The ocean of light is a majestic amount of water and the earth's measles under it, its area significantly outweighs the land area. Such a territory has a great reserve of resources, as it is actively conquered by people. With what resources is the rich ocean and how do stinks help people?

Water

Obsyag Svіtovogo ocean to become 1370 million square meters. km. Tse 96% of the Earth's hydrosphere. Irrespective of those that sea water is not suitable for drinking, її vikoristovuyut at the vineyards, the state. Krym tsgogo, razroblenі oprіsnyuvalі installations, yakі can turn sea water into pitna. At Pivnіchny icy ocean, the Crimean sea water, there is a great supply of fresh water like ice.

Rice. 1. The most important resource of the Light Ocean is water

Mineral

The very oceanic water and the earth's crust under it are rich in powerful minerals. At the water, you can see:

• magnesium;
• potassium;
• bromine;

The oceanic water will avenge close to 75 chemical elements with the fire. From the shelf, naphtha and natural gas are mined. 30 pools were broken up near the Light Ocean for the production of oil and gas. The largest genera are located near the Persian Gulf of the Indian Ocean. In deep-water dilyankas, salt and manganese ore were revealed. The largest number of them are seen at the same time in the Pacific Ocean. Japan and Great Britain produce stone ore, and the USA - sirka. On the shores of Africa there are deposits of gold and diamonds, on the shores of the Baltic Sea there are burshtin.

Rice. 2. Save the Baltic Sea

Near the waters of the Light Ocean there is a majestic amount of uranium and deuterium. We are actively developing ways to see the quantity of elements in water, and find shards of uranium on land.

TOP-2 articlesyakі read at once with tsієyu

Mineral resources are non-resources. The constant development of genera and the search for new ones lead to significant environmental damage in the system of the Light Ocean.

Energy

Buildings lead to high tides and ensure the safety of energy resources. For additional energy, heat and mechanical energy are vibrated. The greatest potential may be such lands:

• Australia;
• Canada;
• England;
• France;
• Argentina;
• Russia.

The height of the tides here can reach 15 meters, and also, the intensity of the water energy is much greater.

Rice. 3. Tidal energy generators use hydroelectric power plants

Biological

To the biological resources of the Light Ocean one can see dewdrops and creatures that are near the waters. The stink to dosit rіznomanіtnі - here you can know close to 140 thousand species of biological objects. The biomass of the Light Ocean will reach 35 billion tons.

The most widespread trade is fishing. For the help of fish and seafood, people provide themselves with protein, fatty acids, microelements. Microscopic organisms zastosovutsya for the preparation of feed for creatures. Algae stagnate in different types of brewing - chemical, grub, pharmaceutical.

The largest catch of ribeye is in the shelf zone of the oceans. The Pacific Ocean is the richest in my plan, as it is the most climate friendly. On another place there is the Atlantic Ocean. The natural resources of the Pacific Ocean are the most depleted. Here to pass an impersonal path of happiness, after which the oceanic waters get very confused.

On this day, plantations are found at the seas, on which some organisms are bred. In Japan, pearl oysters are bred, European countries- Mіdіy. Such a trade is called mariculture.

Recreational

The resources of the Light Ocean are recreational. Before them, the dachas of the ocean are seen, like vikoristovuyutsya z metoyu vіdpochinku, rozvag, scientific excursions. It is not possible to estimate all the recreational opportunities of the Light Ocean from a general point of view. For vicarious cultivation, it is practical to save everything to the ocean, for the wine of Pivnichnogo Frozen.

What did we recognize?

The ocean of light is a whole treasury of various resources. Tse majestic supply of water, minerals and brown copalin. Tidal energy is victorious for power plants. Crimea practical vikoristannya ocean, іsnuє mozhlivіst for vіdpochinku i rozvag - recreational resources. To speak briefly, then the Ocean of Light is the future of humanity.

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The date: 01.04.2017

The Pacific Ocean is breathed in by the richness of organic light after its growth mayzhe in all geographical zones. Only fauna is close to the ocean 110 thousand vivid , 4 times more, lower in other oceans. In phytoplankton, it is possible to see 380 views. The number of sights and biomass of the organic light of the Pacific Ocean to form 50% of light displays.

AT shelf zone representations of various crustaceans, goatfish, molluscs, fucus, algae laminaria.

The organic light of the different latitudes is breathed into the ocean.

Yes, for tropical latitudes Significant development of coral reefs is typical, the fish fauna is represented by 2000 species.

AT peaceful latitudes there are over 800 species of fish, on the pivnoch there are a lot of savts (sperm whales, sprat species of minke whales, fur seals), as well as shrimps, cephalopods, crabs and others. The fauna of the Pacific Ocean is rich in endemics and giants.

Sered endemic sea ​​lions, sea otters, sea lions.

Sered giants - mussels, molluscs and oysters that live on the ocean.

Energy and recreational resources.

Actively It is the devotion of the people of the natural resources of the Pacific Ocean to the cause of many environmental problems:

Contaminated with petroleum products;

Contaminated with synthetic rozchiny, butovym vіdkhodami;

The downfall of the okremih species of roslin and creatures;

Contaminated water with radioactive waste;

Confusion led by industry, rural activity

Back forward

Climate and dominance of water masses Atlantic Ocean. History of follow-up

Div. also

The bottom of the sea is rich in genera of various minerals. On the shelves of China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the United States of America (Alaska), Ecuador (Guayaquil inlet), Australia (Basova duct) and New Zealand, they produce naphtha and gas. According to the estimates, the Pacific Ocean can cover up to 30-40% of all potential oil and gas reserves of the Light Ocean. The world's largest source of tin concentrates is Malaysia, and Australia is the largest producer of tin concentrates.

The ocean is rich in saline manganese nodules, with overhead reserves on the surface up to 7.1012 tons. At the pererakhunka on the main ores, elements in nodules of the ocean contain manganese 7.1.1010 t, nickel 2.3.109 t, copper 1.5.109 t, cobalt 1.109 t. near to save Japan, near the Peruvian depression. In 2013, Japan may have recently started drilling for the production of natural gas from methane hydrate deposits on the days of the Pacific Ocean at the pivnichniy shid in Tokyo.

Near the Pacific Ocean, red clay is widely wide, especially near the pivnichny pivkul. Tse pov'yazano z great deep pits of the ocean. Near the Pacific Ocean there are two belts (pivdenny and pivnichny) of siliceous diatom mules, as well as a clear equatorial belt of siliceous radiolarian veins. Great areas of the bottom near the ocean are occupied by coral-algae biogenic deposits. On the afternoon, from the equator, the foraminifer mules are wider. Near the Coral Sea there is a sprat of watering pteropod vines. Near the deepest part of the Pacific Ocean, as well as near the Pivdenniy and Peruvian gorges, there are large fields of manganese nodules.

A lot of people who inhabit the Pacific shores of that island, from long ago, they started sailing on the ocean, mastered their riches. The beginning of the penetration of Europeans in the Pacific Ocean spivpav іz the era of the Great Geographical Vidkrittіv. The ships of F. Magellan for a few months of sailing overturned the majestic expanse of water from the start. For the whole hour the sea was remarkably calm, which led Magellan to call it the Pacific Ocean.

A lot of information about the nature of the ocean was taken off for an hour of swimming by J. Cook. The great contribution to the achievement of the ocean and the islands near the new one was made by Russian expeditions under the ceramics I. F. Kruzenshtern, M. P. Lazarev, V. M. Golovnin, Yu. F. Lisyansky. That 19th century complex investigations were carried out by S. O. Makarov on the vessel "Vityaz". Regular science flights since 1949 robbed radyansk expedition ships. The Pacific Ocean is covered by a special international organization.

At the waters of the Pacific Ocean, it's seredzheno more than half of the living speech of the entire World Ocean Earth. Tse vodnositsya yak to roslyn, so і to the creaturely population. Organic light in a dark way reawakens the richness of species, ancient times and the high riven of endemism.

For fauna, which is available in bulk up to 100 yew. visual, characteristic savtsі, to live in the lead rank in the dead and high latitudes. Massively wider may be a representative of toothy whales - sperm whale, from toothless whales - sprats of swarthy whales. The promise of their encirclements. The curtains of the family of seals (sea lions) are closed, and fur seals streak on the pivdni and on the pivnocchi of the ocean. Pivnіchnі kotiki — tsіnі khutryаnі zviri, promisel yak kontrolієtsya. In the wild waters of the Pacific Ocean, there are also sea lions (from wild seals), which have become more rare, and walrus, which has a circumpolar range, and ale nins perebovae on the border.

Duje bagata fauna rib. In tropical waters there are less than 2000 species, in the western seas - about 800 species. In front of the Pacific Ocean, maybe half of the light catch of ribi falls. The head districts of the trade - pіvnіchі and the central part of the ocean. The main industries of the family are salmon, donkey, triskov, anchovies and others.

The mass of living organisms that inhabit the Pacific Ocean (as well as other parts of the Light Ocean) is important, falling on spineless, yakі linger on different levels of ocean waters and on the day of milk water: the simplest, intestinal, arthropods (crabs, shrimp), mollusks (oysters, squids, octopuses), golkosksir and іn. The stinks serve even for savts, ribs, sea birds, and also to become the essence of the marine industry and the objects of aquaculture.

Pacific Ocean different types corals, in that number they have a vaping skeleton. A native of the oceans does not have more of such a variety and diversity of coral buds of various types, like the Pacific one.

The basis of plankton is formed by one-celled representatives of the creaturely taroslin svіtu. There are 380 species of phytoplankton in the Pacific Ocean.

The greatest richness of organic light is typical for districts, where such titles are supposed to be upwelling(rising on the surface of the deep waters, rich in mineral speech) otherwise the waters mix with different temperatures, which creates a friendly mind for eating that development of phyto- and zooplankton, like ribs and other creatures to nekton. In the Pacific Ocean, areas of upwelling are located in the middle of the coast of Peru in zones of divergence at subtropical latitudes, where there are areas of intensive fishing and other industries.

The Amundsen Sea is located on the coast of Antarctica.

Banda, the middle sea of ​​the Pacific Ocean in Indonesia.

Bellingshausen, the sea is growing on the coast of Antarctica

The Bering Sea is the largest and largest of the middle seas of Russia

The inner Japanese sea (Seto-Nikai) is pierced in the middle of the channel between the islands of Honshu, Kyushu and Shikoku (Japan).

The Skhidno-Chinese Sea (Donghai) is a closed sea of ​​the Pacific Ocean, between the shores of Skhidnoy Asia (China) and the islands of Ryukyu and Kyushu (Japan).

Zhovte sea is surrounded by the Zhovtoy and the Skhidno-Chinese sea with a smart cordon, which is to pass through the pivden edge of the Korean Pivostrova to the island of Chechzhudo and far to the shore of the trokha of the pіvnіchnіshe gorla of the Yangtze river.

The Coral Sea, the closed sea of ​​the Pacific Ocean, was the coast of Australia.

Mindanao, the international sea near the northern part of the Philippine archipelago.

The Sea of ​​Moluccas is the inter-island sea of ​​the Pacific Ocean, in the Malay Archipelasis, between the islands of Mindanao, Sulawesi, Sula, Moluccas and Talaud. Area 274 yew. sq. km, the maximum depth is 4970 m-code.

The Novogvineiske Sea lies on the slope of the island of New Guinea.

The Sea of ​​Okhotsk is one of the largest and largest seas in Russia.

The Ross Sea rose to the coast of Antarctica.

Siram is the international sea in the Malay Archipelasis.

The Solomon Sea is bordered by the islands of New Guinea.

Sulawesi (Celebes Sea) is located between the islands of Sulawesi, Kalimantan, Mindanao, Sanghihe and the Sulu archipelago.

The Tasman Sea is spread between Australia and the island of Tasmania.

Fiji is mixed between the islands of Fiji, New Caledonia, Norfolk, Kermadec and New Zealand.

The Philippine Sea is intertwined between the Japanese Islands, Taiwan and the Philippine Sea at sunset, underwater ridges and the Izu Islands.

Flores rose between the island of Sulawesi on the pivnochi, the islands of Sumba and Flores on the pivnoch.

Pivdenny-Chinese Sea, at the sunset of the Pacific Ocean, beating the shores of Pivdenny-Skhidnoy Asia, between the Indochine Islands.

JAVAN SEA, at the sunset of the Pacific Ocean, between the islands of Sumatra, Java and Kalimantan.

The Sea of ​​Japan lies between the mainland of Eurasia and the island of Korea, the islands of Sakhalin and the Japanese, which hold water from other Pacific seas and the very ocean.

Over 50% of all biomass of the Light Ocean falls before the Pacific Ocean. Life in the ocean is presented clearly and differently, especially in the tropical and subtropical zones between the coasts of Asia and Australia, and the majestic territories are occupied by coral reefs and mangroves. The phytoplankton of the Pacific Ocean is most importantly composed of microscopic one-celled algae, which are close to 1300 species. Nearly half of the species can be seen as far as peridinives, and less than half as far as diatoms. In shallow water areas and in upwelling zones - ( Upwelling(English Upwelling) or pidyom - tse process, with some glide waters of the ocean rise to the surface. Most of all, it is better to guard the borders of the western cordons of the continents, moving more cold, rich in biogenic water from the depths of the ocean to the surface, replacing the warm, more on the biogenic water on the surface. It can also be practical in any area of ​​the world ocean. Razrіznyayut as a minimum chotiri types of upwelling: coastal upwelling; large-scale wind upwelling near the open ocean; upwelling, tying with tufts; upwelling, overlapping with topography.
Through the process of turning upwelling, i.e. downwelling.) there is more growth. Donna growth of the Pacific Ocean has close to 4 thousand species of algae and up to 29 species of flower dews. In the calm and cold regions of the Pacific Ocean, storms of algae are massively widened, especially from the group of laminaria, moreover, giants from this family of grasshoppers grow up to 200 m.

The tropics have especially wide fucus, great greenery and especially red algae, as well as coral polyps and reef-building organisms.

Creature light of the Pacific Ocean beyond the species warehouse is 3-4 times richer, lower in other oceans, especially in tropical waters. In the Indonesian seas, there are over 2,000 species of ribs, in the pine seas there are only about 300. In the tropical zone of the ocean, there are over 6,000 species of mollusks, and in the Bering Sea there are close to 200. For the fauna of the Pacific Ocean characteristic riceє antiquity of rich systematic groups and endemism. Here, a large number of ancient species of sea hedgehogs linger, primitive canopies of swordtails, even ancient ribs, which were not saved in other oceans (for example, Jordan, Gilbertidia); 95% of all salmon species live near the Pacific Ocean. Endemic species: dugong, fur seal, sea lion, sea beaver. Rich views of the fauna of the Pacific Ocean dominating gigantism. In the peninsular part of the ocean, there are gigantic mussels and oysters, in the equatorial zone, the largest two-shelled mollus tridacna, the mass of which reaches 300 kg, sacks. Near the Pacific Ocean, ultra-abdominal fauna is represented most of all. In times of majestic vice, low temperature and water depths over 8.5 km, there are about 45 species, including over 70% of endemics. Among these sights, the holothurians are considered to lead an even low-grade way of life and buildings to pass through the grassy tract the great amount of soil, a single dzherel of living on these glybins.

The growth of life (bacteria and lower fungi) is located near the upper 200th ball, near the so-called euphotic zone. Bacteria inhabit all the waters and the bottom of the ocean. Life develops most in the shelf zone, and especially the most protected on small depths, and in the calm belts of the ocean, the flora of brown algae is diversely represented. At tropical latitudes for the milky water zone, there is a characteristic ubiquitous and strong development of coral reefs, along the coast itself - mangrove thickets.

From protruding from cold zones near the tropics, the number of species is growing sharply, and the thickness of their distribution is falling. There are about 50 species of coastal algae - macrophytes near the Bering Islands, near the Japanese Islands - over 200, near the waters of the Malay Archipelago - over 800. Okremі forms do not swell the flooring of a sharp overwhelm, even though the number of views is even greater.

With the distance from the coast to the central parts of the ocean, and the greater depths of life become less varied and less clear.

In the middle of the coastal algae - macrophytes - near the dead belts one can especially see a large number of fucus and laminariums. At tropical latitudes, storms of algae change - sargassum, green - caulerpa and galimeda and a number of red algae.

The surface zone of the pelagial is characterized by a mass development of unicellular algae (phytoplankton), the head rank of diatoms, peridiniums and coccolithophorids. At T. o. it is possible to distinguish between the littoral and sublittoral zones, the transitional zone (up to 500-1000 m), the batial, the abyssal and ultraabyssal, or the zone of deep water zholobiv (from 6-7 to 11 thousand m).

Microcystis pear-like

At the Pacific Ocean, the greatest algae linger in the world of pear-like microcystis.

Water-order. Microcystis pear-like reaches 50 m of the crown and grows by 30 cm per doba. As if it were a growing tree, it needs light and life, and only in the clearings, rich in mineral salts of water, are the vines. On earth, such a gigantic rіdkіst navit among the trees.

Giant algae were sour, organic speeches and energy for the entire living world. Algae is of great value to our planet.
Red algae are also savory, lower and go to the preparation of salads. stink rich vitamins A, C, D and zastosovuyutsya as a cure for sclerosis, rickets and other illnesses. From red algae, we prepare in a promiscuous way, especially the agar-agar speech.

Agar-agar is added to a rich confectionery mix: marmalade, marshmallow, frosty, cheese, bread, dough, biscuits, so that the stench was savory and not so stale. It is necessary to use speech in the production of film photography. From the algae they prepare glue, add plaster, cement, so that the stench of the boulders. Physicians, biologists in scientific laboratories on agar-agar grow bacteria that are necessary for further studies.
Pacific salmon, as if to match the name, live near the sea basin. Representatives of this genus in the anal fin have 10 to 16 bellies, the luska of the middle roses is a bit thin, the eggs are large and poached in a red-yellow color. All the ribs that spawn in the fresh waters of Asia and Pivnichnoy America and walk by the sea. Vіdomo 6 species, which are well distinguished (chum salmon, pink salmon, chavicha, red sockeye salmon, coho salmon and sima). All Pacific salmon spawn only once in life, after the first spawning.

Laminaria

Known for the great water - kelp, yak is called sea kale in the past, її dozhina become 5-6 meters, sometimes specimens up to 20 meters. Laminaria - the price of medicinal syrovin, for which iodine comes out, which protects us from inaccuracies - the purpose of a disinfectant zasib for treating wounds. Lack of iodine in the body leads to an increase in the thyroid gland.

Pіrofitovі- a group of monolithic marine (or more freshwater) flagella algae, which combines close to 2100 species from two subdivisions: cryptophytes and dinophytes. The chloroplasts of buri, clitin, as a rule, are placed in a shell of cellulose, often of a chimeric form. The majority of pyrophytes are autotrophs. They multiply by rozpodil and spores, the process is rarely observed. Pirophytic algae - the reason for the "red tides"; toxic speeches, which are seen as harmless microorganism, causing the death of ribs and mollusks. Other pyrophytes are symbionts of radiolarians and coral polyps.

diatoms- from 10 to 20 thousand species of microscopic (0.75-1500 microns) solitary or colonial algae, cells with a sharp, hard silicon shell, which are composed of two chairs. The walls of the shell can be blown, through the way the exchange from the outer middle is exchanged. A lot of diatom algae are built up with a substrate, sings, shells seen with mucus. Colonial forms live near the mucus tubes, which make storm bushes up to 20 cm long. When multiplying under the skin, the daughter's skin is removed by one half of the shell, the other half grows again. Through those that the old plate wraps its edges around the new one, as it grows, generations of diatom algae shake again and again. Some diatoms make super girls; instead of cells, it fills its shell and significantly increases in rosemaries.

diatoms- Largest group of algae; stench linger among plankton and benthos, in mules at the bottom of freshwater ponds, on water dews and objects, on Syrian earth near moss. Vikopny diatoms in the Jurassic period; straining the deposit of surpluses of these organisms utvoryuyut siege rock diatomite (tripoli), vikoristovuvanu human like a povnyuvach, an insulator or a filter.

Red algae, but the purple ones may be more characteristic of the red zabarvlennya, the maddened by the presence of the phycoerythrin pigment. In some forms, the infestation is dark-chervone (mayzhe black), in other horns. Crimsonworts live most importantly in the seas, sometimes on the great depths, which is connected with the development of phycoerythrin vicory for photosynthesis of green and blue waters, more easily penetrate the deep water (the maximum depth is 285 m, on ). Nearly 4000 species are divided into two classes. Agar-agar and other chemical speeches are obtained from deyakih crimson, porphyry vicarious in a hedgehog. Vikopnі chervonі algae vyavlenі in vіdklady kreydyannogo period.

algae storms- perhaps the most advanced among algae, including 1500 species (3 classes), most of them - marine organisms. Okremі specimens of brown algae can reach 100 m; the stench is stifled by the right thickets, for example, by the Sargas Sea. In some brown algae, for example, laminaria, there is a differentiation of tissues and the appearance of conductive elements. Bagatoklitinny slanted by its characteristic storms (from olive-green to dark brown) goiter with fucoxanthin pigment, which tarnishes a large number of blue patches that penetrate into the great clay. The thallus saw a lot of mucus, which filled the internal empty spaces; tse pereshkojaє vtrati water. The rhizoids or the basal disk of the flooring strongly attach moisture to the ground, which is difficult to penetrate into the substrate. In rich representatives of brown algae, there are special coated bulbs, which allow floating forms to trim the thallus on the surface, and attach (for example, fucus) to occupy a vertical camp near the tovschі water. At the sight of green algae, richly growing from them all over the valley, storms of algae make up the upper point of growth.

The organic light of the Pacific Ocean is the largest wealth for the number of species, ecological habitats, wild biomass and industrial biological resources, and the great size of the water area and diversity natural minds. Half of the entire biomass of the Light Ocean falls on this part.

The largest number of sights are seen in the western regions of the sea in low latitudes. So, near the seas of the Malay Archipelago, there are over 2000 species of ribs, just like in the seas of the peninsular part of the ocean (Pivnichococean biogeographic region), there are only about 300 in the seas (there are more than 300 species of ribs and planar water). Organic light of the natural areas in the ocean (part of the Antarctic region) may be rich hot rice with similar parts Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

The organic light of the Pacific Ocean is seen by the ancient richness of the species, the great stage of endemism and the gigantism of the richness of their representatives. Here, for example, there are ancient sea ​​jacks, primitive horseshoe crab, ancient ribeye, not found in other oceans (Jordan, Hilbertid and other). May all see salmon (95%) loitering near the Pacific Ocean. Endemic forms and middle seas - fur seal, sea beaver, sea lion, yak are not found in other oceans. At the peninsular part of the ocean, there are giant mussels and oysters; In the middle part of the ocean, gigantic algae grow from laminarios, the dove of which reaches 200 m-code.

Roslinny light of the Pacific Ocean

The phytoplankton of the Pacific Ocean is represented mainly by single-celled algae, the middle half of which (about 1300) species are carried to the peridynes and diatoms. Most of the algae are found in coastal, shallow water areas and near upwelling zones.

In the high and middle latitudes of both pivkul, there is a mass development of brown algae, especially in the laminaria group. In the equatorial-tropical latitudes, there are wide fucus, great green algae and vape red algae. Donna growth of the Pacific Ocean is represented by 4 yew. species, there are close to 30 species of flowers (sea grasses).

Creature light of the Pacific Ocean

The creaturely world of the Pacific Ocean behind the species warehouse near the kіlka is richer, lower in the other oceans of the world. Here are all groups of creatures of organisms that inhabit the Ocean of Light.

Coral fauna is widely spread near the area of ​​the Sunda Islands and on the breeding grounds in Australia. A peculiar abyssal fauna. More than 40 species of creatures are found on the depths over 8.5 km, and they are approximately 70% endemic. Overwhelm the holothurians, as they can pass through their grass system the majestic masses of the soil, which are practically the only dzherel of the ancient speeches. Behind them, behind the number, are followed by lamellar-zyabrov, polyheti, ophurii and other organisms, attached to life in the minds of ultraabishali. The high level of endemism (up to 60% and more) is dominant in the skin-skinned deep-water zholobu. AT stay rocky near the hydrotherms, it is often bred its own ecological spivtovaristvo, stuck to life near the hot waters. Thus, micro-organisms that live at a temperature of 250 ° C are found to be higher and lower than 300 atm.

(At a depth of 3 km). Previously, the stench was revealed itself in the Pacific Ocean in the area of ​​the Galapagos Rift and other rift valleys of the Shidno-Pacific Ocean Day.

Biological resources of the Pacific Ocean

The Pacific Ocean enjoys high biological productivity (about 200 kg/km2). The distribution of primary production and biomass is characterized as a latitudinal geographic zoning, as well as the site of the main ocean water circulation and dynamic zones (convergence, divergence, upwelling).

The areas of great bioproductivity are confined to the subpolar, peaceful and equatorial zones (250-500 mg-s/m2, as the primary production is estimated in milligrams of coal, which is used for production in the process of photosynthesis in the rosemary per 1 m2 of the surface of a ball of water). The maximum values ​​of primary production and biomass are observed in the upwelling zones associated with water divergences. In tropical latitudes, bioproductivity is lower, and in the central regions of subtropical circulation, it is minimal.

Among the industrial biological resources in the Pacific Ocean, ribs are the first to occupy (85% of the catch), others - molluscs, crustaceans, goatfish and other non-fish species, including algae (10%), and a third - marine ssavts (5%). At the present time, about 45% of the ribs that are seen in the whole world are seen in the Pacific Ocean. The headland areas of the trade are located near the pivnіchno-zahіdnіy, pіvnіchno-skhіdnіy, skhіdnіy and pіvdenno-skhіdnіy parts of the ocean. Highly productive areas of interplay between the warm waters of the Kurosio and the cold seas of the Kuril current, the zone of penetration of the warm Alaska current at a high latitude, the shelf area at the sunset of the ocean, and the zone of upwelling along the coast of Pivnichnaya and especially Pivdenny America. Pomitno virus catch of ribeye in the Antarctic regions.

The main trades of the ribs of the Pacific Ocean are pollock, anchovy, sedentary, sardine, horse mackerel, mackerel, saury, salmon, tuna (from pelagic), then cod, hake, flounder, halibut, whitefish, sea bass (bottom ribis). Crimean ribs, near the peninsular part of the ocean, there are crabs, shrimps, sea combs, mussels, oysters, trepangs and others. , the lands of Pvdenno-Skhidnoy Asia, Russia (near the tributaries of the Posyet and Peter the Great). Also in the ocean, whales (wusatih, sperm whales), squids, sharks and others. Fur seals are harvested on the islands of the Bering and the Sea of ​​Okhotsk (they are subject to the fencing). There are species and cultivation of some algae, most importantly laminaria (seaweed).

The area along the coast of Peru and Pivnichny Chile is the most fish-producing area in the entire World Ocean. Its productivity is attributed to the penetration of the cold Peruvian current in low latitudes and to its steady and intense upwelling. The object of the fast trade here is the Peruvian anchovy.

AT okremi rocks the anchovy catch is 11-13 million tons per river (about 7000 kg/km2). This is explained by the fact that under the influx of overflowing rain-falling winds and transverse storage in the Peruvian current, it is blown by cold (14-18 ° C) waters from a depth of 100-200 m. , yakі є fodder for a large population of anchovy. Near the coastal zone of the mainland and on the islands, there are numerous cormorants, pelikani, gulls that eat anchovies. Once in a few years, the circulation of the atmosphere changes with warm equatorial water, which sounds like it penetrates the whole area under the influx of venous-shidny pastat in the chest-sich up to 5 ° pd. sh., develop such tightness that it shifts to midday up to 15 ° pd. sh. The Peruvian current goes far into the shore. Apeling near the coast pripinyaetsya. The water temperature is constantly moving, changing instead of sour, the biomass of cold-loving diatoms is changing dramatically. Anchovy is known from the region, the quantity of guinea is great. The birds are dying, they are eating them. Catch the anchovy from such rocks that may fall again. The whole complex of phenomena, povyazanih іz flow of equatorial waters on pіvden, otrimav name El-Ninyo. Such appearances were celebrated for the rest of the century in 1951-53, 1957-58, 1963-65, 1972-73, 1976-77, 1982-83, 1985-87, 1992-93, 1997-98. Viniknenny El-Ninyo pov'yazane, perhaps, from the global processes of the dynamics of the atmosphere and hydrosphere of the Earth. This is a prime example of the interdependence of the components of natural complexes and the government's activity.

Animals and growth of the Pacific Ocean Photo and description of underwater sacks - ribs, algae, corals.

The Pacific Ocean is a folding natural system, the history of which began long before the appearance of civilization on the planet. Occupying 1/3 of the surface of the entire Earth, the wines in terms of area and depth turn over all the known oceans. The history of the appearance of the name "Tikhiy" is connected with the names of the Portuguese navigator - F. Magellan, who sailed through the whole ocean for calm weather. Nature has generously endowed the waters with a rich biomass. Animals and the growth of the Pacific Ocean are wafted by invisible roses.

animal light

The fauna of the Pacific Ocean, for its species warehouse, transfers signs of any other ocean. Here practically all the bagmen of the Light Ocean speak. The main number of mammals and rich ribs inhabited by water, octopus, oysters, zooplankton, crayfish, squid, mussels, jellyfish and many others. Some of them enter the warehouse of industrial resources of the Pacific Ocean. Animal world is also rich in such savts, like sperm whales and different whales. In the middle of the baggers, it is also common to see the sea hedgehogs, swordtails, as well as ancient ribs, which are no longer saved in other oceans.

Roslinny svіt

The phytoplankton of the ocean is mainly composed of single-celled algae, which have 1300 species in total. Of these, most of them are referred to the so-called diatoms and peridynes. Donna fauna of the Pacific Ocean contains approximately 4,000 species of algae, the most prominent coastal waters, as well as up to 29 species (sea grasses) of flower dews.

In the calm and cold parts of the ocean, there is a massive expansion of brown algae, zocrema and a group of kelp.

Roslinnist in tropical regions is represented by mangroves and coral reefs. Here there is a large part of fucus, green and red algae, yakі є z coral polyps head reef-creating organisms.

The population of Siberian whales, which linger in the Pacific Ocean, is now found at the critical station. To this very old view of the marine savts_v were entered to the Chervonoy book. The most serious threat to these populations affects the unfriendly influx of oil and gas projects. This year, the fight for the conservation of orphan whales will be led by coalitions of rich environmental organizations.

Look at it obov'yazkovo:

Animals and plants of Turechchini Description, photos of wild Turkish nature. Animals and growths of the Atlantic Ocean Photo and description of underwater sacks. Underwater world and bags of the seabed. F …Rosliny and creatures of Pivnichnaya America description from photo and video, features of pivnіchnoy …Creative and growing world of Eurasian description of Meshkantsiv, photo of nature of Eurasia.

"Voronez State University"

Control robot

for discipline:

« Gospodarske development of natural resources in the world"

on topics:

«Light ocean and yoga resources»

Intro. 3

1. Pacific Ocean. four

1.1 Geographical position and natural features. four

1.2 Recreational resources.

1.3 Natural resources of the sea. 7

2. Atlantic Ocean. 9

2.1 Geographical position and natural features. 9

2.2 Recreational resources.

2.3 Withdrawal and non-withdrawal natural resources Atlantic Ocean 12

3. Indian Ocean. fourteen

3.1 Geographical characteristics of the Indian Ocean. fourteen

3.2 Climate and water of the Indian Ocean. fifteen

3.3 Natural wealth of the Indian Ocean. 16

3.4. Recreational resources of the Indian Ocean. 17

4. Syrian ice-covered ocean. eighteen

4.1 Geographical distribution. eighteen

4.2 Climate. 19

4.3 Fishing and mineral resources.

Visnovok. 22

Literature. 23

Entry

Just look at the physical map of the world, then we would like to know that over two-thirds (about 75%) of the surface of our planet is covered by seas and oceans. The seas of that ocean are joined by channels, and at the same time the stinks make up the Ocean of Light. Nearly 97% of the water on the planet is located in the oceans and seas, so it could be called not Earth, but Water. The Vcheni divided the Light Ocean into parts. Tse chotiri great oceans - Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Pivnichniy Lodovity.

The majestic mass of the waters of the ocean forms the climate of the planet, serve as a cauldron of atmospheric fallout. It is necessary to have more than half of the sourness, and the wine regulates instead of carbonic acid in the atmosphere, as the building clay is too much. At the bottom of the Light Ocean, there is an accumulation of that transformation of the majestic mass of mineral and organic rhechovins, to that geological and geochemical processes that flow in the oceans and seas, may have a strong injection on the entire earth's crust. The Ocean itself has become the stake of the life of the Earth; Now a newcomer lives close to five or five living sources of the planet.

The relevance of this work lies in the fact that the ocean of light gives a majestic influx on rich food from ecology to economy. The first step in these processes is especially important at the same time.

The method of giving is the birth of the ocean of light.

For the purpose of cultivating the goal, we set up the task of surviving all 4 oceans of the world, their natural and climatic features, and resource and recreational potential.

For the achievement of the goals of the zastosovaniya, the scientific and educational method and the development of the scientific-publicistic literature and the internet were used.

2. Pacific Ocean

2.1 Geographical position and natural features

This ocean is majestic, and its maximum width is the half of the earth's equator, which is about 17 thousand. km.

Creature's world is great and different. Navit at the same time there regularly appear new, unknown scientific creatures. So, in 2005. A group of scientists revealed close to 1000 species of ten-legged crayfish, two and a half thousand mollusks, and over a hundred crustaceans.

At the bottom of the ocean, the Pacific volcanic volcanic fire ring, which is the lance of volcanoes, rotting along the perimeter of the entire ocean.

Pacific Ocean- The largest on the planet. Vin covers more than half of all water surfaces of the Earth, with an area of ​​178 million km2. Raztashovaniya between the continents of Eurasia and Australia at sunset, Pivnichnoy and Pivdenny America at the exit, Antarctica at pivdni.

The Pacific Ocean stretches for approximately 15.8 thousand km from the night on the day and for 19.5 thousand km from the start. The area with the seas is 179.7 million km², the average depth is 3984 m, the volume of water is 723.7 million km³ . The greatest depth of the Pacific Ocean (and of the entire World Ocean) - m (near the Mariansk Zholoby) the average depth of the ocean is 4 km. Across the Pacific Ocean, approximately along the 180th meridian, there is a date change line.

Sound the Pacific Ocean divided into two regions - Pivnichnu and Pivdenna, which is between the equator. Deyakі fahіvtsі vvazhayut for better conduct the cordon along the axis of the equatorial flow, then approximately 5 ° N. sh. Previously, the waters of the Pacific Ocean were mostly divided into three parts: pivnіchnu, central and pivdennu, between them were Pivnichny and Pivdenny tropics. Okremі dіlyanki ocean, roztashovanі between islands and ledges of dry land, you can name. To the largest water areas of the Pacific Basin, the Bering Sea can be seen at night; inflow Alaska at the pivnіchny skhodі; the inflows of California and Tehuantepec at the exit, the white of the coast of Mexico; the Fonseca tributary of the coast of El Salvador, Honduras and Nicaragua and, more importantly, the Panama tributary. The bay of the Western coast of Pivdenny America is only a few small inflows, for example, Guayaquil was the bank of the coast of Ecuador. In the western and northern-western parts of the Pacific Ocean, numerous large islands are found in the main water area of ​​the faceless inland seas, such as the Tasman Sea on the shoreline of Australia and the Coral Sea along the coastal narrow sea; the Arafur Sea and the inflow of Carpentaria on the front of Australia; sea ​​Gang on pіvnіch vіd o. Timor; the sea of ​​Flores on the pіvnіch vіd of the island of the same name; Javanese sea on pіvnіch vіd o. Java; Siamsk inflow between the islands of Malacca and Indochina; the inflow of Bakbo (Tonkinsky) beat the coast of V'etnam and China; Makasar channel between the islands of Kalimantan and Sulawesi; the seas of Moluccas and Sulawesi are visible on the slopes and pivnich in the o. Sulawesi; nareshti, the Philippine Sea at the exit from the Philippine Islands. A special area on the peninsular entrance of the peninsular half of the Pacific Ocean is the Sulu Sea between the peninsular-zahidny part of the Philippine archipelago, as well as the impersonal small inflows, bays and peninsular seas (for example, the seas of Sibuyan, Mindanao, Vila, ). Bіlya skhіdnogo shore China roztashovanі Skhіdno-Kitaiska and Zhovta sea; remain at the pіvnochі two streams: Bohaivan and Zakhidno-Korean. Japanese Islands with the Kremlin overlooking the Pivostrov of Korea by the Korean Canal. At the same peninsular-western part of the Pacific Ocean, there are more seas: the Inner Sea of ​​Japan, in the middle of the Japanese islands; Sea of ​​Japan on the way to them; on pіvnіch - the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, which crosses the Sea of ​​Japan with the Tatar channel. More far away on the pіvnіch, without midday on the pіvnіch from the Chukotka breeding island, there is Anadirskaya zatok. The most difficult thing is to conduct a cordon between the Pacific and Indian oceans near the area of ​​the Malay Archipelago. The day from the proponing cordons could not satisfy botanists, zoologists, geologists and oceanologists at once. Deyakі vchenі vvazhayut the boundary of the division of tz. Wallace line to pass through the Makasar canal. Others proponuyut conduct a cordon through the Siamsk inlet, the pivdennu part of the Pivdenno-Chinese Sea and the Javanese Sea.

Two regions of atmospheric pressure are visible above the Pacific Ocean: the Aleutian minimum and the Pivn.-Pacific maximum. In tropical and subtropical latitudes, there are windy winds of similar rhumbivs (pasati), in calmer latitudes, strong winds are blowing. On the back near the ocean, from black to leaf fall, part of tropical hurricanes - typhoons. The monsoon circulation of the atmosphere is typical for the peninsular-western part of the sea. In the peninsular part of the ocean, the circulation of waters is marked by warm currents - Mon. Passatnym (Kurosio) and Pivn.-Pacific and cold California. At the pivnіchnyh latitudes in the western part of the country, the Kuril current is cold, and on the Skhodі, the Alaskan current is warm. Mizh 2–4° and 8–12° Mon. sh. іsnuє Interpasatna (Equatorial) leaks. The average water temperature on the surface in the cold varies from 26-28 ° С near the equator to -1 ° С at 58 ° С. sh., and in serpentine, it is 25–29 to 5–8 °С. Salinity of the water other parts the ocean oscillates from 31 to 36.5 ‰. The tidal range is 12.9 m (Penzhinskaya Bay). The Pacific Ocean is characterized by tsunamis up to 50 m high.

2.2 Recreational resources

The recreational resources of the Pacific Ocean are characterized by significant diversity. Following the tribute of the All-World tourist organization, at the end of the 20th century, 16% of international tourist arrivals fell to Northern Asia and the Pacific region (until 2020, an increase of up to 25% is predicted). The main countries for the formation of visa tourism in this region are Japan, China, Australia, Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Russia, the USA and Canada. The main recreational areas: Hawaiian Islands, the islands of Polynesia and Micronesia, along the coast of Australia, the Bohai River and the island of Hainan near China, the coast Sea of ​​Japan, райони міст та міських агломерацій узбережжя Північної та Південної Америки Серед країн із найбільшим потоком туристів (за даними на 2010 рік Всесвітньої туристської організації) в азіатсько-тихоокеанському регіоні виділяються: Китай (55 мільйонів відвідувань на рік), Малайзія (24 мільйони), Гонконг (20 million), Thailand (16 million), Macau (12 million), Singapore (9 million), Republic of Korea (9 million), Japan (9 million), Indonesia (7 million), Australia (6 million), Taiwan ( 6 million), Vietnam (5 million), Philippines (4 million), New Zealand (3 million), Cambodia (2 million), Guam (1 million); near the coastal lands of Pivnіchnoy and Pivdenny America: USA (60 million), Mexico (22 million), Canada (16 million), Chile (3 million), Colombia (2 million), Costa Rica (2 million), Peru (2 million) ) ), Panama (1 million), Guatemala (1 million), El Salvador (1 million), Ecuador (1 million).

2.3 Natural resources of the sea.

The bottom of the sea is rich in genera of various minerals. On the shelves of China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the United States of America (Alaska), Ecuador (Guayaquil inlet), Australia (Basova duct) and New Zealand, they produce naphtha and gas. According to the estimates, the Pacific ocean waters can cover up to 30-40% of all potential oil and gas reserves of the Light Ocean. The world's largest source of tin concentrates is Malaysia, and Australia is the largest producer of tin concentrates. The ocean is rich in saline manganese nodules, with overhead reserves lying on the surface up to 7 1012 tons. At the pererakhunka on the main ores, elements in nodules of the ocean are located manganese 7.1 1010 t, nickel 2.3 109 t, midi 1.5 109 t, cobalt 1 109 t. sea, zholobi Nankai near the Sea of ​​Japan and near the coast of Japan, near the Peruvian west. In 2013, Japan may have recently started drilling for the production of natural gas from methane hydrate deposits on the days of the Pacific Ocean at the pivnichniy shid in Tokyo.

The Pacific Ocean provides up to 60% of the light species of ribeye and seafood (pollack, mackerel ivory, Chilean sardine, Peruvian horse mackerel, Peruvian anchovy). On SZ. the ocean is protected by the main world reserves of salmon ribs. You can also see faceless squids, crabs, shrimps, mussels, and sea combs. The Pacific Ocean gives close to 90% of the light species of algae.

3. Atlantic Ocean

3.1 Geographical position and natural features

The Atlantic Ocean is the name given to a part of the water surface of the earth's kuli, yak, stretching from the pivnoch to pivden, watering the Old World from the western side of the New World. The whole ocean, as if otrimav, imovirno, its name from the mythological island "Atlantidi", distributing either, in its own part, the largest population and the civilized part of the world; to that, regardless of those that vines are growing from the dry oceans, the Atlantic Ocean is winded up at the same time and the greatest harvests. Behind the Vistula of A. von-Humboldt, A. the ocean, behind the parallelism of its shores, is similar to a mighty tide, shards of visible parts of the continents on the protilazhny birch give inflows, bay-like vines of the coast. At the northern part of the ocean, the shores of Pivnichnaya America are pierced by the bay of St. Lawrence, the Mexican and Karaybsk inlets, just like the European mainland by the Baltic and German seas, the Aquitanian inflow, the Middle Earth and the Black Seas; Pivdenni shores of the ocean, like pivdenno-American, and African, you see, on the other hand, even a little hurt. The fork of the Guinean tributary in Africa is a part of Brazil, as well as a part of the Senegambia and Sudan - the Antilles Sea. For the richness of the oceanic islands, which rise in the middle of the open sea, the Atlantic Ocean signifi- cantly yields to the Pacific; only near Pivnіchnoi America and white shores of Europe brighten the islands. Important stations are: Iceland and Fairy Islands between Europe and polar America; The Azores and the group of the Bermuda Islands between Europe and the middle and the middle part of Pivnichnoy America; the islands of Voznesinnya, St. Deer, Trinidad and Tristan da Cunha between Africa and Pivdenny America; Nareshti, Falkland Islands, Pivdenna George and Sandwich Islands between Pivdennoy America and the Antarctic mainland.

The area covered by one Atlantic Ocean becomes km2, and at the same time, from the coastal and Mediterranean seas (Middle Earth, Baltic, Pivnichne, English Channel, Irish-Scottish, Mexican Influx, Karaybsk Sea and St. km. Dovzhina from pivnochi to pivden to become 13335 km, the greatest width, between Senegambiu and the Mexican inlet, - 9000 km, the smallest - 1445 km, between Norway and Greenland (7225 km between Georgia York, 3100 km between San Roca and Sierra Leone). The Atlantic Ocean, with a significant stretch of its shores, overturns all others, the shards of the valley of the shores of other seas, taken at once, act on the shores of the shores of the other seas. There is no such great river region, i.e., the expanse of continents, the river waters of which wind around the ocean. It is better to lie in the presence of the fact that the Mediterranean seas already deeply jut out into the continents, and in view of the fact that there are many high mountain lances near the coast; stay closer to the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Along the western birch of South America, the lance of the Andes stretches, showing itself a powerful water-springing ridge, from the western slopes of which only useless rivers flow, since 19/20 of the mainland, it has been rebuked near the region of A. to the ocean. Chotiri rich water rivers of the earth's backwaters flow into the Atlantic Ocean or other inflows: the Amazon, the Congo, La Plata and the Mississippi. - in the view of the Pivnichnoy Icy Ocean, the Atlantic water-cremation is no more than a clear line - the Pivnichny polar stake; True, islands, land, are often trawled along this line, at the same time, like a border between the ice-cold ice-cold ocean - the Pivdenne polar ring - nowhere does it stray from the land. On the first day, in the middle of the Horn and Golkovo waters of the Atlantic Ocean, the waters of the oceans of the Pacific and the Indian Ocean are uninterruptedly angry, so even here it is possible to draw the borders, which are the most important in respect of the meridians of the names of the mainland edges of the continents, so that the ocean does not receive the ocean especially in the ocean. ї parallels.

Nowhere on the oceans is there such a sharp temperature as in the Atlantic Ocean, so that in a small part of the winter cold streams the Gulf Stream passes, finding warmth from the water streams. The Brazilian current is also warm, and the Pivdenno-American is cold. Zagalom near the tropics, the average water temperature on the surface is close to 26 °, navigating up to 28 ° on the banks of Guinea and Sivba. take care of South America. Mіzh 40 ° Mon. sh. western part of the ocean (bіlya shores of America), warmer, lower skhіdna, and more high latitudes - back, then the water was bіla shores in Norway navit pіd 70 ° w. sh. warmer, lower at New Foundland pіd 48 ° N. sh. Such warm water, like a bereavement of the shores of Europe, between 50 - 71 p. sh. does not grow anywhere near the quiet latitudes themselves. At the pivnіchnyh latitudes, the water is slightly warmer, lower than the same pivdennykh latitudes. Warm water winds up near the tropics, stretching on the arc of a small depth; at a depth of 290 m, the sound drops to 10 °, and at a depth of 700-1000 m - up to 4 °. The great depths are filled with cold water, the white of the bottom is close to 1-3°. The average temperature of the entire Atlantic Ocean is close to 40 ° Mon. sh.

3.2 Recreational resources

Recreational resources of the Atlantic Ocean are characterized by significant diversity. The main countries for the formation of visa tourism in this region are formed in Europe (Nimechchina, Great Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Belgium, Austria, Sweden, the Russian Federation, Switzerland and Spain), Pivnichny America (USA and Canada) and Canada The main recreational zones: the Mediterranean coast of Pivdenny Europe and Northern Africa, the coast of the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea, Florida Islands, the islands of Cuba, Haiti, Bahamas, areas of the Mist and Mist agglomeration of the Atlantic Coast of the Pacific In the rest of the hour, the popularity of such Mediterranean regions as Turechchina, Croatia, Egypt, Tunisia and Morocco is growing. The middle edge of the Atlantic Ocean with the largest flow of tourists (behind the data for 2010 of the All-World Tourism Organization) are seen: France (77 million flights per river), USA (60 million), Spain (53 million), Great Britain (4 ) million), Turkey (27 million), Mexico (22 million), Ukraine (21 million), Russian Federation (20 million), Canada (16 million), Greece (15 million), Egypt (14 million), Poland (12 million), the Netherlands (11 million), Morocco (9 million), Denmark (9 million), Pivdenna Africa (8 million), Syria (8 million), Tunisia (7 million), Belgium (7 million), Portugal (7 million), Bulgaria (6 million), Argentina (5 million), Brazil (5 million).

3.3 All natural resources of the Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean gives 2/5 of the light catch and part of it changes with the rocks. In the subantarctic and antarctic waters, the value of notothenia, blue whiting and other fish, in the tropical zone - mackerel, tuna, sardine, in the areas of cold streams - anchovies, in the latitudes of the pivnіchnoi pіvkulі - seledets, cod, haddock, halibut, sea bass. In the 1970s, after the overfishing of some species of fish, the fishery decreased sharply, but after the introduction of strict limits on fish, stocks of offal were restored. The basins of the Atlantic Ocean have a lot of international conventions and fishing, which can be effectively and rationally obtained biological resources, based on the establishment of scientifically grounded entry into the regulation of the industry.

The Atlantic Ocean has the best reserves of carbohydrates.

Vidobutok with brown copalins, similar to oil and є, is carried out on the continental shelves. Naphtha is found on the shelves of the Mexican tributary, the Caribbean Sea, the Pivnichnoe Sea, the Byskay Stream, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Guinean Stream. On the shelf of the Pivnichnoye Sea, gas is also being produced. You can say more - the Mexican inflow is the main naphth-bearing region of the zahіdnoї pіvkulі, and the Pivnіchne sea is the main "naft granary" of Europe.

Also, the Mexican zatoci conduct crafts of the species of sirka, and the island of Newfoundland - of the falcon. From sea roses on the continental shelf of Pivdenny Africa, diamonds are found. I will follow the important group of mineral resources to establish the coastal genera of titanium, zirconium, tin, phosphorite, monazite and burshtin. From the seabed, they also extract vugillya, barite, sand, pebbles and vapnyak.

On the shores of the seas of the Atlantic Ocean, tidal power plants were ignited: "La Rance" on the river Rance near France, "Annapolis" near the bottom of Fundy in Canada, "Hammerfest" near Norway.

4. Indian Ocean

4.1 Geographical characteristics of the Indian Ocean

The Indian Ocean is the main rank of roaming on the day of the tropic of Cancer between Eurasia on the night, Africa on the sunset, Australia on the descent and Antarctica on the day. Cordon with the Atlantic Ocean to pass along the meridian of Igolniy Miss (20° st. to the coast of Antarctica (Queen Maud Land)). To pass the cordon from the Pacific Ocean: on the day from Australia - along the similar cordon of the Basova channel to the island of Tasmania, further along the meridian 146 ° 55 'E. to Antarctica; on the peninsula from Australia - between the Andaman Sea and the Malacca channel, along the pivnichny birch of the island of Sumatra, the Sunda protots, the pivden birch of the island of Java, the pivden cordon of the seas of Bali and Sava, the pivnichny cordon of the New Arafur-Neakhid sea, . In one part of the peninsula part of the ocean, with a peninsular cordon with a view of 35 ° latitude. sh. (behind the sign of the circulation of the driving atmosphere) up to 60 ° pd. sh. (because of the nature of the bottom relief) can be carried to the Pivdenny Ocean, which is not officially seen.

The area of ​​the sea, the inflow and the channel of the Indian Ocean becomes 11.68 million km² (15% of the total area of ​​the ocean), totaling 26.84 million km³ (9.5%). The seas and the main inlets of the river are protected from the ocean (behind the annual arrow): the Chervone Sea, the Arabian Sea (Adenska zatok, Omanska zatok, Perska zatok), Lakkadivska sea, Bengal inflow, Andaman Sea, Timor Sea, Arafur Sea (Carpentaria inlet), Veliky Australian tributary, Mawson Sea, Davis Sea, Spivdruzhnost Sea, Cosmonauts Sea (the rest of the rivers sometimes reach the Pivdenny Ocean).

Deyaki islands - for example, Madagascar, Socotra, Maldives - are fragments of ancient continents, others - Andaman, Nicobar or Rizdva islands - may be volcanic trips. The largest island in the Indian Ocean is Madagascar (590 thousand km²). The largest islands and archipelagos: Tasmania, Sri Lanka, Kerguelen archipelago, Andaman Islands, Melville, Mascarene Islands (Reunion, Mauritius), Kangaroo, Nias, Mentawai Islands (Siberut), Socotra, Groot Island, Zanzibar, Simelue, islands Furno (Flinders), Nicobar Islands, Qeshm, King, Bahrain Islands, Seychelles, Maldives, Chagos Archipelago.

4.2 Climate and waters of the Indian Ocean

In this region, there are chotiri vityagnuty vzdovzh parallels of climatic zones. At the first, roztashovany on pіvnіch vіd 10 ° pіvdennoї latitude, overwhelm monsoonal climate with occasional cyclones, which move directly to the coast. In the meantime, the temperature over the ocean becomes 28-32°С, the winter decreases to 18-22°С. Another zone (pasatna) is spread between 10 and 30 degrees of pivdenny latitude. With a stretch of fate, there are two winds of wind, especially strong from chervnia to spring. The average river temperature is 25 °C. The third climatic zone lies between 30th and 45th parallels, at subtropical and peaceful latitudes. Inlet temperature here is 10-22°С, and in return - 6-17°С. Between 45 degrees latitude and Antarctica lie the fourth zone of the subantarctic and antarctic climatic zones, which are characterized by strong winds. In the winter the temperature fluctuates from −16 °C to 6 °C, and in the return - from −4 °C to 10 °C.

The belt of waters of the Indian Ocean between 10 degrees latitude and 10 degrees latitude is called the thermal equator, where the temperature of the surface waters becomes 28-29 ° С. On the day of the day, in the zone, the temperature drops, reaching -1 °C on the coast of Antarctica. In the middle of that fierce ice bridle the coast of the mainland, the majestic cliffs shaved against the crooked curve of Antarctica and drifted directly into the open ocean.

At the beginning of the day, the temperature power of the waters is marked by monsoonal circulation again. Temperature anomalies are expected here, if Somalia cools the surface water to a temperature of 21-23°C. In the lower part of the ocean at the same geographic latitude, the water temperature becomes 28 ° C, and the highest temperature mark - close to 30 ° C - was recorded in the Persian inlet to the Red Sea. The average salinity of ocean waters is 34.8 ppm. The most saline water of the Persian inflow, the Red Sea and the Arabian Sea: this is explained by the intense vipar with a small amount of fresh water, which is brought by the sea by rivers.

4.3 Natural wealth of the Indian Ocean

There is little natural wealth.

Shelf of riches on the copalin's line. In the days of the siege in the days of the Persian inflows, great deposits of oil and gas. Perska Zatoka is the leader of the world for the explored reserves of oil, and that is why it enters the zone of interests of rich world powers.

On the coasts of Mozambique, the islands of Madagascar and Ceylon, ilmenite, monazite, ritual, titanium and zirconium are exploited. And on the coast of India and Australia, lay barite and phosphorite, and in the shelf zones of Indonesia, Thailand and Malaysia, on an industrial scale, genera of kasiterite and ilmenite are exploited. The most important transport routes to the Indian Ocean are the routes from the Persian tributary to Europe and Pivnichnoskaya America, as well as from the Aden tributary to India, Indonesia, Australia, Japan and China. The value of the Indian Ocean for the light fishing industry is small: catch here to become less than 5% of the total obligation. The main trades of the ribs of the local waters are tuna, sardine, anchovy, sprats of sharks, barracudas and stingrays; to catch here also shrimps, lobsters and langoustines.

The value of the Indian Ocean for the light fishing industry is small: catch here to become less than 5% of the total obligation. The main trades of the ribs of the local waters are tuna, sardine, anchovy, sprat species of sharks, barracudas and stingrays; to catch here also shrimps, lobsters and langoustines. More recently, the whaling industry, which has been intensive in the coastal regions of the ocean, has been swept up by some whale species. Pearls and mother-of-pearl are mined on the pine and western birch of Australia, near Sri Lanka and on the Bahrain Islands.

4.4 Recreational resources of the Indian Ocean

The main recreational zones of the Indian Ocean: the Red Sea, the western coast of Thailand, the islands of Malaysia and Indonesia, the island of Sri Lanka, the coastal region of the Indian agglomerations of India, the shores of the islands of Madagascar, Seychelles and Maldives. Серед країн Індійського океану з найбільшим потоком туристів (за даними на 2010 рік Всесвітньої туристської організації) виділяються: Малайзія (25 мільйонів відвідувань на рік), Таїланд (16 мільйонів), Єгипет (14 мільйонів), Саудівська Аравія (11 мільйонів), Південна Африка (8 million), Arab Emirates (7 million), Indonesia (7 million), Australia (6 million), India (6 million), Qatar (1.6 million), Oman (1.5 million).

5. Syrian ice-covered ocean

5.1 Geographical distribution

Syria ice-cold ocean , the most important and least significant part of the Holy Ocean. Mayzhe, the entire water area, mostly roztashovana on the pіvnіch view of the Polar stake, most of the rock covered with ice and that is unacceptable for sailors and fishermen. The originality of the Pivnichnoy Icy Ocean is with that which may be from the dry sides of the oozing land massifs - Pivnichnoy America and Eurasia. The whole ocean is of great strategic importance, the rocks through the new one run the shortest route from Pivnichnoy America to Russia; To this very fact, in the period following the Other Light War, the Arctic became the arena of intensive achievements in the framework of scientific and military programs.

Beyond the borders of Pivnichniy Liodovitiy, the ocean is the smallest in the world: its area is 14.75 million km2. Mayzhe half of the area falls on the shelf, which at Pivnichny Icy Ocean reaches the maximum width and in the Russian Arctic reaches 1300 km from the coast. The shelf of the white pine coasts of European Russia is awash with great depths and strong porousness, humovery, in the wake of the expanse of Pleistocene ice floes. The central part of the ocean is occupied by an oval-shaped deep water basin (about 1130 km on the short axis and 2250 km on the long axis). Її podіlyaє on two parts of the great submarine mountain spore - the Lomonosov Ridge, launched by the Radian polar expedition in 1948. Tsei ridge stretches out from about. Elsmir beat the coast of Canada to the Novosibirsk Islands. Between the Lomonosov Ridge and the Eurasian shelf, there is an abyssal gully with a depth of 4000-4600 m (which shows the middle depth of the Light Ocean). On the other side of the ridge, another ugolovina was cut with a deep bl. 3400 m.

The Pivnіchny Frozen Ocean crosses the Pacific narrow Bering channel, which leads Alaska to the prairie-shid land of Asia. Cordon with the Atlantic Ocean to pass through the Norwegian Sea, spread between Europe and Greenland.

Pivnіchniy Lodovitiy is divided into 3 pools: Pivnіchno-Europeyskiy pool, Canadian pool and Arctic pool.

The main part of the Pivnichny Icy Ocean is the Arctic Basin. Over half of the basin is occupied by the shelf, the width of which becomes 450-1700 km, with a total of 800 km. After the names of the marginal arctic seas, the wines are divided into the Barents Sea, Karsky, Laptev and Skhidno-Siberian-Chukotsky (significantly part of it adjoins the coast of Pivnichnaya America).

5.2 Climate

The climate of the Pivnichnoy Icy Ocean is dependent, on the contrary, to the polar geographic differences. The reason for the majestic oils of the ice will make the climate more serene, it will inspire us with an insufficient amount of heat, which is taken from the Sun by the polar regions. The main features of the radiation regime of the Arctic zone are those that during the polar night, the presence of sleepy radiation is not observed, as a result, during the duration of 50-150 days, there is no interruption of cooling of the surface, which subtils. In the wake of the frivolity of the polar day, the amount of heat that comes to sleepy radiation is great. The normal value of the radiation balance on the shores and islands is positive and ranges from 2 to 12-15 kcal/cm, while in the central regions of the ocean it is negative and close to 3 kcal/cm. In the polar regions, the number of falls is low, just like in the subpolar ones, where the winds dominate, - three times more. More falling falls over the crooked curve and flows into the water balance. Viparovuvannya in the ocean is less, lower number of falls.

5.3 Fishing and mineral resources

For a long time, fishing was the main attraction of the gospodar vikoristannya to the ocean. The main industry in the European part of the basin falls on the Norwegian, Greenland and Barents Seas, as well as the Devisa channel and the Baffin inlet, in which about 2.3 million tons of ribey are found. More catch in Russian Federation falls on the Barents Sea. The entire large-tonnage fleet is based in Arkhangelsk and Murmansk. The numerical fleet of Norway is based on dozens of ports and port points: Trondheim, Tromso, Buda, Hammerfest and others. The entire catch of Iceland is in Arctic waters (Greenland and Norwegian seas). Fishing is carried out most importantly by small-tonnage vessels, which are located at 15 ports and port points. The most important ports are Sig'eferdur, Westmannaєar, Akureyri. Greenland is characterized by exclusive coastal fishing, specific for it is animal trade (the leading rank of the harp seal). Fishing off Greenland is in the middle of the west coast of the island. It is practical for Canada and the United States not to commercialize ribeye in Arctic waters. For the protection of Alaska, over an area of ​​over 500,000 km² has been fenced in fishing.

Pivnіchniy Ice-free ocean with adjoining land areas is a majestic oil-and-gas-bearing super-basin, which will take revenge on the richest reserves of oil and gas. In 2008, the undiscovered reserves of the Arctic shelf are estimated at 90 billion barrels of oil and 47 trillion m³ of natural gas, which is 13% of undiscovered light reserves of oil and 30% of undiscovered gas reserves. Over 50% of undiscovered oil reserves are transferred from the coast of Alaska (30 billion barrels), to the Amerasian Basin (9.7 billion barrels) and from the Greenland region.

The Russian sector of the arctic shore of bagatia on the stone and the storm of the vugill: in Taimir and the Anabar-Khatanga shore, the Olonets coastal rodovishchi, in the area of ​​the Tiksi Bay, on the islands of Begichova, Vizi, Ushakov, Usamitnosti, Isachenko. The wild reserves of coal on the arctic coast of Siberia will exceed 300 billion tons, over 90% of them will be made of stone of coal of various types. Rich reserves of water on the Arctic coast of the USA and Canada. Near Greenland, the birthplace of stone vugill and graphite was found on the shores of the Baffin Sea.

The shores of the Icy Pivnichny Ocean are rich in various ore copalins: coastal-marine deposits of ilmenite on the Taimir shore, tin genera on the shore of the Chaun Bay, gold on the Chukotsk shore, aluminum, gold ore, gold tarvaite, native mica, mica beryllium (Lows-River), tin and tungsten on the shores of the Seward Pivot Island in Alaska, the Red Dog lead-zinc mine in Alaska (up to 10% of the light zinc butt), lead-zinc silver-lead ores on Bafin Land, the development of the deposit on the farm Melville, genera of polymetals on the western coast of Greenland with a high concentration of ore, lead and zinc, a great genera of uranium in Greenland, announced in 2010.

Visnovok

Our robots have a comprehensive view of the ocean of light: it has been divided into 4 great oceans: Pacific, Atlantic, Indian and Pivnichniy Lodovitiy, their geographic and climatic features, recreational and resource potential.

Human civilization has achieved great success in its development, and yet not at all points of our planet has it reached the reasonableness of the need for a rich resource of the ocean of light.

Naslіdki, to the extent that they are costly, do not dbaylivnya stavlennja lyudstva to the ocean, zhahlivі. The downfall of plankton, fish and other sacks of oceanic waters is far from all. Beats can be richer. Adzhe The Holy Ocean has a planetary function: it acts as a tight regulator of the water circulation and the thermal regime of the Earth, as well as the circulation of the atmosphere. Zabrudnennya zdatni viklikati duzhe original changes all of these characteristics that are vital for the climate regime and the weather on the entire planet. Symptoms of these changes are being observed already today. Hard dry and dry patches are repeated, ruinous hurricanes are coming, severe frosts are coming near the tropics, there has never been such a thing. Understanding, it is still not possible to approximately estimate the fallowness of such slugs in the form of a degree of turbidity to the Light Ocean, the proteo interrelationship, no doubt, no doubt. Yak bi was not there, the protection of the ocean is one of the global problems of humankind. Dead ocean - the planet is dead, and also, all people.

In connection with this, the natural resources of the land, which are easily seen, step by step, are depleted, obviously, supplying more and more resources in the ocean of light, it is necessary to proceed to this process quickly, so as not to infest such a great ecosystem.

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