The development of the world's history is linear. At the cutaneous stage, there were sub-periods, which can be called “turning points”. The stench changed both geopolitics and the light-gazer of people.
1. Neolithic revolution (10 thousand years BC - 2 thousand years BC)
The term "Neolithic Revolution" in 1949 by the English archaeologist Gordon Child. Child called the head її zmіstom the transition from the attracting state (polyuvannya, picking, fishing) to the state (agriculture and animal husbandry). According to archaeological evidence, domesticated creatures and roslin were seen at different times independently in 7-8 regions. The largest early center of the Neolithic revolution is the Close Skhid, which began to be domesticated no later than 10 thousand years BC.
2. Creation of the Mediterranean civilization (4 thousand units)
The Mediterranean region was the middle of the appearance of the first civilizations. The arrival of the Sumerian civilization in Mesopotamia is dated to the 4th millennium BC. e. In addition, the 4th thousand years BC. e. The Egyptian pharaohs united the lands in the Nile valley, and now civilization expanded rapidly through the Rodyuchy River on the slopes of the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and far across the Levant. It shattered the edges of the Mediterranean, like Egypt, Syria and Lebanon, a part of the colossus of civilization.
3. Great Migration of Peoples (IV-VII Art.)
The Great Migration of Peoples became a turning point in history, marking the transition from antiquity to the Middle Ages. About the causes of the Great Migration, there are several reports, but the consequences have become global.
Numerically German (Franks, Langobardi, Saxi, Vandals, Goths) and Sarmatian (Alani) tribes moved to the territory of the Roman Empire, which was weaker. The Slovyans traveled to the coast of the Mediterranean and the Baltic, settled part of the Peloponnese and Asia Minor. The Turks reached Central Europe, the Arabs began their campaigns of conquest, at the hour of which they supported the entire Close Departure to the Indus, Pivnichna Africa and Spain.
4. Fall of the Roman Empire (V century)
Two hard blows - in 410 rotations of the Visigoths and in 476 rotations of the Nimtsiv - ripped apart, it would have been given to the eternal Roman Empire. Tse put a threat to reach the ancient European civilization. kriza Ancient Rome did not come raptovo, but for a long time gazing in the middle. The military and political twilight of the empire, which began in the III century, step by step called for a weakening of the centralized power: it could no longer cherish the bagatonic empire. Feudal Europe came to replace the ancient state with a new center, which is organizing - the "Holy Roman Empire". Europe for a hundred years has left the virus with turmoil and discord.
5. Splitting the church (1054)
In 1054, there was a residual split of the Christian church into Skhidna and Zakhidna. The reason for this was the mission of Papi Leo IX to get the territory, as they were ordered to Patriarch Michael Kerularii. The result of the super-chuckle was the mutual church curse (anathema) and the huge ringing of nonsense. The western church took away the name of the Roman Catholic (Roman All-World Church), and the shidna - Orthodox. The way to Rozkolu bov dovgim (mayzhe six hundred years) and started from the so-called Akakiivskoy schism 484 fate.
6. Small Ice Age (1312-1791)
The ear of the Little Ice Age, which appeared in 1312, caused a whole ecological catastrophe. According to fakhivtsiv estimates, for the period from 1315 to 1317, through the Great Famine, Europe lost a quarter of its population. Hunger was a constant companion of people during the last Lesser Ice Age period. For the period from 1371 to 1791, there were 111 famines in France alone. In one only 1601 in Russia, due to famine, due to neurosis, the inhabitants died of pivmillion.
Prote The Maliy Ice Age period gave light like hunger and high mortality. Vin also became one of the reasons for the people of capitalism. Vogillya became the source of energy. For this kind of transportation, workshops began to be organized with hired workers, which became the forerunner of the scientific and technological revolution and the birth of a new formation of a community organization - capitalism. The deyakі doslidniki (Margaret Anderson) also connect the population of America with the legacy of the Little Ice Age - people went for a better life in "God-deprived" Europe.
7. The era of the Great geographical revelations (XV-XVII centuries)
The epoch of the Great Geographical Revelations fundamentally expanded the ecumene of humanity. Of course, she created the opportunity for the leading European powers to maximize their colonies across the ocean, exploiting their people natural resourcesі vytyagyuchi z thogo insensitivity gains. The deyakі vchenі also show the triumph of capitalism and transatlantic trade, which gave rise to commercial and financial capital.
8. Reformation (XVI-XVII centuries)
At the beginning of the Reformation, it was decided to honor the speech of the doctor of theologian Wittenberg University Martin Luther: on July 31, 1517, they nailed their “95 theses” to the doors of the Wittenberg Castle Church. The stench, speaking out against the real evils of the Catholic Church, opposing the sale of indulgences.
The process of reformation, having given rise to the nameless so-called Protestant wars, yak seriously plunged into the political system of Europe. By the end of the Reformation, historians respect the signing of the Westphalian peace in 1648.
9. Great French Revolution (1789-1799)
The great French Revolution, which took place in 1789, not only transformed France from a monarchy into a republic, but also predicted the collapse of the old European order. Її went out: "Freedom, jealousy, brotherhood" generously praised the minds of the revolutionaries. The French Revolution not only laid the foundations for the democratization of European society - it became like a zhorstok machine of mindless terror, the victims of which were close to 2 million people.
10. Napoleonic wars (1799-1815)
Napoleon's new imperial ambitions for 15 years threw Europe into chaos. It all began with the invasion of the French troops to Italy, and ended with an inglorious defeat in Russia. Being a talented commander, Napoleon, even more so, without raising threats and intrigues, thus ordering his own infusion of Spain and Holland, and trying to reconsider joining the Prussian alliance, and then unceremoniously greeting these interests.
During the course of the Napoleonic wars, the Kingdom of Italy, the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and other low territorial establishments appeared on the map. In the residual plans of the commander, Europe fell between two emperors - himself and Alexander I, as well as the fall of Britain. But the inconsequential Napoleon himself changed his plans. The shock of 1812 to fate in Russia caused the collapse of Napoleonic ideas in Europe. Paris Peace Treaty (1814) turning France to її kolishhnіh cordonіv 1792 year.
11. Promissory revolution (XVII-XIX centuries)
The industrial revolution in Europe and the United States allowed the protracted life of less than 3-5 generations to move from the agrarian sector to the industrial one. By the beginning of this process, it was accepted to introduce the wines of a steam engine in England in the other half of the 17th century. With the help of steam engines, they became victorious in virobnitstv, and then as a destroyer mechanism for steam locomotives and steamboats.
The main achievements of the epoch of the Industrial Revolution are the mechanization of work, the winemaking of the first conveyors, typesets, and the telegraph. A majestic croc was the appearance of a spring.
Another world war broke out on the territory of 40 countries, and 72 powers took part in it. 65 million people died behind deakim pіdrahunkami. The war gradually weakened the camp of Europe in the global political politics and the economy led to the creation of a bipolar system in the global geopolitics. Part of the country during the war could gain independence: Ethiopia, Iceland, Syria, Lebanon, Vietnam, Indonesia. At the lands of Northern Europe, occupied radyansky vіyskami, were installed socialist regimes Another world war also brought before the creation of the UN.
14. Scientific and technical revolution (ser. XX century)
The scientific and technological revolution, which was adopted until the middle of the last century, made it possible to automate manufacturing, entrusting control and management of manufacturing processes to electronics. The role of the information was seriously promoted, allowing to speak about the information revolution. With the advent of rocket and space technology, people began to master the vast earth space.
In 1903 p. Wilbor and Orville Righty inspired the Flyer airplane. So, it was equipped with a gasoline engine, and the first flight was at a height of 3m and three times for 12 seconds. In 1919 It was announced that I would first restart the line from Paris to London. The maximum allowable number of passengers was 5 osib, and the number of passengers was 4 years.Radio broadcast
1906 the first radio broadcast went on the air. Canadian Regenald Fessenden engraved on the violin at the radio broadcaster, and yogo was caught on ships thousands of miles away. On the cob of the 1960s. the first intestinal radio receivers appeared, who work on batteries.First world war
In 1914 the first light war began, 38 countries took the fate of the yaks. The Quadruple Union (Nimechchina, Austria-Ugric, Turechchina and Bulgaria) and the Entente bloc (Russia, England, France, Italy and others) took part in the military events. The war lasted for over 4 years, and over 10 million soldiers perished in battles. The Entente bloc won the victory, but the economy of the krai sank in an hour of military action.Russian Revolution
In 1917 Russia started the Great Zhovtnev Revolution. The tsarist regime was overthrown and the imperial family of the Romanovs was shot. For change royal dominion And capitalism has come in a socialist way, which has proponuvay created the equality of all working people. A dictatorship of the proletariat was established in the country, and class supremacy was liquidated. A new totalitarian power appeared - the Russian Socialist Federative Republic.TV broadcast
In 1926 John Beard took a television picture, and 1933 p. Volodymyr Zvorikin home short capacity votvorennya. On the screen 25 times for a second, the electronic images were updated, the blemishes of which blamed the images that they were collapsing.Another world war
Have 1939 r. Friend started Holy war, 61 powers took the fate of yakіy. Nimechchina became the initiator of the military actions, as it attacked Poland on the spot, and then on the SRSR. The war lasted 6 years and took 65 million lives. Most of the time spent during the war, a part of the SRSR was bled, and yet the hearts of the unshakable spirit of the Chervona Army gained victory over the fascist occupiers.I'll take the nuclear
Have 1945 r. In the past, a nuclear bombardment was planted: on the Japanese site of Herasima and Nagasaki, American nuclear forces dropped nuclear bombs. In this manner, the United States jumped to hasten the end of the Other World War with Japan. Hundreds of thousands of Meshkants perished, and the results of the bombing were few catastrophic consequences.Computers and Internet
Have 1945 r. Two American engineers John Eckert and John Moukli created the first electronic computing machine (EOM), which weighed close to 30 tons. Have 1952 r. before EOM, the first display was connected, and the first personal computer was created by Apple in 1983. In 1969 The Internet system was created to exchange information between scientific centers in the USA, and in the beginning of 1990s. The Internet has turned into an all-world merezh.Polit at space
In 1961 Radian's rocket lifted the earth's gravity and lifted the first flight from space from the people on board. Three-stage rocket bula was inspired by Sergiy Korolev's cherubic work, and cherubav space ship Russian cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin.The collapse of the SRSR
In 1985 At the Radyansk Union, “Perebudova” was sprung up: a rich party system appeared, that democracy came to replace the hard censorship. But a lot of reforms led to an economic crisis and a sharp rise in national protirich. In 1991 a coup took place in the Radyansk Union, and the SRSR broke up into 17 independent powers. The territory of the country shrunk by a quarter, and the United States became the only superpower in the world.Danilo Granin
HISTORY OF HUMANITY
Chronology of the most important light stories
VIII - III millennium BC Neolithic, the period of transition from an attractive state (picking, watering) to a viroble (arable farming, animal husbandry). In the Neolithic era, stones were polished and drilled; pottery, spinning, weaving appeared.
V - the first half of the 4th millennium BC The first earth-growing communities, laying out the primary communal Ancient Egypt.
IV - III millennium BC Mid-Vik. They carry the stars from the stone, but the middays appear. The main occupations of the population are farming, animal husbandry, and watering.
the end of the 4th millennium BC Unification of the nomes of Ancient Egypt into two great kingdoms - Upper Egypt and Lower Egypt.
the end of the IV - rocked the I millennium BC. Bronze age. The expansion of bronze metallurgy, bronze banners and armor. Appearance of nomadic cattle breeding and irrigated farming, writing, slave civilizations. Changed by the cold weather, which brought about the expansion of the metallurgy of the bay and the preparation of the railroad shells and the armor
bl. 3200 - bl. 2800 BC Early kingdom in Ancient Egypt; rule of I and II dynasties. Unification of Egypt into a single strong centralized power.
bl. 2850 - bl. 2450 BC Rule of the First Dynasty of Ur in Sumer. Economical pidyom to Sumer,
bl. 2800 - bl. 2250 BC Ancient kingdom in Egypt; rule of III - VI dynasties. Expansion of the territory political injection Egypt. Three pyramids were awakened at Giza.
bl. 2800 - 1100 BC Yegeysk (Crete-Mykene) culture - culture Ancient Greece the Bronze Age. Geographical variants of the Aegean culture are seen: in Crete - Minoan, near mainland Greece - Hellas, on the islands of the Aegean Sea - Cycladic culture,
oh. 2500 BC The Sumerian king Eannatum conquers Ur and Kish. 2316 - 2261 BC Rule of Sargon, king of Akkad. Sargon's conquest of Babylonia, Elam, Assyria, and parts of Syria, and united by him under the rule of one ruler of all Mesopotamia, and the creation of the largest Mesopotamian state in Western Asia with the center in Akkad,
bl. 2300 - oh. 1700 Indian civilization near the river valley
bl. 2250 - bl. 2050 BC Rules of the VII - X dynasties in Egypt. The period of internal fragmentation and the fall of Egypt,
bl. 2140 - bl. 2030 BC The ruling dynasty of Ur brought the Sumero-Akkadian kingdom to the highest height of its power. At the approach of 100 - 150 years, the Sumerian-Akkadian kingdom is falling and the Sumerians are emerging as a nation,
bl. 2050 - bl. 1750 r. BC The middle kingdom of Egypt, ruled by the XI-XVII dynasties. Uniting Egypt and transforming it I am reborn into a great and strong state,
bl. 2000 BC The Hellenes (Greeks) - the people who speak Indo-European language - start migrating from the peninsula to the territory of present-day Greece. Sporidne to the Greeks of the Indo-Europeans Etorg - yutsya z pivnoch on the Apennine Pivostrіv,
bl. 2000 - bl. 1000 r. BC Aryan tribes from the pivnіchny entry seep to India. 1894 - 1595 BC Rule of I Babylonian, or Amorite,
dynasties. Presentation to Babylon. 1813 - 1781 BC The reign of the Assyrian king Shamshi-Adad I. Assyria conquered the entire Upper Mesopotamia and transformed into a great Western Asian power.
bl. 1800 - Bl. 1300 Nayvishy rozkvit of the Trojan kingdom. Ended with an earthworm who lived through Troy (1300).
1792 - 1750 BC The rule of the sixth king of the I Babylonian dynasty, Hammura, who united Babylon under the rule; throughout Mesopotamia, zdіysniv large-scale programs of civil reforms and life, and falling asleep the first systematic legal code. Rozquit to Babylon,
bl. 1742 p. BC e. Kasitian invasion from Babylonia,
bl. 1710 - Bl. 1560 r. BC Egypt under the rule of Hyksos. Hyksosi knew the Egyptians with chariots on light wheels (on spokes), harnessed with horses, as before they were weakly known in Egypt.
bl. 1680 - Bl. 1650 r. BC Rule of the Hittite king Labarni. Completion of the unification of the Khetian kingdom.
1620 - 1590 BC The reign of the Hittite king Mursil I. The strengthening of centralization in the Hittite kingdom. The conquest of Babylon by the Khets (1595), which brought about the residual establishment of the Kasitian kings on the Babylonian throne.
XVI - XV centuries. BC The period of the rise of the power of Metanna and the creation of a strong power on the territory of Mesopotamia. The Mіtannіysky influx expanded to a significant part of Assyria and became penetrating to Asia Minor, Syria, Fіnіkії and navіt Palestine.
~ 1595 - approx. 1155 BC. Rule of Kasitiv at Babylon. Regularly wrestling with the military authorities and transporting horses and mules, placing a combined plow-bale plow in the agricultural state, building a fence of roads, activating foreign trade,
bl. 1580 - 1085 BC The period of the New Kingdom in Egypt. Rule of the three most powerful dynasties - XVIII, XIX and XX. Rozkvit of ancient Egyptian civilization, approx. XV Art. BC Vіdganbuvannya proslovyanskih tribes in the Indo-European array.
1490 - 1436 BC The reign of Pharaoh Thutmose III from the XVIII dynasty, one of the most successful Egyptian conquerors. In history, he is known as the first commander, who launched an offensive for a predetermined plan. Through the war of possible campaigns of Thutmose III, he conquered Palestine and Syria, the lands of Metanni on the way to the Euphrates, in the direct direction - great areas to the fourth threshold of the Nile. The grandiose Egyptian power has settled down, which weighed close to 3200 km for a day. Livia, Assyria, Babylon, the Hittite kingdom and the island of Crete consumed the land in Egypt, which they paid to Yom Danin.
bl. 1405 - 1367 BC The reign of Pharaoh Amenhotep 111 of the XVIII dynasty. Under the new power of Egypt, it reached its apogee, the temple of Amon-Ra in Luxor and the funeral temple with the majestic statues of Amenhotep III - "the ears of Memnon" were built.
bl. 1400 - bl. 1200 BC Rozkvit Mycenae, the great center of Achaean culture, the capital of one of the Achaean powers.
bl. 1400 - 1027 BC Old Chinese power Yin.
1380 - 1340 BC The reign of the great Hittite king Suppluliumi I, an accomplished diplomat, building commander and far-sighted politician. He drove the Egyptians out of Syria, conquered Mitania, turned the Hittite kingdom into a mighty Viysk power, which stretched from the Chorokha and Araks basin to Pivdenny Palestine and from the coast of Galis to the cordons of Assyria and Babylonia.