Texts
N. M. Karamzin
<...>
I. Viyskova reform.
V. Financial innovations.
1) New direct and indirect tributes (before the first revision - collection of stamps, from millions, beekeepers, from incomes and other).
2) Collecting direct tributes by soul giving to the army.
I said that the reform, after its final moment and its final method, was of a military-financial nature.<...>The name of the permutator has become yoga [Petro - ed.]<...>historical characteristic. It’s easy to think that Peter was born with a thought about reform, respecting his providential calls.<...>Vіn simply robbed those who suggested the yoma of the whiling, and did not mark the guilt himself, as if with streamlined right, changing everything around himself, - people, and order.<...>Petro, becoming a reworker as if inadvertently, reluctantly, involuntarily. The war brought Yogo to the end of his life shtovhal before the reforms. Sound the war - the galo of reform that will help the world. In our history, there was more sympathy: the war, with a favorable result, brought about the camp, which was taking shape, the preparation of order, and the war, with an obscene result, called out a suspense of discontent, which, in line with the greater or lesser, decided the reform. Under the new [Petri - ed.] the war was the atmosphere of the reform, to bring more - there is little organic connection with the reworking activity, she called straight її. The colossus of the reform in the last hour, the war for Peter became the school, as Peter himself called it. And yet, under the new one, unnatural mutually opposing forces developed: the war was overwhelmed by the galm of reform, and the reform dragged on the war, shouting deafly to the people’s opposition and slaughtering that the people’s forces were respected for the residual blow of the enemy.
A lot of delusional food about the power of the injection, about the depths of the reform. Її next to look at the bottom of the dawn:
1) hundred of Peter to Western Europe,
2) according to yogo dating back to ancient Russia
3) when I pour in yoga, celebrate for a further hour.<...>
Peter was removed from the old Russia, the supreme power was formed in his own way.<...>Ale Peter deserves the merit of the first try to give his formless and boundless power morally and politically. Until now, in the walking political evidence to the people, the idea of the state was angry with the guise of the sovereign, as in a private maid of honor the householder is legally angry with his house. Petro poured out the understanding, legitimizing the oath of allegiance to the sovereign of that power.<...>Itself tsі vyslovlyuvannya sovereignty interests, good sleep, self-righteousness nationwide, chi is not the first in our legislation for Peter I.<...>Statute of the 5th of February 1722 about succession<...>Petro having replaced the conciliar obrannya and decline for the sake of honoring the special recognition of the right of reappointment, so that he reaffirmed the commandment, legitimizing the validity of the law and turning state law back, on the vіdzhily patrimonial foundation.<...>The old duties of the wines were made new. Having installed the obov'yazkove education of the nobility and dividing the obov'yazkovu service into two special kolії, military and civil, vіn shіlnіshe zamknuv mіs'kі tаglі stats<...>to the upper class of the city, the guild community, having placed a special duty over the large number of state employees, according to additional and detailed industry, building state-owned factories and backwaters for primus-based merchant companies. The factory and the plant for Peter, yak mi bachili, were entirely private enterprises, cherishing the special interest of enterprises, and took away the nature of sovereign operations,<...>without changing the day-to-day nature of the crime, Petro changed the social warehouse of the crime: variously see servility, legal and government officials, now they were residually angry with the crime in one class of taxable crimes,<...>not pouring the old foundations into the new, and not introducing new ones, either having completed the process, which had begun in the new, or having re-adjusted the storage parts, which were folded into the new,<...>і<...>In a different way, a new encampment was created with the help of the viklikati, the work of the enormous forces and the ranks of the ranks was made to the greed of the state. How do you put Petro to Western Europe?<...>Vіn not mav before her blind chi of lower predilections, on the other hand, standing up to her with a firm distrust and not calming down with thoughts about the sincere її vіdnosiny to Russia, knowing that Russia is the leader of the zestrіne there only znevagust.<...>Petro wrote,<...>that all the peoples especially diligently tried to prevent us from reaching the light of mind in the rest of us, especially at the military right; but the stinks looked at each other. In the eyes of Peter, closeness to Europe was more than a mark beyond the reach of the mark, and not the mark itself.<...>Petro having started in Russia those who vines of cinnamon at the Sunset and which Russia did not have.<...>Vіn hotіv not zapozichuvat іz Sunset ready the fruits of tamteshnoї tehnіkі, but іїї її, replant in Russia vyrobnitstvа with їхнім іхнім vazhel, technical knowledge. The thought, vaguely flashed in the best minds of the 17th century, about the need to increase the productivity of the people’s practice in advance, directing yoga for additional technical knowledge to the development of the unborrowed natural wealth of the country, no sooner, no later: here we stand on our own in our history.<...>Ale dotichni signs of that prosperity did not appear
the savage equal of the people's dobrobutu, and the vіdomosti of state income. The war, with its legacy, squandered the excesses of the people's earnings. p align="justify"> People's support reform turned into a financial one, and success, its achievements, more financially, and not people's support.<...>Petro, without depriving himself of a penny of the sovereign borg, without spending a good working day with his offspring, on the other hand, commanding the attackers a rich supply of coins.<...>
Otzhe, Petro having taken the powers of Old Russia, supreme power, Right, stand, and in the sunset, put in the technical equipment for the power of the army and the navy. The rulers of the power from a pokhіdnoї wagon and from the post station, thinking only about the right, and not about the people, singing in the power of power, insufficiently calling the passive mіts masi. Reworking suffocation and self-sufficiency of all-powerfulness - Peter's two hands, like miles, but squeezed one alone, paralyzing energy one by one.<...>
The reform itself came from the urgent needs of the state to the people, instinctively aware of the powerful people with a strange mind and a strong character.<...>With these powers, with the honor of obedience and rіshіstyu "do not screw up your belly for your homeland," Petro became on the people's side, among the most European peoples, he was placed far away historically. Whose people know their own strength to wake up to the end of the XVI century. great power, one of the largest in Europe, but in the XVII century. becoming aware of the lack of material and spiritual benefits to support your dispute. Reform, seized of Peter the Great, is not small direct metoyu rozbudovuvati ni polіtichnogo, ni suspіlnogo fret scho vstanovivsya in tsіy derzhavі not spryamovuvalas zavdannyam postaviti rosіyske Zhittya on nezvichnі їy zahіdnoєvropeyskі basis, enter into neї novі zapozichenі cob and obmezhuvalasya pragnennyam ozbroєn people are ready zahіdnoєvropeyskimi with your own hands, and by yourself put the state on a par with the conquest of the camp by him from Europe, raise the people to the people equal to the forces shown by them. Therefore, the reform<...>rozpochata and zaprovadzhena supreme power, zvichnoy kerіvnitsa people, won the character of the adoption of a forcible coup, a kind of revolution. Vaughn led the revolution not for her goals and results, but rather for her tricks and for her hostility, as if she had knocked out the nerves of the spivvitchizniks. This was a more happy shock, lower coup.<...>Peter's reform was a struggle against despotism against the people, against yoga against steel. Vіn podіvavsya storm vlady vyklikati samodіyalnіst y involuntarily suspіlstvі and through the slave nobility to settle in Russia European science, national enlightenment, like necessary mind suspіlnoї samodіyalnostі, hotіv, schob work dіyav svіdomo ta vіlno. Spile to despotism and freedom, enlightenment and slavery - the whole political quadrature of the stake, a riddle that has been brewing in us since Peter's hour for two hundred years and until the end of the unviolated.<...>The faith in the miraculous power of enlightenment, with which Peter’s piercing, the reverent cult of science forcibly ignited a spark of enlightenment in the robotic minds, which step by step flared up in the understanding of the pragnennya to the truth, to that to freedom. Self-control is itself a guide as a political principle. Yogo no one knows the bulk of the sum. But you can put up with a special one, in a way that the anti-natural force zadnuetsya with self-sacrifice, if self-ownership, without harming yourself, go ahead in the name of the sacral good, risking strife about the inexorable pereskod and navit about the power of the right. So to put up with a boisterous spring thunderstorm, yak, lamayuchi v_kovі tree, freshen up the weather and with its evil help the gathering of a new sowing.<...>
The people's respect was brutalized not on those enlightened interests, as if trying to please the reformers, but on those anti-church and anti-national thoughts, as if they went into zabobonny thoughts in yoga activity. For such a foggy mood, the reform seemed to the people to be superbly important, obscure.<...>These legends lived and morally sanctified by the birth of the sovereign taxpayers and the German innovations, the deep dissatisfaction of all states.<...>Rozbroeny poses from the power of the people now transferred to the greater court of worldly conscience.<...>
Vishchi class suspіlstva, who stood closer to the reformer, were suffocated by the reform and could better understand її sens.<...>With rіznomanіtny threads of the class, they caught the link from the Western European world,<...>the advocates of the reform were not willing, but the people were not in their souls її wide-eyed, they did not praise її so much, as if they themselves were trembling for it, moreover they gave them a bright camp. Peter serving his Russian patrimony, but serving Peter meant serving Russia. The idea of votchizni was too high for these servants, not beyond their hromadas' heights. Nablezhchi before Peter the people of the bully reforms, like special yard servants.<...>But if a fetish of power appeared on the throne in the person of Katerina I, they considered themselves and looked earnestly at their mutual wines, as if at their camp in the Kerovaniy region: they hated one alone, like their old friends, and began to trade Russia zdobichchu.<...>On the right side of Peter the Great, people did not lack strength, nor desire to continue, nor to ruin; stinks could yogo less psuvati.<...>The temple was not finished, as if Menshikov had called Russia after Peter, it was not built according to Peter’s plan, and Feofan Prokopovich, having taken chimali sin to his soul, saying at his famous sermon when Peter was buried in peace to the orphans of the Russians, he did not transform "the spirit of his deprivation to us."
Klyuchevsky V. O. Create. U 9 tons. Russian course
history. M: Dumka,
1987-1989. T. I. C. 116-118, 126-127, 137-
138, 140, 144, 148-149, 151-156, 159-160, 162, 165, 174-
176, 177-178; T. 2. C. 147-150, 154, 156-158, 160, 165, 167-
172, 175-187; T. 4. C. 5, 27, 29, 34-36, 38-39, 42-46, 183,
189, 190, 192-198, 201-204, 214-216, 232, 234-235; Vin.
Short help from Russian history. - M: Svitanok,
1992. C. 122-124.
L. N. Gumilyov about Peter I.
<...>For Katerina II, a Peter's legend was born - a legend about a wise reformer, who cut through a window to Europe and cut through Russia in a splash of the only valuable culture and civilization. It’s a pity that it became an official example of the XVIII century. the legendary version was made in the XIX and XX centuries. The propaganda campaign of the Russian queen of the German campaign, usurped the throne, the greater number of people is more important and accepted for historical action.
In fact, everything was not so familiar, but in fact, it was not so,<...>none of the contemporary did not take yoga [Peter - ed.] as a destroyer of tradition. As we have already changed, the traditions in Russia loved to destroy and destroy the whole hour - Ivan III, Ivan the Terrible, and Oleksiy Mikhailovich from Nikon brought significant innovations. Contacts from Western Europe in Russia were not interrupted in any way, but they were adopted from Ivan III. Received by Peter into the service of foreign fakhivtsiv Russian people were accepted by the whole zvichne,<...>more in the XIV century,<...>and in the 15th century they hired the same Nimtsiv. Ale yak in the XV-XVII centuries, So for Peter all the key plantations in the state were occupied by Russian people.<...>That staging of Tsar Peter to Europe, with all its suffocation, was overwhelmed with singing peace, as one can say, calmly. We can see the phrase of the king: "We need Europe for a hundred years, and then we will turn our backs to it." Prote Petro had mercy. Europe appeared to be necessary for Russia at 25-30, to which all the European achievements of the Russians were adopted with a dazzling lightness. Already until the middle of the XVIII century. it became possible to "turn back" that Peter's native daughter Elizaveta had born in 1741.
All Peter's reforms were, in essence, a logical continuation of the reformatory activity of his successors: Oleksiy Mikhailovich and Ordin-Nashokina, Sophia and Vasil Golitsin, - that and the problem of vin virishuvav yourself. Peter's main problem domestic policy, Like in yoga father and half-sister, the pasionary outskirts were left behind.<...>
<...>Peter's reforms, being, in fact, a continuation of the policy of zahіdnitstva in Russia, obviously, appeared more, lower in front, behind their influx on the Russian stereotypes of behavior, more on the cob of the XVIII century, the passionarity of the Russian superethnos of the XVI-XVI century was richer . Ale and for Peter, the sensei continued the Russian tradition of the 17th century. Having come to power in 1689, the boyar clique of the Narishkins on the choir of Peter could only cherish the country so much, as if they were able to work. And the method of government in Russia was only based on one, based on the Shuisky and Glinsky hours: the tsar, having pursued his policy, spiraled on the virn of the military and the ranks of the ranks, and to that the whole Russian state was a succession of states, .
Gumilyov L. M. From Russia to Russia: draw ethnic history. - M: Ecopros, 1992. C. 212, 213-214, 286-287.
Texts
N. M. Karamzin
"NOTE ABOUT THE OLD AND NEW RUSSIA"
Autocracy is the paladin of Russia, the integrity of yoga is necessary for happiness; for which there is no trace, so sovereign, the only thing was power, maw reasons to belittle the nobility, so long ago, like Russia. There was nothing else, like a brotherhood of famous servants of the Grand Dukes of the Tsar. It’s bad, like a servant to denounce a weak pan, but a prudent pan respects his good servants and cherishes their honor. True, the essence of the gentry was not in the hands of the monarchy, but instead of a brand, it is necessary to know that the sovereign warehouse is crumbling ... The nobility is in decline; the order was kept, so that the people were vihouvalis for the administration of some settlements, and that the monarch knew, de shukati of the servants of the votchiznyanoi koristi. The people are working, the merchants are trading, the nobles are serving, they are rewarded with signs and benefits, and wealth. Features of the ruhlivi chini scho impossible to replace the nobility of the ancestral, permanent, and wanting the necessary ranks state service, protege, in a prosperous monarchy, it is not the fault of the root rights of yoga, it is not the fault of the mother of the benefits of it. Belonged to the nobility buti according to ranks, tobto. for the advent of certain ranks, it would be necessary to have the virtue of nobility, which we do not strive for during the hours of Peter the Great: the officer is already a nobleman. It’s not guilty for miracles to be bestowed, able to become, to block the paths to greater steps, - but let the sovereign give the nobility to the first rank and with some tract ceremonies, vzagali seldom and with the choice of suvorim ... colis for yourself, love the fatherland and the sovereign for the sake of your people, be filled with nobility - the share of your ancestors - and the city of your special future merits. This way of thoughts and feelings of giving them nobility to the spirit, like, the crime of other namiriv, was a method for the hour of falling into the recession of the nobility, - the honor is important, rarely replaced by the recessive gifts of the commoner, who is afraid of contempt among the nobility itself, so you can love the nobility remember people of their low march ... And so, I believe, that Oleksandr used to magnify the dignity of the nobility, which blisk can be called the royal syava, - magnify not only sovereign charters, ale cimi, so be moved, innocent, light signs of respect , the floorings of the autocracy ...
Like the nobility, and the clergy became the backbone of power in the world of the people who had lived before them. I do not propagate the patriarchate, but I pray that the Synod will be more important in the storage of yoga and in the day; sob, for example, some archbishops sat at the new one; schob vin, at different new national decrees, converging at once from the Senate for hearing, accepting from their own collection of laws and from the public, wisely, without any protirichchya ... Do not get the date of good governors of Russia, - you need to give good priests; without any trouble and we won't bother anyone in Europe.
The nobility and the clergy, the Senate and the Synod, like a collection of laws, s usikh - the sovereign, the single legislator, the sovereign power. The axis of the support of the Russian monarchy, as if it could be hardened or weakened by the rules of the kings.
Powers, like people, chant the song of their own: so think philosophy, so move history. A sensible system in life continues a century of people, a reasonable system of sovereignty continues a century of powers. Who can count the future fates of Russia? I feel the prophets of inexcusable evil: ale zavdyaki My Vishish heart cannot be trusted! I'm running out of trouble, but I'm still not running out of death.
Sche Russia can have 40 million inhabitants and autocracy, can the sovereign to zagalny good; if a person is pardoned, then without a doubt with a good name, which will serve us as an aid to the future rectification of pardons.
Karamzin. A note about Old times and New Russia. SPB., 1914. S. 1-133.
Note Before. Z. Aksakov "About the internal camp of Russia", presented to Oleksandr II 1855
The Russian people are sovereign, so. who is not a sovereign sovereignty, who does not enjoy his own political rights, cannot instill in himself the germ of the people's dominion. The greatest proof of this is the beginning of our history: the voluntary calling of someone else's state power in the specialty of the Varangians.<...>In 1612, the people called out to the sovereign power, robbed the king and entrusted him with their share, peacefully laying down their sack and went home.
... At the Sunset, a fortune teller and poses between the power and the people, as if they did not understand their own spirits. In Russia, there were no witches and I would not call, ... but the power in the person of Peter withered on the people.
So having risen the tsar with the people, so the long-standing union of the earth and the state was destroyed ... So the Russian monarch has gained the meaning of a despot, and the free-feeding people - the meaning of a slave-slave!
Fedorov V. A. Collection of documents from the history of the USSR for seminars practical to take. The first half of the nineteenth century. Visch. school , 1974. S. 230-231.
N. M. Karamzin about the reign of Peter I.
Petro appeared. In yoga child's life, the nobles' nobles, the arrogance of the archers and the dominion of Sophia predicted Russia's unfortunate hours of boyar troubles. Ale, the great man was ripe already in his youth, and with an effortful hand he gathered up the power. Vіn krіz storm and hvili having straightened up to his point: reach - and everything has changed!
This method was not only the new greatness of Russia, but thoroughly appropriated the sounds of European<...>Vіn mav generosity, penetration, will not be hijacked, diyalnіst, nevmnіst rіdkіsnu: having corrected, having multiplied viysko, having gained a gleam of victory over the rightful and masculine enemy; having conquered Livonia, having created a fleet, having fallen asleep in harbors, having seen a lot of laws of the wise, instilling trade, ore mines, starting a manufactory, a school, an academy, nareshti, putting Russia on a famous step political system Europe. Petro knew pennies and work great - the princes of Moscow were preparing yoga. I, and Slavs are more glorious in whom the monarch, chi surplus without respect for the shkidlivy bek of the lustrous king?
<...>Petro did not want to delve into the truth, that the spirit of the people builds the moral strength of the powers, similar to the physical, necessary firmness. Whose spirit and faith vryatuly Russia for hours of impostors; wine and nothing else<...>like a povaga to his national worth. Vykorinyuyuchi ancient novices, representing them as comedians, praising and introducing foreigners, pan of Russia, lowering the Russians in his heart. Knowing up to oneself can in one’s own order, or a man and a hulk up to great rights? Love until Vitchizni to live with national peculiarities, sinless in the eyes of a cosmopolitan, beneficial in the eyes of a profoundly thoughtful politician.<...>The state can be placed in a different country of origin, not following the one in the names.<...>Petro having surrounded his reincarnation with the nobility.<...>A Russian farmer, a philistine, a merchant, having succumbed to the Russian nobles, to the shkoda of the fraternal, people's single-stay national camps.<...>For the honor and dignity of the Russians has become an inheritance.
Family members did not hide themselves in the wake of royal activity. The nobles began to live in a small house; їhnє podruzhzha and daughters vyyshli z impenetrable towers of their own; balls, evenings ate one meal with another in the gallant halls; Russian women have ceased to be red in the face of the indiscreet look of people, and European freedom has taken over the place of the Asian primus ... Im'ya Russian chi may now we do not have that power, how little sooner? And it’s natural: our fathers, already for Tsar Michael and the son of Yogo, attracting rich riches of foreign zvichaїv, still lost in quiet thoughts, that the right-handed Russian is the most wealthy citizen of the world, and Holy Russia is the first power. Let's call it pardon; but how it has sprung love to the fatherland, that moral strength of it! Now, after a hundred years, chatting with foreign schools, how can we boast without boasting about our hobdom? Since we were called all other Europeans infidels, now they are called brothers; I cherish: for whom would it be easier to reproach Russia - the unfaithful brothers?<...>We have become the hulks of the world, but have ceased to be, in such vipads, the hulks of Russia. Blame Petro. Vin is great without a doubt; and yet another moment it will grow richer, as if you know a way to enlighten the mind of the Russians without shoddy to the hromadyansky garlic.<...>Petro, who loves to demonstrate the freedom of the human mind, is guilty of having gone all the way to self-mastery for tidying up his own, in fact, such faithful fads. The secret office worked day and night in Preobrazhensky: the rolling of those strata served as the basis for our glorious transformation of the sovereign<...>The incomparable Zusillas of the Petrovs have all the firmness of the character of that autocratic power.<...>Peter, having declared himself the head of the Church, having a patriarchate, as if it was not safe for the unbound autocracy. But it is respectful that our clergy could not resist the worldly power, neither the princely nor the royal ones: they served as a brown armor in the right of the sovereigns and in the conscience of the vipadkovyh uhlennyah in the form of garlic.<...>From the hours of Petrov, the clergy of Russia fell into oblivion.<...>The Church acquiesces to the temporal power and enters into its own character of the sacraments; diligence is weaker to her, and with it, faith, and with the weakened faith of the sovereign, the way is allowed to lead the hearts of the people in the vipadkahs of the overarching ones, where you need to forget everything, deprive everything for the fatherland, and de Pasteur of souls can bring one martyr's crown to the city. The authority of the spiritual is due to the mother, especially when it comes to the posture of the bulk of the power, but children are in close union with her.<...>
Why would you like to see one more glimmering pardon of Peter the Great? Razumіy zasnuvannya new capital on the pivnіchny edge of the state, in the midst of swamps, near the places condemned by nature to be without a flock. ... It can be said that Petersburg is based on tears and corpses. about a great man by the very pardons to bring his greatness: it’s important that it’s impossible to smooth it out - it’s good, so it’s bad to rob the guilt of naviki. With a strong hand, a new move was given to Russia; we won’t turn back to the old days!<...>
Karamzin N. M. A note about old and new Russia in the political and civil waters. M., 1991. S. 31-37.
Peter I the Great (Petro Oleksiyovich - January 30 (9 worms) 1672 - September 28 (Furious 8), 1725) - Tsar of Moscow from the Romanov dynasty (from 1682) and the first emperor of all Russia (from 1721). In Russian historiography, it is considered to be one of the most prominent sovereign figures, which directly signified the development of Russia in the XVIII century.
The person of Peter I (1672-1725) rightfully belongs to a galaxy of historical figures on a light scale. A lot of the legacy of that artistic creation is dedicated to the transformations that are connected with yoga names. Historians and writers in a different way, sometimes directly opposite, assessed the peculiarity of Peter I and the significance of his reforms.
The peculiarity of Peter I brought great respect as foreigners-suchasniki, and a rich generation of naschadkivs. Superchki about the tsar-reformer are being carried out already. Historians, politicians, poets wrote about Peter. It’s not surprising, the shards of the same way, far away, to lead Russia from the Nebutt to the European arena and give the Europeans the opportunity to learn about it richly new. Russia, which is small of its own, albeit unintelligent to the representatives of the "civilized world" culture, for Peter began to honor Europe's floorings, let's rethink the Viysk's memory, a role that could not but be admired by her.
Today, there are two images of Peter the Great - the correct one. The official Elizabethan-Stalinist myth about the sinless tsar - "the reformer of the Motherland" - has been deeply rooted in the mass svidomosti. Yogo, the foundation of the bula was laid by the historian V.M. Tatishchev, an associate of Peter, who created the image of an ideal, charismatic autocrat-reformer. For Stalin, the myth is known to another dihannya. The main role of resuscitation of the image was played by Oleksiy Tolstoy's talented novel "Peter I". After the first screening in the film of the same name, the bilinear literary-cinematic image of Peter the Great, “the first Russian Bolshevik, a revolutionary on the throne”, was abandoned for a long time by the witnesses of the Radian people. Whose image is no less artistic and morally corrected and embellished with Stalin’s policy, directed towards an accelerated modernization of the old primus primus, and added to create a patriotic pidyom at the rock of the Great Witches War.
In our days, the myth has already taken off the third one. It’s rich in why the troubles for the sake of mass information have arrived at the “Peter’s renaissance”. Started from the turning of Leningrad to the name of St. Petersburg, the standard of Peter the Great was confirmed as an official state ensign, the Peter's cities were confirmed as the greatest sovereign powers, renaming the missile cruiser "Yuriy Andropov" to "Petro Veliky"
At the thought of the doctor of historical sciences, professor of the MDU im. M.V. Lomonosov A. Utkin “Peter the Great made the largest contribution to European history that time. In yogo ruling Russia, which was relocated in the similar periphery of the Old World and transformed by him into an empire, began to play a leading role in Europe. In view of the position of St. Petersburg, it was rich in what lay directly, and the result was the development of European peoples. Yogo contributed to the development of our Batkivshchyna even great and unparalleled. At the start of Peter's transformations, Russia created a strong modernization drive. Tse allowed our country to be in the first row of conductors European territories: France, England, Holy Roman Empire of the German nation, and also unique real threatsїї podіlu mіzh Svetsієyu, Rіchchyu Commonwealth, the Ottoman Empire and Persia” Utkin A. Russian Europeanist // Nutrition of history. 2005 No. 7. S. 32. .
A lot of modern historians were engaged in the special events of Peter I. For example, Doctor of Historical Sciences Mykola Ivanovich PAVLENKO, Fahivets of History Russia XVIII a century of proving the fundamental accomplishment of the life and activities of Peter I and how to describe the special features of Peter I: “Peter's person is bright and richly faceted, it is not unique to a historian and an artist. Yogo life, full of drama, majestic strain of moral and physical forces, is impossible not to attract yourself. Nevipadkovo, Engels called Peter "just a great man." At the yogo government, Russia stood, the backs of Europe, roiled an unforgiving rush in advance - it’s worth it all”
Petro was an extraordinary person, his talents showed up in various spheres of life - military, administrative, government, lawmakers, cultural ... Petro was not only kings, wines cherubs. Having grounded his children, Petro, having respected the thesis: the tsar is the servant of the state, the piddans are the servants of the tsar.
I need to look out for Petrov. Vіn mav the moral right of vimagati vіd poddanih pokіrno that bezvіdmovno serve sobі on іy pіdstavі, scho especially n_s heavy load of the servant of the state. Not hurting your stomach, not being seen in the battles in the convoy, but being in the very hell, about to witness the shooting of a sack of droplets and a sack that got stuck in the saddle. Pavlenko N.I. Really great people // Journal "Science of life and life", 2001. No. 3. Z. 18.
To the thought of N.I. Pavlenko “All the transformations are related to the ebullient activity of Peter. The attendants of the anіtroha did not overdo it, if they called Peter an unseen person. Nasampered, opposing the diversity of yogo gifted: vіn bv a non-abyak commander and diplomat, naval commander and legislator, yogo can be wise with a juice or with a pen in his hands, studing a new font and sitting at the armchairs of a new ship mechanism of great power. And the same Petro was instantly quarreled with bad luck, which spun and triumphed over the drive of the won victory.
Before the zdivanii pіddanim in Russia and not less zdivovannoy Єpopa appeared tsar, who was not like anyone else. The idea that God is the king of heaven, and the king is the earthly God, was mindful of the mind of the people at that hour. Unearthly istota, divinely endowed with power, began to take care of the earthly rights: pull the logs, pull the scorer's strap, beat the drummer, like a right drummer, appear in this transverse guard, to become christening dad smash the heads of the new people to the archers, or forge a smog of saliva at the metallurgical plant.
Peter's sounds are all the same, how did his formation pass as special, who dared to break the old ways and bring fresh strum to the musty atmosphere of the Kremlin palace? Blame and other food: the stars of the moment were such a king who knew the language of the world and with diplomats who were subtle in intricate gossip, and with the crowned persons of other powers, skinny whiskers. adzes, ship masters, go down to those who were vaunted by the gunners.
It is practically impossible to rely on food supply, spiraling on a dzherel, such dzherel in nature: we do not know the pedagogical glances of Peter and his mother. It turns out that the unprecedented vigor was filled by Peter, not the winds of the system of vihovannya, but in the extreme” Pavlenko N.I. "On the throne of the eternal priest" // Journal "Science of Life", 2006. No. 2. Z. 12. .
A constant interest was called out in the history and special life of Peter I. So, for example, Candidate of Historical Sciences I. Andreyev describes Peter I in this way: “Peter did not care for the subtlety of the sensitive manners. There are dozens of vipadkivs, if the kings with their vchinki called out easily from the otochyuchy. The German Princess Sophia, sensible and penetrating, so spoke her anger after the first sister of Peter: the tsar is tall, handsome, shvidki and virnі vіdpovіdі yogo to speak about the vitality of the rozum the new one was less rude.”
Peter's engagement with the women was reeking of impudence and rudeness. The sound of punishment and the belligerent temperament did not take away the tidying up of this trouble.
Peter's lack of tidying up did not disdain him to think about the houses and the family. Zvіdsi virostali yogo prilnostі. Back to Annie Mons, the daughter of a German wine merchant, who settled at the German settlement, then to Marty-Katerini, having succumbed to Menshikov in 1703. Everything began, as if forever: swidkoplinne zakhoplennya, such a bulp was impersonal in the impatient sovereign. And then the fates passed, but Katerina did not know from the life of the king.
The special life of Peter is not dramatic. Yomu had a chance to drink the cup of family negativity all over the world. Vіn passed through the conflict with his son, Tsarevich Oleksiy, a tragic rozvyazka that put on Peter the brand of sinovbivtsi. Bula in the life of the king and a dark story with one of the brothers of Annie Mons, chamberlain Willim Mons, victorious in 1724 at the link with Katerina.
Petro buv is also religious. Ale zalishayuchis deeply believing, Petro did not show any piety to the church of that church hierarchy. For this reason, without any proper reflection, I undertook to reshape the Church's arrangements in the right way. From the light hand of the tsar of the history of the Russian church, the synodal period has begun, if the church administration was more powerful, it was reduced to a simple administration of spiritual and moral rights for the emperor. Andreev I. Peter I and Charles XII - two portraits in inter'єri іstorії / / Journal "Science and Life", 2005. No. 7. P. 31. .
Zagalom, on the thought of N.I. Pavlenko “Peter’s specialty has long called out diametrically opposite assessments. In the past century, for example, negative assessments of the activity of the reformer of Russia reduced the popularity of the words of yanophiles among journalistic works. The king was called at the pinned call Zemsky Soboriv i zamіnі vibornih predstavnikіv officials bureaucratic SET in nasadzhennі in kraїnі zahіdnoєvropeyskih zvichaїv in a wide zaluchennі on rosіysku service іnozemtsіv have zmіnі zovnіshnogo viglyadu rosіyskoї Person of, scho virazilosya in zamіnі dovgostatevogo captan єvropeyskim Platt, denote nіbito porushuvalosya patrіarhyan hizuvatisya in ugorskomu kaptanі, todі yak the villager took the roslinnist on the guise and continued to wear robes of the old Moscow cut.
Panegiristi of Peter, on the other hand, praised Yogo without mortification and did not mark any negative picture of the tsar's trivial ruler.
But, positively evaluating the transformation and strengthening the colossal role of Peter the Great, many generations of historians have designated the self-rule of the tsar and his zhorstokіst. Indeed, from the position of modern morality, it is impossible for us to really believe that Peter was sent to the monastery of the first squad and sister, the presence on the torturir of the hairy son of Tsarevich Oleksiy and the death of the rest, the insult over the ashes of his ideological opponent, Prince I.M. , on which the participants spent their thoughts against Peter Zikler and Sokovnіna. The blood of the stratified warehouse with a scaffold for the remains of Miloslavsky. Nareshti, mass strata of the archers after the suppression of their rebellion in 1698, if more than a thousand rebels were killed. That special fate of the tsar in the strata does not call for sympathy, like in the “Nayp'yanish cathedral”, the statute of such a wine was the clave itself” Pavlenko N.I. On the defense of Peter the Great // Journal "Vitchiznyani Zapiski", 2002. No. 4 // Internet resource.
Offending historians, they look at Peter’s activity not only on its own, but rather talk about his journey and preparation. Karamzin: "Peter knew the cost of working great, the princes of Moscow prepared yoga." Klyuchevsky: "the reform itself came from the urgent needs of the state to the people, instinctively perceived by the powerful people with a strange mind and a strong character." Tobto Klyuchevsky to start Peter's reforms is not like a transformation, carried out for a long time before we think over the plan, for as a response to the great hour. The main spontaneous moment of the reform Kliuchevskiy considers the ovni-political situation, in fact - the country's consumers - "the war brought him to the end of his life shtovhal before the reforms." And if the Viysk reform was impossible without the financial reform, then Klyuchevskiy recognized the financial reform as another important aspect of the transformation. "Reform", for Keyful, "Nis His Speat Method Rosubudovati NI Pol_tichny, NІ Suspіl, NІ moral order, did not hide enough to deliver Rosіyska Livya to the unknown ї ryyadyvurropaysky bases, to introduce a new cakes in Negoti, but I would like to pragnes isbroin by your own means, put the state on a par with the conquest of the camp by him from Europe, raise the people to the people equal to the forces shown by him ".
Dumka of Karamzin, at times, otherwise. Vin write that from Peter "the method was like a new greatness of Russia, and I thoroughly appropriated the sounds of European ones." Also, Karamzin vvazha, that the reason for the reforms was the "addiction" of Peter the Great: the passion to magnify Russia, to praise Karamzin like that, and the passion "to new sounds for us", as if "destroyed the borders of reasonableness." Vzagali, the text of Karamzin's "Notes" is more emotional. More emotional, in tandem with Klyuchevskoy, you can see the problem before the problem and how to make an assessment, even "addiction" is considered to be emotions, and "consume the power and the people" in Klyuchevskoy, the test is more objective analysis ...
Having offended the authors, they converge on the fact that the reforms began (and were conceived) of Peter's special features, and disagreed with each other, as if they had outlined the reforms of Petro, clearly zealous. It means that the REASON for the reform is Peter himself, from one side, and the axis that made Peter start reforming, that “the right reason”, only Klyuchevsky speaks about how: necessary". More Bulo said so about the thoughts of Klyuchevsky and Karamzin with the drive to prepare for the Petrine reforms. In whose eyes the difference is seen again. It can be said that Karamzin writes about tsars before Peter, and Klyuchevsky writes about Russia, in which state Peter got away.
Such an insight was fully understood, as if it were a lie, that Karamzin's "Note" (1811) may be a senior for Klyuchevsky's pratice, so that recognition was given - an example of changing the approach of historians to history. Klyuchevskiy tries to give the most objective explanations and half-heartedly wondering about the causes of historical processes over the king’s special features, and the needs and attitudes of the people, and the facts (the military threat, the management structure, the tax system).
Klyuchevsky mimics a stringent scheme for the analysis of reforms. Krіm looked at food, there is no way to avenge the analysis of the PROGRESS of reforms, DIA reforms, PRIOMI reforms and, obviously, ZMIST reforms (as was described above, in the first part). Through those who speak about Peter and other reforms in the Notes on Old and New Russia, one speaks perceptibly little (for obligatory, but not for deep zmist), Karamzin’s structure of mirkuvan is not so clear. To that, further away, I’ll start again, focusing on Klyuchevsky’s points. For this reason, the thoughts of those of Klyuchevsky and Karamzin are here balanced, formulated mainly by Klyuchevsky. (And more about the "Note": after looking at the era of Peter, one often thinks about it, Peter, think about it. Karamzin thinks they are great, just like Klyuchevsky to talk about the "situation" of the reforms: all the stagnant flower of Russian life, swayed all classes of suspense ... ").
Under the initiative of reforms, Klyuchevskii may succumb to the power of pouring them into the state. For the purpose of understanding the reforms, Klyuchevsky vvazha for the necessary one-hour look at the reforms "at the end of the dawn 1) Peter's hundred to Western Europe, 2) By the end of yoga to old-time Russia 3) by the way, do it for a distant hour." Klyuchevskiy podkreslyuє, that Petro had divided the understanding of the state and the sovereign, and "not chіplyuchi in the new [in the suspended order] the old foundations and not introducing new ones, vin, or having completed the process, which had begun in the new, or having changed the warehouse parts, which now dividing the angry elements, now gradually dividing; with this and other methods, a new camp was created with the method of viklikati, the work of the enormous forces, those rank-and-file installations for the greed of the state, was made stronger. It seems otherwise, Petro bov, according to Klyuchevsky, is an important enemy of Russian speakers; and in Western Europe, you want to add more than a few (techniques, ways of lordship, lighting)... Karamzin, on the other hand, is aware that "a sharp-witted monarch, having swayed Europe with a fiery vein, having wanted to work for Russia Holland."
If the reforms are "nadal", then insults are close to the historians in this food. "Peter commanded the attackers a rich supply of pennies, with which the stench was added for a long time, without giving anything to them" (V.O. Klyuchevsky). "With a strong hand, a new revolution of Russia has been given; we will not turn back to the old days!" That's why these reforms are evaluated similarly, but Klyuchevsky, anew, wider, through the other reasoning of Peter's reforms, took off. "In misfortune," Karamzin writes, "this condemnation, filthy wriggling, abduction by young people, recognizing and dying of Lefort's wife, who knows the Russians, who are wondrous, talking about them out of znevago, prote Europeans lifting them to heaven." From the point of view of Karamzin, the most important thing is the specialness of the tsar, who, having plunged into the new and the same rank ... those who for Klyuchevsky are more like details, not important facts. Moreover, Klyuchevsky tries to look at the revealed facts in the complex (“under the light of the dawn”), combine into a big picture and analyze the whole picture, and Karamzin hiba sho to become a mosaic of Peter’s beasts, and to inspire їx reasons, naslіdkivіv. It is important, vtim, to respect that Karamzin and Klyuchevsky - truly deeply expand the topic. Offended, you may look at the reforms of Peter, yogo sobistist that state of power at that hour.
Klyuchevsky develops the idea that the war was the cause of Peter's reform. About the її perebіg, її the development of wines, it seems, that "extremely war is the ormoz of reform", but "Peter I, having consumed in other times the spіvvіdnoshennia zvnіshnіkh zіtknі іz vnіshny robotic power over samoudroєm. With a new bіyna — є more reforms an organic link with yogo transformational activity, she called out straight її". and develop.
"The life of a human being is short," we read in "Notes about Old and New Russia", "and for the approval of new sounds, doubtfulness is needed. Petro, having surrounded his reincarnation with the nobility. zvichayah, from the hours of Peter the Great, the steps were cremated in the lower ones, and the Russian digger, the townsman, the merchant, having succumbed to the nіmtsіv from the Russian nobles, at the expense of the fraternal, people's single-stay state camps. є їх strіmkіst, orientation to Zakhіd and tі change in suspіlstvі, yakі buli viklikanі. The singing sensi has a change of vdach - the most important day of reforms for Karamzin. Klyuchevskiy designates, for the first time, that "it was shocking by the unimaginable legacy of reform, but it was not a deliberate method," but to be put up to this shock of prosperity is calmer, as it is inevitable. Having tried the similar thoughts of Karamzin and Klyuchevskoy about the reforms, you can see the same thing in the thoughts of both authors: the head of the reforms deeply struck the supremacy. Ale, without this shock, the reform itself would not have taken place. The reform itself is zmist, that її xіd is a form, the stench is mutually connected and impossible without each other; Itself to that, before the speech, it is brought to look at those, as the very reform is being introduced.
About what to talk about Karamzin and about what - Klyuchevsky? How to stink? For Karamzin, Russia is tse її people, but nasampered is a monarch, a gang of people. The position of Klyuchevskoy is "modern", and pidkhid yogo is "systemic", so Russia of Klyuchevsky is a single "historical organism". Karamzin looks more emotional (human), and Klyuchevsky more objective (scientific). Vіd tsogo to fallow і overbіg mіrkuvan these authors; To this very fact, one accentuates the "prosahidny" nature of the reforms, and the other - their need for self-sufficiency. In the assessments of the rest of the proposed food (food about the adoption of reforms), it is clear that insults come to the right to a basis.
Approaching food, like Klyuchevsky calling "reforms", he zagalnyu: "Peter, having taken from the old Russia the sovereign powers, the supreme power, the right, become, and at Zakhod, having set the technical standards for the power of the army, the navy, the sovereign and the people's rule, the rank and file Where, feed you, is there a fundamental revolution, which he brought about, or created the Russian life for the beast to the bottom, that he gave it not only new forms, but new cobs? "nervous, frantic impulse...", about those who are sensible, directing in the future reform "far from everyone was sensible, but they were accepted by the co-workers of us in front". so, that the calm scientific pіdkhіd could not save more until the end)... "Standing on the edge of innovation, Petro took up arms against the rubbish, with which the roads for the Russian people rebuke the old people" (beards, captani). fighting with them dribnitsyami and "skіlki vorozhnechі, henceforth, the right reforms gave birth to the legislators and legislators inappropriateness! Podіbnimi drіbnimi, but numerical changes explain the impossibility of attained by Peter in the internal arrangement of successes from the vartistyu їх reach, with the sacrifices made by them ". here, according to Klyuchevsky’s thought, at that, “Peter’s reform was to fight despotism against the people, against your steel.” , Chancellors, Presidents", "Even the people's voices gave such a great power that Petro is guilty of going all the way to self-rule, for tidying up his own, in fact, laying the top piddanih. that strati served as the backbone of our glorious transformation of the sovereign.” Zvichayna difference among the courts: "At the extraordinary Zusillas of the Petrovs, all the firmness of the character of the autocratic power was in full force. Nothing seemed terrible to him" (Karamzin); "Vin hotіv, schob slave, become a slave, deyav svіdomo volno" (Klyuchevsky). Tobto Karamzin to bring out the primus character of the reforms from the character of Peter; Klyuchevsky to come before that, just yogo vysnovki "arguments" and add to the integrity of the picture of reforms.
In scientific practice, often the 18th and 19th centuries. Let's make a special period in the historical development of our sovereign life. A lot of names have been given to this period: some call it "Imperial", others "Petersburg", others simply call this hour a new Russian history.
Start a new Russian history from the so-called era of the transformation of our suspenseful wake. The head of the fiend tsikh peretvoren Buv Peter the Great. That is the hour of the reign of our king, our witness to this facet, as if old Russia was recreated in the form of a transformed Russia. From the edge of the borders, we can start our own remembrance of the rest and let us know about the day of the transformation and the transformational activity of Peter I.
But the diyalnistence of Peter I is not available to our suspіlnіy duma one firmly established assessment. At the reincarnation of Peter, the people of the XIX and the beginning of the XX centuries marveled in a different way, marveling in a different way, people of the 19th and early 20th centuries. Some of them tried to explain their meaning of reform for the outward Russian life, others were engaged in the establishment of the goals of the reform to the manifestations of the past era, the third judged the special nature and diyalnist of Peter from the moral point of view.
Peter I. Portrait of a penzle by J. M. Nattier, 1717
Vedennya istorika pіdlyagayut, strictly seeming, only the first two categories of thoughts as historical for their sutti. Get to know her, we remember that all thoughts of one and the same sharply supersede one alone. There are such evildoers for various reasons: first, the reincarnation of Peter I, groaning with a greater and lesser world all sides of a long-time Russian life, such a foldable historical fact that it is important for a sensible mind to understand everything. In a different way, not all ideas about Peter's reforms come from the same bases. At that hour, as some doslidniki celebrate the hour of Peter, with the method of reaching an objective historical vysnovka about its significance in the development of national life, otherwise, to remake the viciousness of the cob of the XVIII century. to know the truth of others by looking at your current supple nutrition. If the first method of education should be called scientific, then it is more appropriate to call it journalistic. Thirdly, the wild development of the science of Russian history has always put pressure on our statements about Peter I. The more we know our history, the more we understand the sense of transformation. There is no doubt about what we know in the best camp, our ancestors, and we know more, less stink, but our tips can say about us. We have seen a lot of numerous historical pardons, but we don’t have the right to say that we know the past without mercy - our blessings know more and better for us.
But so, I don’t want to say that we don’t have the right to see historical phenomena and discuss them. In keeping with our domineering spirit, it’s not only to know the facts, but to logically call them, we will be our whiskers and we know that our pardons will ease the work of the coming generations and help them get closer to the truth, so it’s just like for us the funeral pardons of our ancestors.
Not my first began to mirkuvat about Peter the Great. Yogo activity was discussed by yoga co-workers. Their glances were changed by the glances of the nearest offspring, which, judging by the orders, are a bit; and not on mischief. Then the space of retellings was occupied by historical documents. Petro becoming the subject of scientific knowledge. The skin of the generation carried with it its own special light-gazer and was placed to Peter in its own way. It is also important for us to know that at a different hour the appointment to Peter of our suspіlstvo was seen.
The co-workers of Peter I respected him as the cause and motivator of this novelty, as they introduced reforms in life. For some, novelty was acceptable, because the stinks smelt their sympathy in their building, for others it was a stingy right, because, as it was given to them, the foundations of the old pobutu, consecrated by the old Moscow legal systems, were lifted. Before the reforms, there was no bait-and-switch in anyone, the shards of the reform suffocated everyone. Not all of them, however, hooted their eyes sharply. The stick, the smile of Peter's memory, and the yoga of the right in the wake of the richness of his assistants; terrible hatred is felt in the speeches about Peter among the rich champions of the old days. The first to go so far as to call Peter the "earthly god", others not to be afraid to call Yogo the Antichrist. І tі, y іnshi learn from Peter the terrible strength and mіts, і tі, nі іnshі cannot calmly stand up to the new one, to that one they perebuvayut under the infusion of yoga activity. І vіddaniya Nartov, twenty years of serving him, and some kind of buzuvir-razkolnik, who hated Peter I with all his own, but was hostile to Peter and yet it’s not good to judge him unfortunately. If Peter died and his reformation work ended, if the attackers, not understanding yoga, often chirped and chimed in on him, on the right, Peter did not die and Russia could not turn to the front. The fruits of yoga activity - the sound power of Russia new order in the middle of the countryside - boules in the eyes of the skin, and the fussing fortune teller of the dissatisfied became a spogad. Ale richly svіdomo people lived and long after Peter's death they continued to marvel at it no less than their fellows. The stinks lived near the civilized camp he had created, and cherished culture, having so diligently planted vines. Everything that the stench hovered around itself near the supple sphere led an ear to Peter I. There was a lot of confusion about Peter; they began to forget about those that were before the new one. As soon as Petro brought light to Russia and created a political force, then until now, as they thought, it was "darkness and worthlessness." Thus, Chancellor Count Golovkin, roughly characterizing pre-Petrine Russia, gave Peter the title of emperor in 1721. Vіn hung out more rіzkіshe, saying that the genius of Peter mi "has been crushed from the buttya". In the distant hour, the thought miraculously snapped: Lomonosov, calling Peter "God", the walking verse calling Yogo the "light" of Russia. Peter I was respected as the creator of everything that they knew a good dovkol for themselves. Bachachi in all spheres of life initiated by Peter, yoga forces were overpowered to supranatural expansions. So it was in the first half of the XVIII century. Let's guess that there was no other historical science, that the possibility of illuminating, given by Peter, created more than a few illumined people. Not a lot of people judged Peter for this retelling, as if the hour of change was saved by the Suspіlstva.
Not everything that was good in Russia after Peter I was good. Not all, at the end of the day, the people of the 18th century were deprived of their contentment. The stinks, for example, that they adopted the transcendental European illumination, rose to Peter, were often transformed on the basis of a simple renaming of cultural soundness. The stench bachili, that the knowledge of the Sunset from the crust brought to us often the vadi of the Western European suspense. Not all Russian people were able to take a healthy cob of life from the Sunset and became rude barbarians, along with Prote, with a deep non-government, the savageness of the European chepurivs. In all satirical magazines of the other half of the XVIII century. we constantly sharpen the attacks on the whole discord of outwardness and internal strife. Lunayut voices against the headless zahodnih forms. At once, about those developments of historical knowledge, it allows already people of the 18th century. look back at the pre-Petrine hour. The first axis of many advanced people (Prince Shcherbatov, Boltin, Novikov) contrasted the dark sides of their era with the light sides of the pre-Petrine period. The stench does not discredit the activities of Peter I, and do not adore this individual. The stench dares to criticize this reform and know that it was one-sided, pinched a lot of good things on our side, but took a lot of good things from us. Such a stink of a stench comes along the path of the past, but the wind is far from calm; vono viklikane nedolіkane sogodennya and іdealіzuє past life. However, this idealization is directed not against Peter, but against certain consequences of his reform. Peculiarities of Peter and for example XVIII Art. honed with such a halo, like on the cob of a century. Empress Katerina is carried up to the new with a deep pogoga. There are people who dedicate their entire lives to the collection of historical material to serve the glorification of Peter - such a merchant Golikov.
Evaluation of the reforms of Peter I by Karamzin
In the other half of the XVIII century. the science of Russian history is already being born. And then the historians of that hour either diligently collect materials for history (like Miller), or they borrow the most recent epochs of Russian life (Lomonosov, Bayer, Stritter, Tatishchev, Shcherbatov, Shletser). Peter I posture between them. The first scientific assessment is taken from the fault of Karamzin. Ale Karamzin, as a historian, has already been living in the 19th century. Vchenii z critical priyomam, the artist for vdachey and moralist for svetoglyadom, vіn vyavlyav his Russian historical life as a step-by-step development of national sovereign power. To the level of power in Russia is low talented children. Among them lay one of the first missions for Peter: ale, while reading "The History of the Russian State" at the link with other historical works of Karamzin, you remember that Peter was honored as the best hero of history - Ivan III. Tsey the rest, having built his princedom as a strong power, and having known Russia from Western Europe without any burden and violent entrances. Petro well ґvaltuvav Russian nature and sharply lamav old pobut. Karamzin thought what could be done without him. With his glances, Karamzin became a singing link with critical glances at Peter I of the people of the 18th century that we had guessed. So it goes, like a stench, without showing the historical necessity of Peter's reforms, but instead stressing that the need for reform was realized even before Peter. In the 17th century, saying vin, they made sure that it was necessary to take a note from Sunset; "appearing Petro" - and the position became the main goal of the reform. But why did “Peter come” to himself, Karamzin did not have a moment to say.
Portrait of N. M. Karamzin. Artist A. Venetsianov
In the era of Karamzin, a whole scientific legacy of our old people began to grow (Karamzin was helped by the whole gurka). teach people, which they did not only select, but also add historical material). Vodnochas in the first half of the XIX century. in the Russian society, a svіdome suspіlne life was awakened, philosophic enlightenment was expanded, people were interested in our past, the bazhannja of the nobility was the sleepy spirit of our historical development. Not being a historian, Pushkin dreamed of working on the history of Peter. Not being a historian, Chaadaev began to mirkuvat over Russian history and diyshov bag vysnovka, scho we can not neither history nor culture.
Nutrition of activity of Peter I and Hegelianism
Zvertayuchis until the past, Russian illumined people did not have little special historical knowledge and brought in the darkness of the past, look like they drew German philosophy from the occupations. German metaphysics of the XIX century. the Russian youth poured in even more, and especially the metaphysical system of Hegel. Under the influx of yoga philosophy in the 30s and 40s, philosophical bands appeared in Russia, which vibrated the entire skygazer and made a great influx on the life of the Russian society in the middle of the 19th century. In these groups, the principles of German philosophy stagnated up to the manifestations of Russian life and vibrated, in such a way, a historical svetoglyad. The independent thought of these "people of the 40s", violating the old German philosophy, came to its own particular whiskers in different styles are not the same. Us sledovniki Hegel mizh іnshimi philosophical propositions blamed yogo vchennya two thoughts, like a simple vikladі vyslovlyatsya like this: the first thought - all the people podіlyayutsya on іstorichnі і neistorіchnі, prishі take part in the savіt svіtovomu progresі, others stand behind him ; Another thought - the greatest scapegoat of the world's progress, the top (remaining) slab, the German nation with the Protestant Church. The German-Protestant civilization is such a rank to leave the word of the world's progress. Some of the Russian followers of Hegel took a whole look at him; To this, ancient Russia, as it knew the zahіdnoї nіmetskoї tsivіlіzatsії and small of its own, was the land of unhistorical, allowed progress, sentenced to eternal stagnation. Qiu "Asiatic land" (that's how he called її Belinskiy) Peter the Great, with his reform, having obtained a humane civilization, creating a possibility for progress. Before Peter, we did not have little history, but a reasonable life. Petro gave us a life, and to that, its significance is infinitely important and high. Vіn not a mіg mіg mіg zhnogo zv'yazku z poperednіm rosіyskim zhitytami, bіyav zovsіm protilezhno її її osobchatkіv. People, who thought so, took away the name "zahіdnikіv". The stench, as it is easy to remember, zіyshlis with these co-workers of Peter I, as if they respected yoga as an earthly god, as if they had killed Russia from a nebuttya buttya.
But not all people of the 40s thought so. The deyakі, accepting the theory of Hegel's light progress, for the sake of patriotism were overwhelmed with the thought that the German civilization is the remaining slab of progress and that the word "Janian tribe" is a non-historical tribe. The stench bachili causes why progress can swell on the Germans; from the history of the stench they blamed the perekonannya, that the slov'yanstvo was far from stagnation, little of its historical development, its own culture. Tsya culture was self-sustaining and emerged from the Germans among three natives: 1) At Sunset, among the Germans, Christianity appeared in the form of Catholicism and then Protestantism; at the Skhodі, at the words'yan - at the form of Orthodoxy. 2) The old-classic culture of the Germans was adopted from Rome from the look of the Latin, the Slavs - from Byzantium from the look of the Greek. Mіzh tієyu and іnshoy culture є suttєvі vіdminnostі. 3) Nareshti, the sovereign was beaten by the ancient German powers, having been famous for the path of conquest, from the words, and in the Russians, the zokrema, - the path of peace; that is the basis suspіlnyh vіdnosin on Zahodі lies a century-old fortune-teller, but in us there is nothing. Independent development of these three cobs became the zmist of the old Russian life. So thought the deacons of self-reliance, the followers of the German philosophy, took away the name "words" yanophiles ". The greatest development of independent Russian life reached in the era of the Moscow state. Peter I, destroying this development. Vіn his forcible reform brought in strangers before us, to instill the cob of the old German civilization. Vіn turning the right way of the people's life to the side of the road. Vіn not rozumіv vavіtіv past, not rozumіv our "national spirit". In order to be deprived of the true national spirit, we may dream of foreign Western European ears and turn back to self-proclaimed old times. Todi, svіdomo developing our national cob, we can change the Germans with our civilization and become more Germans in the global world development.
So look at the words'yanophiles. Peter I, to my mind, having healed the past, deceiving the opposite. Slov'yanophiles put high the specialness of Peter, recognized the vindictiveness of some of his rights, but they respected his reform, which was not national and shoddy in its essence. They, like in zahіdnikіv, Petro buv consolation of some kind of internal connection with historical life, which blew Yoma.
You, obviously, already remembered that, having looked at Peter, we could not show and explain the inner connection of this transformation with the past history. Navit Karamzin did not give an indescribable pressure. Tsey vyaz'azok Peter I s passed by a little bit at the 40s of Pogodin, and not earlier than in 1863 r vіn a moment to talk about his thoughts. The reason for this buv is partly short of historical material, partly due to the presence of a solid historical svetoglyad.
Such a light-gazer was brought to our universities, for example, in the 40s, if Pogodin had already completed his professorship. Carrying new historical ideas, they were young, look at our history at that time they were called "the theory of tribal pobutu". The name of the "Historical and Legal School" became the year of the church. The stench first put in the idea that the reforms of Peter I were a necessary legacy of the entire historical development of Russian life. We already know that the culture of culture swayed under the influx of German philosophy and historical science. At the beginning of the 20th century, historical science in Nіmechchini made great strides. The children of the so-called German Historical School brought to the history of history superbly important fundamental ideas and new, precise methods of interpreting historical material. head thought German historians had a thought about those that the development of human suspres is not the result of personality traits and the monotonous will of okremikh osib, on the other hand, that this development is born, like a development of the body, for strict laws, it is impossible to throw off the strength of a person. The first step to such a thought zrobivsche like the XVIII century. fr. Ser. Wolf at his work. Historians followed him - Nibur and Gottfried Miller, who were engaged in the history of Rome and Greece, the legal historians Eichhorn (historian of ancient law) and Savin (historian of Roman law). Їхній directly created in Nіmechchinі in the half of the XIX century. a brilliant camp of historical science, under the influx of which our veins were formed. The stinks have taken over all the visnovkas and look at the German historical school. The deyakі їх groaned and the philosophy of Hegel. Although the historical school in Nіmechchinі is accurate and strictly factual, it did not always live in harmony with the metaphysical interpretations of Hegel and his successors, the proto-historians of that Hegel converged mainly on history as on the natural development of human spirits. And historians, and Hegel, quarreled with the peculiarity, and now they could get used to one particularity.
Evaluation of the reforms of Peter I by Solovyov
These have been applied to Russian history by our scientists. Professors of Moscow University S. M. Solovyov and K. D. Kavelin were the first to inspire in their lectures and other practical work. They thought to show in the Russian historical life the organic development of quiet cobs, as if they were given by the cobs of our tribe. The stench vvazhali, that the main change of our historical life was the natural change of some forms of life by others. Pomіtivshi order tsієї zmіni, stinks were able to know the laws of our historical act. On a thought, the state order is residually installed in us by the activity of Peter the Great. Peter the Great, with his reforms, having awakened the vigor of national life, for one hour rose to the sovereign forms of buttya. Later, Peter's activity came from historical needs and was entirely national.
Thus, an organic link was established between the transformation of Peter I and the sweeping course of Russian history. It doesn’t matter if you remember that this link is logically logical, concessions for the time being to the actual zmist. Bezperedny historical decline between Russia in the XVII century. And the era of Peter the First Pratsy Solovyov and Kavelina was not appointed. For a long time, the recession was not given to our learned information.
Trying to know the uninterrupted decline, like Solovyov and Kavelin themselves, and their successors as historians and lawyers, rushing to the end of the pre-Petrine era, it’s smart to think that in the 17th century. lived up to the national crisis. “Long Russian life,” Kavelin says, “did it all to herself. Vaughn unraveled all the cob, as if they were hovering in it, all the types, into which the cob of the cob was succumbing without middle. Petro viviv Russia from the crisis on the new way. On Solovyov's thought, XVII century. our state went to the point of complete impossibility, moral, economic and administrative, and could take the right road only by a path of sharp reform ("History", vol. XIII). Tsya reform came with Peter I. So they judged about the XVII century. and a lot of other stories. The Suspіlstva has widened its gaze at Muscovite Rus like the country is stagnant, like there is little strength for a progressive development. Tsya kraina lived to see the laying-off, the requirement was extremely susilla on її ryatunka, and it was shattered by Peter. In this way, the reincarnation of Peter seemed to be a natural historical necessity, the stench was closely connected with the previous era, it was only against the dark, negative sides, it was not about the crisis of the old way.
And yet, the remembrance of the historical decline between old Russia and the reform in the rest of the decade was replaced by others. Solovyov himself introduced a new thought to science. Significantly, just look at the reform of Peter I, as an ear of scientific activity was quarreled with such duality. In one of his early articles ("A Look at the History of the Establishment of the Sovereign Order in Russia", 1851), speaking about the critical establishment of the Moscow state in the 17th century, Solovyov does not confine himself to the in. for the satisfaction of new needs, the powers rozpochali low change. "The stretching of the XVII century, - it seems, wines, - the new needs of the powers were clearly indicated, and they themselves were the cause of their satisfaction, as if they were living in the XVIII century. This is the name of the era of transformation." From the same time, Petro, as if otrimav, in the old order, one evidence of the need for reforms, and alema mav operednikiv at tsіy pravі, dіyav earlier namіchennymi ways. In a word, I have broken the old, I have not set a task for him and I have done it earlier in my own way. In 1872 Solovyov brilliantly raised such a look in his "Reading about Peter the Great" in 1872. Here he directly calls Peter I "the blue of his people," the evangelist of the people's pragmas. Kidayuchi Zagalniy's plot for the entire HDOW Іstorії, Vіn sizzha for Tim, Yak Naturally Division from our pre-velvet Svіdomіst Vipbibiyi, Yak APRYOVI SPRUBOTI WIPRAVTIY HISTORY, JAC PRESSIBLE PRESHED KRAKHS TO SPIKOVENNA IZ SKATS, Yak Mіtsnіlo, Rosіyskom Suspali Svіdomіt. "The people went on the road, - ending the wines, - and paying for the leader"; whose leader appeared on the person of Peter the Great.
After the second and last sawing of the facts, whose glance Solovyov opposes the deep inner truth, and the maisternist viklad. Not only Solovyov in the 60s and 70s thought so about the historical significance of the reform (guess Pogodina), but only Solovyov was far away from such a shifting and strongly formulating his look. Peter I - the legacy of the old Rukh, known Ancient Russia. Yogo's reforms are straight forward, and the bones are not new - the stench of the day before. The energy of Peter the Great is new in this reform, the swiftness and briskness of the transformational turmoil, the selfless renunciation of the idea, the careless service to the point of self-forgetfulness. New is less those who introduced the reform of special geniuses, the special character of Peter. Such a thought has now given a new historical zmist thought about the organic link between the reform of Peter I and the sweeping course of Russian life. This thought, as I pointed out, has become with us a daily logical path, like an aprioristic vysnovka from the wild historical insight of such scientists. At Solovyov's practice, all the historical visnovkas have been stripped off a solid foundation; Peter's reform, let's say, was inextricably linked with previous epochs.
Subbags for discussing the activities of Peter I with the Russian historical science
Developing the spirit of our historical knowledge, Solovyov's idea gave a direct and rich historical record. Historical monographs about the XVII century. And the hour of Peter I is now ascertaining a link between the transformation from the previous epochs and in the other spheres of old Russian life. Through the war of such monographs, forge the same visnovoks, which Petro uninterruptedly continued the initiative of the 17th century. and having left behind the main ambushes of our sovereign pobutu, like a wine was slain at the 17th century. The rozuminnya of this century has become another. Not far from that hour, if the era of the first tsars of the Romanovs was the hour of a massive crisis, the rest of me will be dull stagnation. Now the manifestations have changed: the 17th century seems to be centuries of strong social wandering, if they were aware of the need for changes, they tried to introduce changes, quarreled about them, joked about a new path, wondered what the path was near the Sunset, and already dragged themselves to the Sunset. It is now clear that the 17th century prepared the ground for reform and that Peter I himself swayed in the idea of reform. Crying at this point of dawn, the deacons of the past are smart enough to apply the significance of Peter in the transformations of the yogo epoch and represent this transformation as a "spontaneous" process, in which Petrograv himself plays the passive role of an unfamiliar factor. In P. M. Milyukov’s yoga practices about the Petrine reform (“The State of the State of Russia in the first quarter of the 18th century and the reform of Peter V.” and “Drawings on the history of Russian culture”), we know the idea that the reform often “stolen from other hands at the svіdomіst peretvoryuvach, "powerless vtrymati hіd do it at your order and instill intelligibility straight ahead. There is nothing to say that such a look is extreme, not shared by the advancing successors (N. P. Pavlov-Sylvansky, "Projects for reforms in the notes of Peter U.'s co-workers").
Later, the scientific understanding of Peter the Great goes into thoughts, more and more justly spoken by Solovyov. Our science caught up with Peter I's pov'yazati z minuli that explain the need for this reform. Facts of yogo diyalnostі zіbranі and obstezhenі at kіlkoh vchenih pratsyah. Historical results of Peter's activity, political and transformational, also repeatedly indicated. Now we can remember Peter as a whole scientifically.
Peter I. Portrait of P. Delaroche, 1838
However, since our historical science has come to the thought of Peter I, more less appointed and primed, then in our society the single-mansion and mіtsnogo setting has not yet been turned to the yogo transformation. In current literature and modern literature, it is possible to judge Peter in different ways. Trivayut іnоdі trohi zapіznіlі superechki pro stupіnі natіonіnostі і nebhіdnosti Peter's reforms; it’s up to you to ask empty food about those, how badly Peter’s reform was in the whole. All these thoughts, in fact, are historically modified by looking at Peter, as if naming the viklasti in chronological order.
Once again, let’s go through all the old and new thoughts, look at Peter I, then it’s easy to remember, the stinks of various stinks are not only for the zmist, but for those supporters, they whimpered for them. The followers of that closest offspring of Peter, who were especially entrenched by the reform, judged him restlessly: at the basis of their opinions lay a little bit either extreme kohanna, or hatred. Pochuttya stіlki well looked after these people of the XVIII century. Mustache tse - scores better for all journalistic character. But in the basis of Karamzin's glance lay already abstract moral sense: the supporters of Ivan III are more for Peter I, the guilt of forcible acceptance of Peter during the peretorodzhuv having been judged from the height of moral philosophy. At the glances of zahіdnikіv i slov'yanofіlіv posterіgaєmo new basis - abstract thought, metaphysical synthesis. Їх Petro less - historical appearance and more - abstract understanding. Peter I is like a bilogical parcel, from which you can go to the quietest philosophic verses about Russian history. In the wake of metaphysics, not the first few years of the successors of the historical and legal school; But in fact, the study of our history, as it was carried out by them already cumulatively, gave our great men the opportunity to get ahead of the doctrines. Kirovanі facts, pragnuchi suvoro scientific vysnovku, stench created scienticheskoe stavlennya to the era of Peter the Great. All scientific aims, of course, have been developed by our science. But now the fruit of yoga is the ability to judge Peter I in a primal and free way. that nedolikami. We now have a clear understanding that Yogo specialty and wadi is the product of this hour, like deeds and historical merits are on the right of eternity.
In the words of Іstorika єVgen Tarl, Louis Keei Vіdgukowing about Peter: "Tsei Soveree is evident to VIYSKOVO, the Tom of DisciplіNu Vіyski, about Invorted by the intelligence officer of a Holy People, about the glory of the first people. І Zb_lshennya mightny , like the largest in Europe, to slay him with death for his susidiv and zbudzhuyut even more gruntovna zazdrіst.
Moritz of Saxony called Peter the greatest man of his century.
Zahіdniki positively assessed the reforms of Peter the Great, for sure, as Russia became a great power, it reached the European civilization.
Historian S. M. Solovyov spoke about Peter in slurred tones, attributing to him all the successes of Russia, both in the internal right, and in the foreign policy, showing the organic nature and historical preparation of reforms:
The need to move on the new way was recognized; bindings were assigned to whom: the people got up and got on the road; they checked someone else; check on the leader; leader of the tribes.
Having taken into account the fact that the emperor had taken the lead in the internal transformation of Russia, and the Pivnichnaya war in Sweden was only a little more special before the transformation. To Solovyov's thought:
Vidminnist glancing to resemble the majesty of the right, inflicted by Peter, the triviality of the infusion of the cієї do. What is more important is the appearance, more super-intelligent glances and thoughts give rise to it, and more often it’s more to talk about the new one, which is more familiar to one’s own yogo infusion.
P. M. Miliukov, in his creations, develops the idea that the reforms were carried out by Peter spontaneously, hour after hour, under the pressure of specific circumstances, without any logic or plan, were "reforms without a reformer." So, I’m guessing about those who only “at the cost of ruining the country, Russia was elevated to the rank of a European power”. At the thought of Miliukov, the hour of the reign of Peter, the population of Russia at the borders of 1695. hastened away from uninterrupted wars.
S. F. Platonov leaned to the apologists of Peter. At his book "Speciality and activity" he wrote:
People of all generations in their assessments of Peter's specialness and activity agreed on one thing: yoga was respected for strength. Petro was the most memorable and the most cheerful of his hour, the leader of all the people. No one having respected this worthless person, as if she unwittingly gained power, but blindly walked along a vipadkovy way.
In addition, Platonov attaches great respect to the individual of Peter, seeing yoga positive vigor: energy, seriousness, natural intelligence and giftedness, bazhannya for everyone to grow up on their own.
N. I. Pavlenko vvazhav, scho reinvention of Peter - a great step on the way to progress (even in the framework of feudalism). Behind him, there is a lot of good reason for the distinguished radyansky historians: Є. V. Tarle, N. N. Molchanov, V. I. Buganov, looking at reforms from the perspective of Marxist theory. Voltaire wrote repeatedly about Peter. Until the end of 1759, having released the first volume, and in April 1763, another volume of "History Russian Empire under Peter the Great".
Critics of Peter:
N. M. Karamzin, who recognizes the Great Sovereign, severely criticizes Peter for the transcendental hoarding of foreigners, the slaughter of Russia Holland. The change of the "old" one will be changed by the national traditions, created by the emperor, in the opinion of the historian, far from being true. Through the war, the Russian sanctified people "became the hulks of the world, but they ceased to be, in the wild, the hulks of Russia."
V. O. Klyuchevsky, thinking that Petro had robbed history, but did not understand it. To protect the Batkivshchyna from the enemies, having let go more for every enemy... After the new state became strong, and the people became stronger. "All the transformation of yoga activity was straightened out by the thought of the necessity and omnipotence of the sovereign primus; vin spodіvsya only by force to impose good on the people of marriage. do not marnі chi tsі flour, chi do not bring the stink to the torment angry at rich hundreds of rokіv?
B. U. Kobrin affirmed that Petro did not change the extremes of the worst: strong law. Krіposnitska promyslovіst. Timchasovsky polypshenya now called Russia on a crisis in the future.
According to R. Pipes, Kamensky, M. U. Anisimov, the reforms of Peter the Great have a super-smart character. Krіposnitskie methods, repressions took over the overstrain of the people's forces.
N. V. Anisimov respecting that, regardless of the introduction of the whole low innovations in all spheres of life of the state and the state, the reforms led to the conservation of the autocratic-criposnic system in Russia.