International trade in services has few features compared to traditional trade in goods.
In the first place, the servants at the service of goods are viroblyayutsya and spozhivayutsya importantly at once and pіdlyagayut storage. Therefore, most of the services are based on direct contacts between the tradesmen and the supporters, who conduct the international trade in services in the trade in goods, and often win through the mediation.
In another way, this trade is closely related to the trade in goods and hopes for a growing infusion. For the supply of foreign goods, more services are required, beginning with the analysis of the market and completing the transportation of goods. The success of the goods on the ovnіshny market is rich in why to lie in the vіd yakostі and kіlkostі services, which are obtained for yoga and the implementation of the real_zacії (including the sale of the service).
Thirdly, the sphere of services is protected by the power from foreign competition, the lower sphere of material abuse. Moreover, transport and communications, financial and insurance services, science in rich countries traditionally rebuy with the most private power of the state, or they are strictly controlled by it. The import of servants on a significant scale can, as they respect the vastness and order of the wealthy lands, become a threat to their kindness, sovereignty and security. Through the war before the international trade in services there are more bar'erivs, lower before the trade in goods.
Fourthly, in full obsyazі see services, on the vіdmіnu of comrades, appendages of wide education to the international gospodarsky turnover. We need to take care of certain kinds of services, which are important in special services (for example, utility services).
Trade intermediation in the sphere of services
At ovn_shnyokonomichnykh zv'yazkakh znachayut place in vіdnosiny vіrobnіv іv commodіv і v scho scho eksportuyutsya, s trading i srednitskimi firms. Tsі v_dnosiny are mediated by special types of contracts - contracts of commission and commission.
The subject of the agreement is the commissioning of the sphere of ovnishnoekonomichnnosti є most often the formation of the market, the raising of prices, the identification of customers, the establishment of contacts from it, the conduct of advertising campaigns, the negotiation of the laying of contracts, etc. Such contracts of service are of a reimbursable nature.
Vіdpovіdno before the commission agreement, one side (comіsіoner) for the commission of the other party (comіtent) goesiter for the vinogorod to instigate for the сomіtent one or more favors in the name (for goods and services).
Among the services that are provided by intermediaries, you can buy and sell goods in your own name, but for someone else’s account (commission trade), lending to buyers, building on lease (leasing), placing contracts with transport and insurance companies, controlling goods, intermediating payments operations, organization of the necessary paperwork, deposit of incomprehensibility with the mitten, representation in arbitration courts, folding and promotion, carrying out advertising and other visits to the promotion of goods on foreign markets and other.
Intermediaries can be specialized and universal. The most recent development of the idea of universalization took place at the borders of trading houses, whose activities may include the employment of a wide range of services at the edge of the country beyond the cordon. Especially this form is expanded in Japan. There, in the mid-80s of the twentieth century, 9 trading houses controlled close to 40% of export and 50% of imports.
AT stay rocky pet vaga services become about a quarter of the world's light export. For example, 1991 vin becoming 25.0%, 1993 - 28.6, 1996 - 23.9%. However, these numbers reflect the variability of only a few services, as they are fixed in the balance of payments and are insured by international statistics. On the thought of the experts, the real obsyag of services, which zaluchayutsya to the international obigu, is signifi- cantly greater. Such differences are explained by the peculiarities of the exchange of services.
Services are a special kind of goods, saving the vartіst of such a post, more importantly in non-religious forms. True, in some cases, the duties of the servants can be mediated by material wear. The cost of such services is worthy, like software security, visualization of works of art, design development. Vidpovidno in the role of material media can act as tape recordings, films, project documentation that in.
According to the UN classification, services are divided into 160 types, which are divided into 12 divisions:
1. Business services, which include 46 Galuze species.
2. Serve a call - 25 vids.
3. Life and engineering services - 5 types.
4. Distribution services - 5 types.
5. Celebration services - 5 types.
6. Services from the defense dovkilla- 4 vidi.
7. Financial services, including insurance - 17 types.
8. Services for the protection of health and social services - 4 types.
9. Tourism and more expensive - 4 types.
10. Services in the sphere of organization of support, culture and sports - 5 types.
11. Transport services - 33 types.
12. Other services.
Features of international trade in services are similar to this one. In the first place, the frequency of such a large number of servants is increased in an hour. This includes savings and transportation. Therefore, the exchange of services is importantly established by the path of direct contacts between them and the gentlemen. In another way, trade in services is closely related to trade in goods. It is necessary to move through the national inter-capital and labor force, as it is impossible without banking, information, transport and other similar services. Thirdly, trade in services is controlled and protected by a power in foreign competition, equal to trade in goods. It is explained that there are a lot of services in the sphere of services (transport and communications, banking and insurance services, education, health protection and others) without intermediary coverage of national security. Fourthly, in full obsyazі see services, on the vіdmіnu of comrades, appendages of wide education to the international gospodarsky turnover. Tse nasampered kommunalnі and pobutovі services.
The structure of light export services is dominated by transport services and international tourism. At one time, a lot of servants in the fire are not protected by international statistics, which lead to an underestimation of the real vartosti of the exchange of services. Costs, zokrema, a significant part of the information services, service and after-sales service, as an accompaniment to the rukh comrades and turn on up to їх vartosti.
The largest exporters of services are the leading oblasts of the country. About 2/3 of light export falls on this part.
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International trade in services: features, structure and dynamics For the tribute to the Svitovy Bank, the export of services for 1980-1998 rose by 3.6 times, increasing from the average by 8% per river. The increase in trade in goods over the same period was less significant - 2.8 times (6% broadly). In 1999, the export of goods was worth 1338 billion dollars, or 19.5% of the export of goods.
The concept of "service" can have a wide range of functions. A slanderous looker under the servants has taken a reasonable mind of various kinds of activity, which does not have a material form in a clear lookout. Validity of services and goods material form at tsimu, scho, in a first way, de stinks are noticeable and invisible; in a different way, do not give up savings; Thirdly, the variety of services and services, as a rule, run hour after hour.
This is due to the peculiarities of international trade in services, compared with international trade in goods. Among them: 1) export (import) of services often means direct sales and purchases; 2) the export of services includes the payment of services to foreign citizens, as sellers are transferred to the mithnian territory of the country; 3) the range of services that are promoted on world markets is less than the range on the domestic market and less of the nomenclature of goods, bred to the international commodity market; 4) trade in services may have a specific regulatory framework for its regulation, both nationally and internationally.
Problems of regulation of the international market of services The world market of services is regulated by international organizations. Among the reasons that make it easier to regulate the international trade in services, you can see the following: 1) folding, related to the assessment of the value of the services that are exported. 2) a lack of availability as a commercial, and non-commercial warehouse for the export of services. This situation is typical for the export of lighting, medical, auditing and consulting services from different countries to countries that are developing, and countries from transition economy; 3) lack of respect due to the problems of regulation of international trade in the services of national and international organizations, for example, the existence of relevant legislative and regulatory acts.
For a long time, the service, according to the International Standard Classification, adopted by the UN, lay before the "non-traded" goods, so the goods, like living in the same country, de stink and viroblyayutsya. In the world, the development of scientific and technical progress, the internationalization of the state's life, part of the services was educated to the light of the year, and the wine term "trade services", as for the recommendation of the IMF, is brought to the balance of payments of the country
The services are also divided into: - factor services - payments that are blamed on the connection with the international movement of factors in the production of capital and labor force (income on investments, royalties and license payments, wages of non-residents); - non-factorial services - other types of services (transport, more expensive and other non-financial services).
In the remaining two decades, the following trends in the development of other segments of the service market were clearly manifested in the global service market: changes in pet vaga sirovini in international trade; - increased share of tourism in the export of services, which was driven by increased incomes of the population, improved transport benefits, development of tourism infrastructure (from 28.0% to 43.2% in 1980-1999); - behind the pace absolute growth and for the importance in the global sphere of light export of services, the main (44.7%) and the most dynamically developing segment is “special private services”, which includes financial, insurance, auditing, consulting and other services; - vіdbulosya korochennya part of the official and rank services.
Officials who zoomed in on the intensive development of the international trade in services postwar period, have become: - Scientific and technological progress, which has absorbed the growth of the variety of services, the emergence of new types and expansion of the spheres of their development; - three years of economic growth in the greater world of the world, which was accompanied by an increase in business activity, productivity of the workplace, equal to the good people; - increase in the number of services in the structure of GDP in rich countries of the world; - development of international trade in goods and technologies, migration of capital.
Such special features of trade in services Geographical directivity of trade in services is even more asymmetric on the scale of different lands, lower international trade in goods. The part of the rozvinenye krai in the light export of services to become close to 90% and move this part of the export of goods. Separated countries are the main exporters and importers of services. In 1999, the share of the countries of Western Europe in light export services was 46.2%, the USA - 19.5%, Japan - 4.4%.
Zaroslag Krayan, ShO ROOVIVEN, at the MITENITY TORGILIS POSISSING FOR RAHANOVA-AZITS EKSportsTerev Later: PIVDENSED KORA, ShO of Specialal-Consultani-Consults, Syangana, Orthovaniy, orientes at the Fitanovasi. At the same time, the cities of the country continue to be overrun by importers of services. Up to ten of the largest exporters do not enter any country that is developing.
Separate countries specialize in business services, countries that develop - in tourism services (approximately 17% of all foreign exchange services). Part of the country with a transitional economy, like before, is not high - 3.5% and 2.9% in light export and import services. The regions of Central and Northern Europe, the Baltics and the SND have the greatest support for Russian servicemen, the Czech Republic, Poland and the Ugorshchyna have the greatest competitiveness on the world market.
Steps of monopolization of light trade in services richly, lower international trade in goods. Zakordonna chastka in the balance sheet from the French bank "Credit Lyoni", which takes 9th place in the light ranking list, to become 46.4%. In the market of secondary insurance, 32 largest insurance companies have taken over 70% of their liability in their hands. Leather from the 6 largest audit companies in the world (Arthur. Andersen, KPMG, Ernst-i-Young, Coopers and Lybrand, DTT, Price Waterhouse) has its own representative offices more and more in 110 countries of the world , yakі zagalna chastka in the income galuzі estimated at 30%. 60% of the world's consulting services are in the hands of 40 companies.
The regulation of the main principles of international trade in services was one of the discussions of the Uruguay Round of negotiations within the GATT. Until this hour, the international scale of regulation in this sphere was only carried out within the framework of specialized organizations, codes of laws, viroblenih in the OECD, that is, it was practically daily. Already at the beginning of the negotiations, it appeared that there was a struggle between the divided lands that are developing. The first group considered that the trade in services is guilty of being included in the global system of regulation of international trade, while the other group considered that the services could be brought to the Kremlin in the form of material goods. As a result of which, on the cob of the Uruguay Round, a large negotiating group of services was created. As a matter of fact, the GATT was taken as the basis for the negotiations, and the connection with significant authorities for goods moving through the cordon of services was drawn up with a new favor - the General Agreement on Trade in Services, GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services, GATS).
4. New trade in goods
7. International trade and modern trade policy
8. Zovnishnyotrade balance
1. Forms of international economic notes
The national economy is behind the help of important economic links, because the MEO is tied to the light of the state. International economic viability appears in such forms.
1. International trade in goods is the sphere of international commodity-penny money, which is the success of international trade in all countries of the world. Vaughn, his own land, is divided into trade: a) simple goods, b) machines and equipment, c) fast goods.
2. Trade in services - tse trade in commodities, yakі it is important not to mum speech form. Vaughn ohoplyuє: transport; trade in licenses, knowledge; tourism; intermediary services in international trade; financial services; informational, advertising and other services.
Rates of increase in trade in services of goods, lower trade in goods.
3. Vivezennya capital - Rukh capital through national cordoni. Capital is available in pozichkovy and pіdpriyomnitskiy forms. Vin can be private, sovereign and capital international organizations. The most important role of this sphere is played by transnational corporations and banks.
4. International migration of labor force in - displacement, resettlement of the practical population for reasons of an economic nature. The main migration flows are: low-skilled labor force from the countries that are developing; highly qualified fahivtsі (“vitik mіzkіv”) among the developed regions of the states with transitional economies and other lands that are developing.
5. Economic integration - as a new stage of rapprochement, intertwining of several national states, which in the future leads to the creation of a single international state (for example, the European Union). In its present phase, it transfers a lot of goods and services, capital and workforce, the creation of a single currency and political integration.
6. International currency and credit notes - in the middle of other forms of IEO.
2. Classical theories of international trade
Theory of absolute superiority
In the period of transition of the provіdnyh krajn to the great machine virobniztstva Adam Smit having put the food for rational international trade. In his famous book “Research on the nature and causes of the wealth of peoples” (I776), devoted to criticism of mercantilism, he admitted that for the state it could be more than sales, but also the purchase of goods on the foreign market, and also having tried to name, like the goods themselves vydno export, and yakі import. In literature, yogo pidkhid took off the name principle(otherwise models) absolute superiority. A. Smіt saw deyaki zagalnі principle, yakі vvazhav characteristic for the activity of a sensibly gospodaryuyuchy subject, she transferring them to the foreign trade.
“The main rule of the skin sensible head of this field is that you don’t try to prepare at home such items, which are prepared to cost more, less buying them on the side. Kravets does not try to sew his own shoes, but buy them from a shevtsya. Shevets does not help himself to sew his own clothes, but goes to the servants of the crown. The farmer does not try either one or the other, but earns himself as servants of both these artisans. All the stinks know to see for themselves stained all their work in that region, in such a stink they can take precedence over their own courts, and everything they need to buy in exchange for a part of the product, or else, for the price of a part of the product of their own work.
Theory of relative wins
D. Ricardo, having established the specifics of international economic transactions, having created a model, de showing that the principle of A. Smith is not underestimated and has ceased to be a trade-off for mutual trade. D. Ricardo v_dkriv law of relative superiority: the country is guilty of specializing in the export of goods, for example, they can have the most absolute superiority (as they can have absolute superiority for both goods) or the least absolute non-priority (as they can’t have absolute superiority for any goods). Vіn to direct the butt of the exchange of English cloth on Portuguese wine, which became a textbook, as a result of which they take away the advantage of offending the country, to create as an absolute vitrati of the production of cloth and wine in Portugal lower, lower in England.
Heckscher-Ohlin theory
For example, XIX century. - On the cob of the XX century. there were structural failures in international trade. The role of natural authorities as a clerk of the international field of practice has significantly decreased. The same can be said about the importance of the productivity of the country, the oscillaries of trade between countries with approximately the same level of development (USA and European lands) bula dosit active.
At the same time, the Swedish economy Eli Heckscher and Bertil Ohlin tried to explain the reasons for international trade in industrial products. The main provisions of the new theory were formulated by E. Heckscher in a short newspaper article published in 1919. In 20 and 30 pp. n. tsі polozheniya buli zagalnіnі and razvinenі yogo we learn B. Olin. The first contribution to the development of this theory was made by the American economist P. Samuelson.
Vіdpovіdno to їhnої ї ї ї ї ї ї ії ії eksportuyut і і goods, vіrobnіstvі yakіh mostly vykoristovuєє sverhshkovuіє factor. According to the authors of the theory, there are three main factors: work, capital and land. The Heckscher-Ohlin proteo- ry is two-factorial, to that in it there are only two factors of three, for example, work and capital. Otzhe, some goods are laborious, others are capitalist. Different countries in different level endowed with practice and capital. Also, in the country, there are a lot of labor resources, and capital is not enough, labor will be equally cheap, and capital will be expensive, and now, in the country, there are few labor resources, and capital is in sufficient quantity, labor will be expensive, and capital will be cheap . Leather goods are exported from these countries, which are cheaper than vicarious, vicarious, and more importantly “the cheap factor of virobnitstva”.
On the basis of the Heckscher-Ohlin model, we can look at the theory of equal successes in dynamics and improvement of trends to economic growth.
The growth of the population, the advancement of the qualifications of the working force, the development of new lands and genera, the investment in the production - all this contributes to the economic growth of the country and can lead to a change in drink and propositions.
Leontief's paradox. Vіdomy American economist (Russian campaign) Vasyl Leontyev, living in 1956. the structure of exports and imports of the United States, revealing that, in contrast to the theories of Heckscher - Olіna, in exports they outperformed labor commodities, and in imports - capitalists. This result became known as Leontiev's paradox.
Further investigations have shown that superfidelity, revealed by V. Leontief, can be stubborn, as in the analysis of the structure of trade, it is safer more than two factors of selection.
How could V. Leontiev give an explanation to his phenomenon? Vіn vysunov hypothesis, that in be-yakіy kombinatsії z kієyu kіlkіstyu kapitala one human-rіk american practice is equivalent to three people-rocks of foreign practice. And that does not mean that the USA is a truly successful country, so there is no paradox.
V. Leontiev also admitted that the greater productivity of American work is connected with greater high qualification American workers. Vіn provіv statistichnu vіrku, yak showed that the United States exports goods, scho vmagayut pracі more qualіfіfіkіv, nіzh vіtrachaєєtvo vіrobnitstvo "competingіvіmportu". pratsі skin ї qualіfіkatsіynoї ї plіbіbnі іn іn іbnіbnіtstva v 1 mln іlіon dollarіv аmeranskogo eksportа і "competing іmport".
3. Alternative theories of international trade
In 1991, the American economist Michael Porter, having published the book "Competitive Advantages of the Country" (in the Russian translation, the book appeared under the name "International Competition"), in a similar way, he propagated a new pidhid to analyze the development of international trade.
Competitive advantages, allow firms to reach the success of the world market, lie, on the one hand, in view of the correctly chosen competitive strategy, and on the other hand, in the form of spivvіdnoshennia chinnikіv (determinants) of these competitive advantages. For the success of the world market, it is necessary to establish the correct competitive strategy of the firm with the competitive advantages of the country. M. Porter saw the determinants of the competitive edge of the country. First, the safety of the factors of virulence, moreover, in modern minds The leading role is played by the ranks of specialized officials (scientific and technical knowledge, highly qualified work force, infrastructure is lean. bud.), purposefully created by the country. On the other hand, the parameters of the internal consumption of the products of the gallery, which, fallow in the obligatory and structure, allow to win the effect of scale, stimulating the innovation to increase the quality of the products, to promote the firms to the exit of the foreign market. Thirdly, the presence in the country of competitive galleys-post-employees (which secures quick access to the necessary resources) and disputed galleys that develop mutually complementary products (which gives the possibility of mutual modification in the field of technology, marketing, service). Nareshti, fourthly, the competitiveness of the galley to lie in the national peculiarities of the strategy, the structure of the super-number of firms, so that, as you know in the country, which determine the peculiarities of the creation and management of firms, and the nature of competition in the domestic market.
M. Porter blatantly, that the region may have the greatest chance of success in these galleys or in its segments, all of which determinants of competitive advantage (the so-called national “rhombus” titles) may have the most friendly character. Moreover, the national "rhombus" is the whole system, the components of which are mutually strengthened and the skin determinant is poured onto the dish. The important role of this process is played by the state, ie, conducting a purposeful economic policy, infusing the parameters of civil servants and internal drink, mind the development of post-employment and home gardens, on the structure of firms and the nature of the competitive struggle in the market.
In this manner, according to the theory of M Porter, competition, including in the light market, is a dynamic process that develops, which is based on innovation and constantly updating technologies. The middle won't go to the development of international trade.
In Porter's theory, introduce the concept of the competitiveness of the country. The very national competitiveness, in my opinion, signifies success and failure in specific factories and those places, like the country borrows in the system of world government.
National competitiveness is determined by the development of industry and the development of innovations. At the same time, national companies strive for competitive advantage, changing the basis, they compete. Utrimati їm perevaga allow є postіjne vdoskonalennya goods, the way of virobnitstva and іnshikh factors, moreover, so fast, that competitors could not overtake them and overtake them. Competition is pricey, but constant change. Improvement and renovation of the gallery is a trouble-free process. Therefore, the basis for explaining the competitive advantage of the country lies in the role of the edge in stimulating innovation and thoroughness (to stimulate the development of innovations). In this way, it appears that the process of creating and strengthening the competitiveness of overarching localizations. The vіdminnostі ekonomіki kraїn, іn thіѕ culture, population, infrastructure, management, national values аnd nіvіt іn istorії - tse tse іnshoy іnshoy vіdvaє konkurentnostі natіonalnyh kompaniy. Porter shows that, regardless of all the growing importance of globalization, national competitiveness is determined by a set of factors that lie in the hands of specific local minds.
The country's competitiveness on the international market is characterized by a sing-song set of determinants, a "national rhombus", as its author. Vіn includes chotiri components:
Ribchinsky's theorem
English economist of the Polish campaign, the head economist of the English company "Lasard Bros." T.M.Ribchinsky in 1955, being still a student, having gained respect for those that the Swedish development of some bells and whistles of craftsmanship often refers to others, and having added the theorem of spіvvіdnoshennia proposition growth factor and zbіlshennya variability.
Practically, the practical TIs of the Up, the Potper-Samuelson theorem, KRIM AMPOSHEN about Zmin Tsin, Yaki is hung up by post -іyny, Ribchinsky showing, the same mutual dormitory of the vibrants in the same gallazy.
Теорема Рибчинського (Rybczynski Theorem) - пропозиція одного з факторів виробництва, що збільшується, призводить до непропорційно більшого відсоткового збільшення виробництва і доходів у тій галузі, для якої цей фактор використовується відносно більш інтенсивно, і до скорочення виробництва та доходів у галузі, в якій цей factor vikoristovuєtsya clearly less intensively.
4. New trade in goods
Foreign trade in goods is a part of international trade and a specific form of exchange of goods between sellers and purchases from different countries.
Understand under trade the transfer of the state's blessings with the method of taking the surplus from their distant sale. In the system of social subdivision of practice, trade borrows independent space. Vaughn є nevid'emnoy lankoy in the lances of the state's vodnosin suspіlstva, pobudovanih on ambushes rozpodіlu pratsі that commodity exchange.
The economic day of trade can be defined, firstly, as the transfer of products in human practice from one stage of development to another, in another way, as the transfer of these products from production to recovery, without which the process of expansion is impossible.
According to the principle of territoriality, trade is subdivided into internal and external.
Historically, the trade of Vinyl was known as the trade between the maritime powers (for example, the Finnish and other). Overland: and trade developed more and more due to significant losses "on the organization and insecurity, as more richly, less transported goods by sea.
New trade spawned the expansion of virobnitstva, the creation of that polypshennya way of success as a middle country, and between powers, the blame for liquor, and then trade capital, the development of international lending and insurance.
Western trade is subdivided into export and import. The transfer of exports over imports means that the power has an active trade balance. Shifting imports over exports means a passive trade balance.
The active trade balance is an indication of a favorable economic development. This stimulation of exports is often reduced to the main principle of the economic policy of the state.
Modern trade is characterized by three ostentatious signs: the obligatory trade of goods, the commodity structure and the geographic structure.
External trading operations include the main, additional operations.
Basic Operations agree on transactions for the purchase and sale of goods or the exchange of goods (barter), that is. tsі operatsії zafiksovano at zovnіshnyotorgovelnyh contracts.
Supplementary operations ensure the proper monitoring of the main operations. Вони включають операції з транспортування та експедирування вантажів, страхування вантажів, фінансування зовнішньоторговельних операцій, розрахунків між експортерами та імпортерами, гарантування їх взаємних зобов'язань, а також митні та інші операції, у тому числі агентські угоди з посередниками, постачальниками експортних та замовниками імпортних товарів , advertising agencies and organizations that follow the conjuncture of the markets.
Depending on the complexity of the main operation, importers and exporters work independently, and from other companies and organizations for one main operation up to 10 and more additional operations.
Rozrahunki between contractors of the most famous trading grounds sing to be carried out both with wet and with soft koshta. With the help of fast foreign exchange charges for imports of great parties with enterprises in international practice, compensations are widely established, for the minds of such loans, which are given by great foreign firms, are repaid by the supply of products. You can also pay a fraction of a penny.
For the expansion of the positive balance, Russia sits for the third month in the world of the Nazis and Japan.
The specifics of the modern trade structure of our region sells but, on the one hand, the traditionally pale-brown nature of Russian exports, on the other hand, the abundance of technology and light goods imports.
Behind the Law of the Russian Federation “About the authority of the reguluvannia of the Chenial -Torgovosti”, the Russian Protection of the Russian Federation can introduce Kilkіsnі, which was noted by the Import of the Metoy of the National Blessing of the Country, the Viconnya of the abstracts of the nickname, the declared more than the member of the three. The possibility of stoking the state monopoly on trade was also transferred okremi species products. And here a special procedure for issuing licenses for export-import operations is established, including for sovereign enterprises.
A further development of the modern trade unions closely connected with the prospect of joining Russia to the Light organization of trade (BTO). RF is obliged to enter before SOT until the end of 1998 ce to allow їy shhorіvаt borgovі payments from the amount of up to 500 million dollars. Dotsilnіst vnuzhnaєtsya before the need to secure an acceptable balance of rights in Russia and goiter in the sphere of international trade, requiring the development of a sound economic relationship adopted from the world's foundations. Zokrema, tse usune dyuchi discriminate at once, come in from the side of the western lands for Russian exports and secure the regime of the greatest possible shelter, as well as the national regime for our comrades and services abroad.
For foreign trading operations important meaning Mayut zvichaї business turnover.
Sound business turnover - sound internationally, as if on the legal obligations of the international legal laws in regulating the current economic turnover, as the participants of the rest of the house about such regulation. In other words, it sounds like the business turnover is zastosovuєtsya to zvnіshnyotrade contract, as the parties agreed about the chain of the contract.
Because of the business turnover in the sphere of the most important economic relations, international unsettled organizations often clutter for an hour. The butt can be expanded by the International Chamber of Commerce of the International Rules for the Confusion of Trade Terms - "INCOTERMS-90"(Internattonal Commercial TERMS 1990)
The stench hoots a wide circle of food, including the minds of the minds of deliveries under the watchful hour. CIF and guarded free-car. The parties under the hour of laying down the contract can expand the scope of these rules on the blue.
5. Features of international trade in services
In light of the state of the world, the market of services is developing at a fast pace, labor force and capital. The basis for the formation of the rest is the sphere of services, which occupies a significant place in the economy of the Ukrainian world. So, some of the services in the GDP of the expanded krai become approximately 70% at a time, and those that develop - 55%.
International trade in services for trade in goods may have a few features:
1) the special services are those who are viroblyayutsya and are saved at once and do not take savings;
2) the trade in services on the world market is closely connected with the trade in goods and hopes to grow on it. This is why it is explained that for the efficient export of goods, it is necessary to obtain a greater number of services, starting from the analysis of the markets, and completing the transportation and service services of the goods.
3) in full obsyazі see services, on vіdmіnu commodіv, pridatnі zaluchennya to international trade. Tse uspered to be worthy of such types of services, like communal services.
4) international trade in services to the greater world, lower trade in goods, is protected by a power from foreign competition.
5) to be regulated not so at the cordon, but in the middle of the country by the relevant provisions of domestic legislation. Vidsutnіst or ostensibility of the fact of a border service to the cordon cannot be a criterion for the export of a service (like the currency in which the service is paid).
In the mid 90s. obligation to trade in services having exceeded 20% of the total obligation to light trade. .
On the regulation of international trade in services, the specifics of their production (response), supply (addition) and postage (koristuvannya) are closely intertwined. The servants cannot be saved, that is why it’s necessary for a month and an hour, ring out, get out of help, and direct contact between the foreman and the helper is needed. Therefore, the regulation of the trade in services can be established by means of a way for the exchange of goods, or the settlement in the countries that export and import. The purchase and sale of rich types of services on the world market is connected with the movement through the cordon of their post-employee, or, later, the traditional announcement about more of these operations, as about “outward trade”, is transformed into the concept of “trading operations”. It is impossible to slow down the appearance of services, for example, banking services of a large-scale eating, without the presence of a special infrastructure behind the cordon, and the regulation of trade in such sectors can be followed by the exchange of foreign investments from foreign enterprises. All this led to the fact that the national regulation of trade in the services of the nabulo of various forms and became significant in the regulation of trade in goods.
The main services on the light market
Franchising(in English, franchise - privilege, right) - the transmission system or the sale of licenses for technology and a trademark.
The essence of franchising is that the company (franchisor), which has a high image over the market, transfers the singing minds of the unknown firms (franchisees) right, tobto. a license (franchise), for activity for its technology and under its trademark, and for a price compensation (revenue).
Franchisor- the target licensor of the franchise, which is the parent company (tobto. material organization) of the franchising system.
Under the franchise agreement, the right to work is called for for the song territory and for the song hour.
In the Russian Federation for franchising, a goal is regulated. 54 "Commercial concession" of the PS of the Russian Federation and the Law of the Russian Federation "On trademarks, service marks and naming the destination of goods". Commercial concession - ce and є franchising.
The basic principle of franchising is to share the know-how of the franchisor with the capital of the franchisee.
Franchising is a chain business. From one side of the varto, a firm was well established, from the other, a bulky man, a small business, a small firm. Offended by the parties involved in the franchise agreement.
Franchise - ce agreement, at some point mind the business.
The benefits of franchising (for both sides) are expressed in the following possibilities: increase the number of trade enterprises (trade outlets, so that the sale of goods or services) for a minimum capital investment, franchise franchises with an increase in income (income profits); reduce the cost of expenses and expenses for one commodity circulation, the franchisee’s oscillators, as a business owner, cover all costs for the morning of their trade business; I am the rodshirita to the roses of my own product for the rachunok, the franchisee to the franchiser (franchisaate, yak rule, zobov’s obligation of Kupuvati, the franchisor of the franchisor of the yogo ethnic group, lead the pid for the vicony of trading, the vicoristovyuvati ; sleep advertising; help from the side of the franchisor; bringing rich views of the licensing business at remarkably low prices; to finance part of the capital investment and to win the whole surplus.
Engineering(in English, engineering - guilt, knowledge) - engineering and consulting services for the creation of enterprises and objects. Engineering, on the one hand, acts as an important way to improve the efficiency of invested in the object of capital, from the other side, - it is seen as a single form of export of services (transfer of knowledge, technology and knowledge) from the edge of the foreman to the edge of the estate. Engineering okhoplyuє complex robіt s carrying out of the preliminary investigations, preparation of technical and economic priming, a set of design documents, as well as diversification of recommendations on how to organize and manage the development, operation of the product and the implementation of the project.
The contract for the purchase of engineering services includes low specific goiter and minds: translation of goiter and work from the lines of their vykonannya; terms and graphics vikonannya robit; how many personnel of the engineering firm, who take a part in the work of the viconan on the job, that mind your life; steps in the vіdpovіdalnostі storіn poroshennya zobov'yazan; Consider the assignment of part of the contract services to other firms according to the principles of the subcontractor; pay for training staff.
The heads of engineering should receive the best result from the capital investment by the deputies.
Leasing(in English, lease - lease) - the form of a dowgostrokovo ї lease, connected with the transfer from the owner of the possession, transport facilities and other handy that indestructible lane, Crimean land plots and other natural objects.
Leasing is a form of material and technical delivery with one-hour crediting and rent. The subject (object) of leasing can be non-consumable speeches, victorious pridpriemnitskoy activities, krim land plots and other natural objects. Leasing always has two sides:
- zіngodavets - tse subject gospodaryuvannya abo іndivіdualny pіdpriєmets, kakiy zdіysnyuє leasing activity, tobto. transfer to leasing under a contract of a specially assigned lane for that lane;
-leaseholder - tse subject gospodaryuvannya abo іndivіdualny pіdpriєmets, which otrimuє mine in koristuvannya for the leasing agreement. Leasing can be two types: financial and operational.
Financial leasing transferring the payment to the leasing holder under the terms of the leasing agreement, sums, which cover the cost of depreciation of the lane or the greater part of the її, as well as the surplus of the leasing giver.
After the completion of the term dії to the agreement of the lessor, you can: return the object of leasing to the lessor; place a new lease agreement; Buy the subject of leasing for extra money.
Operational leasing is more per line, less for the depreciation period of the lane. After the termination of the term of the leasing agreement, it will be turned over to the vlassnik and will be renewed at the financial lease.
The main leasing operations are carried out on three continents: in Pivnichniy America, Asia and Europe, some of them on the cob in 1997 accounted for 93.5% of the total leasing market. The leader is Pivnichna America - 41.3% (in 1988 - 42.7%) with a total of 177 billion dollars. The US share accounts for maybe 40% of light leasing and over 95% of all American manufacturing leasing.
International leasing operations add to the balance of payments of the country, the balance of leasing payments, paid to foreign leasing companies, increase the foreign debt of the country, and increase the balance of payments to the edge.
Licensing Light trade in licenses is inextricably linked to the technology market. Technology is transformed into goods only once, if a real basis for commercialization of ideas has been created. Sale of licenses is one of the main forms of commercial transfer of technology.
License- this document, which certifies the right of singing minds to win a patent.
Simple license gives the right to purchase (licensee) the object of obtaining a license from the boundaries. Vaughn allows for bagatorazovy sales to one of the vlasniks and tiєї and licenses for the market.
Vinyatkov license transferring the transfer to the licensee of the exclusive (monopoly) right to win the object of the license to the singing market.
New license transfers the transfer to the licensee of all rights to win the patent, which in fact means sales to the patent.
Prote and other different licenses. Most of the time, when you receive a comprehensive service for everyday life, this favor is accompanied by the sale of a license. Such a license is called companionship, to that there is no need to enter the warehouse before the infamous agreement.
The second object of commercial interests in the technology market is know-how.
know-how Exchange at sight of knowledge, proof of that scientific and technical information in a pure manner know-how, as inextricably linked to the market of technologies. The main sign of know-how is its confidentiality. Know-how (in English, know how - I know how) is a complex of technical knowledge and commercial secrets. Razrіznyayut know-how of technical and commercial character.
Know-how of a technical nature including:
Certification of non-registration of materials, machinery and equipment, other details, tools, attachments for processing and other;
Technical documentation - formulas, rozrahunki, plans, chairs, the results of the final results, translation and summation of the scientific and recent research work and their results; rozrahunki hundred of this variety or technology; data about the quality of materials; study plan for staff training;
Instructions on how to keep data on the design, preparation or customization of the product; sampling report, description of technologies; practical vkaz_vka z design; technical recipes, given how to plan and manage the production;
Knowledge and experience in accounting, statistical and financial education, legal and economic work;
Knowledge of common and trading rules and regulations.
Information Services
In our days, information is the same important factor in the formation, like the land, the production of that capital.
At the stage for information security, including the sphere of international and modern economic forecasting, the following features are characteristic: a significant increase in the consumption of information in the 80s - the beginning of the 90s. in the minds of an increase in the pace of economic development, an increase in the camp on the world commodity markets and an increase in competitive struggle; > Vikoristannya respectfully new technologies on the basis swedish rosette electronic computing technology, which made it possible to create effective national and international information measures in different countries; software expansion to become the basis of new technology in information systems.
The role of light commodity and financial flows is growing in the international information exchange. Information Services- ce di subjects (Vlasniks and Vlasniks) should be provided with information products.
Arrange for international information exchange and information systems, measures and communications that are victorious in international information exchange.
In the rest of the world, information and advertising services are actively promoted on the international market Internet(Internet). Vaughn daє mozhlivіst: organіzuvati advertising produkcії and goods on the international rіvnі; organize advertising of firms from the method of obtaining partners; to advertise the projects of attracting investors; organize a system for the promotion of goods that are sold; organize operational cooperation with sales representatives for assistance email and direct access to information resources of partners only; zamoviti goods and delivery vantage; select the postal manager of the transport forwarding services.
Until new types of zovnіshnyekonomichnyh zv'yazkіv vіdnositsya international services of auditors The world operates over 50 global international accounting measures (NAF). Members NAF є and Russian auditing companies: "Audit-Azhur" (belong to association Maoris Rowland International); MKD (enter before Pannell Kerr-Forsler); "Petro-Balt-Audit" (part of ASOG Pirson International) and int.
Russian audit firms that have improved to NAF, significantly expanded the scope of services, which are hoped for by clients, that increased their quality.
Serve the call . The servants of the link occupy an important place in the information market. Both in the international and in the domestic markets, the richness of the country's services has traditionally been less fiercely competitive, in that sense, that the fee, which is drawn from the coristuvacha, especially in the form of a telephone connection, differentiated economic rent.
The main component of the call services is the call services, the prote in the rest of the world is also dynamically developing new types of services, such as cable television, services "for an additional fee" (including various specialized services, to which you can take access through a fixed telephone line). or through a special transmission line), the transmission of data and radiotelephony calls. It is clear that the convergence of technologies, as well as the policy of further deregulation, has led to increased competition, stimulating the growth and significant development of the communication service market. The remaining fates will continue the process of increasing the number of alliances, arrangements between firms, as they specialize in these different components of their services different lands, zokrema in Russia, Ukraine and others.
Tourist Services
International displacement of people, or more expensive, a specific category of international trade, a variety of services. In this sector of international trade, and in the sector of international trade at a higher price, there is an increase in shipping, as it is stimulated by greater discretionary income, faster real exchange rates, increased efficiency of communications and transportation.
Behind its distinctive signs, international tourism, being a specific sphere of services, predicts labor migration, shards in the first place, and another trend is about the cross-country relocation of people. Ale, it’s more similar to zvnishn, shards in different labor migrations, there are about the movement of people from the country to the country with the method of pracevshtuvannya, as well as the meta of international tourism - the reasons for the relocation of people in the period of the hour. International tourism is being developed and that kind of business trips, oscilki in this way, go about the practice of singing managerial and managerial (advisory) functions, if you want before In the rest of the hour, a significant part of fakhіvtsіv poєdnuє sluzhkovі funktsії z vіdpochinkom іnshih kraїnah. Tourist services for international trade act like "invisible goods" ("invisible export"), a characteristic feature of which are those who have become an important source of currency control for wealthy rozvinennyh krajn.
Transport Services
Transport communications played a key role in the world's leading light market, along with the regional and insurance segments of the people's states in the world's trade and economic system.
Maritime transport A single transport system that is being formed has a lot of room for maritime transport. According to the vantajoobіgu, and to find a number of other indications of vins, I borrow the first place and move the line of transport, at once. On this part, 80% of the total interest in light trade falls, and in the middle of the shipyard, it significantly contributes to light transport and light trade.
Railway transport Foreign lines of wealthy powers, as a rule, are integrated into regional and continental foreign systems, playing an important role in the transportation of people. The total length of the transshipments of the 42 main regions of the world is 915 thousand. km, they are used to transport over 3,700 million tons of cargo, including 1,450 million tons of export-import and transit. Under the influx of competition from the side of automobile transport, the number of railroad transportation decreased in the 90s. So, in Germany, the USA, Canada, Great Britain and France, the veins decreased from 1/4 to 1/3, in Italy, the Ukrainian region and Poland - more lower by a third. Qi changes are being made, regardless of the spivpration of airways, which are developing rapidly, with other types of transport within the framework of the changed (combined) transportation. The length of the US transshipments in 90 years shortened from 322 thousand. up to 295 thousand km 1997
Automobile transport Automobile transport in rich countries, especially in Western Europe, plays the most important role in obtaining national markets in the world, creating large-scale transportation of travelers and passengers. Light markets for car transportation are one of the most dynamic. In the 90s, for the city of the sphere, it is characteristic to increase the obligation to transport that car fleet, redistributed the value flows to the cost of automobile transport (mainly for the air traffic), as well as the improvement of transport costs for the influx of permanent transportation, and the safety of (environmental, and military) pracі vodіїv toshcho.
Repeated transport The new integration trends that have developed in the world economy since the 1990s, and those that are commonly called globalization, have given a boost to the development of light air transport for Sweden. Zagalna dovzhina povіtryanyh trails near the world from 1980 r. the number of passengers transported increased by 1.6 times. More low udvіchі zrіs obsyag robotic light air transport z 1transport vantageіv, turns in tonne-kilometres. Until the mid-1990s, the number of roundabouts on the light road transport increased by 10-12%, while decreasing in the other half of the decade (8-9% in 1996-1999). At once, the competitive struggle between the famous, long-established airlines and the new ones, which are fighting for the transfer of the air carrier, has gained momentum. It is worth it for the airlines of the most developed countries, but also for the airlines from the countries that carve their own niches in the world aviation market.
6. Price setting in international trade
When analyzing the processes, which are necessary for the creation of prices on the world commodity markets, it is necessary to take into account the formation of all officials, as it is necessary to add the formation of prices, as a general order, and purely applied ones. Vіd cіn to lay, yakі vitrati virobnik_v will be vіdshkodovanі pіslya sale of goods, yakі nemaє, yakiy rіven income, pributku і kudi will be, і chi will be straightened resources, chi vyniknut incentives for further expansion of zovnіshnoekonomicіchnoї dіyalnostі (ZED).
In the minds of the market economy, prices in foreign trade, like in the domestic market, are influenced by the impact of a specific market situation. For an important plan, the very understanding of the price is similar to the characteristics of the domestic market, and to the characteristics of the outdoor market. The price, including in the international trade, - ce penny sum, how can we name the seller, offering goods and services, that yaku is ready to pay for goods and services . Zbіg znachenih dvoh could lie in the richness of the minds, scho was called "value-creating factors". Behind the character, equal to that sphere, the stench can be separated into five lower-level groups.
Zahalnoekonomichni , tobto. what is independent of the type of products and specific minds її variability and implementation. To lie before them: economic cycle; the camp of the marriage drink and propositions; inflation.
Specifically economical , tobto. informed by the features of the product, the minds of the choice and implementation. Before them one can see: vitrati; surplus; tributes and collections; the proposition that will drink on each product chi service for the improvement of mutuality; soft characteristics: brightness, arrogance, good looks, prestige.
Specific , tobto. scho dіyut less schodo deyakіh vidіv varіv і v slug: sezonnіst; operational maintenance; completeness; guarantees and mind the service.
Special , tobto. po'yazanі z dієyu special mekhanіzmіv i ekonomіchnyh іnstrumentіv: sovereignty in regulation; exchange rate.
Pozaekonomichni , political; Viysk.
Under light prices, prices will change great export-import lands located on the light commodity markets, near the main centers of the light trade. The understanding of “Svitov’s product Rinnok” means the pungent of the STIICH, repeated operations Iz Kupovly-Sales Dannye, the goods, they may organize the emergency (birzhі, auctsіoni Toshcho), and the systematical surgery of the Great Firs. І at light trade to factors, under the influence of which market prices are formed, it is natural to lay down the camp of drink and propositions.
In fact, on the price of the proponated product, it is added: the payment of the promotion will drink the purchase of this product, tobto. simply ostentatious, the presence of pennies; obsyag popitu - kіlkіst goods, like a building purchase; korisnіst goods that yogo spozhivchі vlastivostі.
On the sides of propozitsії skladovі cіnoutvoryuyuchіchі factori: kіlkіst commodities that are promoted by the seller on the market; vitrati virobnitstva that zvernennya pіd hour realіzacії goods over the market; cіni on the resource or sobi virobnitstva, scho vikoristovuyutsya at virobnictvі vіdpovіdnogo merchandise.
The main factor є zamіnnіst proponovanogo to realіzacії product іnhim, sho satisfied with the purchase. On the rіven of light prices, pour in the currency to the payment, wash the rozrahunka and others, as economical, and pozaekonomіchnі chinniki.
Stop two or three ten years of the important role of cіnouttvorennі on goods, especially among svіtovіy torgіvlі, take on support services, who hope to be a foreman and a postal worker, whether to an importer or a kіtsevy spozhivachevі. Go about the hotly accepted mind postachannya:
tehnіchne obslugovuvannya, garantіyny remont, іnshі specifіchnі vidi poslug, pov'yazanі z prosuvannyam, realіzacієyu and vikoristannyam goods. This aspect is especially important in today's minds, in the period of development of high technologies, sophisticated machines and possession. Use it, if the number of services per hour for export, the possession of that machine became 60-hundred units in the price of delivery.
Information about the prices of light commodity markets was taken into account by the number of groups.
Contract price - the price is specific, as the seller and the buyer agreed between themselves during the negotiations, as, as a rule, lower for the price of the proposition of the postal worker. The contract price is reasonable for the entire period of the contract, as it was not changed during the course of deliveries. Contract prices are not published anywhere, shards of stench represent commercial mystery. At the principle, contract prices for the same goods from the first region and for the presence of a small number of sellers and buyers in the house. Practically zavdannya polagaє from the selected information and the data bank.
Dovіdkovі tsіni - seller's prices, which are published in specialized publications, bulletins, as well as in periodical literature, newspapers, magazines, computer information channels. Colo commodities, yakі tsіnovі dovіdniki, importantly ohoplyuє nebіrzhovі syrovinnі commodities and nap_vfabrikati (naphtha and naphthoproducts, black metal, dobriva thinly.). In this hour of dovіdková literature for prices on non-bіrzhovі commodities has grown to a great extent. So, the exporter of oil products is guided by the current quotation of commodity prices and regional prices, which are published in the dovidniks, which can be quoted daily through the computer communication system. However, the next mother on the UVA, which is between prices, which are published in advanced publications, but with actual prices, pleases the song gap. As a rule, dovidkovі tsіni deshcho zavishchenі. Dovіdkovі tsіni don't react svidko zmіni conjuncture chi be-yakі politichnі podії, krіm, it's possible, naphtha prices - the goods are more specific. At the same time, they reflect the dynamics of prices in this market and trends.
Stock prices - tse prices for goods, trade in yakim to be carried out on commodity exchanges. To exchanged goods, mainly syrovina and nap_vfabrikati are included. Cіni on bіrzhovі goods promptly vіdobrazhayut usі zmіni, scho vіdbuvayutsya on the market of this product. The least changes in that chi іnshiy bіk conjuncture to the market mittєvo are indicated on the exchange quotations. Tse tim, that the exchange itself is quoted at actual prices at the same time. It should be noted that the exchange quotation does not reflect “your own” other instruments of international trade, but for yourself: wash the supply, the payment is too small. Іsnuє song regulations of the work exchange and participation in її robots. The stock exchanges function today, and the quotation commission registers and publishes quotation prices in special bulletins. There are two types of quotation: terms of quotation (future) on goods, on a given day, with the minds of the postachannya through the song hour, that quotation on goods that are realized. As practice shows, exchange quotation, dosing sharply responsive to different ovnishnі "podrazniki", all the same, they cannot reflect the right trends in Russian prices. Naychastishe operations are carried out on the stock exchanges, which may be of a speculative nature.
Auction prices- Show prices withdrawn as a result of bidding. These are the real prices that one imagines that proposition will drink at a given hour. Auction type of trade should be specific. At auctions, for example, it is sold that it is bought smartly, creatures. mystical items..
Statistical current trade prices - published in various national and international statistical sources. Prices, which are declared in similar documents, are determined by the way of distribution for exports and imports on the basis of purchased and delivered products. Cі cіni show the specific price of a particular product. From a glance of their practical stasis of the stench of cіkavі rozumіnnya global dynamics of zvnіshnyої trafіvlі ієї chi іnshої kraїni, for statistical rozrakhunkіv, vikoristovuyutsya like an approximate guideline. At the process of uzgodzhennya cіn exporter and importer, rushing to the vlasny analіz danih about the camp on the market for goods, proceed to negotiations, knowing that you can smell the stench on your deeds. At the light practice of running the city of trade, we see large number low prices. Prices for discounts - a way to bargain for prices with urahuvannyam I will become a market and a contract. According to the estimates of specialists, it is close to 40 different types price reductions and allowances. To the widest one can be seen as follows:
· seller discount , if for a total one-time purchase (batch) chi for the stability of purchases, the exporter in the process of trading gives a reduction depending on the situation of a specific market. May reach 20-30% to the primary price;
· discount for exclusive importer , firm- importerє є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є є іnіm є prіpitisya na rykom tsієї kraїni. Dosyagaє 10-15% of the primary price. Practicing for the minds of the market of monopoly competition;
· cash discount , at the time of the importer's prepayment, again or privately, for the goods that are delivered. As a rule, such a reduction is given at times of direct bank transfer of pennies when registering consignment notes;
· discount for a traditional partner(otherwise it is bonus), as a rule, the importer hopes that he will spend a good time on the market with one and the same exporter. In this case, the exporter of his own partners buying from the look of the right one at the right time vykonannya contract goiters'yazan; znizhka nadaєtsya, zazvichay, on rіchniy obsyag sale of goods. It is characteristic of us in front of the market for a thorough competition;
· discounts for the purchase of seasonal goods , As a rule, you rely on the markets for agricultural products, clothes, and vzuttya that іn.
· dealer discount , we hope to wholesale and retail traders, agents and intermediaries. This reduction is due to cover the expenses of dealers on sales and services and to ensure their sevny increase in profits.
Rosmіri znizhok vynachayutsya koremo specific skin type. As a rule, the reductions vary between 2 and 10% of the proponated price. Crazy, reach and more suttєvі znizhki.