Asia, the world's largest part of the world, occupies close to 30% of the land area of the Earth. In addition, it is the leader in terms of the number of people (approximately 60% of the total population of the planet).
Part of Asia on the world market significantly grew the rest of the capital. On this day, the deacons of the Asian lands are the leading pickers in the agricultural and forest state, the ribnitsa, the industry and the production of brown copalins. Tse virobnitstvo vplinula on the economic growth of the singing lands, and at the same time led to low negative consequences for Dovkil.
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Water resources
fresh water
Lake Baikal, roztashovane Pivdni Russia, the largest lake in the world, reaching a depth of 1620 meters. The lake will cover 20% of the unfrozen fresh water to make it the largest reservoir of the Earth. This is also the most recent lake in the world, it has been over 25 million years.
The Yangtze is the river found in Asia and the third after the dovzhina in the world (after the Amazon near Pivdenny America and the Nile in Africa). Reaching 6300 km into the valley, the Yangtze collapses into the Tibetan plateau and flows into the Shidno-Chinese Sea. Yangtze is the life force of China. The river borrows 1/5 of the territory of the country and is home to one third of the population of the country, as well as a significant world support for the growth of the Chinese economy.
The rivers Tigris and Euphrates take the cob from the mountains of the shidnoї Turechchini, and flow through Syria and Iraq, and first fall into the Persian flood. The land between two rivers, looking like Mesopotamia, was the center of early civilizations, including Sumer and Akkad. On this day, the system of rivers of the Tigris and the Euphrates is interrupted by a threat through an increase in the influence of the strongest subdar and industrial victoria. Tsei vice viklikav emptied that zbіlshennya of salts at ґruntі, and led serious zbіtkіv mіstsevim vododilam.
salt water
Perska inflow may have an area of over 239 thousand km². Wines cover Iran, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait and Iraq. The peach inflow is pumped into the high tempo of viparovuvannya, to rob the shallow depths, and the water is salty. The seabed of the Perska zatok contains approximately 50% of light oil reserves. The lands that intersect between the floods took their fate from the low superechok to drive the species of this valuable resource.
The Sea of Okhotsk covers 1.6 million km² and spreads between the mainland of Russia and Kamchatka. As a rule, during the period from zhovtnya to birch, the sea is covered with ice. It is practically impossible to break the ice of the great ice-carriers by the sea.
The Bengal inflow is the largest inflow in the world, covering a total of 2.2 million km². Wins around Bangladesh, India, Sri Lanka and Burma. A lot of great rivers, the Ganges and Brahmaputra zokrema, flow into the river.
forest resources
The density of the territory of Asia is close to 20%. The largest number of forests along the edge of the forest are in: Laos (71.6%), Japan (67.0%), Bhutan (64.5%), Pivdenny Korea (64.0%), Myanmi (63.6% ) and Pivnichny Korea (63.3%). The presence is less than 1% in the following countries: Yemen (0.9%), Bahrain (0.7%), Kuwait (0.3%), Afghanistan (0.3%), Qatar (0%).
The forest statehood is an important eye of the Asian economy, however, in some countries there are negative consequences. Over half of the territory China, Indonesia and Malaysia cover forest resources. China is considered to be a great exporter of wooden products, and it borrows first from the world of panel manufacturing, paper and wooden furniture. Indonesia and Malaysia are the main breeders of products from tropical villages. Tropical woods, like teak, are mainly vicorous for the preparation of high-quality furniture and underlayment.
During the remaining 10 years, the forest cover area in Asia increased by 30 million hectares. Tse with pieced creations of forest tracts, for which reason it is possible to take away the things that are innate and vicarious in craftsmanship. It is important to note that until 2020, the forest industry of Asia will be close to 45% of production. Until then, piece plantations are extremely important from an ecological point of view, shards of natural forest resources are used with skin rock in majestic cities.
Shvidke growth in the number of the population of Asia called for promotions to drink for forest products, and condescending legislation caused illegal cuttings and smuggling to prosper. Particularly crowded commemorations in Pivdenno-Skhіdnіy Asia, where high-quality tree species grow. Therefore, the Asian lands may be one of the biggest shows in the world of deforestation.
Land resources
The total land area of Asia will be 44,580,000 km², and the area of land resources that are vikorated by the people's state will be 30,972,803 km². The lands of the agricultural subdarskoe occupied 52.2% (of which: rilla - 15.8%, bagatoric plantations - 2.2%, pastures and bows - 34.2), lands of the forest fund - 18%, surface water - 2.9% , and other lands - 26.9%.
The five lands of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan) are the largest powers in the part of Asia. Ornі zemlі, yakі fit for the cultivation of s_lskogospodarskih cultures, become close to 20% of the total area of sіlskogospodarskih lands. Over 80% of the rіllі in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan are roaming, and Kazakhstanі - less than 7%.
In Pivnіchnіy Azії (as it is more importantly folded from the Asian part of Russia), ornі zemlі to form 60-80% of the area of agricultural land.
Pivdenny Asia has the largest territories in India and Bangladesh - over 30%.
In the lands of the Close Skhod, and in Iran and Iraq itself, the rate should be less than 20%, and in other lands - no more than 10%.
The ornate lands of the krai of Northern Asia, including China, Pivdenny Korea and Japan, occupy no more than 20% of the agricultural sector. ugіd, the DPRK - less than 30% and Mongolia no more than 10%.
From Pvdenno-Skhidniy Azії rіllya borrows more than 30% of the territory of the agricultural land.
Mineral resources
Vougillya
In Asia, there is more rich vugillya, which can become 3/5 of the light reserves, but the stench is unevenly divided. The largest genera are found in Siberia, the lands of Central Asia, India, and especially in China; Indonesia, Japan and Pivnichna Korea may have less reserves of water.
Naphtha and natural gas
2/3 of the light reserves of oil and gas are located in Asia; a number of genera can grow, oskelki Siberia, the Caspian Basin and the sea of Pivdenno-Skhidnoy Asia still survive. A lot of islands, which are between Pivdenno-Skhidnaya Asia, may have geological formations, which are friendly to gas and oil genera. The largest reserves of oil are found in Western Asia (Saudi Arabia, Iraq, Kuwait, Iran, Qatar and the United Arab Emirates). Other lands near Pivdenno-Zakhidniy Asia may have oil reserves, as well as small oil deposits on the Indian subcontinent.
uranium ore
The largest genera of uranium ores are located in Kyrgyzstan, between the Osh region and the Tuya Muyun massif. China and India keep their own reserves of power. Chinese deposits of uranium, as you know, are located in the region of Xinjiang and the province of Hunan.
Zalizo
In the rich regions of Asia, lay a sack, prote skin country can have its own internal moisture reserves. Pivdenna Korea, Taiwan, Sri Lanka and more remote lands near Pivdenno-Zakhidniy Asia, there may be small reserves of zaliznyak. Japan has less reserves of the same mineral resource, which is less necessary for black metallurgy, so the land of the significant world can be deposited in the form of import deliveries. Thailand, M'yanma and Pakistan may have good reserves of low-grade saline ore, and the Vietnamese and Turkish countries have good ore in their communities. Indonesia and India may have great reserves of acidic salve, which can be wisely distributed.
Although earlier China, having entered into the flood of ore, the country was revealed the majestic birthplace of this mineral of different varieties. China, Ninі, to enter to the largest in the world of virobniki in the bay.
Dribnish clans were roztashovanny in dekilkoh mіsts near the Shidny Siberia. In Central Asia, the main genera are found in Northern Kazakhstan.
Nikel
Stocks of nickel in Asia are insignificant. Є small reserves in Norilsk and the pivnіchno-central part of Siberia; Indonesia, China and the Philippines also have nickel reserves.
Chromium
Lay the chrome on the heart of Turechchini, India, Iran, Pakistan and the Philippines, and inspire Kazakhstan at the pivnichny entry.
Marganets
Large reserves of manganese are in Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Siberia and India; Chinese deposits are also significant.
Tungsten
Pivdenniy China may be a very great birthplace of tungsten. Put tungsten in Asia the same way as molybdenum.
Mid
Asia is not rich in midi. Central Asia has the main stocks of roztashovaniy on the pivdenniy shid in Tashkent (Uzbekistan); from Zhezkazgan to the direction of Karaganda; and from Kungrad to Lake Balkhash (Kazakhstan). At Siberia, the luggage is mainly stored in Kuzbass. Filippini can exchange midi stocks.
Tin
Significant deposits of tin stretch from pivdenno-western China to the Malay Pivostrov. Thailand, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos and Yunnan in China are also the birthplaces of tin. Sibir may have a significant deposit in Transbaikalia, and send in Sikhot-Alin to the Far Descent.
Lead and zinc
The largest reserves of lead and zinc are found in Kuzbass, in Central and Northern Kazakhstan. China also has rich genera for zinc and lead, and Pivnichny Korea has significant deposits of lead.
Boxity
Asia has great reserves of bauxites. The largest genera of roztashovani in Kazakhstani and Sayans. There are also great deposits in India, Indonesia, Turkey, Malaysia and China.
Expensive metals
A lot of Asian lands have mined gold from alluvial roses in the past century, and the deacons from them continue to work at the same time. There are small deposits of gold ore in Myanmi, Cambodia and Indonesia, as well as near the upper Yangtze. In the past, India was small and great founts of gold; Pivnichna and Pivdenna Korea, Taiwan and Philippines may have significant reserves of ore gold. Siberian reserves of gold are insignificant.
Non-metallic painted copalins
Stocks of asbestos are found in China, Pivdenniy Korea, and also in the similar schili of the Middle Urals. Mica at the great kіlkostі є at the Khidny Siberia and India. Asia may have great reserves of stone salt. Central and Western Asia have significant genera of sirka and gypsum. Japan may have a lot of luggage. Kazakhstan has genera of phosphates. Diamonds are settled in the central and lower parts of Siberia and in India. India, Sri-Lanka, M'yanma and Cambodia lay rubies, sapphires and other expensive stones.
Biological resources
Roslinnitstvo and Creature
Pivnіchna i central part of Asia skhilnі to cold and dry arctic winds, especially the Siberian region of Russia. Vitrivali grains, such as barley, buckwheat, millet, oats and wheat, grow in the central and pivdennih areas of the central zone, de postiyni frosts strimyuyut growth of roslin. Creatures are also more important in this zone. In Mongolia, for example, 75% of the rural subdar lands are seen for the cultivation of thinness (wives, goats, great horned thinness).
At the peak of Asia's entry, the dry and scorching climate passes through the Gobi desert in Mongolia through China, Pakistan, Iran and to the Arabian Pivostrov. In this zone, there are already few areas with a sufficient amount of water and fall for a good birth. Grains, such as barley and corn, are the main crops that grow in some countries. The presence of pastures and lands attached to grain crops means that heat-resistant vegetables and fruits are most widely grown in this zone. Figs, apricots, olives, cibulae, grapes, cherries are the most important fruits and vegetables in the region.
The zone on pivdenniy skhid is strongly skhil before summer monsoons. As a result, a lot of regions in Pvdenno-Skhidnoy Asia are considered to be one of the most important places on the Earth, declining over 254 centimeters falling short. High temperatures and strong falls are ideal for growing rice and tropical fruits. Rice is considered one of the most important agricultural products in Asia and the main source of food for the entire continent (79 kg of rice is consumed per inhabitant of Asia). As a result, most rice in Asia is left in the regions, and international trade is low.
Tropical fruits, such as mango, papaya and pineapple, grow on a large scale in Northern Asia. In India, the greatest number of mangoes in the world grow, and Thailand and the Philippines are famous for pineapples.
Ribnitstvo
Asia is the most important region of fishing and aquaculture in the world. Aquaculture is the breeding of ribeye and other aquatic creatures in the minds of the control. In 2008, about 50% of the species of light vilov ribi was caught in the marine industrial regions of Asia. Six of the 10 leading light sources of riba are found in Asia, and in China, Indonesia, Japan, India, M'yanmi (Birmi) and the Philippines.
Seafood is an extremely important dzherelom for wealthy Asian peoples. A recent study conducted by the National Geographic Partnership showed that China and Japan are the leading producers of seafood (approximately 765 million tons per river).
Flora
Asia is the richest growing world of all parts of the world. Shards of the largest part of the largest continent - Eurasia, it is not surprising that close to 100,000 different species of roslin grow in the midst of її different natural areas vary from tropical to arctic.
Asian roslins, which include ferns, golonasinnі and kvituchі sudinnі roslini, become close to 40% of the species of roslins of the Earth. Endemic species of flora are composed of more than 40 families and 1500 slabs.
Azia Ridgelena on the base of the main regionіv on the basis of the species Rіznomanknosti Flory: Vologium Vіchnozhenі Lіsi Pivodnia-Skimnia Azії, ZMSHANI LISI SKIIMI AZII, VOLGI LISI PIVDENNYY AZIA, VOSTELII TO STEPNE CENTRALY TO TOUNDA AZI NAYA, TAYA TAYNE TOUNDA SІLNIKHNIY AZIA.
Fauna
Asia is itself a densely populated part of the world, as it is also one of the most biological regions. Here live like a unique species of wild creatures, so the widest on the planet. The lands of Asia have become a home for rich ssavtsiv, birds, amphibians, plazunov, ribs toshcho. However, some of these species thrive, and others are confronted with serious threats, which can wipe out their populations from the Earth. Such creatures, like a giant panda, and orangutans may come from Asia ahead of us.
An important reason for the extinction of wild creatures is human activity and even higher population density in singing areas.
The statehood, especially the strong one, lie in natural minds territories. And mind Asia, they are awakened by great diversity and contrasts. High mountain ranges with steep slopes and drylands with lowlands and flat relief. Great contrasts are characteristic of the climate, especially in the living quarters. The lowland areas are well protected by water, the rump areas of the monsoon climate are the main part of the region.
In the sphere of the Mediterranean climate lies the western part of Foreign Asia. In these parts of Asia, $ 90% of all ornyh lands are concentrated. Aridnimi - central and pivdenno-zahidna parts. The Asian part of the world lies in several climatic zones. Most of the territory lies at tropical latitudes and reduces the total sleepy radiation by $2$ times more, the lower peninsular areas. Summer and winter temperatures on the islands of Indonesia may be the same, the average temperature today is +$25$ degrees, and in Manchuria, for example, the average temperature is -$24$, -$28$ degrees. That frost there may be more trivality. Significant climatic conditions are typical for the mountainous regions and in the middle of the mountainous territories themselves. Ce z height gіr, їх becoming, exposition schiliv. Atmospheric circulation is even clearly marked on the climate of Northern and Pivdennoy Asia, where the seasonal change of the observed masses is clearly manifested.
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For the winters of these territories, the winter monsoon is characteristic, the snail is the summer monsoon. All of Asia, India and Indo-China are located near the monsoon circulation zone, the amount of fall can reach $2000 mm per river. The winter monsoon caused cold continental heat waves, which call for cold weather in Northern Asia and often near the tropics of Pivnichny Indo-China.
In the Middle part of Asia, there are no winter cold spells, so the territory is known for the influx of Indian monsoon, which is the least baric gradient. On the other side, India is closed off from the peaks of the highest mountain ranges from the cold weathered masses of Central Asia. Inner regions of Asia, roztashovani great heights and ochenі mountains, mayut sharply continental climate.
In the winter period, there is a Panic Asian anticyclone and Suvora and Trival winter are being restored. For low temperatures, the soil freezes deeply, which leads to the establishment of permafrost plots. In the summer period, the territory warms up well and forms an area of low atmospheric pressure. The speck of that dry weather is fading away. Falling off falls is even less, high mountain ridges are responsible for their penetration. In closed gorges, the drop is up to $50$ mm. Alecia inland continental region has its own internal climate vіdmіnnostі. The reason for this is the difference in the security of thermal resources and the thermal regime.
Vinyatkovo hot region - Pvdenno-Zakhidna Asia. We will take away the largest amount of sony radiation, that is the dry part of the mainland. There are wide empty spaces and filled empty spaces.
Note 1
The development of agriculture has a significant part of the Foreign Asia may have an unfriendly climatic mind. The near-equatorial regions are highly volatilized, and the great flat mountains and plains of Pvdenno-Zahidnoy and Central Asia are a bit dry. Silske gospodarstvo in these areas can be less for land reclamation.
Placement of agricultural crops, storage of cultivated roslins, peculiarities of agricultural practices, productivity of crops in a significant world to fall in climate minds. The rise in the development of the agricultural state in the lands of Foreign Asia is remarkably low, so the crop yield depends on weather minds. Vykhodyachi z klіmatichnyh osobennosti, in foreign Asia there are a few agro-climatic regions.
Mineral resources of foreign Asia
The surface of Foreign Asia is represented by wide mountainous territories and lowlands, the areas of which are small. The lowland villages were planted in the outskirts of Asia - this is how they save the land. With a relief and with the main tectonic areas of the origin of the genera with brown copalins, which are the epidermis of Foreign Asia rich. For the reserves of the hot-energy syrovina, Asia is looking for a place near the world.
Tse nasampered the majesty of the genera of stone vugill, oil and gas. Nadra tsієї part of the light to avenge the light reserves of tin, antimony, mercury, graphite, sirka, muscovite, zirconium, phosphate syrovin, potassium salts, chromium, tungsten. True, from geographical point of view, these resources are expanding unevenly. Kam'yane vugillya, deposits and manganese ore, non-metallic brown copalin have settled in the boundaries of the Chinese and Hindustan platforms. Uzdovzh of the Pacific coast is located in the middle belt. In the Alpine-Himalayan warehouse, ore is transported.
Initially, the role of the international geographic distribution of Asia was played by oil reserves and є, the main wealth of the region. The main genera in carbohydrate conservation in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Iraq, Iran, UAE. Great birthplaces of oil in the lands of the Malay Archipelago - Indonesia, Malaysia. Є naphtha and gas from Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan. The Dead Sea is home to great reserves of salts, and the Iranian Nagir is rich in sulfur and colored metals.
From all Asian lands, the greatest diversity and reserves of brown copalins are located on the territory of the advancing powers:
- India;
- Indonesia;
- Iran;
- Kazakhstan;
- Turechchina;
- Saudi Arabia.
Note 2
These genera of brown copalins, as if they were good this year, do not show a correct picture of the wealth of the other region. Leading research robots discover new genera of mineral syrovina. From the look of carbohydrates, the shelf zones become promising, as they give the look of footwear industry new opportunities.
For various subregions of Asia, a characteristic set of brown copalins.
Western Asia. Here, first of all, the greatest genera of oil and gas are found, behind the reserves of such Zahidna Asia, the leader of the middle regions of the world. For the $1980$ tribute, this region has $43 billion tons of oil and over $20 trillion. cube m gas. Vugіlni reserves to build up over $23 billion tons. Stocks of ores of black metals amount to $14 billion tons and the stench is located on the territory of Turkey and Iraq. Reserves of titanium ores of Saudi Arabia and chromium ores of Turkey and Iran, Afghanistan and Oman. Non-metallic building materials are represented by gypsum, which has a reserve of $3 billion tons. In the neighboring countries of the region there are genera of expensive and virobous stone, for example, Iranian turquoise, Afghan lapis lazuli, ruby, smaragd, girsky crystal, aquamarine, marmurovy onyx.
Pivdenna Asia. There should be more room for reserves of muscovite, barite, titanium, pyrite, beryl, graphite, saline, manganese ores. This part also has significant reserves of oil and gas, as well as gold, copper, nickel, and tungsten ores. The most important energy syrovina for Pivdenny Asia is stone vugill, which reserves are estimated at $115 billion tons. Zagalni reserves zaliznyak grow over $13.5 billion tons. The stench of the heart of India, Pakistan. There are small reserves in Shri Lanzi and Nepal. A variety of manganese ores has been coming to India for a long time. Є in the region of aluminum and nickel ore. Here you can find about $30% of the total reserves of hot and chemical syrovin - India, Pakistan, Nepal. Nonmetallic syrovina is represented by Indian asbestos - India, gypsum - Pakistan, graphite - Sri Lanka. Є quartz, budіvelni pіski, dolomіt, vapnyak and marmur. The most expensive stone is less in India - diamonds.
Pivdenno-Skhidna Asia. The region has $1$ of tin reserves, and the world has significant reserves of nickel, cobalt, tungsten, midi, surmi, barite. Okrim tsgogo є th naphtha, gas, bauxite, chromite and other mineral resources. Poshukovі work with hydrocarbons is carried out on the continental shelf. From $36$ promising pools and $25$ lie up to Indonesia. Kam'yane vugillya is in Indonesia and in Vietnam. Copalin mines, the reserves of which are worth over $1,271 million tons in Burma, Indonesia, the Philippines, Kampuchea. From the ores of color metals in the form of aluminum and copper ore - Indonesia, Vietnam, Kampuchea.
Other types of resources in Foreign Asia
Zakordonna Asia rich on its own superficial waters, but the water resources of the territory are divided unevenly, and security changes from a sudden stoppage. Vykoristovuyutsya water resources, as a rule, for irrigation, as it helps to solve problems, povyazanі іz drought, saline soils and z razvіvannyam. In India, for example, $95% of fresh water is saved for spending. The rivers of the Mountains have a colossal supply of hydropower, which is the best way to ensure the safety of the waters of the tropics. Through the economic power of the mountain regions, the hydropotential of the rivers is weakly victorious. For example, the hydro potential of India and Pakistan wins by about $10%. The great Asian rivers have pools that occupy hundreds of thousands of square kilometers. The stench is visible to the most important types of natural resources.
Another type of resource Grunti. The greatness of the world, the varied relief and climate have become the minds of the molding of the folding ground curve. Pidzol leaves, sirkas and stormy forests were formed near the world's climatic zone. In the steppe regions there are chernozem-like and chestnut soils. In the subtropics of the Mediterranean, pansy and brown soils, and in the monsoon regions - yellow earth and chervonozem. Svoєridnі tropіchnі ґrunti - reguri or black ґrunti were formed on the breeding grounds of Hindustan.
How to talk about fox resources, then Foreign Asia is not rich on them. The per capita share of forest resources is less than $0.3$ ha, and the average light rate is $1.2$ ha per person. Low security of forest resources in India, Pakistan, Lebanon, Singapore. Forest resources are the best security for the pivdenniy skhіd region. Here, the areas of forest resources are not only large, but they are accessible, so to put a threat to them.
Recreational The resources of the region began to grow, and they are less likely to be found in the other half of the $XX$ century. Privablivi for tourists is the warm sea of Pivdenno-Zakhidnoy Asia - Turkey and Pivdenno-Skhidnoy Asia - Thailand, Malaysia.
The region of Central Asia rich in natural resources. The reason for this is the dominance of the surface of Central Asia, as a result of folding geological history: decal phases of the city creation, growth and collapse of the mountain, rising and entering the sea, changes in atmospheric circulation, icing. The seismic activity of the territory is connected with the mountainous events (earthquakes with a force of up to 9 balls often trap here), as well as the placement of a large part of brown copalins - naphtha, gas, vugill, gold, polymetals, girsky crystal, rock salt.
Natural resource potential
The natural resource potential of the territory (NRP) is the totality of natural resources, which can be used in government activity with the improvement of scientific and technical progress. The territory of Central Asia is rich in various natural resources.
| Naphtha (million tons) | Gas (billion cubic meters) | Gas* (billion cubic meters) | Vougillya (billion tons) | Uranium (t) | Uranium * (t) | Hydropower resources (billion kW-year/rіk) | |
| Kazakhstan | 4 000 | 3 300 | 6 800 | 35,8 | 622 000 | 1 690 000 | 40,2 |
| Turkmenistan | 2 860 | 23 000 | – | – | – | – | |
| Uzbekistan | 1 875 | 5 900 | 93 000 | 185 800 | – | ||
| Kyrgyzstan | – | – | 20 000 | 142,5 | |||
| Tajikistan | – | – | – | – | 460 000 | ||
| Usyi for CA | 4 557 | 8 041 | 37 706 | 39,8 | 715 000 | 2 355 800 | 709,7 |
| Misce near the world | 6-8 | ||||||
| * - Stock, for the data of official bodies of the country, national companies |
Table 1 - energy resource potential of the Central Asian regions
I will conduct the role of the volatility and the reduction of fire and energy resources (TER) in the region of the organically pale. Over 20% of the discovered light reserves of uranium fall on Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Exploited reserves of coal to increase more than 600 rokiv, oil - by 65 rokiv, natural gas - 75 rokiv. In this period, the region is more and more clearly identified as a potential supplier of carbohydrates in various directions and on various markets, moreover, there are no possible projects and export routes.
Rich reserves of fuel and energy resources in the distribution of uneven territories. So, from the discovery of the region's reserves of coal, Kazakhstan has 88.6%, oil - 86%. In Uzbekistan, vugillya - 4.9%. Gas reserves are more or less equally divided between Turkmenistan (43%), Uzbekistan (30%) and Kazakhstan (27%).
More than half of the total amount of energy savings in the Central Asian Republics (CAR) is accounted for by natural gas, about 3/4 of which is in Uzbekistan. Another place is occupied by the city of Vugill, close to 93% of the majority of which is located in Kazakhstan. Uzbekistan wins 38% of oil from the region, 34% comes from Kazakhstan.
| Krajina | Vidobutok (billion m 3) | % of light | ||||
| 2000 | 2001 | 2002 | 2003 | 2004 | ||
| Kazakhstan | 10,8 | 10,8 | 10,6 | 12,9 | 18,5 | 0,7 |
| Russia | 545,0 | 542,4 | 555,4 | 578,6 | 589,1 | 21,9 |
| Turkmenistan | 43,8 | 47,9 | 49,9 | 55,1 | 54,6 | 2,0 |
| Uzbekistan | 52,6 | 53,5 | 53,8 | 53,6 | 55,8 | 2,1 |
| Dzherelo.BP World Energy Statistics, 2005 |
Table 2 - Gas production in the regions of Central Asia and Russia
The edges of Central Asia may, in their order, have significant reserves of water and energy resources, as they are distributed across the territories of the powers in the region unevenly. The region has 5.5% of the economically efficient hydropotential of the world. The total hydropower potential of the region will total 937 billion kWh of electricity per river. Significant part of this potential (56.2%) is owned by Tajikistan, which is being developed in a low level. Behind the indicator of the river hydropower potential, which falls on a single territory of the country, Kyrgyzstan (0.8 million kW-year/sq. km) and Tajikistan (3.7 million kW-year/sq. km) are especially affected.
At the borders of Kyrgyzstan, 25% of the wild runoff of the rivers to the Aral Sea basin is formed, Tajikistan - 43%, Uzbekistan - 10%, Kazakhstan - 2%, Turkmenistan - 1%. In the energy balance of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, the base source is hydropower. The share of hydroelectric power stations in the case of the installation of sweating by the sun according to the United Energy System (OES) of Central Asia reached 35%, in Kyrgyzstan - 79%, Tajikistan - 93%. Uzbekistan generates 52% of the total electricity supply. Kazakhstan is strongly affected by seasonal flooding of the pivdenny areas and high concentration of salts near the mouth of the river, lack of irrigation water during the summer period, which caused low social and environmental problems. So far, winning the economically efficient part of the region's hydropower potential has not yet exceeded 10%.
Zagal vyznachennya nasledkіv sіtoї crizi in the krains of Central Asia is possible for the minds of suttєvih іnvestіtsіynyh infusions in galuzі, scho suffered the most during the crisis, with the improvement of the specificity of the skin region. Decreased obsyagіv zovnіshnіh іnvestitsіy і і і galuzі і є mіbіsh serёznoi problem. The political risks that are being saved do not add to the optimism about the investment viability of the region. Short-term foreign investment in the modernization of hydrotechnical facilities can lead to a new energy crisis throughout the region and an increase in stress in the waters between the suddnim powers. Henceforth, we need to think about the possibilities of integrating the relationship, uniting the lands of Central Asia for the solution of global regional problems. Uzgodzhenі dії is the most important official of the regional security and the necessary mental development of the pressures of the fuel and energy complex of the region, the promotion of energy self-sufficiency, the expansion of energy export potential, and economic investment.
With this region, there are great resources of invigorating energies, the introduction of which in the energy balance can become a significant contribution to the achievement of the development of the economy, a stable energy market, and the provision of prosperous environmental minds. In the lower republics, the trend of establishing new energy sources (BIE) is at the stage of development of National programs.
The most important concepts of the country region in the development of energy fields are to diversify the structure of the energy industry to the point of necessity, to expand the development of energy sources. As shown by the low performance, the share of WDEs in the energy balance until 2050 may become close to 18%, or more to stabilize instead of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
In summary, the analysis of the potential energy resources in the krais of Central Asia reveals important problems that will require collective efforts in the krais of the region:
The Association of Water and Energy Resources, which has been operating for a decade in the region, has been operating a single energy system with a dominating role of hydropower in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and gas supply, the main suppliers of which is Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan;
Spivrobnitstvo in the sphere of ecology. As a result of the extensive exploitation of the now superfluous medium, the possibility of creation is increased;
Rational, efficient water supply of transcordon rivers. Vіd complex vіrіshennya tsієї problem to deposit socially, economically and environmentally well-being of the powers of Central Asia.
Population
The overarchingly folding history of Central Asia, the territory of which lay on the path of invasion by rich conquerors and laborious migrations, which were poured into the warehouse by the population, the formation of mov, culture. Great powers were formed, which left a deep trace of history, and collapsed under the blows of the conquerors. During the period of rozkvіtu places, zemledorovskih oaz changed their death and desolation, the high achievements of science and art were drawn with the hour of the fall of culture, stagnation. On the streets of the powers, new ones were blamed, there were endless feudal wars.
The minds of the minds of the process of the ethnic formation of the peoples of Central Asia. Pochatkovy elements of the ethnic cohesion of the minority nations formed in the IX-XII centuries. The peoples of Central Asia have become ethnically disputed among themselves. In addition, the fathers of riches from them for a trivaly hour entered those same powers, fought vigorously against the foreign conquerors. They were brought closer by that shared fate with the rebels against the rulers-feudal lords, as well as more economically and culturally mixed.
The natural resources of the lands of Central Asia are characterized as such wild rices, and natural waters. The territories of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan are located mainly in the boundaries of the platform land of the earth's measles (Turan plate) and are characterized by an importantly flat relief. The Turan lowland occupies about 80% of the territory of Uzbekistan and a significant part of Turkmenistan. Vinyatok is to be planted around the borders of the mountain regions on the pivdnі of Turkmenistan (Kopetdag ridge) and on the descent to Uzbekistan (Zerafshan ridge). Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are practically roztashovani between two mountain systems - Pamir-Alay and Tien Shan. Mountains and mountains occupy 90% of the territory of Tajikistan and 95% - Kyrgyzstan. With this, at an altitude of over 3000 m, there are close to 50% of the territory of Tajikistan and 30% of Kyrgyzstan. The main part of the region lies up to the zone of seismic activity. Ruins of earthquakes were repeatedly dragged here, which led to significant waste of people and material resources.
Climate throughout the territory it is subtropical, sharply continental and dry. On one side, the wines are characterized by high mid-monthly temperatures and a great amount of heat, and on the other side, a small amount of falling, which makes it impossible to carry out arable farming without watering. So, the frost-free period should be from 200 to 240 days on the river, and the number of days from the average temperature above +20 ° C reaches 120 - 150 on the river. All this ensures the sum of active sleepy temperatures from 4000 ° С to 5600 ° С, allows growing a wide range of heat-loving cultural growths, as well as setting up two settlements on the river.
The number of falls is small, and the stench spreads across the territory even unevenly. In the desert regions of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, as well as in the Pamirs, they fall up to 100 mm on the river. At the frontiers of the Kopetdag, the thickness of the forest is up to 300 mm, on the windward slopes of the Tien Shan ridges - 1000 mm. The average fall in the equal areas is 200 - 300 mm. Deshcho big number of fall posters in the valleys of Mizhgirskih - Gissarsky (Tajikistan), Chuisky and Talassky (Kyrgyzstan), as the main areas of farming. Everywhere (as in the mid-gir valleys, and along the valleys of the rivers on the plains) farming is carried out instead of piece-by-piece cultivation. The largest irrigation systems are the Karakum (Turkmenistan) and Ferghana (Uzbekistan) canals. Possessed by zones of arable farming in desert and desert areas, as well as near the mountains, there are pastoral creatures. Few winters saturate the colorful vipas of thinness.
Zusogo raznomanittya ground cover vikoristovuyutsya more importantly sirozemy, yakі for watering safe high vrozha. The stinks are roaming around all the valleys of the Mizhgir valleys - Vakhsh, Ferghana, Chui, Talas. Near the Pamirs, sirozems rise up to a height of 2000 m-code above the sea level. Significant part of the territory is occupied by sands (deserts of Karakumi and Kizilkum) and unproductive soils (including saline ones). At the foregrounds, the steppe grasses are drawn, as they are also strongly mastered and vicorous for rain-fed arable farming (the cultivation of grain crops is more important in the minds of a dry climate without watering). In the mountainous regions of Uzbekistan, at a height of up to 1200 m, the leaves of the fox with alich, elm, almonds rise, and then pass at the subalpine bows. In Tajikistan, foxes have grown up to 3000 m, and higher - high-growth bows. About 6.5 mln.
Near the Pamir-Alay and Tien-Shan mountains there are significant ice-growing areas rіk region. From the mountains of Pamir take the cob of the river Vakhsh and Pyandzh, which will establish the new water of the Amu Darya. Before the great rivers lie also Zeravshan. In the highlands of the Tien Shan, the largest river of Kyrgyzstan, the Narin (upper Sirdar), is born. All mountain rivers are rich in water and have a great hydropower potential. The technically feasible hydropower resources are estimated at 250 billion kWh. For їkhnіmi razmirami Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan among the kraїn SND acquiesce only Russia. Vod rіk vikoristovuyutsya for roshennya, as well as crafts and communal-pobutovyh needs. Near the high-mountainous lake Issik-Kul (Kyrgyzstan) a resort-tourist zone of international significance was formed. The importance of water storage in the Amudar and Sirdar for the needs of irrigation caused the regime of the inland Aral Sea to be destroyed, which caused a catastrophic shortfall of the area and gave rise to low social and environmental problems on a regional scale. Tsya territory is stunned by the area of ecological disaster.
Nadra Middle Asia mineral-syrovine resources. For the reserves of some of them (natural gas, gold, antimony, mercury, uranium ore, etc.), the republics occupy a leading position not only in the SND, but also in the world. Whom are afraid of the existence of differences in the security of the neighboring republics with other species with brown copalins. The largest wide range of mineral and syrovine resources in May is Uzbekistan. Yogi Nadrah has great reserves of mineral deposits: natural gas (Gazli, Mubarek and other genera in the borders of Bukhara-Khivinskaya oil and gas province), naphtha (Fergana Valley), bure vugillya (the largest in the region of Angrenskaya rodovishche). In the mountainous regions of Skhodі vіdkritі genera of gold, tungsten, copper and polymetal ores.
In Turkmenistan, the basis of the mineral-syrovine base is formed by the ash resources. Rich sources of gas in the Central Karakum and pivdnі krainy (estovirnі reserves are estimated at 2.8 trillion m 3 ). At the entrance of Turkmenistan (the Turkmen oil and gas province between the Pivdenno-Caspian depression) there are significant oil genera (Nebitdag, Kumdag, Okarem). Industrial reserves of naphtha are estimated at 250 million tons. There is also a production of ozokerite (natural naphtha bitumen), which is widely known to the state zastosuvannya, vikoristovuetsya zocrema in medicine. Near the high-lying inlets of the Kara-Bogaz-Gol there are large reserves of Glauber's salt (mirabilite), and to infuse iodine salts, magnesium chloride, bromine. Vidkrito genera sirka.
Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan may have significant reserves of various ore resources. Among them are polymetal ore. How great are the reserves of tungsten, gold, antimony and mercury. Of the black metals, one can only name the Khujand ancestral home of the zaliznyak in Tajikistan (the reserves are estimated at 120 million tons). Palvni resources are small. The stench is represented by innumerable genera of stone and brown vugill with reserves of majestic significance, as well as uranium ores. Tajikistan has explored the genera of naphtite and natural gas. Є large reserves of kitchen salt, mineral bud syrovin. Other brown copalins are represented by expensive and precious stones, mineral water.
Central Asia is one region in the world that is developing dynamically, which occupies an important geopolitical camp, can have a significant human and achieve a high economic potential, natural and industrial resources.
Central Asia (CA), which embraces inland Asia in the borders of China people's republic that Mongolian People's Republic. Zagalna area - close to 6 million square meters. km. Most of the territory - areas of internal drainage. Overwhelmingly empty and deserted, significant part of the territory - mountains and interstate valleys.
On the territory of the region, in different climatic zones with a wide range of natural minds, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan have been expanded, following the criteria of the UN, they reach the lands that are developing. Borrowing a space from the world beyond the area (of which Kazakhstan, which borrows 2.7 million sq. Km, is included in the first nine major powers world), the edges of Central Asia have significant land resources, on the territory of the region (Kazakhstan - 19.4 million hectares, Uzbekistan - 4, Kyrgyzstan - 1.4, Tajikistan - 0.9) can become a self-sufficient region. The region at this hour is experiencing a high population, it is estimated that the population will increase to 70 million people in the next period.
Table 1. Population in the krai of Central Asia (million people)
that occupied territory
|
Area, yew. sq. |
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|
Kazakhstan | |||||||
|
Kyrgyzstan | |||||||
|
Tajikistan | |||||||
|
Turkmenistan | |||||||
|
Uzbekistan | |||||||
|
*CIA data.* For the data of the SND experts, the population of Turkmenistan in 2005-2006 became five million people. |
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All the powers of the region in this hour will pass the period of political economic transformations, which greatly affects the situation in the middle of the country and on the international horizon, as in the middle of the region, as well as with the powers beyond its borders. A group of factors that contribute to the formation of a larger independent energy policy in the Middle Asian lands, including optimistic forecasts of the social and economic situation in the region, is ahead of Kazakhstan.
Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan are respected by the most important lands in the region: for the rest of the tribute, for the boundary line, about 50% of the population travels to the skin from the krai. There is a large negative impact in the republics due to the systemic crisis, which is characterized by a deep recession in all areas of the economy. In these countries, the problem of the decline in the sector of the economy is aggravated by the low growth of the gross product (GDP), the high rate of inflation, 24.5 and 20.4% per annum. At the same time, over 90% of the necessary food wheat and boar, as well as close to 40% of the oil products of Tajikistan, should be imported from Kazakhstan.
The regulation of the national economy of Uzbekistan, which is based on the real sector, and, apparently, weak interaction with speculative capital, allowed Uzbekistan to avoid the negative manifestations of the global financial crisis. Prote vinikla kriz on the calm market, which appeared to the speedy plateau of the fast-paced drink. In Turkmenistan, the denomination of the national currency in 2009 can be brought up to the main economic levels, as a result of the need to increase the efficiency of penny income in the economy of the country.
Projected prices for products and oil prices until 2010 the population of Central Asia can afford to increase their per capita income by more than 50-100 dollars. for the rahunok of new revealed genera. However, this money is not sufficient for the financial needs of the society, but the population of the region spends an average of 70% of their income on food 2 .
Table 2 - The pace of growth of the national economy.
|
Kazakhstan | |||||||
|
Kyrgyzstan | |||||||
|
Tajikistan | |||||||
|
Turkmenistan | |||||||
|
Uzbekistan |
Nutrition for the security of energy resources for the skin region, be it a country, for equal development and potency, you can evaluate the economic power of the powers. Central Asia is one of the world's most energy-rich regions. Uses an objective indicator-coefficient of self-sufficiency (SWR) Yakscho SWR< 1, страна импортирует энергоресурсы, если КСО >1, then the trade balance overrides exports. The countries of the country export one type of energy resources, import the other, but the SWR is the final result. Analysis of the dynamics of self-sufficiency in energy resources of the krai of Central Asia, showing that Kazakhstan (2), Turkmenistan (3.31) and Uzbekistan (1.1) are energetically independent. The self-sufficiency of other republics, especially Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, is still insufficiently low.
Table 3 - Energy resource potential of the Central Asian territories 1
|
Naphtha (million tons) |
Gas (billion cubic meters) |
Gas* (billion cubic meters) |
Vougillya (billion tons) |
Hydropower resources (billion kW-year/rіk) |
|||
|
Kazakhstan | |||||||
|
Turkmenistan | |||||||
|
Uzbekistan | |||||||
|
Kyrgyzstan | |||||||
|
Tajikistan | |||||||
|
Usyi for CA | |||||||
|
Misce near the world | |||||||
|
* - Stock, for the data of official bodies of the country, national companies |
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I will conduct the role of the volatility and the reduction of fire and energy resources (TER) in the region of the organically pale. The lands of Central Asia can be significantly diversified, although unevenly distributed across the territory of the energy resource base. In the whole region, the security of the region should be the first PER to be 1.72, so against 2000 r. (1.44) won significantly increased, more importantly with the help of a sharp increase in the number of PER in Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan. In this case, indicators of the security of the PER of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan were summed up between 0.58 and 0.35, which indicates the serious problems of these countries in the energy independence. Over 20% of the discovered light reserves of uranium fall on Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. Part of the Central African Republic in the structure of natural light exploration reserves of coal is close to 2%, for gas reserves - 4.5%. Exploited reserves of coal to increase more than 600 rokiv, oil - by 65 rokiv, natural gas - 75 rokiv. In this period, the region is more and more clearly identified as a potential supplier of carbohydrates in various directions and on various markets, moreover, there are no possible projects and export routes.
Rich reserves of fuel and energy resources in the distribution of uneven territories. So, from the discovery of the region's reserves of coal, Kazakhstan has 88.6%, oil - 86%. In Uzbekistan, vugillya - 4.9%. Gas reserves are more or less equally divided between Turkmenistan (43%), Uzbekistan (30%) and Kazakhstan (27%).
More than half of the total amount of energy savings in the Central Asian Republics (CAR) is accounted for by natural gas, about 3/4 of which is in Uzbekistan. Another place is occupied by the city of Vugill, close to 93% of the majority of which is located in Kazakhstan. Uzbekistan wins 38% of oil from the region, 34% is planted in Kazakhstan 3 .
Table 4 - Gas production in the regions of Central Asia and Russia
|
Vidobutok (billion m 3) | ||||||
|
Kazakhstan | ||||||
|
Turkmenistan | ||||||
|
Uzbekistan | ||||||
|
Dzherelo.BP World Energy Statistics, 2005 |
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The edges of Central Asia may, in their order, have significant reserves of water and energy resources, as they are distributed across the territories of the powers in the region unevenly. The region has 5.5% of the economically efficient hydropotential of the world. The total hydropower potential of the region will total 937 billion kW-year of electricity per river 4. A significant part of this potential (56.2%) is owned by Tajikistan, and this development is at a low level - 4.6%. Behind the indicator of the river hydropower potential, which falls on a single territory of the country, Kyrgyzstan (0.8 million kW-year/sq. km) and Tajikistan (3.7 million kW-year/sq. km) are especially affected.
At the borders of Kyrgyzstan, 25% of the wild runoff of the rivers to the Aral Sea basin is formed, Tajikistan - 43%, Uzbekistan - 10%, Kazakhstan - 2%, Turkmenistan - 1%. Vodnochas, spozhivannya water resources may reverse the picture. For the remaining ten years in Kyrgyzstan, for example, the average water consumption did not exceed 1%, in Tajikistan - 13%, in Kazakhstan - 11%, in Turkmenistan - 23% and in Uzbekistan - 39% of total water intake from the Sirdarya and Amudarya rivers. The transcordon stagnation of water resources is expressed in parts of the river runoff, which should be called, to become Kazakhstan - 42%, Turkmenistan - 94%, Uzbekistan - 77% 5 . In the energy balance of Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan, the base source is hydropower. In the structure of the variability of PER її it often becomes 77 and 96%, and in the structure of the slowdown 43 and 40% it is clear. The share of hydropower in the structure of the global regional fuel and energy balance is negligible - close to 3%. The share of hydroelectric power stations in the case of the installation of sweating by the sun according to the United Energy System (OES) of Central Asia reached 35%, in Kyrgyzstan - 79%, Tajikistan - 93%. Uzbekistan generates 52% of the total electricity supply. Kazakhstan є Completely Lanka in Lancer Gіdroenergetic Ta Melikorative Systems Sirdar' Hotel Basaine, Schorafully stitching Із by seasonal floodings of the pivotions of the regions of such a housing concentrics at the Litni Rіchuchi, Nestchalnaya Polyvinye, Litniy Perigod, Scho Zumovilo Vikonnyna Low Social Problems. So far, winning the economically efficient part of the region's hydropower potential has not yet exceeded 10%.
The energy crisis in the process of market reforms has seriously worsened the economic situation in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. In Tajikistan, the wines rose earlier, in Kyrgyzstan, in the rivers of the past, prote yogo traces for the economic systems of both republics are not exhaustive for the resources of the power resources of these lands. For whom, the nature of the crisis tsikh kraїnah rіzna. The main causes of the energy crisis in Tajikistan may have consequences hromada war. The other reasons are the inefficient use of energy resources, the low efficiency of stagnant technologies. In Kyrgyzstan, the causes of the crisis may be more important than the economic nature. One of the main causes of the current crisis is the ineffective policy of using water resources in the country to improve the natural flow of water.
In Kyrgyzstan, the rational use of hydroresources in the Toktogul reservoir can provide the generation of electricity and water for the rural needs. However, the transition of a balanced sovereign approach to the achievement of the main strategic resource of the country has led to the fact that the solution to the problem of a high level of investment in the internal reduction of energy resources, the sources of electricity have become more focused on calls.
Zagal vyznachennya nasledkіv sіtoї crizi in the krains of Central Asia is possible for the minds of suttєvih іnvestіtsіynyh infusions in galuzі, scho suffered the most during the crisis, with the improvement of the specificity of the skin region. Decreased obsyagіv zovnіshnіh іnvestitsіy і і і galuzі і є mіbіsh serёznoi problem. The political risks that are being saved do not add to the optimism about the investment viability of the region. Kazakhstan is the largest investor in the region. However, due to the collapsing internal political situation in 2010, the increase in direct investments from Kazakhstan to the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2009 rocked by 81.1%.
With all the rapid foreign investment in the modernization of hydrotechnical facilities, it can lead to a new energy crisis in the entire region, and the increase in pressure in the waterways between the suddnim powers. Henceforth, we need to think about the possibilities of integrating the relationship, uniting the lands of Central Asia for the solution of global regional problems. Uzgodzhenі dії is the most important official of the regional security and the necessary mental development of the pressures of the fuel and energy complex of the region, the promotion of energy self-sufficiency, the expansion of energy export potential, and economic investment.
With this region, there are great resources of invigorating energies, the introduction of which in the energy balance can become a significant contribution to the achievement of the development of the economy, a stable energy market, and the provision of prosperous environmental minds. In the lower republics, the trend of establishing new energy sources (BIE) is at the stage of development of National programs.
The most important concepts of the country region in the development of energy fields are to diversify the structure of the energy industry to the point of necessity, to expand the development of energy sources. As shown by the low performance, the share of WDEs in the energy balance until 2050 may become close to 18%, or more to stabilize instead of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.
In summary, the analysis of the potential energy resources in the krais of Central Asia reveals important problems that will require collective efforts in the krais of the region:
The Association of Water and Energy Resources, which has been operating for a decade in the region, has been operating a single energy system with a dominating role of hydropower in Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan and gas supply, the main suppliers of which is Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan;
Spivrobnitstvo in the sphere of ecology. As a result of the extensive exploitation of the now superfluous medium, the possibility of creation is increased;
Rational, efficient water supply of transcordon rivers. Vіd complex vіrіshennya tsієї problem to deposit socially, economically and environmentally well-being of the powers of Central Asia.
Key words: International energy agency, energy innovation, fuel and energy balance, energy resource deficit, hydro energy, solar energy, wind energy.
Literature.
1. Economy of Central Asia: prospects for mutual modality // "Kazakhstanskaya Pravda", - 2009. - 17.07. - P.25.
2. Bondzhovі D. Nafta and safety around the Caspian // Energiya to Kazakhstan - 2000. - No. 2 (8) - P.16.
3. Likhachov V. Central Asia pressing for gas // Svitova Energetika. - 2006. - No. 3 (27). - P.56-57.
4. Primbet S., Sabirov M. Regional energy integration-nadiyana new future investments//Al Pari.-2001.-No.1.-No.1.-S.18.
5. Mironenkov A., Sarsembekov T. Uzbekistan becoming closer// Svіtova ekonomika. - 2006. - No. 4 (28). - P.66.