Specialty - a system of socially significant figures that characterize an individual as a member of this other group of people. Osobistіst є vodnochas object and subject.

Specialty as an object. Perebuvaet under the influx of rіznіh vіdnosin (economіchnyh, trudovih), scho in the process of virobnitstva that spozhivannya material wealth. Perebuvaet also in the sphere of political freedom. To be found in the sphere of di ї іdeological vіdnosin. Ideology forms the psychology of specialty, її look at the light, social attitudes. The psychology of the social group also contributes to the psychology of specialness, to which specialness enters. Suspіlstvo nadaє іdeologichіchny vplіv іn osobіstіstі through shkіlne navchannya, vyhovannya, ZMI.

Specialty as a subject. Specialty - diyalnist suspіlnogo rozvitku. Entering into different supplenesses, it is special to create history, but to create it not for svavilles, but for the need. Historical necessity of specialness does not include any kind of originality of specialness. Nі її vidpovіdalnosti for their behavior before the suspense.

5 .Religious picture of the world

Religious picture of the world uzahalnyu religious dosvid people and rob the main subject of their respect for the spirit of heaven and earth, the sphere of the human and the sphere of the divine. The central point of the religious picture of the world is the image of God (gods) as the most true reality. Mustache laws in the world - a manifestation of the will of God. The sense of human life is to freely accept the Divine will. In skin religion, the religious picture of the world has its own peculiarities, which allows us to see the Christian, Buddhist and other pictures of the world. Buddhism bachit the share of the people yak supernaturally bag. Vishchoyu method, until a person can pragnate, є nirvana is an eternal blissful calm, if the wines are driven into the bazhan, which give rise to suffering. Christianity is viewed as a tragic and tragic people. The person is sinful and bears the seal of original sin. On all people, the Last Judgment is checked in front, which is to appoint a posthumous share of the skin. Some will know eternal bliss, others - eternal torment. The most serious changes in the religious-philosophical thought occurred in the 19th - mid-20th centuries, if the dialectic picture of the light was established in European culture, in the same pan-principles the idea of ​​unity of self-reliance was established. Having poured in a new picture of the world, we can show directly the theological thought. In Russian Orthodox philosophy and theologians, the stench knew its greatest clarity in the practices of N. F. Fedorov and P. A. Florensky, in Protestant theology - in the concept of "dipolar God" theological thought at the concept of "evolutionary-cosmic Christianity" by P. Teilhard de Chardin. This concept of the most recent vision of the current religious-idealist picture of the light. The concept of "evolutionary-cosmic Christianity" by Teilhard de Chardin is based on the principles of religious-ideological monism, evolutionary and universalism. The substance of the universe, in the opinion of the French thinker, is God. God is the middle, the dzherelo, the center of the world, that exit point, where all the realities of the buttya begin and converge until they converge. The skin element of reality is born and is rebuked by God. God lays the immanent world, arranging for the new one, that the whole world is the divine center. according to Teilhard, all material enlightenment may have a spiritual component, which he calls “radial energy”. On yoga thought, the radial energy is mindful of the development of matter.

6. Suspіlstvo that nature: stages їх vzaєmodії.

Suspіlstvo- in a broadly understood word - the combination of the usual types of interactions and the forms of the unification of people that have evolved historically;

- in a narrow sense of the word - a historically specific type of social system, a single form of social contributions.

Nature- for a broad meaning of the word - everything exists, the whole world has everything in various forms;

- In a narrow sense, words are the result of the forward development of inanimate nature and to become a thin shell of the earth, de life.

CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 3

CHAPTER 1

1.1. Understanding individuals 8

1.2. Features in mutual features and suspility 13

1.3. Formation and development of specialness - the problem of modern psychology and sociology 29

PART 2. ALTERNATIVE LOOK AT THE PROCESS

FORMING FEATURES. 39

2.1. Role concept of speciality

2.2. Psychoanalytic theory of specialty by S. Freud 42

2.3. Behavioral concept of specialty 50

2.4. Cultural and historical concept of specialness 54

2.5. Significance of ways in the formation of a new model of special behavior in modern Russian minds

VISNOVOK 69

BIBLIOGRAPHY 72

ADDITIONS 75-76

INSTUP

From the most recent hours, people have been thinking about their nature, and those who are themselves, like borrowing space from the world, like between the possibilities, that the building wines become the master of their share, or the sayings of buti її to blind people. Today, the problem of a person is in the center of respect for rich peacocks, becoming the basis and subject of interdisciplinary studies.

The psychology of specialty became an experimental science in the first decade of the twentieth century. Її formation is associated with the names of such scientists as A.F. Lazurovsky, G. Allport, R. Kettel and others. However, theoretical studies in the field of psychology were carried out back to the 12th hour, and in the history of recent studies it is possible to see at least three periods: philosophical and literary, clinical and experimental.

The first take your cob from the practice of ancient philanthropists and continue right up to the ear of the nineteenth century. In the first decade of the 19th century, a number of philosophers and writers, the problems of psychology and specialty, were brought up by psychiatrists. The stench first began to conduct a systematic guarding for the specialty of the ailing in clinical minds, cultivating the history of his life in order to better understand his behavior. At whom they worked like professional visnovkas, connected with diagnostics and exaltation of spiritual illnesses, and thoraneous scientific vysnovki about the nature of human specialness. Tsey period otrimav name clinical.

In the first ten years of the in-line century, professional psychologists were also engaged in special education, until the first hour they gave respect to the main rank of the celebration of recognition processes at the camp of the people. This period ran hour after hour due to the global crisis of psychological science, one of the reasons for which was the impossibility of psychology at that hour in the explanation of the whole behavioral acts.

Experimental studies of the special features of Russia rozpochato A.F. Lazursky, and behind the cordon - G. Eysenck and R. Kettel.

For example, in the 30s of the 20th century, the psychology of particularity began to have an active differentiation in direct succession. As a result, until the other half of the 20th century, a lot of different approaches and specialty theories developed.

In the present hour, there is a thought that a special person does not become a people, but a flock. Zim zgіdno more psychologists and sociologists. Prote їхні look at what laws are subject to the development of specialness, it’s significant to diverge. Numbers of differences are worth rozumіnnya rushіynyh forces rozviti, zkrema znachennya suspіlstva varіznyh sіznіh kolіalnyh groups іn razvitії sobistnostі, zavomіrnosti stаpіv razvitiї, obvnostі, specifіkі this role in this process і crisis razviti͡a razvitnostі, posobnosti priznechnyh razvitie і іn

With the skin type of theories, they show their own peculiarity about the development of specialness. At the same time, for the remainder of the decade, the trend to an integrated, whole-hearted view of the specifics of the positions of various theories and approaches is being strengthened.

Particularly relevant is the problem of the formation of special nabula in modern minds, zocrema, in Russia. The success of the economic reforms that are taking place in the country, means the solution to a whole range of problems, with the key one of them being the problem of forming specificity.

collapse radian system having caused in themselves the liquidation of valuables, like monolithic creaking, as it was recently given, blocks to the suspensory rosettes, and many more, true to the different world, part of the inner world of people, called the “radian people”. І zvnі easily skidannya tsіnnosti turned out to be true for the greater part of the suspіlstva major reevaluation of what was becoming part of themselves, and called out the active polarization of groupings. Some of them verbally adopted new valuable installations, having essentially lost themselves in many positions, and another part of them could not.

Young people who enter into life are not bound by the values ​​of what they are going to, they cannot be able to take in new values, sipping at the vacuum. The stench is mad, or shukat the truth independently, or follow the leader. This day is richly supported for a large-scale, high-profile self-significance of the ninth generation, as if it doesn’t take the important road to go. Degradation of the social will become young, the star of the state of drawing a socio-psychological portrait.

The current state of Russian society today is characterized as more critical, in order to work with the problematic preservation of the moral health of the nation, ensuring the spiritual security of Russia. Culture performs the functions of socialization, sustained consolidation and spiritual and moral self-development of a person. Particularly devastatingly valuable and normative insignificance is indicated for the young generation, as it is most experiencing an identity crisis today.

Incorrect understanding of the value-orientation activities was a characteristic feature of the large-scale SRSR, as they were engaged in long-term problems of young people. Shards of stench may always come out of the “leak”. "Beyond the predetermined", the subject of their accomplishment was not a real young man, but an essential ideal, the abstract "communistic specialism", the life of protirich was spared. However, life has shown that the orientation on the back of the task, the destruction of life, the ideal to start at a deaf kut. So it went, for example, with the visnovk of the one who "socialistic society has gone far enough to form a new people." For whom sensi is necessary to see real, but not imaginary problems.

The process of molding the specialty is carried out in a different way, as it is the hour of the right to people in the system of vihovannya, so5 and under the infusion of a wide stake of spitting chinnikiv (family spіlkuvannya, mystetstva, zasobіv and іn.).

The deformation of socialism in the past decades, the immorality of the social structure of the social order have led to the destruction of such traditional figures among the young generation, like romanticism, self-confidence, readiness for a feat, maximalism, the realization of truth and the pursuit of an ideal. As a result of a wide expansion, egoism, pragmatism, villainy, drunkenness, drug addiction, substance abuse, prostitution, social health and other negative phenomena have emerged.

Investigation in the economic, social and political spheres, nevira in the state and political institutions, lack of power and the corruptness of the administrative system called for a sharp increase in the opposition between different social groups.

Regardless of the price, young people master a new social space, demonstrate psychological readiness to accept changes in all spheres of life, vibrate an alternative culture, form new styles of life, stereotypes of thought.

The succession of the significance of these problems was stunned by the relevance of the graduation degree, the META of which shows the main aspects of the problem of shaping the specialties, as if they tried to change at the center of the respect of the various professions, as well as the designated ways of adapting the specialties to modern minds Russia.

Meta follow-up marked the decision of the upcoming tasks:

To look at the phenomenon of specialness as a subject and object of suspile wines, among other things, to show the peculiarity of the process of socialization of specialness in modern Russia.

Vivchiti deakі aspects of modern theories of specialness.

Significance of mind optimization of social and cultural integration of special features and ways of forming a new model of behavior.

OBJECT OF DELIVERY - specialty of modern minds.

SUBJECT OF LIABILITY - registration of various incomes up to

problems of molding specialty.

Previous analysis of theoretical and practical aspects

after the end of nutrition, allowing us to formulate a new hypothesis, what is the sum of the advancing allowance:

1. Only the creation of special programs that cover the insurance industry

the laws of the mechanism of socialization can affect the efficiency of the process of molding specialty.

2. One of the ways of adapting particularities to modern minds can

buti are educated to the values ​​of Russian culture (in the society), the shards of their own are reviving the spiritual and moral principle.

The theoretical basis for the investigation of social and psychological

culturological aspects in the problem of forming the special services of P. Berger, . T. Luhmann, W. Durkheim, L. G. Ionina, P. Monson, Z. Freud, E. Fromm, J. Meade and other scientists.

DIVISION 1. SPECIALTY AS SUBJECT AND OBJECT OF GREAT VIDNOSYN

1.1. Concept of special

Sociologists and psychologists say in a different way, and in the diversity of their varieties, and often in the diversity of thoughts, how the complexity of the very phenomenon of specialness is manifested. The word speciality ("personaliti") in English language look like the Latin "person". On the back of the head, the word meant masks, like the actors dressed up for the hour of theatrical performances at the ancient Greek drama. As a matter of fact, this term is more like a comical or a tragic figure in a theatrical act. In this order, from the very beginning in the understanding of the "speciality" of the inclusions of a primal, superficial social image, which takes on an individuality, if it plays a singing role in life - like a "mask", a bulky person, brutal to the sharp. In order to put together the statements about the different meanings of the understanding of the specialness of sociology and psychology, looking at the real knowledge of the theoreticians from this gallery. For example, Carl Rogers, describing the specialty in terms of self: how I organized, prepared, subjectively grasped the reality, which became the very core of our experiences. Gordon Allport defined special features as those that are truly indi- vidual - internal "shos" that determine the character of interpersonal interactions with the world. And in Erik Erikson's mind, an individual will go through a low psychosocial crisis through a low psychosocial crisis, and this particularity remains as a function of the results of a crisis. George Kelly, having looked at the peculiarities of being a powerful skin individual, is a unique way of ascertaining life's well-being. Let's take a different concept, having propagated Raymond Kettel, in the mind of anyone, the core of a special structure is settled by sixteen wild rice. Nareshti, Albert Bandura, looking at the peculiarity of a seemingly foldable pattern of an uninterrupted interdependence of an individual, behavior and situation. Such an obvious dissimilarity of the inducing concepts ambiguously shows that the difference between special features from the positions of different theoretical manifestations is richly rich, lower presented in the first concept of the "outward social image" Kh'ell L., Zigler D. Theory of specialness. SPb. - St. Petersburg - 1997., S.22-23. characteristic rice Behavior of a good person” Jerry D. ta іn. The Great Tlumachny Sociological Dictionary. Volume 1., M. - Vіche-Ast, 1999. chias "specialty" is considered the cause of yoga (її) behavior. What can you add to what rich specialties are supported, what psychological features of a person do not lie down to special features, what characterizes one’s recognition process, or an individual style of activity, for a wink is quiet, like they appear according to the relative share of people.

How to designate Kh'ell L. and Zigler D. Kh'ell L., Zigler D. Theory of specialness. SPb. - St. Petersburg - 1997., S. 24 burning position:

* In the majority of cases, the importance of individuality, or individual identity, is emphasized. In particular, such special qualities are presented, zavdyaki yakim tsya people vіdrіznyaєtsya vіd reshti people. In addition, to understand that specific qualities or combinations of differentiating one feature in another way, it is possible only in a way to create individual features.

* For the most part, the specialty of the position is at the sight of a hypothetical structure or an organization. Behavior of an individual, accessible to a non-intermediate guardianship, accepted privately, is seen as organized or integrated as a specialty. In other words, specialty is an abstraction, founded on visnovki, taken away as a result of guarding the behavior of a person.

* The importance of considering the special features of the development of the life history of the individual or the prospects for development is emphasized. The peculiarity is characterized in the evolutionary process as a subject to the influence of internal and external factors, including genetic and biological scalability, social welfare and minimal conditions dovkilla.

* In most cases, the specialty is represented by these characteristics, as they "reveal" for the form of behavior. The peculiarity as such is somehow unchanging and constant in the hour and in the small situations; won’t be safe for a bit of safety in the hour of that urgent situation.

Irrespective of the point of dotik, depending on the specifics of different authors, the situation varies. Ale from the vine-laden one can be seen that specialness is most often attributed as a person in the totality of її social, swollen qualities. Tse means that to the point of being special, such features of a person should not lie, such as genotypically or physiologically educated, in any way not to lie down in a life of suspension. At the understanding of "specialty" sound include such power, as if it were more less stable and to be aware of the individuality of the person, which is significant for the people of the vchinki.

In ordinary and scientific language, they often use the term “speciality”, such terms as “person”, “individual”, “individuality”. What do the stinks of that very phenomenon mean, what is the difference between them? Most of the time, these words get used as synonyms, but if you come to understand them correctly, then you can show the essence of the meaning. Lyudina is the most understanding, generic, that she leads her own journey from the moment of seeing Homo sapiens. An individual is a single representative of the human race, a specific bearer of the social and psychological aspects of humanity: reason, will, needs, interests, etc. The concept “individ” is used in different ways in the meaning of “a specific person”. With such a nutritional setting, both the peculiarities of various biological factors (secular features, status, temperament) are not fixed, nor are the peculiarities of the social minds of the life of a person. Prote, it is impossible to abstract from dif- ferent factors. It is obvious that there are great differences between the life of a child and a grown-up people, people of the first supremacy and more recent historical epochs. With the help of the method of expressing the concrete-historical peculiarity of the development of a person on different levels of his individual and historical development, the order of the concepts of "individual" is distinguished and the understanding of specialness. The individual in this way is considered as the right moment for the formation of specialness in the state of the state, specialness is the result of the development of the individual, the greatest outside incorporation of all human qualities.

Later, at the time of the birth, the child was still special. Vіn less іndivіd. V.A. Chulanov Zagnichi, Sho Formannes of the Specialist Indiyd, the Singing Jew of the Rosvitka, 2 Coarse of the TSO ROZVITO: Bioologa, Genetical Monadons, causes the social core, the people of the people of mutual culture. Head helper. / Ed. Prof. V.O.Chulanova. - Rostov-on-Don. - Phoenix, 2000, p. 67.

Individuality can be regarded as the succulence of rice, which is carried out on one individual in a different way, moreover, the individuality is carried out on different levels - biochemical, neurophysiological, psychological, social and other.

The peculiarity is the object of education of the low humanities sciences, we are ahead of philosophy, psychology and sociology. Philosophy examines the peculiarities of the world at a glance, as a subject of activity, recognition of that creativity. Psychology shows specialty as a stability of the integrity of mental processes. power and vіdnosin: temperament, character, zdіbnost toshcho.

The sociological mind is seen in the special social types. The main problem of social uniforms of specialty is obtained by the process of the formulant of an individual that is the rosality of the senior link to the functions of the social spios, the vivochenes of the legitimate symbolism, the specialty, the regulatory, the specialty, the regulatory of the regulatory, the specialty-resistant.

The system "specialty as an object" is like a simple system of science to understand what the deacons suttve the power of normative powers, which are presented by the social characteristics of their members Radugin A.A., Radugin K.A. sociology. Course of lectures. - M: Center, 1997 p.72.

The peculiarity, as a subject of social vindication, is characterized by autonomy, a singing degree of independence in the form of a society, building against itself a society. The special independence is connected with the minds of panuvati over oneself, and at the same time, in one’s own hands, it conveys the presence of the special self-confidence, that is not just witness, thought and will, but the building up to introspection, self-esteem, self-control Ibid. - p.74.

In the history of the development of the sciences about the human being, the fault was on the smut food: why the hell is the human being, as if biologically weak and squishy, ​​could successfully compete with the creatures, but did it become the most powerful force?

At the same time, the fact that a person has a historical, social and cultural background allows us to understand that "nature" cannot be automatically set, but will be in the skin culture for one's own.

Later, understanding “speciality to introduce a vision, an unnatural (“supernatural”, social) essence of a person and an individual, tobto. emphasis on the social cob. The peculiarity is the integrity of the social qualities of a person, the product of a suspensory development and inclusion of an individual in the system of social resources in a look of active activity and intercourse.

Sociology distinguishes itself as:

The systemic activity of an individual, which is distinguished by its inclusion in the suspension of the blue and which is manifested in the joint activity and interplay;

The subject of social influence and social activity.

The concept of “speciality” shows how socially significant rices are individually recognized in skin people and their daily life is manifested as the consummation of all supplenesses.

1.2. Peculiarities of mutual peculiarities and suspіlstva

Under the success of sociology, there is an association of people that are characterized by:

a) spіlnіstyu territorії їhnёgo residing, scho zbіgaєtsya zbіgaєtsya s sovereign cordons and serve as their expanse, within the framework of which they develop mutual relations and vzaєmodії members of this partnership;

b) stability and stability;

c) self-creation, self-security, self-regulation;

d) such a level development of culture, such as to know its own manifestation in the developed system of norms and values, which lie at the basis of social links in Sociology. Navch.pos. (Edited by E.V. Tadevosyan.-M.: 3nanie, 1995, p.144. .

Knowing that society is a product of the interplay of people, sociologists, like in the past, and in our days, often in a different way, have given nourishment to that which is the first basis of the association of people, society.

It was necessary and essential to try to systematize a sociological look at the top nutrition about the relationship between the individual and the community. One of the most plausible options for classifying current sociological directives is the Swedish sociologist P. Monson P. Monson P. Contemporary sociology. - St. Petersburg, 1992. S. 24.

The first pіdkhіd and sociological tradition, which stands out from the new, go beyond the primacy of suspіlstva in terms of reaching the right individual and earn their respect for the inculcation of the laws of the "high" order, depriving the sphere of subjective motives and meanings. Suspіlstvo takes on like a system, like hovering over individuals and can be explained by their thoughts and actions. Logic-ka mіrkuvannі in takіy pozitsії approximately like this: the goal is not to get to the sum of one part; individuals come and go, people grow up and die, and the suspense continues to sleep. This tradition takes its cob from the sociological concept of Durkheim and even earlier from the views of Comte. From the current trends, the school of structural-functional analysis (T. Parsons) and the theory of conflict (L. Koser, R. Dahrendorf) lie before us.

Auguste Comte (1798-1857) is considered the founder of positivist sociology. The main work of Comte "Course of positive philosophy" in 6 volumes of publications in 1830-1842. The creativity of the scientist spived with a period of deep social changes, as if they were taken by him as a profound moral, intellectual and social crisis. Causes of this crisis of wines at the ruined traditional institutions of social life, at the vitality of the system, looking and looking, as if they met new supremacy needs, could become the ideological basis of the future social transformations. The transition of the household to a new state cannot be, according to Comte's thought, without the active participation of people, її volovyh and creative zusil. O.Kont believes in the boundless possibility of the mind as a destroying force of history, in “positive” science, so that he can replace religion and become the main organizing force of the society History of Sociology: Navch. sat down (Pid zag. ed. A. N. Elsukov and in.-Mn .: Vishch.shk., 1997, p. 35 ..

E. Durkheim (1858-1917) has two main tendencies in the theoretical development of the mind: naturalism and social realism. The first one speaks to the roots of the understanding of the conscience of that yoga of laws by analogy with nature. Another conveys the rose of the mind as a reality of a special kind, an omnipotent view of the mind. Sociology is the main methodological setting of this contributor.

The main idea that suffocated Durkheim was the idea of ​​social solidarity, the exercise to know the evidence for food about those, like bonds to unite people in society. Yogo the main thesis was formed in that. scho rozpodil pratsі, pіd yakim vіn razumіv vіn rozumіn professіynu spetsializatsіyu, more and more vykonuє that іntegryuyuє role, yak earlier vykonuvali zagalnu svіdomіst. Podіl pratsі zumovlyuє іndivіdualіnі vіdmіnіnostі vіdpovіdno up to profіїіynoї rіlі. Kozhen becomes special. The remembrance of those who are connected by a single system of vodnosin, created by the base of practice, calls out a little bit of staleness to each other, solidarity, connection with supplication. At the same time, collectively, the emergence of new forms and change of their own zmist. It changes in communion and the levels of significance also change, for a change it turns into a worldly, rationalistic, individual-oriented Durkheim E. About sub-suspended practice: Method of sociology.-M.1922., p.1922.

Whether it be a modern society, in which solidarity is organic, it threatens the anomalies with the danger of a rose. Durkheim. Zvichayno, bachiv the presence of social problems and conflicts. However, vvvazhav vvazhav їs simply vіdhilennyam vіd norms, vyklikannoї lack of regulation vіdnosin between the main classes of the service. In his plan, the researcher developed the idea of ​​creating professional corporations as a new organization of public solidarity. It’s guilty, according to your idea, to win over a wide range of supremacy functions - from general to moral and cultural ones, to turn them into new forms in life, to regulate the appearance of blue among people and to accept the development of specialness Gromov I.A., Matskevich A. Yu., Semenov V.A. Zahidna theoretical sociology. - SPb., 1996, p.69.

T. Parsons (1902-1979) made a great contribution to the development of contemporary sociological theory. Thus, Parsons understands how "social system" and "suspension" are mutually related, but not one to one. Vіn vvazhaє, scho sspіlstvo є a special type of social system: it's a social system that has reached the highest level of self-sufficiency in the setting to its perfection. Parsons named five different social systems - "Boundary reality", "Cultural system", "Special system", "Organism" and "Physical-organic sharpening" Gromov I.A., Matskevich A.Yu., Semenov V. A. Zahidna theoretical sociology. - SPb., 1996, p171.

According to Parsons, the head rice of the system is the ordering of the resources between individuals and the collective nature of people. Because the system is ordered, societal coherence is to avenge values ​​and differentiation and specialization norms and rules, the manifestation of such transmission of cultural reference, which adheres to their legitimation.

Vdnosini social system to the system of specialness, respecting Parsons, radically vіdminnі vіd її vіdnosin to the system of culture, oskіlki svoobistіstі (like an organism, і physical-organіchne otchennya) rise "lower" social system in cybernetic archiy. The social system is only one bik of a person's behavior. the other side is the life of the human body. Functional vimogi, which depend on special features, organisms and physical-organic otochennyam, put together a system of vimіryuvan deysnoї organіzatsії and the basis of social systems Gromov І.A., Matskevich A.Yu., Semenov V.A. Zahidna theoretical sociology. - SPb., 1996, p.69.

The main functional problem of the social system before the system of specialty is theoretically presented by T. Parsons as the problem of socialization. Socialization is seen as a series of processes by which people become members of the system of social cohesion and establish a singing social status. Folding blues between the features and the social system include, on the one hand, the development of adequate motivation for taking part in socially controlled activities of the movement, and on the other hand, adequate satisfaction and interest of the participants in such a movement. In this rank, the primary functional requirement of the social system is to raise the special membership to the motivation for participation in the social system, which transfers the benefit from the help of the normative order. Parsons sees three aspects of functional needs: first, the most common goiter, like the acceptance of central valuable eyes, without a middle way, like a religious orientation; in a different way, the introduction of specificity, which is formed in the process of early socialization, the connection with an erotic complex and the motivational importance of controversy and other intimate feelings; thirdly, without middle instrumental and non-instrumental specialties (“services”), which vary according to that situation.

Irrespective of the importance of all aspects of functional needs, it seems that between the system of special features and the social system are structured for the help of “services”, as the main elements of enlightening the political subsystem of the social system Ibid.p.173.

A lot of sociologists rightly put the nutrition about those who, in order, in order, have a state of affairs and disorder (the theory of social conflict): stability, stamina harmony accompanies conflict, struggle to resist social groups, organizations, specialties.

The main arguments that hung against Parsons' theses about stability as an attribute of sustainability were as follows: I) a group of people is engaged in spreading the benefits to life. Vaughn to resist the usu suspіlstvo. Therefore, the conflict is inevitable; 2) political power is protecting the essential economic order of distribution of the sugary product. Vaughn is also resisting the suspense. Therefore, the conflict between her and the people's masses is objectively deluded; 3) at the skin suspіlstvі dіє vykhіdna lanzjuzhok: pennies - vlada - values ​​- ritual. Vіn the first to the rest of the component is used in the obviousness of the interests of other social groups. Henceforth, conflicts are generated by the entire system of suspensory vents; 4) in the future, I will use some of the others, more than one will be able to use the means of virobnitsia. Also, social conflict is a product of economic finances.

The legacy of the standing of a human being, as a whole specialty, and services, as a universal social system can be seen in the works of N. Luhmann (1927-1998). This is a sociologist, who began to write about the “light society”: “Light society is not constituted through those who were more comfortable in the expanse of sight, to enter into elementary contacts among the present. So that fact is less dodatkovo. what in skin interactions are constituted by the “and so far” of other contacts in partners, and the possibilities (their contacts) are far from all-worldly interweaving and included in the regulation of interactions” Suspension theory. Collection (Translated from him, English) Intro. Art. comp. І zag. Ed. A.F. Pilipova. - M.: “KANON-press-C”, “Kuchkovo Pole”, 1999, p.14. it was thought to underestimate the scale of the “decentralized and successful all-world communication of the “information society” Ibid., p.14-15.

L.Kozer (born in 1913), for example, by arguing "additional", "improving" the theory of structural-functional analysis. Vіn tried to bring that colozis is a product of the internal life of the conspiracy, which is in a new order of speeches, they themselves are seen among other people and groups. According to Coser, social conflict is an invisible attribute of social vindications. In yoga vikladі be-yaka social system of transferring the same distribution of power, wealth and position to the status of middle individuals and hromada groups. History of Sociology // Produced by A.N. like not thrown viklik, not building up to a creative reaction. Biggest efficient way strimuvannya conflict є zasuvannya porivnyalnoї force of the conflicting parties, the strength of the opponents may be assessed to the conflict, antagonistic interests can be regulated without conflict rank.

The essence of the social conflict theoretically by R.Dahrendorf (born 1929) is to become the antagonism of power and support. Vіn vvazhav, scho vlad zavzhd maє on vladі without vladdya and that - opіr. Dialectics rule that support and destroying force of history. The government gives rise to conflict. The reason for the conflict is to be found in the nervousness of the camp, as people take it. Dahrendorf having created a typology of conflicts according to the relationship to power in the middle of social groups, between groups, on the level of the entire community and conflicts between countries. p.214.

Henceforth, the first pіdhіd аnd sociological tradition, thаt wаѕ thеn аѕ thе new one, wаѕ hаνеѕ frοm thе dominant position οf thе suspіlstva tο hаνе tο thrive іndivіd, аnd serеdzhuyut thеіr respect tο thrive οf thе laws οf thе "high" order, depriving them οf thе motive οf thе sphere οf thе sub'єktiv Suspіlstvo takes on like a system, like hovering over individuals and can be explained by their thoughts and actions. O.Kont believes in the boundless possibility of the mind as a destroying force of history, in the “positive” science, and in the same way, having taken into account that the organizing power of the society is the only thing, Durkheim, having taken into account that the professional specialization, the Daedals, is more victorious in integrating that role. For Parsons, "The system of specialty" is a warehouse social system, and sustainability is a social system that has reached the highest level of self-sufficiency at the setting to its perfection. The specialty (like an organism, and a physical and organic honing) is placed "below" the social system in the cybernetic hierarchy. Rosuminnya suspіlstva in all their looks - the reality of a special kind, vіdmіnnoy vіd reshti vidіv.

Another pidkhіd, proponing by Monson to the top of the mind about the interrelationship of specialness and suppleness, shifting the center of one’s respect towards specialness, firmly, that without cultivating the inner world of a person, it is impossible to explain the spontaneous motives with the theory. This tradition is related to the names of the German sociologist M. Weber, and from modern representatives one can name such direct representatives as symbolic interactionism (G. Blumer), phenomenology (A. Schutz, N. Lukmann) and ethnomethodology (G. Garfinkel, A .Sikurel) ), social dramaturgy of I. Hoffmann.

M. Weber (1864-1920) - the founder of the "reason" of sociology and the theory of social development. The main idea of ​​Weberian sociology was the obstruction of the possibility of the most rational behavior, which is manifested in all spheres of human interaction. Vіdkidav as a subject of sociological knowledge is so understandable, like "suspіlstvo", "people", "people", "collective" and so on. The subject of the study of the sociologist can be only an individual, an oskilka himself in Volodymyr svodomistyu, the motivation of his own actions and rational behavior of Sociology. Textbook / / General ed. E.V. Tadevosyan, . - M., Knowledge, 1995, p.63.

D. G. Mead (1863-1931) is considered to be the founder of the theoretical motives of symbolic interactionism, that її book “Reason, I am that Suspіlstvo”.

The most clear and short form of the main assumption of the theory of symbolic interactionism is the work of G. Blumer (1900 - 1987) "Symbolic interactionism: "Perspectives and method" Gromov I.A., Matskevich A. Yu., Semenov V.A. sociology, p.205:

Human diyalnist zdiisnyuetsya schodo ob'ektiv on pіdstavі quiet meaning, yakі stink їm nadavat.

The meanings themselves are a product of social interaction between individuals.

Meanings are changed and zastosovuyutsya for additional interpretation - the process, vikoristovuvannoy skin іndivіdіm shodo zodiac (symbols), yogo otochuychih.

Here we posterіgaєmo the main role of the activity of the individual, specialness, significance, like a person is given to an individual.

One of the representatives of the phenomenological approach in sociology is A. Schuts. Schutz A. Schutz A. Shaping the understanding of that theory in modern sciences//American sociological thought. - M: MGU, 1994.

3 Berger P., Luckmann T. Social construction of action: A treatise on the sociology of knowledge. -M.: Medіum, 1995.. Thinking about what the light has come to us є the product of our svіdomostі, іnakshe kazhuchi, vіn vavvav, scho іsnuє іlki those (for lyudiny), scho svіdomleno and “translated” from the signs (symbols) . The transition from the individual to the suspension is described by Schutz as follows. At the singing stage, the development of an individual "reserve of knowledge" is due to "divisions" with other people. The pilgrimage of different worlds lays down the foundations of “those who are most wise to understand”, creating those that Schutz calls “life world”. Imovirno, "life of the world" Shyuts yakraz i ottognyuє z notions "suspіlstvo". Tobto, "individually store up knowledge", which characterize specialness, one by one, establish the substance "suspility".

A test of the phenomenological theory of suspension is presented by P. Berger (b. 1929), written by T. Lukmann (born 1927). "They are conscious of themselves" the meanings are considered as the basis of the social organization, but the authors give more respect to the meanings that vibrate together and stand as if "above the individual". Suspіlstvo vyyavlyaєєєєєєєєє social orders of the individual, as he creates himself, introducing into the new songs "right" values ​​and meanings, such a zgodі і dorimuєєєєєєє. Here the individual (the basis for the development of the specialty of the current manifestation) appears as the creator of the suspense, that is. at the same time, the priority in mutuality is given to you yourself.

The founder of the ethnomethodological school is G. Garfinkel (b. 1917). Yogo tsіkavilo those, like a rank of possible rational correct description of practical everyday social interactions. What is an individual, Garfinkel formulates on the kshtalt approach of T. Parsons - “a member of the team”. Mutual understanding between individuals does not lead to formal rules for the registration of phenomena that serve to convey the future behavior of one to one. Vono is a kind of pleasing, to serve as a normalization of everything that can in practice show social behavior.

Social interaction, for Garfinkel. can be correctly described by analogy with thunder. At a glance, we can see how the totality of the basic rules, like those. who pragne їm pіdkoritisya, vvazhayut rules normalї vzaєmodії. and ways to comprehend the additional rules of specific social situations by their participants in the History of Sociology // Under the general ed. A.N.Elsukova .. - Minsk: Vishch. school, 1997. pp. 246-248.

I. Goffman (1922-1982) having made a significant contribution to the current sociology of the beginning of his social relationships, contacts, gatherings of those small groups, we add to such publications as "Behavior in the public places", "Ritual in the "public bearing" tables". Vin is also engaged in role analysis ("Contacts"). Most of all, there were warehouses of short-term, short-time contacts, in other words, the sociology of everyday life. I would like to look at the orderliness of such contacts by Hoffman and analyze the processes of staging social events in the robot "The manifestation of selfhood in everyday life" by playing an analogy with the drama ("dramaturgical pidkhid"). All aspects of life - from deeply special to supple wines, having tried to describe in theatrical terms. The curiosity of “appearances” is being built up gradually, yakbi lyudina was at once a producer, who hired herself for a role, an actor, who її vikonuє, and a director, who lashed out for vikonanny. That is why the interplay of specialty and suspility comes out of roles, like a person (specialty) wins.

Then, another pidkhid, Monson's proponations to the point of cultivating the relationship of specialness and suspres- sion, replacing the center of one's own respect with the specialty. To go beyond this tradition, that without the cultivation of the inner world of a person, and spontaneous motives, it is impossible to create an explanatory sociological theory. Weber vvazhav, scho the subject of study of a sociologist can be only an individual, a stone of his own accord, the motivation of his own actions and rational behavior. A. Shchyuts bachiv in all the main role of information. P. Berger and T. Luckmann wrote about those, which influence the social order of the individual, as if he creates guilt himself, introducing "right" values ​​​​and meanings into the new songs, which are achieved by good fortune. Other sociologists, "pribіchniks" of tradition, respected the basis of mutual support and the special character of symbols (signs) that people operate with.

Monson focuses on the development of the very mechanism of the process of interdependence of our relationship with that individual, occupying a “middle” position between approaches, as we have described above. One of the founders of tradition is P. Sorokin, and one of the modern sociological concepts is the theory of diy, or the theory of exchange (J. Homans).

P. Sorokin (1889-1968) is the author of such books. yak "System of sociology" (1920), "Social mobility" (1927). "Modern Sociological Theories" (1928), "Social and Cultural Dynamics" (1937-1941), "Sociality, Culture and Specialty" (1947) and many others.

Forty formulated the thesis about those that social behavior is based on psychophysical mechanisms; subjective aspects of behavior are “changeable” values. All people, behind Sorokin, enter into a system of social interrelations under the influence of a whole complex of factors: non-reflexive (reflection), biological (hunger, spraga, sips of food) and social (values, norms, values) regulators. On the vіdminu vіd vipadkovyh i timchasovyh agregatіv (type natovpu), which are characterized by the presence of clear links between people, only the existence of the creation of the production of values, norms, values, which is known as being in the middle of the socioswіdomih "his" - the constitution of the suave. To that, whether or not a society can be assessed only through the prism of the authoritative system of values, norms and values. Tsya system is one-hour cultural quality Johnston B.V. Pіtrym Sorokin and sociocultural tendencies of our time// Sociological research. - 1999, - No. 6, S. 67.

Attached to sociosvіdomih іndivіdakh i suspіlstvah kulturіnі іstії vyyavlyayutsya vіd vіh vіh vіh dаgnennyah ії dskoї tsivіlіzatsії, sberіgayuchis y і іn discrete periods of cultural istorії (vіyni, revіvії sooshcho.).

Henceforth, all people, following Sorokin, enter into a system of social mutual relations under the influence of a whole complex of factors: unknown, and social regulators. Tobto. for example, the regulators, for example, are blamed on the regulators, and the regulators, in their line, blame the obviousness of the obviousness of individuals (special features). Adherence to sociosvіdomih іndivіdakh i suspіlstvah kul'turnі yakostі vyyavlyayutsya yavlyayutsya vsіh prihodnennyah lyudskoї tsivіlіzatsії.

D.K. Homans (born 1910) characterizes the agenda of Russian sociology in the following way: “While sociologists invest in a lot of empirical opinions, the central intellectual problem of sociology is not analytical; tsia problem vіdkrittya new fundamental positions. I think the main provisions are already clear, and the stink is psychological. Tsya the problem is more synthetic, tobto. the problem is to show how the behavior of wealthy people can be combined to psychological positions in order to educate and encourage good social structures”. Actual problems of contemporary foreign sociology: Critical analysis. Book 2.-M., 1979, p.156. According to Homans's idea, institutions and human welfare as a whole are composed of only a few people, stench can be analyzed in terms of individual activities and can be explained on the basis of the principles of individual behavior.

As having appointed Homans, “the secret of social exchange for people lies in that, to give other people their behavior, those who seem to be more valuable, lower to you, and take into account those who represent more value to you, lower to others” bourgeois sociology of the first half of the XX century, - M., 1979.p.70.

Then, the third pіdhіd, of Monson's contributions to the conclusion about the interrelationship of specialness and suspіlstva, we can call the sum of the two first pіdhodі. One day to understand one does not dominate over another, moreover, the stench of mutual understanding: one cannot be without another. Us people, according to Soroki-well, enter into the system of social interrelations under the influence of a whole complex of officials: unseen, and social regulators. Adherence to sociosvіdomih іndivіdakh i suspіlstvah kul'turnі yakostі vyyavlyayutsya yavlyayutsya vsіh prihodnennyah lyudskoї tsivіlіzatsії. Homans is aware that people enter into a system of social exchanges based on social exchange among themselves. Therefore, it is impossible to speak about those who dominate superiority over singularity, otherwise, on the contrary, singularity takes precedence over superiority.

Another pіdkhіd, vyklady Monson - Marxist. Marxist sociology - approach the academic sociology that wins Marxism. Marxism is a total succession of the head rank of theoretical robots that claim to develop, correct or review the works of Marx (1818-1883) by practitioners that bring themselves to the yogi of the successors of Jerry D. and іn. The Great Tlumachny Sociological Dictionary. Volume 1., M. - Viche-Ast, 1999, p. 394, 396.. Marx's entire intellectual project, concluding a few goals in his own mind, one of which was to “understand and explain the camp of a person, as a bachelor in capitalistic society” Ibid. P.390. Meta bula at the strict sensi sociological (what Marx and stverdzhuvav), that yogo thought made a deep contribution to the development of sociology, giving a full point to broad conclusions, stimulating a productive critical reaction from the side of non-Marxist scholars. In fact, K. Marx, having taken into account that the camp of a person for capitalism was characterized by an indulgence, so that he would fight his world, products, comrades and himself. This theory is based on the following statement: the economy is first invested in the formation of the development of social structures and on the idea that people think about themselves, as well as about their welfare. It’s good with Marx, it’s economically viable to form the basis of a state of affairs that can be built on non-economical institutions. The nature of that ability of the rest is the basis.

According to the type of explanation of social phenomena, this idiom is similar to the first approach. However, the principle of recognition lies in the fact that, in line with the Marxist tradition, sociology is actively involved in the transformation and change of the current world, just as other traditions consider the role of sociology as a recommendation. The main role of the social development was given by Marx to the philanthropists, and non-economic institutions - the state, religion and others. - play less of an autonomous role for social development. Look at K.Marx's vision of Monson as a model of distinguishing particularities and suspіlstva, imovіrno, through the whole economical process. The concept of "specialty" was not seen by Marx at all, but it was small on the horizon in the meanings of "a person in the capitalist society", "human svіdomіst". According to Marx's thought, the evidence was materially wise and reasoned, with some of them the classes were changed (there is a suspility among them). Henceforth, the dominant in the concept of "specialty" and "suspіlstvo" K. Marx vvazhav suspіlstvo (class, economic camp).

At the center of respect for sociology, they continue to work on the problems of mutual specialty and suspres. Therefore, one of the main sources of sociology, but in the very same way, to lay down those chi and other lucidity of the special features of the society, their organization of life, dzherel and shlyakhiv development. Sociologists argued little about the priority of particularity and sustainability. Without a doubt, there is no other solution in the water-Kremlin and there is more not in opposing one another, but in the organization of their close and harmonious interdependence. It is clear, however, that it cannot and cannot be fully supported by the posture of universal development individuals, as they cannot and cannot have a proper and universal development of a special posture and independently of a true civilized society.

Our analysis of different schools, directly and current sociological theory, does not claim to be the foundation of the entire theoretical decline of foreign sociologists, but sees only the key moments that form the basis of scientific research on the problem of "speciality - success".

1.3. Formation and development of specialness - the problem of modern psychology and sociology

The problem of specialness, mutual specialness and suspension lie among the most important and important topics in sociology. At the same time, not only in sociology, but also in philosophy, psychology, social psychology and in many other disciplines.

Vivchennya, zokrema, istoriї sotsіologiї to bring up a visnovka about those that sociological thought is based on the search for evidence on two fundamental nutrition:

1) what is suspіlstvo (whether to rob suspіlstvo with a stable tsіlim; like a possible social order)?

2) what character can be seen between the suspension as an ordered structure, from one side, and by the infuriating individuals in it - from the other side? Kazarinova N.V. Filatova O.G. Khrenov A.Y. Sociology: Heading guide. - M., 2000, S. 10. And the individual, as we have already indicated, is considered as the right moment for the formation of specialness in the outer state; Why is it obvious that the problem of specialness has become and є dosi an actual problem.

It is significant that the specificity of the object of suspension is viewed in sociology in the context of two mutually related processes - socialization and identification. Under socialization, it is accepted to understand the process of assimilation by an individual of different behaviors, social norms and values ​​that are necessary for his successful functioning in this society. Identification - a copy of the behavior of something else, close to a biased bazhannya, but similar, as far as possible, to the same person (understand rich goiter as a way to understand Freud's solution to Edipov's complex through identification with the father of the same state). Socialization embraces all the processes of education to culture, education and training, for the help of such people gaining social nature and building capacity, take part in social life. In the process of socialization, the fate of all otochennya іndivіda takes part: family, susidia, one-year-olds in a child's mortgage, schools, acquiring mass information, etc. Radughin A.A., Radughin K.A. sociology. - M., 1997, p.76. In the process of socialization itself, the formation of special features is observed.

One of the first elements of the socialization of the child was seen by the founder of the psychoanalytic theory of specialness Z. Freud (1856-1939). According to Freud, specialty includes three elements: "id" - dzherelo energy, which stimulates exercise to satisfaction; “his” - zdіysnyuє control osobennosti, s urakhuvannyam principle of reality, and “super”, chi moral otsіnny element. Socialization appears to Freud as a process of "groaning"

the innate powers of the people, as a result of which, the formation of three warehouse specialties is born.

A lot of psychologists and sociologists support that the process of socialization continues through the life of a person, and affirm that the socialization of grown-ups is growing in the socialization of children. As socialization of grown-ups changes the social behavior, then the socialization of children and the form of tsіnnіsnі orientation.

The arsenal of ways and means of socialization at the stage of childhood is not great, I want to talk about the active period. Tse imіtatsija, tobto svіdome pragnennya chіtini kopiyuvati svіnu model povedіnki; Identification as a way to acquire children's father's behavior, social attitudes and values ​​as their own.

At the stage of childhood, the number of agents in socialization is constantly growing. The program is changed quite a lot and with a change in their activities at the side of the complication.

At the youthful stage (13-19 years) - at that "folding", "important", "transitional" period of their life - young people gain significantly wider knowledge, complete the formation of the foundation of their specialness. During this period, a parallel system of values ​​​​may appear and look at the world, as they carry different agents of socialization: fathers, school, same-year-olds just.

At the stage of maturity, the development of the activity of human specialty, as it starts with the skin in its own way, in the staleness of the conditions of a special life and the need for sharpening, to know the economy. social and moral and psychological independence of the individual, and his political maturity.

Golovnya at this stage of socialization - the advent of the development of social statuses and social roles, their active implementation. In the process of socialization, a mature person may experience crises and crises, which are associated with serious changes in life. That way you can blame the need for resocialization, that way you need to acquire new knowledge, values, roles, learn to replace the big ones. For the "transitional suspres", as in the present hour Russia, is characterized by the head rank of the need for resocialization. At the same time, the need for resocialization can be blamed on an individual at the skin stage of life, independent of the supple system.

The process of socialization is completed at the stage of old age, as it is often hard to endure by people, especially self-reliant ones.

Socialization of the specialty is mainly based on the group certificate. As a result of the social interaction of people in small and great social groups, it is assumed by the people accumulated by the accumulated knowledge and knowledge, values ​​and norms that they generate. It is worth laying the foundation for looking like a normal specialty and at the same time unity and value of the social group and the whole society. Prote cannot be discounted from the role of individual identity in the process of socialization, initial originality and uniqueness of skin specialty.

Social life is collapsible and diverse in that sense, which includes not only stable, calm, correct, normal її overbought, but also respiration in the new. especially as we can see the peculiarity of the life of an individual in the "crisis" suspense. It is not necessary to know one's own attitude towards the norm (deviant) behavior of buyers, the impersonal anomie of suspense.

Sociological explanation of the deviance of the clergy for us in front of social and cultural officials. Reportedly, the essence of this explanation can be found in the works of E. Durkheim and R. Merton. The followers see two main ideas: "social disorganization" designates a state of supremacy, if cultural values, norms and social interrelationships during the day, weaken or supersede one to one (E. Durkheim); the reason for the deviation is the rise between the cultural goals of sustainability and the socially praised goals of their achievement (R.Merton). These provisions are respected today as the most widely accepted by sociology. Sociology. / Zag. ed. E.V.Tadevosyan.p.180-181.

The process of socialization of the skin historical stage is subject to specifics. In the process of evolution of the suspense, the manifestations of the suspense, and the establishment of the individual in the new one, are gradually changing. There is too much to talk about today's sociologists. Today, more of them state the end of the world in progress. Peredumov about the positive development is replaced by structural analysis, instead of the analysis of social differentiation, organizational deposits, role structures. Such a pіdkhіd mi bachimo in N. Luman Theory of Suspіlstva. Collection // Zag. ed. A.F. Filippova. - M.: "KANON-press-C", "Kuchkov field", 1999, p.198. centurion. The cob of this bule was laid by the super-cook among the addicts of ideas about the material (economic) and the spiritual (cultural) determination of the welfare. At once, the establishment of an individual in a society becomes a central problem, until such a time it allows one to judge the society skeptically and no longer evaluate it without warning as progressive. This is how “socialization” and “role” are understood, to indicate the need for theoretical mediation between “individual” and “suspility”. The identity of "individual" and "suspility" is manifested, in order of historical authority, the basis for (prompting) theories.

Later, the approach of sociologists is radically changed to explain the understanding of society, individuality in society, social processes.

R.Park is already rethinking the “ecology of the people”, which is also evidence of the rethinking of the mutual system of the “suspense-people”.

The park writes, scho in human groupings dіє, like in groupings of roslin and creatures, the principle of panuvannya. So called the natural functional areas of the city's spivtovarstva - for example, slums, the district of profitable houses, the central trade rows and the central district of the banks - skin from these districts of goiters to their own needs without the middle of the clerk of the park, and, in the middle of the competition, people suspensions. Collection (For the final edition of A.F. Filippov, p. 391 ..

On the thought of a grandiose, cultural breeding develops similarly to biotic breeding in a rank, however, it is more foldable. Vinahodi, so it’s just like a rapt catastrophic change, maybe, maybe more important meaning for the appearance of cyclical changes in cultural diversity, lower in biotic. Ale, the principle itself appeared to be changed in essence.

In human societies, on the basis of grouping of creatures, competition and individual freedom are intermingled by a consensus on the skin level, we will follow the biotic one.

Human welfare is everywhere under the control of the organization. Yogo funkt_ya polagaє in order to organize, іntegruvati and direct zusilly warehouse yoga іndivіdіv. In the world, the development of Sustainability, the control of the Daedalus is more expanded and strengthened, free commercial activities individuals are separated, as if not by law, then by names. There. S. 399.

To come out, that progress has been made by gaining strength in the control functions of the suspense. Although in Russia, due to objective reasons, this fact is not yet known.

Russia is experiencing a social, demographic, ecological and spiritual and moral crisis. Vertical management links are falling apart, economic International stosunki. The cost of life is falling, there is a sharp rise in the rise of socialism, the traditional institutions of socialization and cultural offensive are deformed, the basic spiritual and moral foundations of the social butt are undermined. The growth of lack of spirituality pulls in oneself internal instability.

The social sphere is characterized by a crisis in the systems of education, rehabilitation, social security, health protection, the mass unemployment, the emergence of millions of refugees, the homeless, rampant malice, alcoholism, drug addiction and prostitution, and usampered - for the youth.

The most socially unsafe defects in socialization are the most significant social defects in society.

In fact, the Russian society in this hour has practically no suspiliously praised model of social behavior. This camp was sown by the world as a weakness of the current sociological theory. Therborn G. Belonging to culture, the place of development in the structure and human life: explanation in sociology and social science / / Theory of Suspility (P.d. 73., Russian sociological theory, zokrema. important moment and we especially emphasize this meaning.

In the most important one, in the global sociology, the type of theorizing is absolutely necessary, but it is important to explain it to other rows of exercises. Even weaker interest in feeding the type: “Why do people have such a rank? Why does the whole social order change by itself in such a rank? The explanation of Schos - means the dates of the truth is the same, that, the Chomu in a given situation, in the yaki -іsnuvala, the one can do the same, actual, the mate of Tereborn, the troops of the tarta, was a theory. (Under the general editorship of A.F. Filippov S.75 ..

Looking at the problem of the transformation of the crisis of socialization in Russia, one can put food; “Why did the market change itself start to burn?”, “Who cares about the instability in the social sphere?” and etc.

I would like to approximate the assessment of the described processes. It is important in any case, what kind of infusion of stink is given to the process of molding the specialty of a child, then a young person, and then already an offensive generation, according to what kind of stench they will be fathers and mothers, in which spіvvіdnennost stink will be manifested with these laws, for what kind of features the shape will be .

2. The most common will be Skoda. the heads of the valuable world of these young people, as they are characterized by weakened connections from the family, to achieve significant social development, little success in the system of education.

3. Presentation of the problem of identification and social and cultural integration of young people.

4. Sliding into account the strength of the injection on the central structure of the youth of the national factor.

5. In the case of a distant, unfriendly development of the economy of the region, it is possible to “anger” economic, political and nationalistic factors with a clearly pronounced prototalitarian and anti-Caucasian directive.

6. Significant impact on the value of the structure is given by the economic factor: what is the lower level of material security, more powerful than the "mother's hand", and, on the other hand, because of this promotion - higher value of freedom.

It is necessary that the state of the art should strictly follow the laws on the development of specialty.

Until now, until post-industrial values ​​are formed in Russia on the ideological, behavioral and material level, in the future, in the mass order, be present and create social anomiya. The root of the social pathology, which covers the problem of the crisis, is allowed to go into the existence of a voluntarily recognized system of values, on the basis of those in the krainas, which have switched or go over to post-industrialism, the mechanism of effective social control is being created.

Henceforth, the formation and development of specialness - the problem of modern sociology is still relevant (zocrema, on the top of the problems of domestic sociology). Because of this, for economic, political, social reasons, Russia is in danger of a socialization crisis. And socialization is an aspect of the formation and development of specialness. For the solution of this crisis in practice, a zhorstka theoretical scientific base (in sociology) is necessary.

In addition, the development of specialness is a test of excellence on the fundamental nutrition of sociology, as if it were the result of the development of the character of mutual modality between a combination and an individual (individual is the basis for the development of specialness).

CHAPTER 2

2.1. Role concept of speciality

The processes that are taking place in our society cannot be correctly assessed and understood without the development of a great scientific decline in the field of sociology of particularity,

One of the most important sociological theories of particularity is the role concept, which vindicated American social psychology in the 30s of the 20th century and gained a wide breadth in various sociological theories, especially in structural-functional analysis.

The founder of the role concept of specialness is J.Mida. We have already talked about his legacy as the founder of the theoretical inspirations of symbolic interactionism. Ideas of the Middle Ages, not popular for the past years, in the 80s took a wide resonance, as soon as they were aware of the fact that the zooms were ahead of their time, posing and solving the problem, formulated in sociology only for example of the XX century. Nina Mіd accepts like a classic, like a significant figure in the world, she marked the modern stage of the development of foreign sociology.

What is the place of the theoretical system of Mead in sociology? What is the role of yoga ideas for contemporary sociology? Obviously, we can’t take a good look at the nutrition in this division, but we can try to describe the main features of the socio-psychological theory of Mida, to reveal the main theoretical-sight-seeing orientation.

Central in the social psychology of the Mida is the understanding of the inter-individual interaction. Sustainability of processes in interdependence with the Mead, constituting the existence of that social individual. Analysis of the process of molding individual svіdomosti in the course of interdependence Mіd starts from the understanding of "gesture". Gesture as an individual to serve as a cobweb phase of interaction and as a stimulus that other participants react to. The gesture conveys the presence of such a referent, the “idea” spіvvіdnesіnost z deakim elements svіdu іndivіda i vyklkaє svіdomosti scho to rob the gesture of that same vіdguk, like svіdоmostі spriymaє. The most important gesture-symbols є, according to Mіda, the word (“voice gesture”). Mova stands out as a constitutive factor of svіdomosti. Ionii L.G. Knowledge of sociology. Historical and critical analysis. - M .: Nauka, 1979, pp. 68-69.

Have some kind of culture with a gesture and mine, foretell the meaning of it. The value of the teachings is in the “practical lessons”, tobto. quiet reactions that call out these symbols. “Meaning - indicative of MID, - tse stan svіdomosti... The significance of the gesture of a given individual to the gesture of another in the singing act of social action, tsya vіdpovіd also serve as the basis for blaming another gesture or a new one for a new gesture. Also, at the same time, the gesture is the beginning of a social act, giving rise to a number of communications” Antonovich I,I. Sociology of the USA: problems and questions of solution.-Mn., 1976.

One of the most important parts of the sociological system of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs was the concept of "multi-individual interdependence", as it confirmed that the combination of people and the attitudes of the individual on objects (on "their" and on oneself) are generated and subdivided by the singing coexistence. Those who, as individuals, take on the most social intelligence, are confused by the knowledge of the connection with others, especially with the power of the building, take light and themselves so, as the whole light is to dance in others and as it is expressed in gestural words (symbols). In connection with this, the behavior of an individual in a group, vvazhayuchi MID, is the result of the adoption by this individual of installations that are different in relation to themselves and further crystallization of all of these private installations into a single installation or point of view, as it can be called the installation of another.

This process of accepting the roles of other people ("the ugly other") is especially prominently manifested in the course of the formation of the human "I", the similarity and structure of this, after Meda, reflect the unity and structure of the social process.

In this order, the stages of accepting the role of the other, the other, the "increased other" - the stage of the transformation physiological organism in a reflective social self. Head characteristic I am a building to become an object for itself, which makes it look like inanimate objects and living organisms. Wealth and originality of mortgages in that chi іnshhom іindivіdualnogo I reactions, ways ії, symbolіchnyh zmіstіv to lie in the versatility and breadth of systems vzaєmodії, from which I take a lot.

In general, according to the concept of MID, the behavior of a person is framed by the structure of specialness, social role and acceptance of the installations of the "increased other".

The role concept of specialness, which has been broken down by the Ministry of Education, is of little significance. Zavdyaki їy rich behavior of a person can be revealed (and analyzed) in the sight of a singing set of socially typical, stable patterns in її behavior - "roles", like a person playing in a household. Moreover, the analysis of the “roles” of the person gives sufficient evidence for the judgment not only about the behavior, but also about the specialness, the oscills of the internal impulsiveness, that normative super-discretion appears in any behavioral acts.

The American sociologist A. Haller developed the concept of "significant other" to supplement the theory of J. Meade. "Significant Other" - this is the specialty, praise of which individuals are allowed to do so and which statements of wine are accepted. Such special features give the most infusion of the installation of individual and molded їх wet " I " . As "significant others" can act as fathers, miracle teachers, mentors, deyak comrades of children and, perhaps, popular specialties. Individuals should not take on these roles, inherit them and in such a rite to promote the process of socialization through "significantly else" Frolov S. S. Sociology: Pdruchnik. M: 1999. P.187.

For the rest of the hour, the greatest developments in the theory of interactionalism will come from the names of E Hoffman (1922-1982), who, look, occupy the middle camp of the Chicago school and “role” theory. His concept of guilt is often called a “dramaturgical approach”, which is manifested in the offensive analogy: roles - exectation, as if our behavior in singing situations may be different, they are looked at by him like a p'єsi, like a play. Vіn attaching great respect to the fact that we victoriously and in such ways mi zdіysnyuєmo kerіvnitstvo our “apparitions” Gromov І.A., Matskevich A.Yu., Semenov V.A. Zahidna theoretical sociology. - St. Petersburg, 1996. P. 207. All aspects of life - from deeply special to superstitious - are described in theatrical terms: p'esa, stage, actor, backstage, etc. Later, E. Hoffman describes the process of interpreting “The manifestation of one's “I” as another”, from the medium's promptings about “I” and “Mine”.

Also, the theory of roles is good for the adaptive side of the process of socialization of specialness. But this scheme cannot be taken as a single truth, the shards are left in the shade of an active, creative cob of specialness.

2.2. Psychoanalytic theory of specialty by Z. Freud

One of the guiding ideological, theoretical and methodological foundations of the old psychology and sociology of the classical period, and especially the psychological straightening, having become a complex of Z. Freud's doctrines, they made a significant impact on the entire social thought.

The most important part of Freud's psychoanalytic sociology is a theory about a person, which is a collection of different order concepts about the nature and day of a person, the psyche, the formation, development and structure of specialness, the causes and mechanisms of behavioral sleep and behavior of people in realities.

On Freud's thought, the cob is the basis of the mental life of a person є different instincts, pulls that bazhanya, the cob of power in the human body.

Underestimating the knowledge and social honing in the process of molding that butt of a person, Freud stverdzhuvav, that he played a role in organizing the life of a person playing various biological mechanisms. Zokrema, vіn vvazhav, that in the skin of the people of the people lays incest (incest), cannibalism and the burning of vbivstva, like a great injection on the whole mental activity of the people and that її behavior. Freud pointed out that the spiritual development of the individual briefly repeated the development of humankind due to the fact that in their mental structures, the skin of a person carries the burden of experiencing distant ancestors.

Behind Freud, the role of molding people in yoga life is especially important for two deep cosmic instincts: Eros (sexual instinct, life instinct, self-saving instinct) and Thanatos (death instinct, aggression instinct, destruction instinct / Freud 3. "Voice". Book 1, Tbilisi, 1991, p. 380.

Representing human life as a legacy of the struggle between the two eternal forces of Eros and Thanatos, Freud realized that these instincts are the main movers of progress. The unity and struggle of Eros and Thanatos not only cumulate the concept of buttya іndivіda, but even more so, they signify the activity of various social groups, peoples and powers.

According to Freud's concept, carrying a statutory instinct, a powerful mental energy that can be sexually addicted (libido), as it was interpreted by him as the energy of sexual craving or stative hunger.

The concept of libido has an important role to play. At the same time, Freud did not zoom in on the unambiguous interpretation of libido and stagnation in the presence of quiet chi and other turns in theoretical quirks of the libido to one, then to another sense.

In some vipadkah vіn speaking about libido as about changing the quantity of strength and declaring that we libido mi vіdrіznyаєmo vіd energy, like we should put vzagali in the basis of mental processes Freud 3. "I" and "Vono". Pratsі r_znih years.Kn.II. - Tbilisi, 1991, p. 82.

Nesvidomі (usampere sexual) pragnennya osobennosti її potencial and main zherelo activity, set motivation її dіy. Due to the impossibility of satisfying instinctive needs in their natural-natural forms, through social normative exchange, a person is constantly embarrassed to compromise between a deep potyazh and a supplely acceptable form of yoga implementation. The model of specialness, created by Freud, is a three-dimensional solution: the lower ball (Vono, or Іd), representations by unknown impulses and "ancestral ways", the middle ball (I, or His) and the upper ball (Over-I, or Super-per- His) - the norms of suspіlstva, adopted by people. The most zhorstki, aggressive and warrior balls - Vono and Over-I. The stinks from both sides attack the human psyche, giving rise to a neurotic type of behavior. The shards in the world of the development of the supremacy of the upper ball (Super-His) will inevitably increase, become more massive and important, then the whole human history is considered by Freud as the history of growing psychosis. History of Sociology: Headbook. / Under the headline ed. A.N.Elsukova. Mn: Vishch. school, 1997., S. 94.

Exploring the essence of Freud's conception, the next thing to note, having taken into account, - the most important role of shaping that life of a person is played by the Edip complex. Doslіdzhuyuchi dreaming of his patients, Freud, having lost his respect for those who are significant part of them with storms and storms, they told me about a dream, the main motive of some of the letters of the article is the link with the mother (incest). Having succumbed to this sing trend, Freud dyshov vysnovku, that the first socially spontaneous people are directed to the mother, then the same is the first rapist ban and hatred is directed to the father.

In the Edip complex, as invoking Freud, “infantile sexuality comes to an end, which puts a virulent infusion of its own drive on the sexuality of grown-ups. The skin of the new people should be given the task of repairing the Edipiv complex, who is not able to grow, to be ill with neurosis” Ibid. P.95.

In this manner, the Edipiv complex, following Freud, the basis of the human butt, then the three spheres of specialness perebuvayut in the post-yny vzaєmodії and add to the functional activity of one of the one. One of the most important symbols of this kind is the combination of "Vono" and "I".

The constant antagonism of the three spheres of specialness of the significant world will be helped by special "protection mechanisms" ("mechanisms of protection"), which have been created as a result of the evolution of people. Nayvazhlivіshimi of neusvіdomlyuvanih "zahisnih mehanіzmіv" poklikanih zabezpechiti vіdomu tsіlіsnіst i stabіlnіst osobistostі in Minds konflіktu superechlivih іmpulsіv i installations, Freud vvazhav "sublіmatsіyu" (Process peretvorennya i pereadresuvannya seksualnoї energії in rіznі FORMS dіyalnostі, priynyatnі іndivіdom i suspіlstvom), "vitіsnennya" ( unfamiliar adoption of individual motives in one’s own sphere of knowledge), “regression” (transition to a more primitive level of thought and behavior), “projection” (unfamiliar transference, “attributing” of power, manifestation, bazhan, thoughts, “pulling thoughts” , nesvіdomih pragnen іnshim people), "ratsіonalіzatsіyu" (nesvіdome pragnennya іndivіda to ratsіonalnogo obґruntuvannya svoїh іdey i povedіnki navіt in quiet vipadkah, if the stench іrratsіonalnі), "reactive Osvita" "(zmіna nepriynyatnoyu for svіdomostі tendentsії bіlsh priynyatnu chi protilezhnu)," fіksatsіyu behavior” (the trend of “I” until the preservation of the tested, effective stereotypes of behavior, the type of change which can be brought to pathological obtrusive exercise until repetition) and in. History of Sociology (Pid ed. A.N. Elsukov and in. - Minsk: Vishch.shk., 1997, p.95.

Napolyagayuschie on the cob super-speechiness and conflict of the spheres of specialness, Freud especially accentuating the dynamic moments of the buttya of specialness, what has become strong side yoga concept,

Giving important importance to all spheres of specialness and the mechanism of their interactions, Freud at the same time pragng to link with the theory of specialness of many of his hypotheses and concepts. An example of this can be a concept of creativity and an idea about the characters, which are effectively adapted to this design of specialness and supplement it.

Significantly, the psychosociological theories of A.Adler, K.Jung, K.Horn, G.Sulliven, E.Fromm and others, which are close to psychoanalysis, have made a significant contribution to the further development of modern psychology and sociology. The concepts of these contributors took away the name of neo-Freudian ones, because all the stench so chi spiraled on the ideas of Z. Freud. For example, A.Adler (1870-1937), sociological psychoanalysis against Freud, having given the idea of ​​dividing an individual into three instances (“Vono”, “I” and “Over-I”) and focusing on the principle of unity of specialness and the primacy of social factors in human behavior. Adler, having looked at the social nature, socially seems to be the basis of the human mind, and individually - as the calmly social nature of the history of sociology (Pid zag. ed. A.N.

K. Jung (1875-1961), having become acquainted with Freud's theory, was rich in what he supported his thoughts. Vin actively developed psychoanalytic ideas and tried to put them into practice Jung K. Archetype and symbol. - M., 1991 .. Nadali Jung Vidіshov Bagato in Choma VID traditional psychoanalysis I, who was impressing his folding the structure of the human psycho, is stored on the ugeline, the ugly -in -reservoirs, and the cigarette is norbidly, norbidly, norbidly Under the "collective incomprehensibility" Jung rozumiv "the mind of our most ancient ancestors, the way, like the stench touched life and light, gods and human nature".

Among the ideas of Freud, which were recognized by the primal critics from the side of K. Horni (1885-1952), were boules, zokrema, such fundamental elements of yoga education, like the theory of instincts, Edipiv complex, the concept of libido and іn. And yet Horny most severely criticized Freud for the supra-world support of the biological approach of psychic phenomena and for ignoring him "cultural factors". On the thought of Khor-nі, to global principles, how to manage the people, how to think about their behavior, one can think of the exercise to safety and the implementation of the power of the authorities of the History of Sociology (Pid obshred.A, N. Elsukova, p.227.

Fіlosof, psihoanalіtik i sotsіolog E. Fromm (1900-1980), Chudovo usvіdomlyuyuchi novelty i vazhlivіst Freud іdey for rozvitku sotsіalnogo pіznannya, zdіysniv naybіlsh vrazhayuchu reformatsіyu psihoanalіtichnogo vchennya, yak digit mіroyu spriyala zrostannyu populyarnostі yak Vlasnyi psihoanalіzu because i psihosotsіologіchnih doctrines Ibid, p.229.

Dolіdzhuyuchi role psihіchnyh chinnikіv in the activity of special, in different social processes, Fromm critically rethinking the low important position of Freud's theory. Seeing as a myth the thesis about the “invariable human nature”, Fromm affirmed that in the hour of evolution, people often use the “without middle instinctive basis” and gain new qualities that are mindful of the social medium.

Fromm, having respected that “the most beautiful, like the most creative people are, people do not cry out from the fixed, biologically educated human nature, but blame the result of the social process for the formation of specialness ... Human nature is the passions of people and the anxieties of culture. ..” Fromm Ege. Vtecha vіd freedom. - M., 1990, p.21.

In the result of the self -integrated doslіzhennya of the people of the human sassing, Fromm Dіshov Visnovka about the sake of social characters of people, they are the core of the structures to the character, Yak Protamanne Bilshosti, the people of the culture, on the vidmin, Apparently before Fromm’s veneration “the socioeconomic structure of the social economy forms the social character of its members in such a way that they want to work those who are guilty of work” Fromm E. Mati chi buti? - M., 1986, p. 156.

Maybe none of the neo-Freudians did not attach great respect to the analysis of the establishment of specialness at various stages of the evolution of human society, like Fromm, who, with a significant world, took the richness of this century.

For the thinking part of the population of modern Russia, Fromm, as a philanthropist and a humanist, with his approaches to the crisis of our low capitalistic capitalistic succession, that shlyakhiv yogo podlannya. Having added significant susilla to ascertain and expand a number of unsafe social illusions, Frome came to the point of visnovka, which caused the crisis to be brought about by the economic and psychological failures of the industrial system itself. Considering the importance of various achievements, Fromm at the same time critically analyzed the great expectations and the great hopes for the boundless progress, which were characteristic of the low generation of the industrial era. Visnovok Fromm is unambiguous: great hopes for achieving material prosperity, unrestricted special freedom, happiness largest number people and panuvannya over nature knew collapse. Civilization appeared on the borders of self-destruction.

Neo-Freudian doctrines have become a direct legacy of ideas. and Z.Freud's conception, for some Poles it is a great merit before science.

2.3. Behavioral concept of speciality

Vidpovidno to the behavioral concept of the behavior of a skin person is educated and controlled by the social medium through the language, sound, social institutions, get information too. Zokrema, J. Homans, taking as a stand alone sociological analysis "elementary social behavior" (to ensure direct contacts between individuals). The theory of social behavior has become an essential element of yoga sociology. We have already guessed more deaki aspects of this theory, now let's look at the report.

The new understanding of the nature of the essence of social behavior is explained by Homans in the following way: “Social behavior is the exchange of values ​​(both material and non-material, for example, signs of praise or prestige). People, like giving riches to others, try to take riches from them, and people, like taking riches from others, take a sip from their side, directing them to those that the rest could take richly from the first. Such a process of advancing may lead to a trend towards security equal to the balance between exchanges” Modern foreign social psychology. Texts. - M., 1984, p.90.

Homans formulated the thesis about two equal behaviors, which he called sub-institutional (guys without middle-special stance) and institutional. The first is the basis of the other. With whom, social behavior is like an exchange of power between equals. The difference between them, behind Homans, lies in the fact that in folding organizations the activity is regulated not by the first, but rather by the wineries that are more folding for their character, and in the fact that the very processes of exchanging "vineyard-guzzling" activity become more mediated. The Daedals have a greater role to play in the role of social norms. Later, folding social organizations establish equal systems that are stabilized by the way of institutionalization of the global normative structure New directly in sociological theory. - M., 1978, p.84.

The explanation of social behavior through exchange in Homans' version turned out to be insufficiently correct due to the low parameters. Yak was conceived in a number of critical works of the History of Sociology (Ped ed. by A.N. Elsukov and in - Mn., 1997, pp. 240-241. Professions, vik, dohid) Hodі is straight for the hogs. So it is not the Homans, the same rank of the Hod, the Individ to rob about those, the social units of the Homansa, .

We see five main provisions, how to explain how Homans understands the process of exchange between individuals.

The first camp - the camp of success - for the one who tse di ї people follow the basic rule: more often okrema diya the specialty of the wine is growing, and more often than not, the wines vibrate tsyu diyu.

Another position - the position of the stimulus - determines the introduction between the stimulus for successful deeds and repetitions. As if any stimulus (or a combination of stimuli) was brought up to diy, if it turned out to be successful, then at the time of repetition of that stimulus, or similar to the new one, the specialty will be able to repeat the diyu.

The third camp - the camp of value - for the one who is better for special achievement of the song result, there is more pragmatic work to do, directing from yoga achievement.

The quarter of the camp - the camp of "hungry-starvation" - to go out of the one that more often in the past the specialty took away the specialty of the wine city, the lesser will be the repetition of such a city for her.

P'yate camp - a camp of "aggression-praise" - is characterized by the fact that a person does not take away wine, for example, he has taken a break, or he takes punishment, without letting anyone in, then he should demonstrate aggressive behavior, and the results of such behavior become for him . First of all, if a person takes away the recognition of a wine-grower, especially if she is bigger, lower those, if she won, if she doesn’t take away an order, if she betrayed it, then she won’t demonstrate her approval of the behavior and the results of such behavior will become more important for her.

Tsey dialed five positions, like Homans vvazha for a better look at the system, on the other hand, explain why a person is so different in any situation. Vіn namagavsya ekstrapolyuvati tsі position on the explanation of all social processes and vvvazhav, scho among groups and social organizations little chimneys in the form of intermediary interaction between individuals.

In other words, looking at the problem of specialness, J. Homans, yoga promoter (B. Skinner), the main role is to introduce systems of "stimuli", "encouragement", drawing a direct analogy between the behavior of people and creatures. Changes in special behavior are introduced into the process of training, taken as a stimulation of “good” ones. bazhanih diy.

At the same time, like Homans, P. Blau postulated that when looking at associations, which include an obvious or hoary, obvious or expensive exchange between two lindens, victorious elementary economic model. In essence, social life is interpreted by him as a kind of "bazaar", de "actors" are traded among themselves with the method of taking the greatest advantage of the History of Sociology (Pid zag. ed. A. N. Elsukov. p. 242. .

Blau's "principles" and "laws" can be formulated in an offensive manner: Turner J. The structure of sociological theory. -M., 1985, S.347-373.

Principle 1, The greater the benefit of a person, ochіkuє vіd іnshoy, zdіysnyuyuchi pevnu dіyalnіst, tіm more ymovіrno, scho vіn bude zdіysnyuvati tsyu dіyalnіst.

Principle 2. The greater the number of wines, the city of the people was less special, the greater the blame for the offensive acts of the exchange of the plant, the blame and the direct cause of their mutual goiter.

Principle 3. The more often they are violated when exchanging mutual goiters, the less power they have at their own party, less able to negatively sanction the rules that violate the norms of mutuality.

Principle 4

Principle 5. The more money was exchanged, the more money would be made, which the norms of “fair exchange” would be the most important.

and others, having propagated the very original concept of the essence of the soul, Blau, perhaps, having posed more problems, lowered them.

2.4. Cultural and historical concept of specialness

Within the framework of the cultural and historical chivalry approach to the wedding of specialness, a sensible person was formed as a virtuous person. The central category of analysis, which gives the key to the understanding of the individual, is the category "activity" . The diyalnisty is able to have a senior species of actively little people, hidden on the pіznannna and the creative of the reversing of the hobby, include himself, the very spiritual culture, the same, is the same. that without yoga activity could not be carried out. The creative nature of human activity is manifested in the fact that zavdyaki new wines go beyond their natural surroundings, that is. I will change my genotypic abilities. As a result of the productive, creative nature of his activity, people create sign systems, conjuring nature on themselves. Having shriveled up with the help of these znaryaddy vins, inducing the current state of affairs, places, machines, with the help of having built the world of new objects of life, material and spiritual culture, and transforming oneself in the end of the bag. Historical progress, which in the last few decades in tens of thousands of years, leads to its own activity itself, and not to the perfection of the biological nature of people.

The motives of human activity can be different: organic, functional, material, social, spiritual. As a rule, as a spіvannya diyalnostі vstupaє її product.

The activity is accepted to be considered in the structural and functional aspects of Sociology (Ped ed. V.N. Lavrinenko. - M., 1998, p. 232. those, yak, yak zdіysnyuєtsya diyalnіst.

Vivchennya osobennosti in case of a dialny approach to be led to an offensive one:

Appointment of a system-creating lanka, a dominant type of activity (professional, knowledgeable, rozvazhalna only)

Z'yasuvannya principle provadzhennya diyalnostі - vimushena chi vіlna, vіdchuzhena chi neіdchuzhena;

Vivchennya character zv'yazku mizh different types of activity (harmonious or disharmonious), the stage of their iєrarchizovanosti;

Follow-up of the level of improvement of the dermal appearance of the activity.

Zhodin s suggesting options for understanding the specificity does not detract from the phenomenon as a whole; Dosi mi can be confirmed that until the end of the twentieth century, science created a sociological model of specialness. Ymovirno, on the right of the future.

In the continuation of the discussion about the nature of human activity, it is impossible not to note the fact that it is not always positive and helps progress as a very special, and success in general. Many sociologists and historians recognized them. As an example, it is possible to bring a theory about cultural and historical types, which vinyl, as an attempt to overcome the shortcomings of the Eurocentric model of a single-line and single-directed historical process, to explain the specifics of the development of the Gathering of those other regions of the world, the zocrema and Russia. Won to start the historical process as a rich parallel development of its own socio-cultural types of cultures, civilizations. The founder of this theory is the Russian sociologist N.Ya. Danilevsky Danilevsky N, Ya. Russia and Europe.-M, 1991, p.

In the order of this, that the specialty creates culture, cultural awareness in the process of activity Vigotsky L.S. Selected works: U 6 T. - T.Z. - M., 1983. S. 125.

G. Therborn assigns, zokrema, that people's feelings are different from the rest, stinks of stench lie down to different cultures, for which stinks have been acquired by different lives and services, specific norms of correct behavior, especially ways of expressing emotions and emotions. The admission itself can be an explanation of the human spirit Terborn R. Belonging to culture.

In addition, belonging to culture means the acquisition of singing cognitive and communicative competence, singing language, the social horizon, the light-gazer or the totality of faith, the way of clouding or signifying the situation, coping with the insignificance of the signal.

Another most important aspect of the sociological understanding of belonging to culture is related to the fact that she is recognized for two worlds - blatant signs of ceremonial identity with some people and identity with others. It is worth adding to the presence of a similar perception of “identity - differentiation” that in other participants in the collective action. pp. 84-85.

Concluding the discussion about the difference, look at the process of molding specialties, one cannot but say about the representatives of humanistic psychology. Tsya galuz psihologii vinikla as a kind of alternative to these concepts, yakі povnіstyu or often otozhnyulyali psychology and behavior of people and creatures. Pribіchniki in humanistic theories us before tsіkavilo those, like a person accepting, razumіє she explains the real podії in his life. They were free to describe the phenomenology of specialness, but not to explain. The most prominent representatives of this approach are A. Maslow, K. Rogers.

The main need of a person, based on humanistic theories of specialness, is self-actualization, exercising to self-perfection, that self-expression. Self-actualization transfers reliance on power, the manifestation of a person's independent, independent thoughts from the main life food.

A significant contribution to the problem of specialty was also made by A.N. Leontiev and L.I. Bozhovich. Let's say that Bozhovich's proponated theory can be placed in the category of psychodynamic, experimental, structural-dynamic ones, which can be traced back to the development of specificity from the early. preschool age until adolescence and victorious for the description of the special internal power and specialness of a person.

E. Erikson saw in the skin people the protracted life of a great psychological crisis:

1. Crisis of doviri-nedoviri (stretching the first fate of life).

2. Autonomy in opposition to doubts and litter (in 2-3 years of age).

3. Appearance of initsiativnosti against the opponent, feel guilty (approximately in 3 to 6 years).

4. Practice against the complex of incompetence (7 - 12 years).

5. Special self-appointment against individual maturity and conformity (12 - 18 years).

6. Intimacy and comradeship against special psychological isolation (about 20 years).

7.Turbota about turning a new generation into proliferation "zanurennya in itself" (between 30 and 60 years).

8. Satisfaction with living life in opposition to rozpachu (over 60 years old).

Irrespective of those who, on the formation of special features, are given the factors of physical sharpening and global cultural awareness of behavior in an okremіy social group, smut factors, which signify the process of forming special characteristics - group dosvіd and sub'єktivny unique sobistіd.

2.5. Designation of ways in the formation of a new model of special behavior in today's Russian minds

First, put the question: as the characteristics may be special in today's Russian minds, leading up to the sociological views of M. Weber as the founder of the theory of modern capitalism.

Contemporary capitalism in Weber - there are no traces of the historical development of Europe, and there is no way back to the patriarchal supremacy structures and values ​​Gromov IA, Matskevich A, Yu., Semenov VA, Zakhidna theoretical sociology. - St. Petersburg, 1996, p.110.

Following the genesis of capitalism, Weber identified his central problem: the approach of bourgeois industrial capitalism to the rational organization of free practice.

Weber gives a genesis and a deep analysis of the mutually religious, economic, political, and other structures that create a special phenomenon - Western European capitalism as a cultural and historical value. Shpakova R. Max Weber and Veringer Sombart about Western European Capitalism Soc. sl. - 1992. - No. 12. For the new European capitalism, it is a way of life that has its own moral value, but at the same time it is a way of thought, especially logic, which is the root of European antiquity.

In Russia, capitalism has become a way of life. Vitchiznyanu social and economic model, with a sing frequent intelligence, can be characterized as administrative-capitalist. That is why we are blamed for the folding of the designation of an adequate model of special behavior.

Weber showing how changes in the sphere of information, rozbudov tsіnnіsnіshnіshnіshnіsnіh orientatsії i stavlennja pratsі zdatnі dati poshtovkh until viniknennya i prosvіtannya suspіlstva. Henceforth, a complex of singing special traits can bring about a suspіlny development in someone else directly, or, on the other hand, transcend yoma.

Sociologists and psychologists see a number of persistent behavioral stereotypes, special complexes formed by the socialist system.

The paradox of the current situation in Russia, regardless of the reforms and transformations, is in the face of the socialist system, but lies in the fact that the stereotypes formed earlier and special complexes continue to live in a supple bridge. Moreover, the current situation is characterized by a severe deterioration in the political, economic and socio-psychological climate in the country. A task has been set before a person, as if they were not violating in principle, because they didn’t prepare for it, neither a system of vihovannya was formed, nor the whole story of a great life. We are afraid of massive waste of identification. Present-day sociologist L.G. Ionin at the article "Identification and staging" Ionin L.G. Identification and staging (before the theory of sleep-cultural changes) () Sociological studies. yourself so that the reactions of the ovnish world were given to your minds and chіkuvannyam. Ludin bachit, that light ceases to react to її dії with an adequate rank. Relationship partners, although they weren't a problem before, now they stop "knowing" yoga. People hіba scho ceases to look at the mirror of the social world. And from the structural point of view, the loss of identification is manifested as the inconsistency of behavior to the normative forces of the social environment. Whereas, as in the Soviet Socialist Republic of the 60-80s, the loss of identification was mainly driven by political and ideological reasons, then today in the beginning of the 90s, there is a massive loss of identification, even on the scale of the entire supremacy; in the basis of the price, it is no longer ideological reasons, or, let's say, not only ideological ones. Today, we are afraid of the situation, if more institutions of identification are either ruptured, or they have changed their money, to which our institution has turned out to be not ready. It seems paradoxical: those who in the 60-80s expressed their protest against the totalitarian system and took part in the formation of non-standard cultural models, in our days have appeared not ready to identify themselves with current realities.

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Special molding

Features in mutual features and suspіlstva. The formation and development of specialness is a problem of contemporary psychology and sociology. The role of the concept of singularity. Psychoanalytic theory of the individual Z. Freud. Cultural and historical concept of specialness.

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Vtrata іdentifikatsії, znachiє Іonіn, - conveying the remembrance of a whole and ordered image of the world, let's not bring wine to be later, lower earlier. But in the Russian minds, such an inspiration could not be traced to the path of acquiring to some of the alternative cultural forms of both models, the shards in the Soviet Socialist Republic did not exist otherwise, the Crimean Radianska, cultural model, as the bula would be represented by various institutions and in general. Ionin L.G., Identification and staging (before the theory of socio-cultural changes) (/ Sonis. - 1995. - No. 4. - p.5.

Prote, alternative cultural forms and models were still based. The latter himself gave the knowledge that in the country the “nurturings” of those various cultural forms were founded. Under the "nuisances" of the rozumіє cultural form in the "unburned" camp, scho as a collection of ideas and behavioral arrangements, for other reasons, did not know the subsequent inspiration in practical behavior.

As a rule, the logic of the formation and development of cultural forms is the same. The back is formed social interest. It is necessary to understand it, and then spontaneously or purposefully, in the case of group folklore, or in the practice of writers and philosophers, a doctrinal formulation of this interest is formed. The doctrine serves as the basis for speech and behavioral manifestations in various spheres, life: in politics, law, pobut, dozvilli. As objects of identification, idols and heroes act (politicians, sing, musicians, etc.) Who can be called an idol in Russia these days? Abo, whom do we shanue for idols, heroes? The food may be more rhetorical. In such a manner, poured into the crisis of identification, as in the nearest future, it is unlikely to be virishena.

N.F. Naumova at the article “Life strategy of a person in a transitional society” Naumova N.F. Life strategy of a person in a transitional society (/Sociological Journal. - 1995. - No. 2.-p.32. write, sho permanently damaged I create a balance of interests in the individual mind that this social protection is changing, and the first plan is to have three reactions of people to such a destruction. The first one is a stronger focus on individual vertical mobility, on individual survival (“leather for itself”). Friend - poslennya about the group's his їz-ma, tobto. try to protect individual interests through the interests of groups, moreover, by some means: from informal to violent, criminal. The third one is the strengthening of the spontaneous process of social discord, the result is blamed on aggressive types of behavior. In their foundations lie not the absolute loss of the wet camp, but the assessment as unfair, undeserved relief of the camp of the others.

These reactions will inevitably give rise to a variety of social conflicts. V.S. Semenov V.S. Semenov Russia at the edge of conflict: between vibukh and prosperity In the middle of them. Go about the government (legislator, vikonavchu, court), subprincipality (sovereign, collective, private, Russian-foreign, speculative, mafia-like) and virobnikiv (diversity, groups of intellectuals). , veterans in practice, etc.).

Super strengths with skin fate are growing, getting hotter and step by step swell the forms of social antagonisms. Antagonistic opposition appeared in front of us in front of the confrontation between the socialist and capitalist ways of development. Tse wiping became the haircut of all. spheres of life of our country, the impulse of hard and irreconcilable conflicts, the object of political manipulation. The greater number of workers is important to enter into conflicts with the administration;

Next to say and the bourgeois bourgeoisie. It is only formed as a class, but the conflict with other classes and social groups is flaring up around the distribution of credits, privatization mechanisms, tax legislation and etc. Today, a leather group of industrialists and entrepreneurs in all regions (in the center and regions) is able to realize their interests, vicorist, a vicarious vice on the vicar and legislator.

The country has become a field for social conflicts, Starting from the mid-terms and kinchav socially-mass, which appear in rich strikes. Moreover, the main thing is the directness of the strike movement - tse, the head rank, the struggle for the advancement of equal life. Andrenkova N.B., Voronchenkova G.A. The development of labor conflicts in Russia during the period of the market economy () Sociological research. - 1993. - No. 8.-p.25.

In the minds of Russian society, the vector of the current crisis can be the reintegration of sociocultural values, the formation of high-profile values, based on morality and rationalism. Without this, we will not be helped by any transfer from the authorities (that we have guarded the remaining two fates), nor by foreign dollar exchanges, nor by the most democratic political and economic structures, taken by ourselves, without a hitch to their price.

The emergence of ideals, not supported by socio-cultural values, does not allow "jumping" to post-industrialism, bypassing the necessary historical period of seeing values ​​that are adequate to the transition process. Sociocultural values ​​can be affirmed in ideological, behavioral and material forms. The day at the edge of rethinking spriynyattya їх іх іхідідм on behavioral and material equivalence to bring to the point that zahіdny dosvіd come to us in the created forms.

Socio-moral ideals and values ​​may become the core of human specialty, but mi bachimo, real life is far from the ideal. Bagatofactory and bagatorіvnevi vzaєmini and vzaєmodії people with the middle of the head are already collapsible and fraught with colisions. In today's critical historical period, which itself is stretched out in the hour by the global extreme social situation, and mutually and interchangeably, it often emerges from the necessary unstable evenness, breaks the foundations of human life and creates. The problem is that the manifestation of all the most important and ill nourishment of the supremacy of the legal, non-violent way can be designed for obviousness to achieve a high civil and legal self-sufficiency of all faiths of the population. In response to the thought of many scholars and scholars, the problem itself will become more intractable for our suspension. Chalidze V. The right is figurative thought () Lyudina. - 1990. - No. 3. - p.85.

Obviously, one way out of the crisis can be with the formation of an effective mechanism of social control, which ensures the dominance of post-industrial values, their general recognition of the population (for which it is necessary to consolidate on the ideological equality of the social agents) and agents of society.

Tsіlovoyu orієntatsієyu molodіzhnoї polіtiki povinnі Why Minds formuvannya, rozvitku that sotsіalnoї zatrebuvanostі osobistіsnogo potentsіalu molodі, samoviznachennya that realіzatsії CREATIVE mozhlivostey, stvorennya spriyatlivih ekonomіchnih that legal garantіy, zdatnih pokraschiti yakіst Zhittya molodіzhnoї populyatsії (not on the Skoda zhittєdіyalnostі іnshih group that verstv suspіlstva)). For this sense, a guideline for youth policy can be the law of spiritualization and spiritualization of the life of new generations, so that the problems of positive socialization and self-realization of young people cannot be reversed by the profound process of spiritual and moral development of Russia. Within the framework of such a policy, young people are guilty of being considered as the most important subject and resource of current and future changes. special respect merits for the support of the rіznіh ob'єdnan, scho mayut social and special significance, as it can become a priority state policy- as a result of the objective possibilities of uniting in individualization and social integration,

so it is possible for young people to communicate with each other as a significant form of self-expression, self-realization, recognition.

In the Organized-Oprojvinskoye Plazhno Politika, he is guilty of the basics of the optimal state of the regulatory of the self-organized, straight by the Ground Red Reds.

Prіoritetnі eg State molodіzhnoї polіtiki mayutsya Buti takі: formuvannya natsіonalnoї samosvіdomostі, spiritual, moral, Gromadyanska i patrіotichne vihovannya molodі (scho dopomozhe samoіndentifіkatsії molodі in suchasnіy Russie /; zabezpechennya sotsіalnih garantіy otrimannya povnotsіnnoї osvіti (stvorennya mehanіzmіv viyavlennya, pіdtrimki) that zatrebuvanostі potentsіalu іntelektualno obdarovanih young people/; promotion of employment, professional orientation, professional training and retraining of personnel vocational training that lowering without work; weakening of criminogenic manifestations in the sphere of business); sovereign encouragement of the young family; formation of physical, culture and a healthy way of life for young people, conservation and development of children, youth and youth sports clubs, amateur associations; organization of young people's well-being; social support and defense of the rights of young people; prevention of law enforcement in youth; support of children and youth community organizations, initiatives of young people.

From the appointments of the other priorities, the most important ones are the development and enlightenment, with which the mind and implementation of all other priorities are focused. Light evidence shows that the leaders of light development are the regions, building security high rіven culture and illumination of young people.

It should also be noted that today a fundamentally different look at the youth policy is needed in the sense that it is guilty of guarding the emergence of a new social and political reality - a non-state youth policy - that її spіvїdnoy with the politics of a sovereign.

In 1998, the legislators in St. Petersburg adopted the Law “On youth and youth policy of St. Petersburg”, in which the guarantees of legal and social protection of young people were enshrined, it was designated as the main goals, understanding, order, principles and forms of encouragement of young people. development of the youth policy of St. Petersburg for the participation of organizations state power places, communities, organizations, youth and child communities.

According to Article 3 of the Law, the protection of the rights of young people in St. Petersburg is ensured:

1/ Priynitsyttov by the authorities of the sovereign of Vladimir St. Petersburg regional social standards of social standard, on the basics of the sovereign Minimal social standards, the one who was guaranteed to the Minimum of socialists, young, whimsical and fiber, and the fiber-like healthy health of the ostrosa, and the hunting of health

2/ given the right to young people, young people, children's associations, associations (unions) to take part in the preparation and implementation of wholesome programs in the gallery of youth policy near St. Petersburg;

3/ to provide targeted social assistance to low-income students and students of the day-care system, the establishment of a higher and secondary professional education;

4/ zdіysnennyam by the authorities of the sovereign power of St. Petersburg zakhodіv, scho zabіgayut nekruntovanny fast number of installations, sho zdіysnyuyut podtrimku molodi;

5/ licensing organizations to provide social services to young people.

Article 4 of the Law provides for a guarantee of employment for young people in St. Petersburg. The stinks will be safe:

1/ Farewriters of the Dodatkovikh of the timids, specialized skills of the Khvnivskiy MISTS for the uninterrupted, I have to get up to the armed forces of the quota of the PROTESIVASISTITITY OF PROTESTION OF THE PROTECTIONALY

2/ development of the Russian system of professional orientation for young people;

3/ supporting the activity of non-state organizations, accommodating the employment of young people in St. Petersburg;

4/ the adoption of the activities of the centers of social and labor rehabilitation of the disabled from the number of young people, children-orphans and children who have lost their fathers and others.

Organi structures of state power take responsibility for the welfare of the spiritual, moral and physical development of young people, which is transferred from Article 8 of the Law of St. Petersburg on youth and youth policy. The security of such a development is established in such forms:

1/ support for community initiatives, how they create smart mind for molding among young citizens the ideals of community patriotism, democracy, as well as a healthy way of life based on historical, cultural and spiritual values, traditionally leading up to the goals of the social policy of Russia and St. Petersburg;

2/ development of the material and technical base of health-improving facilities for young people, which will ensure the organization of well-being for young people for a living;

3/ development of international youth exchanges at the borders of international humanitarian, educational, scientific and technical programs;

4/ Organizational and financial contribution to the holding of mass Moscow youth holidays and festivities, founded on the decline of the best cultural and historical traditions of St.

Tsey complex of the Zavdan is possible for the boti vigilan in that vipad, Yakshcho sovereign is a young one, a half -time is stagnated, they will be adjusted to the problems of the problems of the socialist, social, the same tributarian

WISNOVOK

The contribution of the main award of the diploma diploma allows the generation of deacons of the zagalnyuyuchi vysnovki, the most important ones to change from the offensive:

1. The primary agent of social interrelationship and interdependence in susceptibility is singularity. The system "specialty as an object" is like a simple system of science to understand what the most significant normative powers can be expected to represent to their members. The peculiarity as a subject of social vindication is characterized by autonomy, the singing world of independence in the form of a society, building against itself a society. The special independence of one’s own is connected with the minds of panuvati for oneself, and yet, with one’s own blackness, conveying the appearance of the special self-confidence, tobto. building up to. introspection, self-assessment, self-control.

2. At the center of respect for sociological thought, there are always problems of mutual specialization, social groups and social welfare. The right view of the main nutrition of psychology and sociology about the priority of specialness, or the suspensity of the field, is not in the water of the Kremlin and, moreover, not in comparison with one another, but in the organization of their close and harmonious interdependence. It is not possible and cannot be a completely suspensive posture of a fully-fledged individual, as it is not possible but a viable and universal development of a special posture and independently of a true civilized supremacy.

3. Analysis of the current state of light psychological and sociological ideas showing that it is represented by a great variety of different approaches and concepts, specialty theories, incl. role concept, psychoanalytic theory of specialness, cultural-historical concept, behavioral concept and others.

At the same time, it’s worth pointing out the phenomenon of specialness in these robotic variants of the phenomenon of specialness, not vycherpuє yogo as a whole; We cannot confirm that until the end of the 20th century, science created a single socio-psychological model of specialness.

4. Vrakhovuyuchi raznomanittya interpretation of the phenomenon of specialness seems to be even more relevant in terms of the development of particularities and the development of specialness in different cultures and social strata.

The process of socialization of Russia's special features may have its own specifics. The following factors are added to the molding process:

I) the political and social situation is unacceptable;

2) growth of social and spiritual autonomy of the young generation;

H) disruption of the mechanism of cultural offensive, the absence of traditional social institutions to increase social pressure, reinforce the social quality of people and culture as a historical stability of civilization;

4) crisis of national ideology;

5) high level of conflict in the court;

b) mass loss of social and cultural identity;

7) the fall of the life of the population;

8) mass unemployment;

9) a wide range of phenomena of social pathology and others.

5. In the wake of the crisis, a society can start reintegrating socio-cultural values, molding high-profile values ​​for various social groups based on morality and rationalism.

In the near future in our industry, there are three systems of sociocultural values: industrial-traditional, post-industrial, pseudo-values ​​of the zakhodnogo souspilstvu. The current day in the country's primordial system of values ​​and institutionalized benefits reach the crisis of socialization and is the main cause of social anomie in society.

A special emphasis is needed on the youth policy, as it is the responsibility of creating minds, developing and socially demanding the special potential of young people, creating friendly economic and legal guarantees, so as to accept the increase in the quality of life of young people.

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Academy of Social Management

lecture

For discipline:"Sociology"

Topic 5.

Doctor of Sociological Sciences,

Professor Grigor'ev A.A.

Moscow 2013

Topic 5. Sociology of specialty. Social determination of special behavior

Main nutrition topics:

1. Specialty as an object of sociology.

2. Mechanisms of social determination of special behavior.

3. Social officials development of special and human potential.

4. Innovation (innovative) specialty.

In these topics, sociological aspects of the development of specialness, the conceptual apparatus of sociology of specialness, the concept of specialness of modern sociology, the mechanisms of regulation and self-regulation of social behavior, factors in the development of special human potential are considered.

Specialty as an object of sociology

Lyudin is an object of development of rich humanities and social sciences. The skin of them may be the subject of study and reveal the essence of rice, authority, likeness of a person, regularity of її buttya, which is to speak of this science. In kontekstі klasychnoji, neklasichnoї postneklasichnoї paradigms that have nautsі pіdhodi to vivchennya Lyudin evolyutsіonuvali od uyavlen Lyudin on the cob XVIII stolіttya yak zhorstko determіnovanoї car to Suchasnyj іnformatsіynih, the synergies that chaotic models osobistostі scho rozkrivayut nelіnіynіst, bagatofaktornіst, nestіykіst, bіfurkatsіynіst, bіfurkatsіynіst. From the totality of such phenomena, modern “human studies” are formed, the central place in which is occupied by theories of specialness, which are developed within the framework of psychology and sociology. One of the robots, which gives an opinion on the outside of the statement about the theory of specialness, is represented by a little one.

Kelvin Z. Hol, Gardner Lindsay - Theory of singularity.

Sociology of specialty- the area of ​​development of specialness as a socially-typed manifestation of the system of suspensory synths and a socially-typical subject of these syphons. Sociology of specialness can be its subject of socio-historical and socio-cultural types of specialness, as well as socially-typed manifestation of the role structure of specialness, which is to encourage different social connections and supple-needed functions.

Philosophical concepts of people and psychological theories of specialness are influenced by the sociology of specialness. However, while philosophy has more victorious understanding of the “human”, which means belonging to the human race, psychology respects us for the individual mental qualities of specific people, then in sociology, susilla is focused on the development of social qualities of people, as such forms are influenced by the maiden and vzaєmodії koїtsya with other people. To speak about sociology, persh for everything, a person as an element of the social system, as a subject of social interaction and interaction with other people, although it is clear that in the social features of the subject there are both profoundly flat, and specific individual qualities of people. Sociology is special in the social context, that is. in mutual relations of people with social institutions, with us social structures, with social welfare.

From the numerical appointment of an individual, we are speeding up the appointment of V.A. Yadova: " The peculiarity is the integrity of the social powers of a person, the product of a suspensory development and inclusion of an individual in the system of social benefits in a look of active activity and interplay. The individual becomes special in the process of mastering social functions and the development of self-confidence, tobto. acknowledging oneself as a subject of activity and a member of society.

In sociology, there was a great variety of methodical approaches to the development of peculiarities of specialness. Behavioral (behavioral) pіdhіd to get out of what science is guilty of describing, they are only blindly afraid of showing the wickedness of a person for these behaviors. The peculiarity of one's own is characterized by a series of reactions (reactions) to the action of stimuli (nutrition). AT role theory specialness is described in terms of being acquired and accepted by the subject chi immu- nated social functions and behaviors – roles that are mindful of the social status of the specialty of this social group. AT theory of mirror "I" specialty is accepted as a result of social interaction, for the hour of any person to marvel at the sight of other people. AT functional theories singularity is accepted as a subject of diy and is characterized by a succes- sion of qualities that are manifested in the activities of people. Such a methodical approach is most often found in theories of social management.

Be-like a ker_vnik sticks with the nourishment of education and the assessment of the qualities of specialness. In connection with this, it is important to understand the various approaches of psychologists and sociologists to the development of the structure of special features. Let's focus on the most important theories of specialness.

One of the first classical theories of singularity was broken Z. Freud.

Sigmund Freud(Nim. Sigmund Freud - Sigmund Freud, outside im'i: Sigismund Shlomo Freud; May 6, 1856, Freiberg, Austrian-Ugric region (nine Przybor, Czech Republic) - April 23, 1939, London) - Austrian psychologist.

Until the end of the 19th century, the development of specificity appeared before the analysis of people's witness as the main determinant of yoga behavior. Freud, likening the psyche to an iceberg, de small part is visible on the surface - the area of ​​the svedom, then the more invisible part is the area of ​​the unseen.

For over forty years, Freud completed the role of the unfamiliar in the behavior of a person and gave his own clouding structure of the individual’s specialness, seeing three components in it: “Vono” (“Id”), “I” (“Him”), “Over-I” (“Super-I”). ").

"Vono" (Id)- the most archaic part of specialness, as it includes everything genetically primary, under the principle of satisfaction. " Tse is dark, inaccessible part of our individual ; those are not rich, what you know about her, we recognized, cultivating the dreaming robot that the resolution of neurotic symptoms, and most of these appearances are of a negative nature, allowing for a description of how protilezhnist I am. calling yoga chaos, a cauldron; We can see that we were beating our own boundaries out of the somatic, absorbing instinctive needs in ourselves, as if we know our own mental expression, or we can say, we can say that we have a substratum. Zavdyaks potyagy it will be reminiscent of energy, but there are no organizations, they do not show the will, there is no more exercise to satisfy the instinctive consumption for the sake of the principle of satisfaction. "Vono" is irrational: for processes, "Vono" does not have any logical laws of thought, "Vono" does not know anything about suspіlstvo, nor about morality: "Vono" does not know any estimates, no good and evil, no morality. Economical or, if you want, a small moment, closely related to the principle of satisfaction, which is essential for all processes. Vodnochas "Vono", like revenge on instincts, є dzherelom energy for all special.

The last component of specialness is “I” (His)- following the principle of reality, usvіdomlyuє navkolishnіy svіt. Through its activities, the “I” is able to protect the socio-cultural values ​​of the society, win over them in their interests. Ponad those, "I" at the development to know the building of control and help "Vono", depending on the possibility of realizing the needs, in order to avoid being special in a bad way. Speaking about the interplay of “I” and “Vono”, Freud metaphorically compares them with the orders of the naznik and that horse: the creature gives energy for the movement, and the naznik may win over the appointed woman and directly mark the movement; but often the situation is to blame, if the situation is far from ideal, and then the same anger will direct the horse to where it is lured.

The third component of the specialty - "Over-I" (Super)- develops in early childhood from the system of fences and punishments. The basis for the formation of "Above-I" is identification, that is. likening the powerful “I” to someone else’s “I” (Freud, having taken into account that the child is the first for everything, identifies himself with his father, by himself, at his own conscience, set up that fence, embedded in the father’s “Over-I”). On the "Above-I" the child is also poured in by the defenders of the fathers - stalkers, readers, ideal butts.

On the basis of such a manifestation of the structure of specialness, Freud reveals the dynamics and mechanisms for the development of specialty as a folding energy system. For whom the main role of determining behavior is played by sexual energy (“libido”).

Another one of the most important theories of specialness lies Carl Jung.

Carl Gustav Jung(Nim. Carl Gustav Jung(July 26, 1875, Keswil - Cherry 6, 1961, Kusnacht) - Swiss psychiatrist, founder of analytical psychology.

Carl Jung, back to back, having looked at Z. Freud and spivpratsyuvav from it, and from 1914 began to explore the vision through the diversity of their theoretical glances. For Jung, individuality is the product of that receptacle of ancestral history. A person in this way is shaped by the cumulative evidence of the previous generations, which oppose the unknown root of humanity. The most important structural elements and special features: his, osobiste nesvidome, collective nesvidome, archetypes, selfishness.

His- tse svіdomy roz, which will be zі svіdomih spogadіv, dumok that pochuttіv. Specialist nevidome is made up of weak and weak feelings of experience. collectively unfamiliar- a collection of grafted fortunes, declined in the form of ancestors, including the pre-human and creature ancestors and the primordial graces of the people. The main structural component of the collective unseen is the archetype. Archetypes- ce rozumovі forms, scho to avenge a significant emotional element and є "siege" experience, which are repeated by the stretch of rich generations. Selfishness- This is the center of specialness, how many other components of specialness are grouped and integrated.

Jung considers the special features of a closed energy system. Virishal role of dynamics of special character rose psychic energy The dynamics of specialty follows two main principles: the principle of equivalence and the principle of entropy , as psychological analogues of the first and the other laws of thermodynamics Jung explained the phenomena of telepathy, clairvoyance and other paranormal phenomena. synchronization podіy, scho vіdbuvayutsya one hour, but do not appear at the vіdnosinakh causes that naslіdki.

An important theory of specialness at a glance, the understanding of the mechanisms of self-regulation is broken down Erik Bern.

Eric Lennard Bern(Engl. Eric Lennard Berne, present im'ya: Leonard Bernstein, May 10, 1910 - April 15, 1970) - American psychologist and psychiatrist.

People follow E. Bern - the energy system is still alive, all dynamic exercises. Like and be-like an energy system, you are constantly trying to come to the camp calm. The energy (voltage), which was born out of jealousy, manifests itself in people physically and mentally. Mentally, tension is manifested in a feeling of restlessness and depression. It seems like it’s supposed to be like a way to reinforce jealousy and take a load off.

At the skin moment, even if you don’t blame any change, a person is smart to behave in such a way that, if possible, take the most of their stresses, satisfying the best of their bazhan. The skin is pleased with the bazhannya approaching yoga to the point - until you see peace and security, but freedom looks restless. Restlessness - the same sign of tension; it will change if the energy efficiency changes.

Nothing can be reached in full, for the whole hour blamed by new bazhanya, and too much bazhan longs for satisfaction at the same hour, so that the satisfaction of some of them most often overcomes the pressure of others.

Two most important exercises of people - tse pragnennya to creation, that pragnennya to ruin. From the beginning to creation, love, generosity and generosity, the sticky twir of offspring, and radiant creativity are blamed. E. Berne calls the stress that a person has to achieve these constructive goals libido. Pragnennya iznischennya to bring hatred, blind anger and motorism to salty zhorstokistyu and decay of living flesh. The tension that gives strength to the feelings, E. Bern calls mortido. The most concentrated tension is observed in the fight against the background; in case of excessive stagnation, it helps the individual to succumb to internal and external problems. Zvichaynoy my libido - tse energy will to life, scho sberigaє rd; mortido - the energy of the will to die, which saves the individual, as an object of її є the right enemy. These two exercises often come into conflict one by one, shoving a person to the opposite vchinkiv in relation to people of that superfluous middle.

Nature and other people do not only change people, making them happy right there on the spot and її bajannya, but they also constantly threaten their lives. Different energy systems on the next level: turbulent seas, roaring stovpi again, named after the wind, volcanoes that are bare of the earth, ready to shear the beast and, nareshti, other human habits - all the stinks are also whispering ways to change their voltage, like a wind.

Obviously, in order to please your bazhannya, without blaming yourself for inaccuracies, a person can learn to cherubate three groups of forces: by himself, by other people and by nature. We can do it in our own way, which allows us to add this trilika of delicacy, to be able to empathize in such a sensitive jealousy. The system is called His; won't carry out the correct warnings and warehouse the correct judgments about the internal stresses of the individual and about the stresses of the power systems; won keruє Іndivіdom vіdpovіdno to tsikh danih, the best adhering to yogo good. For the help of the system, the system of individuals contributes, if it is viable, satisfied with their bazhan, trying to peresuduvat nakolyshnіy svіt in such a rank, so that the meta vyavilas zgod. The world of that has the specialty to know the action, His energy to serve for the management of the primary energy.

The primary energy of a person is denoted by the term ID. In the Id way of life, the instincts and tension of “unfinished rights”, which never reached the point of view, or vishtovkhnut z vіdomosti, which resembles libido and morido, love and hatred. What if the maisterna of a person had not been caused by people with those superfluous objects, you won’t know peace, if you don’t learn how to cope well with your own ID. Zreshtoy, our happiness lies not in the form of building, to enchant women, but to earn pennies, - write Bern, - but in the form of prosperity solidify the world in the upper psyche. The problem of His human being in this important world is to know the way of the smallest internal and external support for the carefree satisfaction of the creative and the miserable pragnen.

Another subsystem, which takes part in the management and makes decisions, was named by E. Bern Superego. It is made up of norms, ideally that image of what a person would like to be; images of the formation of real people for a reason, kim vin choke and to whom you want to inherit, ascribe shards to them as ideal. There is also an image of what is good and bad, taken away by the head rank of religious mentors, school teachers and other authorities; These authorities and form those who are called conscience. Norms of the Superego are formed in the process of life and, as E.Bern designates, “start from that which spurs the individual not to wander, and lead to the ideals of the United Nations.”

In a whole nine, the mechanism of self-ordering of particularity can be represented by an offensive scheme (Fig. 1.),

Rice. one. The mechanism of self-ordering specialty (for E. Bern)

Care for the patients called E.Bern to the conclusion that at the same time an individual is used in one of the three main stations, naming camps. Camp His vyznaєє, as a person thinks, vіdchuvaє i behave at the whole hour. Three Stans, for those who can buti be-yak people, wear names Batko, Dorosliy and Ditina. Independently in sight, a skin man, they don’t speak the cream, you can sleep in one of the three camps of Him.

Batkivsky Stan Yogo daily copied from the right fathers or authoritative features. If a person is resting at His father’s camp, they will show some opikunsky and caressing authorities of their right fathers, and in other ways - punishment installations, dishonesty of the fathers’ fathers.

mature camp His is a rational and logical part of specialness, occupied with great importance by the processing of data, for the sake of the great electronic brain; I don’t feel like those emotions until we grow older. Mi Bachimo Dorostogo, if you interpret the results of a group of your colleagues, or if the house master revise your banking account. Mature for the one who works. On a robot, it’s best to hang out with His mature stand. At the evenings, such a camp is of a tight-fitting kind.

His camp, which is called Child, - Tse part of the specialty, which was saved from the right childishness. Children can be whimsical or cute, more happy or more unhappy, stubborn or pliable, and a skin person, independent of the її chronological age, you can mother your own thoughts and feel that way and behave like a child. The children of the building come out between the inconsequential chi of the mindless suspile intelligences (Batko) and love stained glass for an hour on the universal logical layout (Dorosliy). I will become a child His power spontaneity, intuition and creativity.

Relisted Three camps, after Bern, to form the structure of speciality.

Psychological theories of the structure and specificity are supplemented by previous social psychologists and sociologists - representatives of interactionism. Butt can be followed George Herbert Mead.

MZS, GEORGE HERBERT(Mead, George HerbertMZS, GEORGE HERBERT(Mead, George Herbert) (1863-1931) - American philosopher, sociologist and social psychologist, who laid the foundations of symbolic interactionism

Mid George Herbert(Engl. George Herbert Mead) (1863-1931) - American philosopher, sociologist, representative of the Chicago sociological school, one of the founders of symbolic interactionism.

George Herbert Mead confirms that the formation of structures and special features is achieved through the process of development self - Feel free to imagine people as objects of their own thoughts. The self is formed less with the improvement of social awareness and encouragement of social contacts, forwarding of modern communication. Speaking about the essence of the self-formation, the sociologist means: “We constantly, especially the victoriousness of voice gestures, awaken in our own thoughts, as if we were crying out in others, to that we take over the attitudes of others, including their behavior.” According to Mead, specialty of an individual may have a dual nature: self = "I" + "Me". For him, the sociologist distinguishes between two aspects of the formation of self. The first - "I" - spontaneously, internally, subjectively manifested by an individual to himself, an internal shearing of specialness, from the position of which the social benefits are formed. Another aspect - "Me" - is the recognition of the manifestations of others, which will be conquered by an individual; Zavdyaki internal vzaєmodії "I" and "Me" people become special, yakі obіznanі, scho ochіkuєєt vіd іn іn concrete social іn cultural minds and іt vidpovіdno - tіlі tіlі for yourself, plan іn future and prorakhovuyut naslіdі vіd vіd zhlivih alternative variantіv vієї povedіnki.

Among the virtuous psychologists, occupied with achievements in the field of psychology management, developed a social and psychological structure of special visions in the specialty of some blocks. The first block includes mental processes: vіdchuttya, sprynyattya, vyavlennya, yava, memory, mova, mislennya, respect Another block of representations mental powers: temperament, character, vitality, emotional-volitional sphere of specialness (feeling, emotions, will) The third block - become mentally(pіdyom, zanepad, depression, tension, stress, awakening), and quarters - mental enlightenment(Knowledge, vminnya, beginners, dosvid, maisternist, professionalism). Deyakі doslidniki accentuate respect for such powers of special directness, character, temperament and zdіbnostі. Vcheni look at them like a folding structure of power, that at once it is necessary to establish a violent system, which characterizes the integrity of the individuality. When tsimu stink signify straightening like a system of needs, interests and ideals; temperament- like a system of natural resources; comforts- like an ensemble of intellectual, strong-willed and emotional authorities, nareshti, character- as a synthesis of visual syntheses and methods of behavior.

Sociologists, when estimating the structure of the features of specialness as an element of social coherence, usually use three concepts: individual; social type; individuality.

Fig.2. The structure of the features of specialness with її vzaєmodії іz social environment

Individual- a person is taken as a representative of the human race, suspіlstva, class, social group, social unity. Social type- Not to mention the totality of repetition, the essence of the social qualities of people, who should enter into social cohesion (social middle ground). Individuality- This is a characteristic of uniqueness, non-repetition of specialness, then it is specific that it makes one person look different.

Vzaymozv'yazok between understanding of that, the skin of an individual carries in his own singing world types and power and power of quiet social cohesion, where he enters, and those at once become deprived of a unique specialness, tobto. individuality. Qiu duality of skin E. Durkheim saying this: “We have two witnesses: one is less likely to take revenge, the authorities are especially skinny with us and that they tease us, then become, that they are slandered by others, - sleeping for all groups. First of all, it represents that form, but rather our individual peculiarity; the other represents the collective type i, henceforth, suspіlstvo, without any without having bi. If our behavior appears as if it were an element of the rest, then we should not follow our special interest, but re-investigate collective goals. Ale tsі dvі svіdomosti, hochі і raznі, pov'yazanі mіzh themselves, to that scho as a result become one cіle; offensive stench mayut that very organic substrate.

On the view of psychologists, sociologists look at the peculiarity of us as an object and subject of social benefits (div. Fig. 3.).

Rice. 3. Features as an object and subject of social benefits

In the structure of specialness, classical sociology pays its respect mainly to the stable, typical features of specialness of different social qualities, showing and lasting different types of specialness. Thus, the American sociologist R. Linton seeing the normative and modal types of special features. Regulatory type of special represents such a combination of social qualities, as the best example of the main values ​​of the culture of society. modal type- This is a statistically dominant type of specialty. The value of vidhilennya between two types of acts will become an indicator of the development of prosperity.

With further problems, the transition of an individual from one culture to another R. Park visions marginal people as a type of specialty, which changes into a stick of cultures. Marginality is connected with the duality and the singing diversity of ethnic self-confidence and blame for us in front of migratory processes, with sudden transitions of the suspense for the hour of modernization. In a special plan, marginality causes mental stress and can lead to various forms of deviant behavior.

On the basis of typology of special features for the sign of conformity E.Fromm visible type authoritarian individual as the basis of totalitarian regimes. This type of specialty is characterized by such rices as conservatism, aggressiveness, thirst for power, hatred for intelligence, intolerance towards representatives of other ethnic groups, stereotyping of thought, conformity to the skin.

One world person - type of specialty, primordial industrial civilization. For a thought G. Marcuse, Imu pritamanni uncritical setting to the basic order, to the stereotypes of behavior, the essence of individuality. You can take your own camp as the only one able and help you to change it.

Similar modal types of special features are richly divided: mass people; natovpu people; the people of the organization are too thin. Most stinks reveal the mechanism of stereotyping people in singing minds, and most often carry a negative characteristic of suspense. The impersonal normative types of special characteristics reveal the succesfulness of the power of the people’s bazhan qualities and for the hours of their singing functions in specific social organizations (the specialty of the enterprise, the specialty of the kerivnik, the specialty of the teacher, the specialty of the sovereign service, etc.). In the first years after the Zhovtnevoy revolution, the abbreviation was USKOMCHEL (communist people were perfected). This is also the normative type of specialty, which is a repertory later in the understanding of “socialistic specialty”, “radian people”.

The transferred understanding and characteristics of special victories are observed in case of further problems of formation of specialness and development of її features in an indistinct connection with functioning and development of this chi іnshо splnostі (organization), with the development of processes of social socialization.

Socialization - the process of assimilation by an individual of the behavioral aspects, elements of culture, social and values, the necessary successful functioning and the achievement of social roles of an individual in his or her society. Socialization embraces all the processes of acquiring to culture, for the help of such people, building up to social life. Actions from the factors of socialization are going on through life, creating and changing the attitudes of the individual, and others - at other stages of life. Three different substations are visible see different socialization - social socialization, professional socialization, political socialization, socially-butova socialization and others.

Sound the elders mentally see two subsequent phases of socialization of special features: social adaptation and interiorization. Social adaptation - ce adhering to role functions, social norms, social and economic minds, middle life. Interiorization - the whole phase of the inclusion of social and values ​​in the inner world of a person, in the structure of specialness. The prote real process of socialization may be non-linear in nature, it is super-complicated, conflict and go through impersonal crisis situations, inconsistencies.

The cob of professional socialization emerges from the period of a person's life, which can be called a transition among the world of grown-ups. This period of socialization, which is characterized by an internal conflict of the bodily-emotional sphere and the spiritual, social sphere, the development of a critical, reflexive, total summation of thought.

The process of social adaptation is the result of the interaction between the individual and the social environment. The success of this process by a significant world depends on the goodwill and the desire for adaptation. Voluntary social adaptation is accompanied by non-supervisible acquisition of new values ​​and ways of behavior that are accepted by the individual without special psychological stress. Vimusen social adaptation can lead to protest reactions, to the emergence of individual behavior in accordance with norms and various social deformations.

In this way, the sociology of specialness can be its subject of socio-historical and socio-cultural types of specialness, as well as socially-typed manifestation of the role structure of specialness, which is in the development of different social connections and supporting real-life, surprising functions The specifics of the socialization of the special minds of those of other organizations are framed by the specifics of a particular organization. Special status of speciality, specificity of social organization, specialness professional activity can give rise to various problems of socialization, which are violating the rules of social management.

2. Mechanisms of social determination of special behavior

Determination(from Lat. determinatio - obezzhennya, vyznachennya) hundred percent of the behavior of people means the obyzhennja mozhlivyh ways, umovlennya sung from them, nadannya vznachennosti behavior. One of the problems of sociology of specialty is related to nutrition - what is the reason for that other behavior of a person?

The nature of a person is well-organized, the breadth and diversity of yogo zv'yazkіv and the difference between the navkolyshnim middle ground signify the diversity of approaches in science, philosophy and other forms of intelligence to the understanding of the determination of special behavior. For example, to explain the difference between “zahіdnym” and “shіdnim” ways of explaining the determination of behavior: the importance of one way is more important than rational and individual officials, and the other - emotional and collective officials.

In case of power supply, it is necessary to take into account that it is not possible to inculcate spiritual and natural factors in the formation of special, individual life of a person in the light of the objective world of nature, social connections, historical and cultural minds. The axis, for example, looks like a dormouse prominence at the hour of increased dormouse activity (div. Fig. 4).

Rice. 4. Sleepy prominence at the border with our planet

How can people's behavior be lost in the pose of such tight natural infusions? Analyzing the impact of sleepy activity on the behavior of a person, A.L. Chizhevsky wrote: “Analyzing our moods, we need to be known, what we vibrate in unison with the majestic number of different colivans, like a mindfulness of the uninterrupted dynamism of the physical and chemical processes of the outer medium. In such a light, our organism appears to us as a kind of part-clitin of the majestic earthly organism. And just like the clitina of a living organism is subordinating to the whole organism, so is the whole organism - like a roslin, a creature like a human being - subordinating the wild and the sukupny life of the earthly cool with the mustache and yoga rhythms, colivances and storms.

The special behavior is determined by the deep social minds of people. In times of specialty, it is like an object of social benefits in society. The most important components of social minds are presented in fig. 5.

Rice. 5. Social mind behavior of an individual

Relisted social mind micro-mediums and macro-middles are actively injected into the behavior of specialty.

Prote sled rebіlshuvati zvnіshnyoї razumovlennosti special behavior. For Z. Freud, for example, the key is the announcement about those who how to govern the behavior of people, and internal forces . qi internal forces can stand by themselves as a witness, and an ignorance. In this principle, the innovation of the scientist is considered, which is a way of ototozhnennia of spiritual life with reason, without knowledge. Sounds exude two basic postulates of psychoanalysis. "Because of the first hardened psychoanalysis, mental processes themselves are not known in their own right, they are only aware of the nature of the act and side of spiritual life." Freud is the first, who empirically wielded unseen pulls and obguruntuv unseen motivation vchinkiv. Another postulate should be that the passions and greediness of the people of the building to sublimation, tobto. exaltation in their sexual goals and directed at social goals. “The other camp, like psychoanalysis, respects one of its achievements, firmly, that ... sexual desires take part in the creation of greater cultural, artistic and social values ​​of the human spirit, and their contribution cannot be underestimated.”

Internal factors characterize the behavior of an individual as a subject of social influences. The most important of them are presented in fig. 6.

Rice. 6. Internal factors of behavior of an individual as a subject of social influences

Also, social groups of individuals can be determined by both external and internal officials, among those who are even more dynamic. How do you dominate them?

P.A. Sorokin, Analyzing the determination of the behavior of the integration of socio-cultural systems, including in them the special features, such developments:

1) Whether a functional or logical system, being a single unit, may change the process of its functioning the first step of autonomy and internal self-regulation, the first step of independence from the outer minds chi immunity to them. In some situations, your freedom can be greater, in others it can be less, but in the other world, it may be more powerful than the system, as if it claims to be integrated.

48. Specialty as an object and subject of a suspended life

The person is a charismatic person; an individual who is historically sung with social features and implements them in his behavior and activity. The peculiarity of being an active subject of social, material and spiritual activity.

The peculiarity is rich in what determines the nature of life, the share of conscience. She doesn’t just try to organically merge into the new one, to win over all the contributions to her social functions, but to mark the paths to the progress of humankind, material and spiritual, showing them to other people with her butt.

Specialty is a person, there is a pose of supplication. The suspіlstvo itself is rich in what it signifies a share of specialness. It is brought to special attention, like to all other people, without emphasizing any respect. In addition, individuals, like a great obov'yazki (mostly moral), more important than їх vikonuvaty, and їх zdіysnennya confirms the person as a specialty, spriyaє її rich-sided development.

As an object of a suspenseful life, singularity can be substantiated and as a non-speciality. But reconciliation from your reasons, try your moral, spiritual (and less physical world) to the fullest extent, you can allow the specialness of becoming a subject of suspense. This formation allows you to talk about those that this person has become special. The peculiarity is an individual middle and manifestation of the suspіlnyh vіdnosіnі and functions of the hromаdyans, the subject of recognition and transformation of the world, the rights and obov'yazkіv, ethical, aesthetic and all other social. norms.

The specialty of a person, who is self-confident and a light-gazer, has reached the understanding of his social. functions of one's place in the world, which conceives itself as a subject of historical creativity, like a generation of lancers, including those who are controversial. The peculiarity is the individual middle and manifestation of the suppleness and functions of people, the subject of recognition and transformation of the world, rights and obov'yazkiv, ethical, aesthetic and all other social. norms, laws and legal regulations. The special features of the chola are the holidays in two moments: in the mind of one's self-conscious mind and in the mind of one's social way of life.

49. Speciality in the course of history. The role of special history. Masi that specialty.

All-worldly-historical specialties, heroes are prominent people, special interests of those who avenge the substantial element that becomes the salt of the Holy spirit or the Rozum of history (Hegel, Create, Volume VII).

Historical specialties - specialties, brought by the force of reasons, individual powers on the p'estal of history. The fact of hanging onto the historical role of a human being is a vagueness. The need for conscience is due to the historically shaped need for support in the specialty of this kind itself. Often, through historical minds, simply right people hang out, or you can find in the middle.

Historical singularity would not have been such a genius, it is determined by the molded supresence of the supple podia in its veins. As soon as special forces begin to create svaville and lead their primhi to the law, it becomes a galm and throws itself into the end of the rahunka.

Historical peculiarities of zavdyaki tim chi and other features of their mind, character, dosvіdu can change only the form of suspіlnyh podіy and deyakі їkh chastkovі naslіdki. The stench can change their blatant direct, turn history back. At the development of ist. to make a great contribution to the process of genius and talent special, to create spiritual values ​​in the sphere of science, technology, philosophy, literature, art, religious thought.

A genius is a whole person, as if he was stunned by a great idea, he has a hardened mind, a brightly awake, a majestic will, a colossal commitment to reaching his goals. Vіn zbagachuє suspіlstvo novіdkrittami.

Charismatic individuality - spiritually gifted individuality, as it accepts and evaluates as strange as it is invisible, sometimes it is supernatural for the power of intelligence and on people, it is inaccessible to the natural people.

Behind Weber (Weber M.) Charismatic panuvannya), the charismatic power of the leader is based on the bezbezhny and bezzarezhnomu, to the same radiant sub-order and is encouraged by us in front of the faith in the obranіst, charismatic vigor of the Volodar.

50. Culture is like the world of people. As a way of self-improvement special.

Culture is the sum total of material and spiritual values, and to create ways of creating, to win them over for the further progress of mankind, to pass on from generation to generation. a collection of forms and ways of human activity, fixed in material and spiritual values ​​created by people and transmitted from one generation to the next. Culture is a philosophical understanding that characterizes the development of creative forces and human habits. Culture is the creation of people's world.

Opanuvannya culture means for people promotion її іndivіdualї dіyalnostі to zagalnyh norms suspіlstva. The riven of culture, reached by the supremacy, stands as a sign of activity and behavior. That is why culture viroblyaє and the people themselves. Vin yak is the subject, and th is the object of culture. The peculiarity shows its individuality in the development of culture. Oskіlki lyudina master the culture of activity, out to create її.

Culture is a sign of panuvannya suspіlstva over nature, then, and a show of panuvannya speciality over nature. So just as culture is tidying up the creaturely nature of people, zmushyuyuchi її dorimuvatisya norms of the piece medium, then culture is a show of panuvannya people over their own power nature. This side of culture is assigned 3. Freud. Vin calls culture a mechanism of social suffocation and a transformation of unseen urges.

Looking at the material and spiritual culture, it is necessary to show that the stench is not better not to stand one to one, but to perebuvayut with super-sharp unity: material culture has an element of spirituality; products of spiritual culture are born endowed with material forms.

A special place in the culture of people is occupied by this spiritual culture. She performs the most important system of vihovanya and illumines, so that the molding of people. Spiritual culture is impossible to develop without objectification. To this, spirituality is manifested only as intelligence - a diyalnisno-practical manifestation of spirituality. Culture is the essence of the human world in people, a characteristic of yoga as a supple nature. Kabanov "head assistant".

51. Social functions of culture.

In various ways, culture is turned on in historical times. The stench emphasizes the specificity of activity in the soul, wins the important function of broadcasting knowledge, knowledge, results in human activity. New ideas, and those of them, as if they are in the stage of development, and as if they are already the result of human activity, and this activity itself - all this gives a result, which will then be included in the historical process, introducing up to new elements.

Whether it be a fault of a person, you can change into a factor of historical development and start to spit on a new one. With a butt, you can butt wines of nuclear weapons, as from the moment of your wine-making it began to pour into the progress of scientific and technical progress. For the adoption of this terrible threat, various committees were created in the rich countries of the world. Thus, the creation of scientific and technical ideas has gone into social life, influencing the social, economic and political processes that go on in society. But not everything that was popular among people's thoughts, has gone into life, into culture, has become a moment in the historical process. A lot of wines were realized for various reasons, for example, the wines of Polzunov at the 18th century steam engine (Russia was just ready to go); work at the gallery of genetics of Radyansk scientists too. In the course of a sustained historical process with quiet "propositions", as if going along the side of culture, given the Suspension, there is a need for a "social choice" of these propositions and as a kind of wine will be, to lie down in the stream will be the development of the Suspile.

K-ra. - in essence, their generic statements dosvіd spiritual mastery of this other side of the life of a person. Vikoristannya. - patrimonial dosvid mastering the spirit. the life of a guy. Svіt vi-va - svіt spirit. the life of a guy. culture є tsіnіstyu, oskіlki їy the soul of a person is alive (and chi is not a body). The life of a person is worth only from that moment, if the savings are sufficient. dosvіd, schob ozumіt, scho tse appearance is not repeated. A person has a generic meaning, that life is valuable in itself. Virobnicha, economical, to-ra sim'ї and іn. - є patrimonial dosvid, expressions in the singing principles of the life of a person. Qi principles can be materialized. The main function of k-ri is to build a person by a person. Moreover, to-ra єdiny zasіb with the help of such a person to rob himself of a person. People are culturally rich, everything is powerful: the building of thought and understanding, the sparks of culture are being formed. V.I. Lenin on 3 stars to the Komsomol: "You can become a communist only if you master all those riches that were accumulated by people."

On the earth's right, like a trace, sell the delivered marks. And all the same, pevne, after looking at the interpretations of these, as a pre-philosophy. In Mesopotamia, like those other summіzhnyh areas of the ancient Skhod, there was no more development of philosophy and science in the form of a universal mythological svetorozuminnya. And it was so not for the one who changed their minds of such a decision within a day, but for the one who ...

... (Euclid's geometry and arithmetic), astronomy (with astrology), later - philology and deyakі іn. Tim himself discovered the process of differentiation of sciences: first of all, he saw within the framework of the philosophy of various disciplines, and then he saw them from philosophy as independent sciences. In different epochs in different philosophic sciences, there were different ways to look at the structure of scientific knowledge. So, in the era of Hellenism ...

The concept of “individual” sounds like a single representative of your own social cohesion. The concept of “specialty” is stupefied by a completely skinned person, shards of wines individually reflect the significance of this suspility.

Neodmіnnimi characteristics osobistostі Je samosvіdomіst, tsіnnіsnі orієntatsії that sotsіalnі vіdnosini, vіdnosna samostіynіst on vіdnoshennyu to suspіlstva i vіdpovіdalnіst for svoї vchinki and її іndivіdualnіst - tse spetsifіchne scho vіdrіznyaє one Lyudin od іnshih, vklyuchayuchi yak bіologіchnі so i sotsіalnі vlastivostі, uspadkovanі abo pridbanі .

The peculiarity is not less than a legacy, but the cause of social and ethical events that occur in this social environment. Economical, political, ideological and social aspects of the historically singable type of suspense change and develop in a different way, signifying the social quality of the skin of a person, changing the character and practical activity. The very process of a person, from one side, integrating the social blues of dovkil, from the other - bending his own personality to hellish world. To the elements that make the social identity of a person, socially sing meta yoga activity; occupying social status and victorious social roles; ochіkuvannya schodo tsikh statusіv and roles; norms and values ​​(tobto culture), with which wines are observed in the process of one's activity; a system of signs that is victorious; acquisitiveness of knowledge; rіven osvіti and special training; social and psychological peculiarities; activity and the stage of self-reliance in making a decision. Not to mention the totality of repetition, the essence of social features of special features, like being included in social coherence, fixed in the understanding of the “social type of specialness”. Shlyakh od analіzu suspіlnoї formatsії to analіzu osobistostі, Institution іndivіdualnogo to sotsіalnogo dozvolyayut rozkriti in osobistostі suttєve, types scho zakonomіrno formulyuєtsya in concrete іstorichnіy sistemі sotsіalnih vіdnosin have furrows Pevnyi Klas chi sotsіalnoї grup, sotsіalnogo іnstitutu that sotsіalnoї organіzatsії to yakih nalezhit osobistіst . If there are special features like members of social groups and classes, social institutions and social organizations, then they suffer from the influence not of the power of other osibs, but of social types of special features. The skin of a person can have good ideas and thoughts, think about it. These are individual qualities that determine the nature of yoga behavior.

The concept of specialness is less sensible in the system of suspensory vodnosin, less there, where it is possible to talk about the social role and the sukupnistye of roles. In this case, however, it does not convey the originality and diversity of the rest, but rather the specific understanding of their own role, the internal setting up to it, it’s not that zatsіkavlene (or, on the contrary, it’s formally) vikonannya.

A person, like individuality, expresses himself in productive activities, and it makes us less likely to tickle the world, such a stench is taken away organically by subject matter. About the specialty one can say more about it: they have the same toppings. The very performance of special features (for example, labor achievements, credits, creative successes) are tumbled by us, for us, like a topping, that is for the sake of our own, dovilnyh behavioral acts. The specialty is the initiator of the last low life, chi, as if accurately naming M.M. Bakhtin, "sub'єkt nadkhodzhennya". The strength of the specialty is not determined by the stylki tim, chi rich people far away, chi vin vіdbuvsya, chi not vydbuvsya, but skіlki tim, scho vin uzyav pіd their vіdpovіdalnіst, scho vіn himself throws himself. The first philosophical image of the structure of such a behavior was given in two centuries I. Kant. “Self-discipline”, “self-discipline”, “creativeness be your own self” (guess Pushkin: “remember yourself...”) – these are the keys to understanding Kant’s ethical vocabulary. But the most important category is the category that sheds light on the problem of specialness - that is autonomy. The word "autonomy" has a double sense. From one side, it means simply independence of a hundred hundred percent. From the other side (literally), autonomy is “legality itself”. Ale є there is only one rіd zagalnoznachnyh norms, dіysnyh vsіm sіv. The simplest things are morality, such as “do not breach”, “do not steal”, “do not commit violence”. You are a person and it is your fault, first for everything, to call your own insane imperative of behavior. Only to that moral basis can the special independence of the individual be established, it can rise up in the mind to "pour yourself", to live your life as a more meaningful, offensively-possledovne "nadkhodzhennya". You can't be nihilistic and immoral independence in the form of suspense. Freedom in the face of sufficient social encumbrances is attainable only for the sake of moral self-extraction. Less than the one who has principles, building to an independent mark. Just for the sake of the rest, it is possible to do the right thing, so that the strategy of life is stable. There is nothing more alien for individual independence, less security. There is nothing detrimental for special integrity, low unscrupulousness.