobnikov.

electrical assets

Have 2008 r. VNDIE specialists have launched a great project - the Reconstruction Program and the development of the Automated System for Technological Control (ASTU) of VAT "MOESK". The need for implementation of this project was due to the moral and physical depreciation of the material base of the management system (for reasons of a sovereign nature), to the improvement of the current change, it could be up to dispatching management in the case of robots in the minds of the market, as well as to the company's structures. The development is based on the vision put in MOESK by the head of the operational and dispatching management vertical, which wins in its work the most modern methods of organizing and technical support for the management process.

The program was developed jointly with the WAT "Enera" and for the active participation of the faculty of MOESK. The work includes the division of the analysis of the basic APCS, the development of the main technical possibilities to the promising APCS, її elements and subsystems, as well as propositions of the technical solutions. In addition, there are options for reconstruction and development of the system on the basis of technical facilities of leading domestic and foreign manufacturers of control equipment.

При розробці враховано та конкретизовано для умов компанії основні положення існуючих НТД у галузі автоматизації мережевого комплексу, що передбачають розвиток централізованого технологічного управління електричними мережами, створення автоматизованих підстанцій на основі єдиного комплексу сучасних технічних засобів з інтеграцією систем вимірювань, захисту, автоматики та управління обладнанням об' єktiv electric merezh.

At the connection with a large number of substations and the moral and physical depreciation of the main mass of telemechanics, the automation of the substation was transferred step by step, the first stage being the reconstruction of the TM, it was weathered by the reconstruction of the development of the system of communication, then the molding of the basis for the current parts of the PS are a combination of large-scale automated process control systems.

It’s a signs of the onset of the PTK of the dispatching point on the basics of the MOSCOK SYSTENSIA Systems of the Office by the Enmac GE (ENMAC GE), the automation of the operation of the control of the control, and the management of the Merevyanovanniy was mutual.

The development of the communication system is focused on the latest transition to digital technology for transmitting data to a wide range of radio stations, in the order of obvious high-frequency communication, fiber optic technology and wireless communication methods.

An important place is added to the creation of an integration platform (IP), which supports a single information model MEK (SIM-model) that allows you to connect to the main information bus of various programs, the WEB-Service technology. The first version of the IP graphical instrumental system was jointly developed and put into operation in the RGC "Kubanenergo" from the BAT "ECN" and TOV "MODUS", until it was connected to the UWC KOTMI.

Dodamo, that VNDIE is broken up like this expert systems for stosuvannya in the operational dispatcher management: system-guards for river planning of repairs in the merezhny obladnannya; system-guards for regime processing of operational repair requests; systems for the analysis of topology in electrical networks with the analysis of random situations; system-simulators with operational jumps; instrumental expert system МІМІР for energy zastosuvans; ESORZ expert system for processing operational applications (sending from SO-CDU, ODU to the Center, ODU of the Middle Volga); system for analysis of the topology of electrical lines ANTOP (station of ODU to the Urals); training system KORVIN with operational switching (stopping at regional power systems).

At the present time, a system of river planning for repairs of electric rivers is being developed (for SO-CDU).

The whole complex of work of the Scientific and Technical Center of Electric Power Engineering for new information technologies is supplemented by relevant technological tasks, some of which will be completed in the next hour and about which we will be informed on the sides of the magazine.

Vіdpovіdno to the Federal Law "On Electricity" BAT "FGC YES" є vіdpovіdalnym for the technological management of the Unified National Electricity Merezhey (ENES). At the same time, the supply of a clear demarcation of the functionality between the BAT "SO EEC", which is the only dispatcher for managing the objects of the electric power industry, and the intermediary companies. This led to the need to create an effective structure for the operational and technological management of the objects of the FGC UES, until the order is due:
ensuring the superficial functioning of the ENES objects and the supervision of the tasks of the BAT "SO ENEC" of the technological modes of the robotic power transmission line, the possession and attachment of the ENES objects;
maintenance of the maintenance capacity and security of the operation of the ENES facilities;
creation of a single system for training operational personnel to complete the functions of OTU;
ensuring the technological equipment and readiness of the operational personnel until the dispatching teams (ordering) of CO and commands (confirmation) to the operational personnel of the CCC FGC UES;
ensuring the reduction in the number of technological damage caused by pardons to operational personnel;
in mutual cooperation and for the weather with BAT "SO EEC" participation in the development and implementation of programs for the development of ENES with the method of increasing the reliability of the transmission of electrical energy, the safeguarding of and keratinization of the measure, the security of the quality of electrical energy;
planning of entry into repair, commissioning, modernization/reconstruction and technical maintenance of power transmission lines, electric line installations and outbuildings for the future period;
rozrobka vіdpovіdno to vymog BAT "SO ЄES", pogodzhennya and confirmed in the established order schedules of emergency electricity supply to the mode of supply of electric energy and zdіisnennia of the actual day of introduction of emergency electricity for the dispatching team (orders) BAT "SO ЄEC";
Vikonannya head of BAT "SO YES" for the connection of the facilities of the FGC's electric grid state and energy-receiving installations for saving electrical energy for anti-emergency automatics.

For the purpose of the appointment of the heads of the BAT "FGC YES" it was developed and solidified the concept of operational and technological management of ENES objects. Depending on the concept, a different organizational structure is being created (with a three-level management system): the head unit, the main control center of the MES, the control center of the PMES and the operating personnel of the substation.

Between different levels of organizational structure, the following functions are divided:
IA FSK - informational and analytical;
head CUS MES - informational-analytical and non-operational;
NCC PMES - non-operative and operational;
personnel of the substation - operating room.

At the same time, to non-operational functions, such tasks are carried out, as control and monitoring will become a measure. Accepted by the centers for managing the measures of operational functions, which, with the help of commands for the selection of relays, owing to the high qualifications of the operational personnel, and to establish the appropriate technical equipment of the NCC.

З метою підвищення економічності та надійності передачі та розподілу електроенергії та потужності за рахунок автоматизації процесів оперативно-технологічного управління на базі сучасних інформаційних технологій центри управління мережами ВАТ «ФСК ЄЕС» оснащуються програмно-технічними комплексами (ПТК), що дозволяють автоматизувати такі процеси, як моніторинг regimes of possession, variability of transition from suvoriy vіdpovіdnostі to zatverdzhennoї program and іnshі. Also, the automation control of the OTU significantly increases the reliability of the work of electrical systems, the accident rate of the control systems, including pardons for operational personnel, decreases, and the number of necessary operational personnel is minimized.

Varto signify that the technical policy of the BAT "FGC YES" for the new life and reconstruction is being transferred:
energy security and steel development of Russia;
ensuring the necessary evidence of the reliability of services from the transmission of electricity;
ensuring the free functioning of the electricity market;
improving the efficiency of functioning and the development of ENES;
security of the virobnichesky personnel;
fast flow of ENES on ecology;
a number of new types of management systems for the preparation of substation for work without permanent service personnel.

At this time, the schemes of the first electric circuits of the working substations are oriented to the possession, which will require technical maintenance, to that they are given extra surpluses for the current criteria of the number of switching devices and arrival. The reason for the significant number of serious technological failures is the fault of the operational personnel.

At the same time, the automation of technological processes is vikonan at 79 substations ENES, and 42 more substations are at the stage of vikonannie. Therefore, the main scheme of organization of operation is oriented to us in front of the colony for the service (operational) personnel, who will control the object and viconuate the operational changeover.

Operative maintenance of PS ENES includes:
monitoring of the ENES camp - control of the control, analysis of the operational situation at the ENES facilities;
organization of operational activities for the localization of technological disruptions and the introduction of ENES regimes;
organization of operational maintenance of the substation, carrying out operational switching, regimen of the scheme for the safe maintenance of the maintenance work in the electric circuits, which lie up to ENES;
vikonannya operating personnel operational functions іz vyrobnitstva peremikan to ENES.

Planning and organization:
scheduling repairs zdiisnyuvati zgіdno s schedules of planned and pre-peredzhuvalnyh s remontiv z vyznachenniy obsyagіv robit on the basis of the assessment of the technical standard, s vikoristannya modern methods and zasobіv diagnostics, incl. without seeing the possession of robots;
carrying out a comprehensive review and technical review of the possession, as if it were shaping its normative term of service, for the continuation of the term of exploitation;
development of propositions for modernization, replacement of possession, improvement of design solutions;
optimization of finance work from operation, technical maintenance and repairs in a way to implement repair work on the basis of the actual state;
decrease in vitrate and cost;
thorough organizational structures of management and service;
organization of vocational training, retraining and advancement of qualifications in accordance with the standard SOPP-1-2005;
analysis of parameters and indicators of the technical state of possession, budivel and spores before that after the repair for the results of diagnostics;
optimization of the emergency reserve of possession and elements of submarines;
The resolution of technical problems at the time of exploitation and everyday life is made out in the form of information sheets, operational statements, circulars, technical solutions with the status of obov'yazykovnosti vikonannya, punishments, orders, resolutions of awards and other administrative decisions.

Monitoring and management of ENES:
organization of control and analysis of accidents;
assessment and control of the reliability of the electrical supply;
creation of a visual information base.

CREATION OF AUTOMATED PIDSTATIONS AGAIN
WITHOUT SERVICE PERSONNEL.
DIGITAL STATIONS

For vicoshennya of the bastard, the bosovaroti mere compani, the Kvalifіkaty, the Trenovanosti concentrates of the operational one of the relay personnel is a vocabulary of the trivial trivial technology process - the relay, the automation (APV, the AVR, the RPN, Azd TAI), AZ). chime. For this purpose, it is necessary for us to significantly increase the safety of technical parameters, secure control, reliability of the position, effective operational blocking of switching devices, automation of inputs, what to control. The power of possession, which zastosovuetsya, is guilty of adapting to new management systems, defending and monitoring.

With the provision of microprocessor attachments, the priority can be applied to attachments, we consider them to work in warehouses of automated systems. Autonomous outbuildings need to be more victorious than in times of availability of system analogues. At the connection with the cym at the facilities of the FGC EEC, the centralized order may be turned off the possibility of blocking microprocessor attachments from closed exchange protocols, attachments, which do not support the robot at the standard of a single hour.

The architecture and functionality of the automated control system for the technological processes of the substation (ACS TP PS) as an integrator of all functional systems of the substation is equal to the development of technology, recognized for the collection of that processing of information on the substation for the purpose of solving. For an hour on the cob, the development of the industrial electric power projects of the automated process control system of the substation became the basis for the development of hardware and software systems for the installation of electrical substations. Z'appeared high-voltage digital vimiryuvalnі transformers stream and voltage; розробляється первинне та вторинне електромережеве обладнання з вбудованими комунікаційними портами, виробляються мікропроцесорні контролери, оснащені інструментальними засобами розробки, на базі яких можливе створення надійного програмно-апаратного комплексу ПС, прийнятий міжнародний стандарт МЕК 61850, що регламентує уявлення даних про цифрового обміну даними між мікропроцесорними інтелектуальними електронними substation attachments, including attachments for control and management, relay protection and automation (RPA), anti-emergency automation (PA), telemechanics, electric power supplies, power control, control transformers for stream and voltage, switching control, etc.

I am doing everything to change my mind and inspire a new generation of substations - digital substations (DPS).

Під цим терміном розуміється ПС із застосуванням інтегрованих цифрових систем вимірювання, релейного захисту, управління високовольтним обладнанням, оптичних трансформаторів струму та напруги та цифрових схем управління, вбудованих у комутаційну апаратуру, що працюють на єдиному стандартному протоколі обміну інформацією – МЕК 61850.

The implementation of DSP technologies gives advantages over traditional PS at the current stages of implementation and operation of the object.

Stage "Design":
simplified design of cable connections and systems;
transfer of data without delay is practically unfettered;
shortness of a few alone possession;
I am not limited by the number of holders of data. Rozpodіl іnformatsії zdіysnyuєtsya zabіvnye merezh Ethernet, scho єє transfer dаіnі vіd іd dzherel іd аkogo pristroy ії podstantsії ibo її mezhami;
short time for the interrelationship of okremih subsystems for the high level of standardization;
reduction of labor cost of metrological divisions of projects;

Unity of the Vymirs. Vimiryuvannya are beaten with one high-precision vimiryuvalny attachment. The holders of vimiriv take the same data from one dzherel. All winding devices are included in a single clock synchronization system;
the possibility of creating typical solutions for objects of different topological configuration and length;
the possibility of forward modeling of the system by the head of the designation of “big” areas and non-sticks in different modes of operation;
reduction of labor cost of redesigning at the time of making changes and additions to the project.

Stage "Budіvelno-assembling robots":
the most labor-intensive and non-technological types of assembly and commissioning work, related to laying and testing of secondary lances;
more relatable and universal testing of the system for the wide possibilities of creating different behavioral scenarios and modeling them in a digital look;
short work on unproductive relocation of personnel for the possibility of centralized adjustment and control of the parameters of work;
- reduction of the vartosity of the cable system. Digital secondary lances allow multiplexing of signals, which transmit two-way transmission through one cable of a large number of signals in different devices. It is sufficient to lay one optical backbone cable for dozens to separate outbuildings, or to wind hundreds of analog copper lances.

Stage "Operation":
all-season system of diagnostics, which embraces not only intellectual attachments, but also passive and mimic transformations and secondary lances, allowing in more short terms to establish the cause of the symptoms, as well as to show the movements;
Line continuity control. The digital line is constantly monitored, but no significant information is transmitted over it;
protection against electromagnetic shifts. Vykoristannya fiber-optic cables for the security of the latest protection in the electromagnetic transitions in the transmission channels;
ease of maintenance and operation. Switching of digital lines is much simpler, lower switching of analog lines;
abbreviation of terms for repair through a wide proposition on the market of attachments to various types, summaries among themselves (the principle of interoperability);
transition to a sub-priority method of servicing the control of the absolute safety of technological processes allows speeding up the time for operation;
maintenance of design (rozrahunkovyh) parameters and characteristics of the process of exploitation will require less wattage;
the development of that additional automation system with the help of lesser costs (necessity for a large number of recipients of information), lower with traditional approaches.

Kuzbassky and Proksky TsUS were adopted as pilot objects of the NCC creation with operational functions at the Federal Joint-Stock Company "FGC EES".

The Kuzbass NCC, having become the first center for the management of facilities, is implementing the creation of the NCC with operational functions within the framework of the BAT "FGC YES" program. В рамках створення інноваційного ЦУС для забезпечення безперервного оперативно-технологічного управління та диспетчеризації центр оснащений сучасними програмно-технічними комплексами, встановлено відеостіну для відображення схеми мереж, встановлено програмне забезпечення, що дозволяє в оперативному режимі повністю відображати стан обраного диспетчером енергооб'єкта, отримувати інформацію ремонтних and preventive visits right up to the names of those working on the site. In addition, the possession allows the dispatchers of the NCC to change at times of emergency situations, looking after distant objects, and in the shortest possible time to make a decision to reduce the time of restoring normal operation.

Prioksky CUS is also a creation of new technologies. Серед використовуваного тут обладнання - відеостіна відображення інформації, що складається з п'ятдесятидюймових проекційних модулів і високопродуктивного відеоконтролера, що резервується, оперативно-інформаційний комплекс контролю режимів електричної мережі та стану комутаційних апаратів підстанцій, що дозволяє оперативному персоналу ЦУС відстежувати роботу обладнання та керувати ним в modes of real satellite communication, systems of guaranteed electric power and automatic fire extinguishing.

Volodymyr Pelimsky, intercessor of the head engineer - supervisor of the situational analytical center of the FGC EES, Volodymyr Voronin, head, Dmytro Kravets, head of the department, Magomed Gadzhiev, conducting expert of the Electric Regime Service of the FGC EES

Description:

Efficiency improvement
management of roses

V. E. Vorotnitsky, doctor of tech. Sci., Professor, Intercessor of the Vikonavchiy Director of Scientific Work of the BAT "VNDIE"

The main tasks of managing electrical wires in market minds

Ensuring the technological and infrastructure functions of the electrical infrastructure for the minds of equal capabilities to win against all participants in the electricity market;

The stable roboty of the firing of the electric melting, the above -melted Elektropostachennya that is an an idle eektroenergіy, and the vimygs, the stormy acting acts, and the vicunnya zobin, the submarous owls of the subfostra, and the vicosol, and the vicosol, and the vicosol, are forgotten;

Provision of contractual minds for the supply of electricity to participants in the electricity market;

Ensuring non-discriminatory access of the subjects of the electricity market to the electricity supply for obtaining them of the Rules of the Market, technological rules and procedures for the obvious technical feasibility of such access;

Minimization of fencing technical borders in economically primed borders;

Reduced costs for the transmission and distribution of electricity for the provision of advanced technologies for operational maintenance and repair of electric power lines, new technology and energy-saving entrances.

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The main tasks of managing electric wires at market minds;

General characteristics of rozpodіlnyh merezh 0.38-110 kV Russia;

Tekhnіchny camp of rozpodіlnyh merezh, zasobіv that systems of their management;

Trends and development prospects:

a) digital information technologies;

b) basic information technologies;

c) geoinformation technologies;

d) automated systems for operational and technological management of various subdivisions of companies and their main subsystems;

e) zabіv sektionuvannya rozpodіlchih merezh;

Problems of establishing a regulatory framework for the automation of the management of separate measures.

The main characteristic of the rozpodіlnyh electric lines of Ukraine

Strong electric lines

The total length of electric lines with a voltage of 0.4-110 kV in the rural territories of Russia will be close to 2.3 million km, including lines with a voltage of:

0.4 kV - 880 yew. km

6–10 kV - 1,150 thousand km

35 kV - 160 yew. km

110 kV - 110 yew. km

At the fences, 513 yews were installed. transformer substations 6-35 / 0.4 kV with a hot voltage of about 90 million kVA.

Moscow electric wires

The total length of the local electric lines with a voltage of 0.4–10 kV will be 0.9 million km, including:

cable lines 0.4 kV - 55 thousand. km

repeat lines 0.4 kV - 385 thousand. km

cable lines 10 kV - 160 thousand. km

repeat lines 10 kV - 90 thousand. km

redoing the lines of the sound lighting - 190 thousand. km

redoing the lines of outdoor lighting - 20 thousand. km

Close to 290 yews were installed at the fences. transformer substations 6-10 kV voltage 100-630 kVA.

Technician station of rozpodіlnyh elektrichnyh merezh, zasobіv and control systems for them

Installation of electric wires

Closely 30-35% of repeated lines and transformer substations used their own standard term. Until 2010, the value will reach 40%, so the pace of reconstruction and technical re-engineering of electrical facilities will remain inevitable.

As a result, problems arise from the supply of electricity.

The average trivality includes 70-100 years of life on the river. In industrially separated lands, it is statistically designated as a “good” power supply mill, if for a medium-sized line of tension, the strength of the rock is interrupted by a break between 15-60 hv on the river. At low voltage treadmills, the numbers are cheap.

The average number of times, which calls for switching on high-voltage lines with a voltage of up to 35 kV, to become 170-350 per 100 km of the line to rivers, which are not stable, to switch to single-phase, - 72%.

Relay protection and automation

About 1200 yews are in operation at the given hour in different regions of Russia. in the attachment of relay protection and automation (RZA) of various types, the main part is to install electromechanical attachments, microelectronic attachments, or with partial microelectronics stations.

With the normative term of service of the relay protection and automation equipment, which is 12 years old, about 50% of all sets of relay protection used their normative term of service.

Vіdstavannya vіdstavnya vіtchiznyаnoї tekhniki RZA, which is issued, is equal to the technics of RZA of leading foreign firms of manufacturers to become 15–20 years.

As before, over 40% of cases of incorrect operation of the relay protection and automation equipment are introduced through an unsatisfactory station and pardons to the personnel of the relay protection and automation services during their technical maintenance.

The next thing is to say that everything is safe with the hopeful work of the relay protection in Russia, and in some other industrialized lands.

Zakrema, at the session of the International Conference on Electricity Ratings (CIRED) in 2001, it was determined that in the Norwegian electricity grids, the shortfall in the form of incorrect electrical systems would be close to 4 million dollars. USA. With 50% of the pardons, the defendant falls on a part of the apparatus for the defendant and management. Of these, over 50% are needed - with pardons for an hour of re-checking and testing of equipment and only 40% for the account of її poshkozhen.

In other Scandinavian lands, the costs of RZA are 2-6 times lower.

The main transition of wide automation of electrical facilities is the unpreparedness for the first electrical installation.

System for collecting and transmitting information, information and calculation complexes

More than 95% of telemechanics attachments and sensor sets are replaced by robots over 10–20 years. Koshti and the communication system are basically analogous, morally and physically obsolete, do not match the necessary accuracy, reliability, reliability and reliability.

At the most important dispatching points of district electric lines (REM) and enterprises of electric lines (PEM) the technical basis of automated control systems is personal computers, which do not allow uninterrupted technological control of that control. The term for the service of personal computers, which is used in uninterrupted mode, does not exceed 5 years, and the term for their moral antiquity is still short. For an automated system of dispatching control (ADCS) of electrical systems, it is necessary to install special computers, which can be successfully used in a non-interrupted mode in a set with control methods for technological processes.

Vymagaє ubiquitous licensing system software security Microsoft, ORACLE and other.

Applied (technological) software security (SCADA-DMS) for rich electrical systems is also clearly outdated, not satisfied with the current efforts as for functions, and with the obligatory information.

Zokrema, іsnuyuchi ACS PEM and REM ensure the best information service for the personnel and practically do not violate the task of operational management of energy systems, optimize the operation and maintenance of electrical services.

Voltage regulation system

The ability to regulate the voltage for voltage at the centers of life of the subdivision lines and the ability to switch without starting (with the transformer switched on) at transformer substations of 6–10 kV are practically not vicorous, but they occasionally occur in the world at low voltages at maximum voltages

The result is that at about 0.38 kV electrically distant points of the electric circuit, the voltages at the electrical supply line should be 150-160 V instead of 220 V.

In such a situation, the electricity market may impose even more serious sanctions on the distribution companies due to the high quality and capacity of the electricity supply. Just don’t get ready for the next day, the next hour, the merezhev companies will recognize serious material conflicts, which will further aggravate the situation.

System for the appearance of electricity

At the most important centers of living, there are rozpodіlnyh merezh (about 80%) and about 90% of the buttovyh living quarters are installed morally and physically obsolete, often with scribbled terms, and the service of induction or electronic pilots of the first generation can be shown to be safe.

The result is an increase in the commercial costs of electricity in electricity networks. With the high cost of electricity in the electric grids of Russia, it is close to 107 billion kW a year on the rivers, on the separate grids of 110 kV and lower falls 85 billion kW a year, and their commercial expenditures for minimum estimates become 30 billion kW a year on the rivers.

Just like in the 80s of the 20th century, the consumption of electricity in the electric grids of energy systems did not exceed 13–15% of electricity inputs in the grid, then for other energy systems the stench reached a level of 20–40%, and for others - 30% REM has already moved 50%.

In other European countries, the consumption of electricity in electricity lines is on the level of 4-10%: in the USA - close to 9%, Japan - 5%.

Vіdpovіdno until the Decree to the Ryad of the Russian Federation on the regulation of tariffs for electricity, the Rules of the wholesale market and the draft Rules for the split market of the transitional period for the normative consumption of electricity in electricity lines (and the price is not more than 10-12% of the allowance in the measure) can be switched on after electricity transmission energy will be paid by the subjects of the market, and above-normative consumption of electricity may be bought by utility companies for their compensation.

For some companies, which spend 20-25% of their expenses, it means that more than half of the above expenses become direct financial cuts in hundreds of millions of rubles per river.

All for the sake of new approaches to the form of electricity, as in electric networks, so in the case of savings, we are moving forward to automating the appearance, to automating the rozrahunkiv and analysis of the balance of electricity, the choice of inclusion of utility bills

Regulatory framework for optimizing the development of electrical subdivisions and control systems for them

The regulatory framework was little updated from the mid-1980s to the early 1990s. Today, about 600 Galuze normative documents are reviewed.

A lot of basic documents, the rules for the power of electrical installations, the rules for technical operation are not approved by the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation and, in fact, have ceased to be obligatory for vikoristannya.

Dosi z by the very Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation did not agree on the new rules for the cost of electricity. The Criminal Code of the Russian Federation has an understanding of the “stealing of electricity”, which is the head of the great material shkoda of electricity. The cost of stealing electricity increases and objectively increases with the increase in tariffs for electricity. Sob tse zupinity, you need not less than the power of the power engineers, and the legal help of the state. It’s a pity, don’t help me adequately. Zocrema, due to the introduction of the Law of the Russian Federation “On technical regulation”, the status of GOSTs is sharply reduced, which for such a country, like Russia, can create and create significant problems. The main one of them is the presence of a single technical policy in the sphere of development of various subdivisions and management of them.

The financing of this development of that її scientific security is clearly insufficient and is based on a surplus principle. Bigger lower decimal crisis in the electric power industry of Russia significantly aggravated the situation. The reforms of the management of the electric power industry, which began in the rest of the rocks, still stuck in the system-creating 220 kV networks and more, some of them have a lot of problems, but not in style, but a few of them have accumulated in different networks.

Надії на активність вітчизняних та західних інвесторів та впровадження західних технологій в управління вітчизняними розподільними мережами швидше за все приречені у зв'язку з тим, що російське законодавство, менталітет, кліматичні умови, особливості побудови мереж (велика розгалуженість та протяжність, інше мережеве обладнання, низька (yakіst) electric power, high rіvnі reshkod toshcho), control systems and software security are vaild in foreign countries. It is better to focus on one's own strengths with the improvement of the advanced domestic and foreign knowledge. For whom, change your mind, about which tendencies, which have emerged in the world and advanced industrial energy systems and networks.

In the middle of 1980-on the beginning of the 1990s, BAT "VNDIE" had a whole set of documents about the creation and development of ACS PEM and REM. Obviously, these documents are very outdated today and require revision.

Trends and development prospects

Digital and information technologies

Light trends in the development of management systems are inextricably linked with the transition to digital technologies, which ensure the possibility of creating integrable hierarchical systems. In case of different electric lines in these systems, the lower hierarchical line is connected with the upper control lines.

The basis for the transition to digital technologies is technical re-engineering and modernization of the communication system and telecommunications with a sharp increase in communication and security of transmission of information. Gradual transition to digital integrated control systems is to be carried out in stages in the implementation of the Unified Digital Communication System in the energy sector for at least 10–15 years.

In the rest of the 20th century, the specialists of the world in the telecommunication circle came up with the thesis: “The 20th century is the capital of energy, and the 21st century is the century of informatics”. At the same time, a new term appeared: “information communication”, which will go on “informatization” and “telecommunication”. It would be more correct to say that the 21st century will be the century of energy, information and communications, which are based on modern information and digital technologies.

The most important trends in the development of infocommunication services are:

Promotion of reliability and the term of the service of telecommunication measures;

Development of methods for predicting the development of telecommunications in the regions of the fallow in terms of the reduction of electricity;

Creation of care systems by an infocommunication medium;

Concurrently with the development of digital technologies of modern telecommunications technologies, we are ahead of fiber-optic technologies;

Впровадження у низці країн так званих PLC-технологій використання електричних мереж 0,4–35 кВ для передачі будь-якої інформації з підстанцій, енергопідприємств, промислових підприємств до контролю та управління енергоспоживанням у побуті, у тому числі вирішення завдань АСКУЕ, інформаційного забезпечення діяльності абонентів electrical lines 0.4-35 kV;

Vikoristannya zasobіv zv'yazyka for the protection of energy facilities, video warning.

Basic information technologies

One of the leading signs of modern automated control systems is the integration (integration) of impersonal software products in a single information space.

In this hour, the technology of integration is developing at a fast pace, based on Internet technologies and on the same standards, which allow:

Create a technical infrastructure for designing a program of possibilities for the development of a system for a three-hour period;

Ensure the possibility of integration of products of such companies as Microsoft, ORACLE, IBM and others;

Ensure the possibility of subsequent integration of key products without major changes and reprogramming;

Ensure the scalability and portability of software with the method of replication at the company's facilities.

Geoinformation technologies

Стрімкий розвиток засобів обчислювальної техніки та телекомунікацій, систем супутникової навігації, цифрової картографії, успіхи мікроелектроніки та інші технологічні досягнення, безперервне вдосконалення стандартного та прикладного програмного та інформаційного забезпечення створюють об'єктивні передумови для дедалі ширшого застосування та розвитку якісно нової галузі знань – геоінформатики. Vaughn vinyl on the stick of geography, geodesy, topology, data processing, computer science, engineering, ecology, economics, business, other disciplines and the galleys of human activity. The most significant practical programs of geoinformatics as a science are geoinformation systems (GIS) and creations based on geoinformation technologies (GIS-technologies).

The abbreviation ГІС іsnuє already over 20 years ago was put up to the totality of computer methods for the creation and analysis of digital maps and thematic information linked to them for the management of municipal objects.

Dedalі more respect for the stosuvanny of GIS-technologies is attached to the electric power industry, in the first part of the year, in the electric networks of the BAT "FGC YES", AT-energy and the city.

Already, the first reports of the use of HIS as information and developmental systems in domestic electrical installations showed the insane power and efficiency of such a use for:

Certification of the possession of a network with a link to a digital map of the mass and various electrical circuits: normal, operational, supporting, rozrahunkovo, thinly;

The form and analysis of the technical state of the electrical equipment: lines, transformers;

Form and analysis of payments for spare electricity;

The positioning and display on the digital map of the location of the operational-visit brigades is too thin.

Even more perspectives are shown by the development of GIS-technologies at the end of the day: optimal planning and development of the project; repair and operational maintenance of electric lines with improvement of features of the terrain; operational management of the fences and liquidation of accidents with the improvement of space, thematic and operational information about the camp of the fenced facilities and the modes of their work. For this year, information and functional linkage of HIS, technological software complexes of automatic control systems of electrical systems, expert systems and databases of knowledge about the transfer of tasks are necessary. WAT "VNDIE" has a broken-down system for the analysis of applications for the repair of treadmills. Works are being carried out to link the program of rozrahunka vtrat to the internal combustion engine.

In the rest of the years, there was a whole trend of integrating systems of engineering communications on a single topographic basis of the city, district, region, which include heat, electricity, gas, water supply, telephone and other engineering services.

The structure of the automated system for the operational and dispatching management of rozpodіlnyh merezhovyh companies

The meta of the AC RSK-PIVSHSHSHSHSHSHNNA EKONOSHNOSTIA TO ONENOSTIL ROSELE EXTRICHICHICHICALY TALE OF THE RAHNUKONYSKED ON THE MASTENTS OF THE EXPECATIVE-STICIAL-Technologic RSK SCHICHICHS, RASTRICS, PROPRICH INNITHICH ONITHINGS ONE INNARTISHES.

The AS RSC may be able to subdivide the hierarchical system, the dermal level as a violation of the basic warehouse of the head, which is the biconstant of the main functions of the operational and technological management.

The main subsystems of AS RSK:

Automated operational and dispatching control of electrical barriers, which includes functions:

a) flow management;

b) operational management and planning;

c) control and management of electrical supply;

d) planning and management of repairs;

Automated technological management:

a) relay zahistom and automation;

b) tension and reactive tension;

The system of commercial and technical form of electric power (ASKUE) was automated;

Communication system, collection, transmission and display of information.

Looking back at the border for obsyagy articles, we only mention the main trends and prospects for the development of the main subsystems of the RNC AS.

Relay protection and automation

The main directives for the development of relay protection and automation equipment for different electrical installations:

Replacing physically worn out, which virobilized its term for the service of the equipment;

Modernization of RPA attachments with the orientation of the new generation of microprocessor attachments;

Integration of microprocessor devices of relay protection and automation equipment to the warehouse of a single automated process control system for substation living;

Expanding the functions of the relay protection and automation equipment for the management of control and improvement could be up to the reliability of the work, including the zastosuvannyam international standards and interfacing.

Regulation of tension and reactive tension

The main tasks for improving the efficiency of voltage regulation:

Improvement of reliability and quality of operational maintenance of the voltage regulation, on the front of the voltage regulation under the pressure and automatic regulation of the voltage;

Control and analysis of the graphs of stress relief and voltage at the knots of electric strings, improvement of the reliability and reduction of reactive tension in pink strings;

The implementation of that systematic change of software security with the optimization of the laws of regulation of the voltage in different areas, the practical implementation of these laws;

Organization of remote and automatic control of the distribution of transformers from dispatch centers;

Installation of supplementary remote control devices for voltage regulation, for example, voltage-adaptive transformers on the mains of two different linear average voltages, on which centralized regulation methods cannot be used to ensure voltage control at the nodes of the merezh.

Automation of the shape of electricity

Automation of the appearance of electric power is a strategic direct reduction of commercial costs of electricity in other countries, without a fault, the basis of this general mental functioning of the wholesale distribution market of electricity.

Such a responsibility is created on the basis of:

Standardization of formats and protocols for data transmission;

ensuring discreteness of the form, collection and transfer of commercial data necessary for the efficient functioning of the competitive electricity distribution market;

Ensuring the distribution of actual and permissible imbalances of electricity in electric lines, localization of imbalances and living expenses at any time of their reduction;

Mutually linked with the methods of automated control systems, automatic process control systems and anti-emergency automation.

For the collection of information, there is a simple trend to replace induction switches on electronic devices, not only through other interaccuracies, but also for a smaller adjustment on the lances of the transformer and the voltage transformer.

Of particular importance for the retail market of electricity is the reduction in the cost of electricity in electricity networks, which may include the inclusion of self-service (self-recording of indications) by the customers in electricity by the butovs. For those in the world, ASKUE distributions of butovykh spozhivachіv are being carried out from the transfer of data to the lichiliniks of electricity for a power line of 0.4 kV or by radio channels to the data collection centers. Zokrema, who knows more about the secrets of PLC technology.

Zastosuvannya of current zabіv sektsіonuvannya rozpodіlіh elektrichnyh merezh and decentralіzovanіy avtomatії

At the Bathah Krains for the PIDVSHENSHNITH ROBOTI ROSED LEARNING, Skorchennya EXCLUSION MISKOKY POSHKODZHENNE TA KILOSKOSTIE ELEKTROPOSTROSTARY BAGATO ROKIV Vikoristovoye “Magistral Principle” of the Equipment of such Merevniye - Classy

the appointment of the misfortune;

localization of trouble;

Renewal of life.

Visnovki

1. Necessary first tasks:

Development of the concept and perspective software development, modernization, technical redesign and reconstruction of electrical sub-bases 0.38–110 kV, installation of control systems for their modes, repair and maintenance services;

Перехід від залишкового до пріоритетного принципу виділення фінансових та матеріальних ресурсів щодо поетапної практичної реалізації цієї концепції та програми з розумінням вирішальної важливості випереджувального розвитку розподільних мереж та систем їх управління для ефективного функціонування не лише роздрібного, а й оптового ринків електроенергії;

Development of a modern, market-oriented mind and management, normative and methodological basis for the development of electrical subdivisions and their management systems;

The development of economically primed materials could lead to industrial craftsmanship due to the variation of the current possession of electrical systems and their control systems;

Organization of a system of certification and admission to the operation of domestic and import possession for separate enterprises and their management systems;

Implementation and analysis of the results of the implementation of pilot projects for the implementation of new promising technologies and systems for automated control of electrical subdivisions.

2. The development and supply of efficient automated control systems for electrical subdivisions is a complex task that will require a significant capital investment.

The skin distribution company and AT-Energo will first begin to modernize and technically redesign the electrical control system, or create a new one, to clear the mind on the set of development tasks, transferring the effect to the implementation of automated control systems.

It is necessary to develop modern methods for the analysis of economic efficiency of the ACS PEM and REM (spread line company), the stages of their creation and development.

3. Headache of food, as a rule, blame for the development and implementation of new technologies for the implementation of electric wires - where do you take a penny for everything?

Dzherel financial costs really can be a sprat:

1) centralized financing of pilot projects and regulatory and methodological documents;

2) electricity tariffs;

3) consolidation of the main part of the financial assets of the possible separate merger companies and current AT-energy companies in an officially established partnership - the Russian Association of Enterprises;

4) zatsіkavleni _investors.

In the Russian minds, as the practice of advanced energy systems has shown, they can practice the principle “Whoever wants to make a decision, wonders how to solve it, whoever doesn’t want to, wonder why the decision is impossible, or check if it’s wrong for another.”

As a standout zі statti, opportunities and ways to improve the efficiency of managing the rozpodіlnymi merezha Russia is enough. It is necessary to understand the importance and actively support the practical implementation of these possibilities.