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Protect water resources shortly. Basic methods of protection and purification of water resources. Extraordinary dzherela drinking water

Vyatka State Humanitarian University

LAW FACULTY

Control robot

at the lessons: Ecology

on the topic: Water resources and protection

3rd year students

part-time education

Faculty of Law, group U-2

Misharina Katerina Sergievna

living at the address: m.Siktivkar

vul.Magistralna, 35-6

Vikladach:____________________

Rating:______

Signature of the clerk: _____________

Date of revision « » __________ 200 rub.


Intro 3-4

1. Water resources and their role in the life of the household 5-6

1.1. Water resources of the world and Russia 7-8

1.2. Current watering station near water objects 9-10

2. Protection of waters from zabrudnennya

2.1. Dzherela that way zarudnennya waters 11-14

2.2. Self cleaning 15-16

2.3. Conservation of water resources from pollution 17-19

Visnovok 20

Bibliographic list 21

Entry

Water, you have no taste, no color, no smell.

It’s impossible for you to describe, they’ll be addicted to you, not knowing what you are like!

It is impossible to say what you need for life:

ti - life itself.

You are the greatest wealth in the world.

Antoine de Saint-Exupery

The hydrosphere is a part of the water shell of the Earth, a collection of seas, oceans, continental waters (including underground) and curves. The seas and oceans occupy about 71% of the earth's surface, they contain about 96.5% of the total hydrosphere. The total area of ​​all internal water and dry land should be less than 3% of the area. 1.6% of the water reserves near the hydrosphere fall before the ice floes, which makes close to 10% of the area of ​​the continents.

The most important power of the hydrosphere is the unity of all types of natural waters (the light ocean, land waters, water vapor in the atmosphere, underground waters), which affects the process of the water cycle in nature. The driving forces of this global process are the thermal energy of the Sun, which comes to the surface of the Earth, and the force of gravity, which ensures the movement of the natural waters of the species.

Viparovuvannya from the surface of the Light Ocean and from the surface of the land є cob lanka circle of water in nature, which ensures not only the renewal of the most valuable yogic component - fresh water, land, but їх high quality.

At this time, the provision of water for one person to doba in different lands is worth the world. In the lower part of the country, with a divided economy, a threat of a lack of water has ripened. The deficit of fresh water is growing in geometric progression. Proteo є promising dzherela fresh water - icebergs, populated by ice-makers of Antarctica and Greenland.

Tom actuality help with the problem of contamination of water objects (river, lakes, seas, ground waters). Without water, a person cannot live more than three days, but to learn all the importance of the role of water in life, all the same, he continues to exploit water objects, changing the natural regime with discounts and exits. Tissues of living organisms are 70% made up of water, and to that V.I. Vernadsky vyznav life as I live water. The water of the Earth is rich, but 97% is the salty water of the oceans and seas, and less than 3% is fresh. Of these, three quarters may be inaccessible to living organisms, but little of this water is “preserved” in the ice caps of the mountain and the polar caps (ice caps of the Arctic and Antarctic). Tse reserve fresh water. From the water available to living organisms, the main part is found in their tissues.

Metoyu given work є the maintenance of water resources, the manifestation of that significance of the ways in the solution of the problem їх rational victoria.


1. Water resources and their role in the life of the household

Water is the widest on the surface of the Earth chemically and water-wise. Vaughn is the only speech that sounds in nature at the same time in all three aggregate mills - solid, rare and gas-like. Water is a universal maker, it produces more salts from those other rivers, even if it is another river. Water may even more slowly expand when it freezes, why ice may be less than one and float on water, which is flooded under it at a rare phase, and water organisms do not freeze. Water is the heart of a chemical slab. Water is the most common among the surficial tensions, which induces high capillarity. Gas-like water - water vapor is lighter after a breath, for which reason it is possible to make a cloud, transferring water in the atmosphere and falling.

The meaning of water for the world is great. Water provides the basis of living organisms of the Earth and the development of processes of their life. Vaughn to enter the warehouse of clitin and fabrics, be-like creatures and growths. At the average, water becomes close to 90% of the mass of all growths and 75% of the mass of creatures. Composite reactions in creatures and growing organisms can proceed only for the presence of the water medium. The body of a grown man should take about 60-80% of the water. Physiological needs people by the water can be satisfied only with water and nothing else. The cost of 6-8% leads to a drunken state, 10% - to hallucinations, 12% - to cause death.

The climate and the weather on the Earth are rich in what lie and depend on the presence of water expanses and instead of water vapor in the atmosphere. In a folding relationship, the stench regulates the rhythm of thermodynamic processes, energizing the Sun. Oceans and seas with great heat capacity water serve as heat accumulators and buildings change the weather and climate on the planet. The ocean, rozchinyayuchi gas and atmosphere, є povitrya regulator.

In the activity of a person, water knows the widest zastosuvannya. Water is the material that wins in industry and enters the warehouse different types products and technological processes, acting in the role of heat transfer, serve for heating purposes. The force of the fall leads to the wind turbines of hydroelectric power plants. The water factor is the primary factor in the development and distribution of low industrial varieties. To the water bullies, Scho OrієєTuyuhu on the great Jerela Vodopostsharannya, add a bagato virobnitis of the HIMІNOCU, the Naftohіmіmіmі's industrialovostі, de Water to serve not Tіlki Dop Material Materialom, Alea One of the Multi-Town Viyiv Syrovini, and Torozelov Hellurgery, Chorna Torolova Metalurgiya, acta food industry.

The strong spirit of the people is due to the greatness of the great number of waters, we are ahead of the farming in the zroshuvana. Rivers, canals, lakes - cheap ways to get lucky. Water facilities are a source of support, improvement of people's health, sports, and tourism.


1.1. Water resources of the world and Russia

People need water for drinking and preparing food. Not so much water is needed for this - approximately 2.5-3 liters per person per person, but only 1 m3 per river. However, water is special, pitna. Before her, there are advances for the sake of cleanliness, she is not guilty of vengeance for healthy houses and pathogenic microbes.

Water is needed by people every day and for other purposes, it is also important to rationally and dbaily stained glass, the shards of the store on Earth are not so already without borders. As a resource of fresh water available to organisms on land, it is less necessary to constantly replenish water reserves near the ground, biomass, rivers and lakes, their total static total will be less than 0.014% of the total amount of water on the planet. The state's exploitation resources of fresh water are less, although they include underground water that is inaccessible to bioti. The largest reserves of fresh water are found in continental ice, the main rank of Antarctica.

The technosphere is no longer competing with the biosphere for the most accessible reservoirs of fresh water. The rivers, richly regulated by people, are an important source of water supply near the world. reservoirs from the deep area of ​​the mirror are about 500 yew. km2, which is larger for the area of ​​the Black Sea and the Azov Sea. Irreversible vitrata drive, which will end up with a major vipar, become 75%. Nearly 70% of the light water supply falls on the agricultural state, 13% - on the industry, 10% - on the utility and water consumption, 7% - on the power consumption of the water state (hydropower, ship navigation, ribne state and others).

In the drinking water supply of the population, the ninth daedals of greater importance begin to fill the underground dzherel. There, a water state was founded over 25% of the city of the world, the richness of the great ones. Most importantly, fresh water from the zones of active water exchange and artesian pools is wreaking havoc. Practically all the water that comes near the drinking water main will require special water treatment, so in case of high waters it is not difficult to blame the water due to the insufficient supply of water, but the water due to the low water quality. Zokrema, the industry of deep purification and bottling of water is growing rapidly. The problem of water viscosity is mainly related to man-caused silting of surface and often subterranean natural waters.

Russia may have large reserves of underground waters, their potential resource is estimated at 230 km3 per river, from which 60% falls on European part RF.


1.2. Current camp as a water source near water objects

The atmosphere was tense for the population of Russia with good sour drinking water. The main criterion for the quality of drinking water is to get healthy people. Neshkіdlіvіst vod bezpechuєtsya vіdsutnіstyu in nіy toxic and shkіdlivih for the organism houses. One of the reasons for the unsatisfactory quality of drinking water is the fermentation of surface waters. Today there are angry tons of industrial enterprises, wastewater from watering, and from the state-owned butovyh and sewage sewers and other settlements. Last day the rest of the years showed that the fourth skin test of water with water does not meet hygiene standards for sanitary and chemical characteristics and the third skin test for microbiological indications. The water of most of the surface dzherel water supply in Russia is characterized by calm and high level confused. Priority zabrudnyuvachami protyazh rich rokіv zalishayutsya organic spoluki, znazhenі speech, oil products, phenols, important metals and іn. Salmonella, enteroviruses and others are most often seen among the health workers in the water. The results of the monitoring of the quality of surface waters at the water intake sites are that in the given hour the concentrations of priority high-level chemical flows are already approaching the marginally permissible, and in some fluctuations, they can be overwhelmed. With such a situation, the possibility of removing acidic drinking water is sharply reduced, the shards of an essential water purification system practically do not secure the bar'ern's function of any chemical chemical speeches. The stench is in transit to get water. Today, practically all surfaces of the water reservoir over the level of turbulence have approached 3 class of clarity, and for the international classification - up to 4-5, with which the storage of spores and the technology of purification of the water are immutable. Traditsіyna tehnologіya pіdgotovki pitnoї Vod (koagulyatsіya, vіdstoyuvannya, fіltruvannya, znezarazhennya), scho zastosovuєtsya on vodoprovіdnih stantsіyah of rіchkovimi intakes, rozrahovana on bringing prirodnoї Vod to vimog pitnoї zgіdno dіyuchim of guests, Lachey for Minds zagalnoї nizkoї zabrudnenostі Vod that nasampered Toxicity Some of the elements. In the process of technological preparation of drinking water from surface water, when various reagents are ingested, chemical effects can be established, often more toxic, lower primary zabrudnyuvachi. The choice of modern methods of water analysis allowed to reveal over 700 organic samples in drinking water. Everywhere zastosuvannya at treatment stations at the technology of preparation of drinking water chlorine lead to the establishment of even unsafe organochlorine spills, as carcinogenic and mutagenic powers. In the next period of concentration, for example, chloroform in tap water 3-5 times exceed the boundary value. The same can be said about aluminum - speech, which gives a neurogenic effect on the body. In the course of the work, water with half-lights of aluminum instead of metal in drinking water, especially during the flood period and the color of the water, can be more abundant at 2 or more times. There is an important problem of yakіsnogo water supply - tse everywhere the deterioration of the sanitary and technical stand of rozpodіlnyh water supply lines, which is the reason for the secondary zabrudnennya in them drinking water. A picture has been drawn of the water supply and the quality of the drinking water, to be aware of those that the skin of us today is attacked on the side of the sig- nificant water tap. This fact does not mean that there is no doubt about the need for additional purification, as it would not only have been indicative of GOST, but also of the skin cells of our body.

lecture 6

TOPIC: Conservation of water resources

PLAN:

1. Leadership

2. Widening that mill

3. Svitovі store water

4. Water resources of Russia

5. The role of water in nature

6. Warehouse of natural water

7. Circle of water near nature

8. The problem of lack of fresh water

9. Regulation of rational choice and protection of water resources

10. Legal basis protection of water resources

11. Monitoring of water resources, water pollution and water pollution

The water reserves of the Earth are majestic, the stench makes the hydrosphere one of the hardest spheres of our planet. The hydrosphere, the lithosphere, the atmosphere and the biosphere are mutually related, penetrate alone into the world and change from the former, close mutual modality. Mustaches of the sphere have their warehouses to wash water. Water resources are formed from static (perennial) reserves and renewable resources. The hydrosphere unites the Light Ocean, seas, rivers and lakes, swamps, rates, reservoirs, polar and hydro ice floes, subterranean waters, soil water and pari atmosphere.

1. Leadership

Water is chemically half-water and sour (H2O), homeland without smell, relish, color (blakitna in such balls); thick 1 g/cm3 at a temperature of 3.98 °C. At 0°C water turns into ice, at 100°C - into steam. Molecular water lead 18.0153. According to the chemical warehouse, you can use the representations by the formula H2On with the value P, Not all water molecules are the same: the order of the most important molecules is 18, present milk, 21 and 22.

Water is a unique language for its physical and chemical powers. The polarity of the molecules of the leader and the presence of the "water" links between them signifies a unique power. The thickness of the water is greatest at a temperature of 3.98 ° C, cool down further until it turns into ice and is accompanied by a change in the thickness. The change in the obligation to expand the expansion is carried out when the ice is melted (tanned). Letkіst water is small. The water has an abnormally high heat of fusion and heat capacity, when ice is melted, the heat capacity increases more than two. The heat capacity of water with temperature rises up to 27 ° changes, and then starts growing again. The viscosity of water (at temperatures from 0 to 30 ° C) changes with the increase in pressure.


2. Widening that mill

Water is the widest mouth of the Earth. It exists in three phases: gas-like (steam water), rare and solid. Disperse atmospheric water, superficial (hydrosphere) and subterranean.

In the atmosphere, water bubbles up in a steam-like camp in a porous shell, which leaves the Earth, in a mottled-raid camp - in the gloomy, fogs that look like a board, solid - in looking at the snow, hail and crystal ice of high gloom.

In a rare country, water is found near the hydrosphere: water of oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, pains, rates and reservoirs. At a solid camp, water near the ice that snow is found beside the poles of the planet, on the mountain peaks, narrow water covers the basins in significant areas. IN mountain breeds the lithosphere water streaks at the sight of the bet. Basic capillary, gravitational, crystallization water.

3. Svitovі store water

The total area of ​​the oceans and seas is 2.5 times larger than the land area, and the total water on the Earth is 1.5 109 km3. Over 95% water - saline. The ocean of light covers an area of ​​361 million km2, which makes up 70.8% of the Earth's surface. With an average ocean depth of 3800 m, hot water reaches 1370 million km3. During the development of resources of underground waters, it is important that 0.5% of water is located at the Earth's mantle, which will be approximately 13-15 billion km3 of water. The possible tide of deep waters near the earth's crust and the surface of the planet becomes an average of 1 km3 per river. With an average absolute volume of the Earth of 3.5 billion years, about 3.3 billion km3 are to blame. The volume of free water near the earth's crust (underground water) estimated at 60 million km3.

4. Water resources of Russia

Russia is washed by the waters of 12 seas, which lie on three oceans. On the territory of Russia there are over 2.5 million large and small rivers, over 2 million lakes. The water resources of Russia are made up of static (age) and recurring ones. The first ones are vvazhayutsya visibly by the late stretch of the thriving hour, the replenishment of water resources is estimated by the river runoff. The river stack is formed for the ray of rain from the snow and the wood fall, swamps and underground water serve as the sources of life for the river.

focus on specific mind, dzherela that causes confusion;

science obґvartovanіst and nayavnіst dієvogo control over the efficiency of water protection entrances.

The most important technological advances protection of water resources - thorough technologies of virobnitstv, vikoristannya of non-viable technologies. In the given hour, the reverse water supply system is stagnant, or the water is recycled.

Shards vanish in the midst of the muddy waters, it is impossible to get stuck in biotechnical water conservation for the purification of sewage waters from the muddy waters. The main methods of purification are mechanical, chemical and biological.

With mechanical cleaning sewage waters of non-separated houses are seen for help with grates, sieves, grease traps, oil pastes and so on. Mechanical purifications are allowed to pump water from unresolved houses by 60-95%.

With chemical cleaning zastosovuyutsya reagents, scho translate rozchinnі chovini in nerazchinnі, pov'yazuyut їх, take in the log and remove zі stіchnyh waters, yakі cleared by 25-95%.

Biological purification carried out in two ways. The first among natural minds is on specially prepared fields of filtration (growing) with maps, main and sub-channels. Purification is carried out in a natural way by filtering the water through the soil. Organic filtrate is succumbing to bacterial distribution, infusing sour, sleepy changes and vicoristing far away like kindness. There is also a cascade of pond sedimentation ponds, at some natural path water is self-purified. The other is an accelerated method of purification of sewage waters carried out at special biofilters through porous materials with gravel, crushed stone, sand and expanded clay, the surface of which is covered with a slick of microorganism. The process of purification of sewage waters in biofilters is more intensive, lower in the fields of filtration.

In this day and age, it is practically impossible to do without cleansing spores, and all the ways are designated to stagnate in the complex. Tse gives a good effect.

9. Regulation of rational choice and protection of water resources

The protection of waters is regulated by the legislation of the Russian Federation on water (underground waters, like brown copalins, and water objects) and water legislation, and navit low level and dominant regulatory acts (instructions, regulations, basic and state regulations). Water legislation filed by the Water Code Russian Federation(Listopad 1995) and adopted by federal laws and other normative legal acts, as well as laws and normative legal acts of the subjects that regulate water blues. The water legislation of the Russian Federation regulates water in the sphere of victory and the protection of water objects with the method:

ensuring the rights of the hulks to clean water, that friendly middle ground;

podtrimki optimal minds water collection;

pіdtrimki yakostі surfnnevyh and pіdzemnih vіdznіh vіdіv vіd stanі, scho vіdpovіdaє sanitary і ekologichnіchny vimogami;

protection of water objects in the form of zabrudnennya, zasmіchennya that vysnazhennya;

zabіgannya chi liquidation of the sloppy influx of waters, as well as the conservation of the biological diversity of water ecosystems.

The Law “On Nadra” (Luty 1992) regulates the flow of blue, tied to geological vines, victoria, and the protection of underground waters like brown kopalin. Vіn "to avenge the legal and economic foundations of a complex rational victoria and protect the overhead, which will protect the interests of the powers that be of the population of the Russian Federation, as well as the coristuvachiv overhead."

Vimogi to the quality of drinking waters can be held at the approved standards of the maximum permissible concentrations (GDK) of speeches in water, standards of water quality, compliance with GOSTs, Technical Minds, Vimogi. Before them one can see: GOST 2874-82 “Pitna water. Hygiene help and control over the acidity”, “Sanitary rules and norms for the protection of surface waters from zabrudnennya” (SanPіN 4630-88). Sanitary rules and norms were laid down by “Wimogah to the point of leading non-centralized water supply. Sanitary protection of dzherel "(Sanitary rules and norms for drinking water, SanPiN 2.1.4.544-96); "Drinking water. Hygienic conditions for water quality in centralized systems of drinking water supply. Quality control" (SanPiN 2.1.4.559-96).

The guest handed over a system of certification of drinking water, materials, technological processes, and the possession that is to be established at the state-owned drinking water supply. The main provisions were approved by the decree of the Derzhstandart of Russia and the Derzhkomsanepidnaglyad of Russia (28.04.1995, No. 8/5).

Koristuvannya waters are regulated by licenses, which may have a permissible character. The rights of the obligation of the vlasnik by the water object, the terms and the terms of the yogo vikoristannya are just discussed in the “Regulations on the procedure for licensing the coronation of overdrafts” (approved by the decree of the Minister of the Russian Federation in 15.07.92 No. 000-1), in Іnіnі on the procedure for licensing the requisitioning of nadras "to the lichens of nadras, which are given for the collection of underground waters, as well as other underground kopalins, entered into the category of liquor" (registered in the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation. Registration number 24.05.83).

Yakosti control and protection of surface waters. The surface waters (water reservoirs and rivers) are the most shilling to the point of confusion and shkodi. For the tribute of the Sovereign dopovіdі "About the camp dovkilla Russian Federation "(1998), in the surface water of Russia they are thrown off (yew. tons on the river): naphthoproducts 39.4, phosphorus - 60, phenol - 0.22, surface active waters (PAR) - 8.9, midi - 0 .9, zaliza - 51.2, zinc - 1.6. The scorching flow of sewage waters, thrown off at the surface water, stretches the remaining ten years with a streak of rock to become 50-60 km3. Petroleum products, phenols, organic speech, which are easily oxidized, semi-metals, ammonium and nitrite nitrogen, as well as specific slurries of speech - lignin, xanthogenates, formaldehyde and other. already with the widest third-party rivers in the surface waters.

The density of the river waters of the main water arteries of Russia is estimated in the middle as zabrudnen: near the Volz and її tributaries, the water is zabrudnen, near the Otsі it is strongly zabrudnen, near the Don and Terek it is from brudnaya to supra-symmetric brudnoї, near the Dnipro - from slightly zabrudnennoї to brudnoї.

Until the surface waters are due to zastosovuvatsya at the highest form, all come in to protect their own kind of wandering and exile. The surface waters are still the main source of drinking waters, but with a happy lanka with underground waters, there are enough reserves of fish resources in them. . Tse transition to bezvіdkhodnі tekhnologii ї promyslovіstі and silskomu gosudarstvo, as well as zhorstka purifying sewage waters.

Watch out for the yakistyu and the protection of underground waters. The reasons for the increase in the density and the muddiness of the underground waters are due to the activity of industrial enterprises (37%), the strong (16%) and the housing and communal (10%) statehood, as well as the flood of various objects of nature (9%), the supply of non-conditioning water in case of disrupted operation of water intakes (13%)

The main rivers, which increase the viscosity and ferment underground water, є: sulphate, chloride, half nitrogen (nitrate, nitrity, ammonia and ammonium), oil products, phenols, half-liza, important metals (copper, zinc, lead, cadmium, nickel and RT . ). The middle 28% of the revealed pits of confusion in the place of the more significant speeches change between 10-100 GDK, the middle 12% - exceed 100 GDK.

The decrease in the density and the muddiness of the underground waters, like before, zdebіlshoy wear a local character and is mainly intermingled with the rozmirs of the dzherel zabrudnennya. Less than 10% of the total area of ​​fires covers an area that covers 10 km2. The great midlands of degraded and muddled underground waters, like before, are abandoned in the Murmansk and Leningrad regions. Unsafe pits are found in Moscow and Perm regions, near the borders of mine fields in the brown vugill of the Tulsk region and oil genera in the Republic of Tatarstan, near the districts of Volgograd, Volzky, Krasnodar, Orenburg, Magnitogorsk, Usolye-Siberovka, Komerovskaya Tabir The greatest ecological problem is to become degraded and muddled underground waters at the water intakes of the drinking water supply, as it was noted at 90 places and villages, at 600 water intakes.

Come in to protect the underground waters from the sights and zabrudnennya are divided into prophylactic and special, zagalny and specific. Before preventive visits appear like this:

the last choice of the place of development of the object that will be, the anthropogenic inflow of some kind on the underground water will be minimal;

equipping with vіdpovіdnim obladnannyam and dotrimannya zones of sanitary protection;

appearance of the level of protection of underground waters;

dotrimannya mode of operation, assigned regulatory documents that expertise of the Sovereign Commission from the Reserves (DKZ);

organization and monitoring of underground waters. One of the most important preventive approaches is the creation of zones of sanitary protection (ZZG), as regulated by the Regulations on the procedure for designing and operating zones of sanitary protection of dzherel water supply and water supply systems of state and drinking status. The water protection zones are composed of three belts, with special entrances at some of them to reduce the turbidity of underground waters. The first belt of water protection zones is the belt of the harsh regime. Vіn includes the territory, on the distribution of water intake, water supply and water supply systems. Between the belts are installed like a fence with a windy wall of 30-50 m in the form of spores fallow in the degree of natural protection of the aquifer. Shore (іnfіltratsіynih) vodozabіrnih sporud before inter pershit belt vklyuchaєtsya entire teritorіya mіzh rіchkoyu that vodozabіrnimi sporudami, ale not bіlshe 150 m. Here zaboronenі All types budіvnitstva scho not mayutsya vіdnoshennya to ekspluatatsії vodozabіrnoї sporudi, zdіysnyuyutsya planuvannya that vіdvedennya poverhnevogo drain, strict control behind the camp led that protection of the territory. The other and third belts of water protection zones are the belts of the boundary. The stench is recognized for the protection of subterranean waters from microbial (other belt) and chemical (third belt) pollution. The areas of the zones are determined by the time it takes to spread out some pathogenic organisms, and the chemical agents are adsorbed and neutralized.

In another and third belts, life is fenced, storage of inputs, accommodation of enterprises of industry and the agricultural state. Control over the improvement and sanitary camp of the territory is constantly being established.

Special visit from the protection of underground waters in the form of straggling directing to the isolation of the dzherel and pits of the straggling, the bridging of the straggling waters. When the waters are drained, come in piece replenishment and increase the life of the underground waters. Necessary timely expansion and zastosuvannya zastosuvannya zakhodіv shkodo utilization of mine and drainage waters, zahodіv, scho vykoryutnya vіsnih vіsnih vodov tehnіchіchnі consumption, zdbaylivy vtrachannya vod, izmenshenya vtrat її її її її її rozdіlі podіlі.

Such a rank, police officers include: Zagalni. Come in: Suvoron Dotrimannya lawsmiths, smelting of the Vіdkhodіv, Splanyovnya Vikrobniktv - і Specnі: Bagatoze Vicerbanist Waters, Budіvnitvo Spoorud, Dotrimanny Rules Pіd Hour Roshvytaki Waters, Budіvnikv.

Yakіst and protection of the waters of the seas and the Light Ocean. In the rest of the hour, the great anxiety calls out the straying of the seas and the Light Ocean in a haze (background straggling). The main sources of pollution are industrial and industrial water (60% of large cities are located near the coastal areas), naphtha and petroleum products, radioactive speech. Particularly unsafe contamination with naphtha and radioactive rechovina. Subsidiaries of seaside towns discharge thousands of tons of fresh, sounding, untreated wastewater by the sea, sewage drains. By the sea, muddy river waters vine. Naphtha and oil products are consumed by water after washing tanks, tanks, from which naphtha is transported. A large amount of oil is consumed in the ocean and seas in case of accidents of tankers, oil pipelines at oil fields, during the development and exploitation of oil deposits near the continental shelf zone. In case of accidents in the oil wells, thousands of tons of oil are thrown out to the sea.

Entanglement is the cause of the death of sea creatures: crustaceans, waterfowl, seals. Vіdomi vіpadki died close to 30 yew. sea ​​rocking, mass death sea ​​stars on the cob of the 1990s. at the White Sea. Quite a few fluctuations in closed beaches near the link with unsafe concentrations of straying rivers near sea water, resulting in numerous accidents of ships transporting naphtha and oil products.

Contamination of the waters of the Light Ocean with radioactive rivulets is observed after testing the atomic bomb. The area of ​​infection after sampling can reach 2.5 million km2. Accidents of nuclear submarines, ships with nuclear reactors, without a hitch, are also important sources of radioactive contamination of significant areas of the sea and oceans. The 1980s are rocky. it was practiced to bury radioactive emissions from containers, as they threw them off at the greatest depths of the ocean. Svіtova hromadskіst resisted tsomu dosit away. Contaminate the sea water to bring up the concentration of radioactive speeches in the roslins and creatures in the lances of life. Vіdomi vipadki, if the concentration of radioactive speech on the tops of the trophic pyramids outweighed the background more than 50 yew. razіv.

Steps of muddled sea water lead a significant world to lie in the face of setting up the problems of powers, which are between the seas and oceans. All internal and marginal seas of Russia are aware of the straining anthropogenic pressure, including the numerical planning and emergency dropping of straying rivers. Rivne zabrudnennya Russian seas (for the wine of the White Sea), for the tribute of the Sovereign dopovіdі "About the camp of the most important middle of the Russian Federation", in 1998. having replaced HDK with carbohydrates, important metals, mercury, phenols, surface active substances (surfactants) in an average of 3-5 times.

Come in to protect the waters of the seas and the Light Ocean, succumbing to the reasons for the decrease in the quality of the waters and the muddiness of the waters. Particularly come in for the zabrudnennya zarudnennya morskoi vod slud perebachat during the discovery and development of naphtha and gas deposits on the continental shelves. It is necessary to make a fence for the burial of toxic speeches in the ocean, to save a moratorium on the testing of nuclear weapons under water. Following the vzhivat shvidkih zahodіv shkodo liquidation of nasledkіv accidents and catastrophes, for which toxic products are consumed in the ocean. The problem of protecting the waters of the Light Ocean is global, it is a matter of concern to all regions of the planet. For the protection of the waters of the Light Ocean, the sepsis of all the lands of the svіtovoї spіlnoty, the UN and її podrosdilіv will be needed. In a significant world, you can come in mothers of success for the participation of powers in international environmental programs, as if they were promoted by international conventions and international interests.

10. Legal basis for the protection of water resources

The 1990s are rocky. Russia has made serious changes in the organizational and functional structure of ministries and departments responsible for the mineral and syrovine base of Russia. Unfortunately, before 1999. the structure has not yet developed its completed development. In the sphere of nature conservation and protection of natural resources, coordination is carried out by the Ministry natural resources(MPR) of the Russian Federation (for the purposes of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, water and water facilities are the subject of joint jurisdiction of the Russian Federation, including the Ministry of Natural Resources and sub'єkti of the Federation).

Vydpovidno until the decision of the Order of the Russian Federation on 17.05.97 No. 000 of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia for the participation of federal bodies in the development of the main directives state policy in the sphere of victory, protection and creation of natural resources. The head of the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia also includes: development and implementation of state-sponsored central programs to win and protect natural resources; preparation of proposals for the improvement of stately legislation; development of regulatory and methodological documents on how to win and protect natural resources. The Ministry of Natural Resources takes decisions on nutrition and forecasts of changes in natural wealth. It was decided to slow down the reform of the territorial bodies and the creation new systems management sovereign fund over the water fund (structural rebudova).

For 1999 The main legislative and regulatory acts that regulate the protection of water resources are: the Law of the Russian Federation “On Nadra”, the Law of the Russian Federation “On the Protection of the Natural Environment” and the Water Code of the Russian Federation.

At the project level, at the various stages of discussion and further development, there are such legislative acts: “On licensing the acquisition of overdrafts”, “On inland waterways, the territorial sea and the adjacent zone of the Russian Federation”. The main resolutions were adopted to the Order of the Russian Federation on water supply, projects of which were prepared by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia: “On the approval of the Regulations for the state monitoring of water facilities”, , providing licenses for water supply and ordering licenses”, “On the approval of the Regulations on the establishment of sovereign control over victories and the protection of water objects”, “On the procedure for the operation of reservoirs”. The draft decree of the ranks “On the concept of state policy in the sphere of innovation, victory and protection of natural resources” is being carried out at the discretion of ministries and government committees. Introduced in the normative international act "Classification of operational reserves and predictive resources of underground waters"; sublegal regulatory (explaining) acts: "Instruction on the order of the weather and giving licenses for water collection on surface water objects", "Methodological recommendations for state registration of licenses for water collection...".

Peace of mind in the closet of the protection of the navkolyshny middle ground is enshrined in the Program for the implementation of the “Order of the Day for the 21st Century”, adopted at the UN Conference on the navkolishnyy middle ground and development in Rio de Janeiro (1992). Russia is taking an active part in the UN Program for the Commonwealth (UNEP), ensuring the need for international treaties (conventions and conventions): about wetlands, which may have international significance; protection and preservation of transcordon watercourses and international lakes; from the defense of the sea middle to the area of ​​the Baltic Sea; іz zahistu of the Black Sea vіd zabrudnennya; how to zabіgannya zarudnennya sea skids of inputs and other materials. Russia is implementing the project “Complex management of the nautical environment of the Volga-Caspian region”, projects of federal government programs are being developed: “Creation of the single state system of environmental monitoring”, “Complex management of the coastal zones of the Black and Azov Seas ...”, “Complex management of the coastal zones of the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov ...”, ”, “Improvement of the population of the Kemerovo region”, “Revival of the Volga”, “Ocean of light”, “Ecological safety of the Urals”, “Creation and development of the YDSEM (decree of the Council of the Russian Federation in 01.01.01 r. No. 000).

11. Monitoring of water resources, water pollution and water pollution

Monitoring - tse system of guardianship and control over the state of the environment with the method of expanding the approach to rationalization of the recovery of natural resources, the protection of the most important natural environment, the advancement of critical situations, the spontaneous assessment will become the forecast of changes, including anthropogenic ones. There are such types of monitoring: global (biospheric), geophysical, climatic, environmental, biological, natural and geological environment and other. Outside the territory of okhoplennya - international, state, regional, national, local, impact. For the methods of follow-up - remote and non-intermediate. According to the objects of caution - the most natural environment, soils, biological resources of dry land, forests, underground waters and other.

Under the monitoring of water resources, a system of non-stop (in-line) and integrated water resource management, control of the appearance of the calculus and the characteristics of the hour, mutually instilled and change of calm authorities, as well as a system for forecasting the savings and development of different modes of vikoristannya. The elements of this system have long been studied by the ministries and departments of the natural resource complex. Systematic care for the camp of the water resources and the water fund is carried out by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia and Roshydromet. On the territory of the Russian Federation, a system of state monitoring of the geological environment (GMGS) was fired up, as well as a block of "underground water" as a control. The GMGS system includes about 15 thousand. points of caution, as a practical placement in all regions of the country. The main tasks of the GMGS: managing the structure on the regional level, providing information about the flow mill of the geological middle (including underground water) and forecasting changes under the influence of natural and man-made factors, maintaining a specialized data bank. An important element of the system State Bank digital geological information (GBCGI).

Sovereign monitoring of water objects (Roshydromet monitors at 4 thousand points - on rivers, lakes and reservoirs) includes surface water on land, seas, water supply systems and spores (including reservoirs).

The object of monitoring of the most natural environment is the assessment of its density and level of fermentation necessary mind for the adoption of scientifically grounded solutions for the efficiency of environmental protection. Vіdpovіdno to the Law of the Russian Federation "On the protection of the most important natural environment" (1991) organizational structure In order to ensure the monitoring of the monitoring, the State Guard Service for the camp of the most important natural environment (DSP) of Roshydromet has become. The service is made up of low systems, including the watch for the muddiness of the sea middle (602 watch points), the watch for the muddy surface waters (120 watch objects for hydrobiological indicators, 1132 watch for hydrochemical indicators).

NUTRITION FOR SELF-CONTROL

1. Tell how the water of the Earth is divided. How can it matter?

2. How does the circulation of water on the planet and what kind of injection of wine is given to natural processes?

3. What is the warehouse of fresh water?

4. Why are there shortages of fresh water in different regions of the Earth?

5. What are the most common vicarious varieties of water?

6. What kind of speeches, which are wandering with water, are the most unsafe and why?

7. How can you name rіven zabrudnennya water?

8. What does “self-purifying water” mean?

9. What are the methods of purification of waste waters?

10. What is the meaning of underground waters? How do you fight with them in such vipadkas?

11. What is the reason for the discharge of underground waters?

12. How does the muddy waters of the Light Ocean and the inner seas look like?

Marveling at our planet from the heights of the cosmic expanses, one immediately asks for the installation of a black sack, as if covered with water. Continents at this hour are formed as small islands in this boundless ocean. Wholly natural, even if water occupies 79.8% of the surface, and falls on land - 29.2%. The water shell of the Earth is called the hydrosphere, which should be 1.4 billion m 3 .

Water resources and their recognition

Water resources- garni for victoria in the state waters, rivers, lakes, canals, reservoirs, seas and oceans. These include underground water, soil water, swamps, ice-floes, as well as atmospheric water steam.

Water vinyl on the planet about 3.5 billion years ago looked like a bet that was seen in the process of mantle degassing. Today, water is the most important element in the biosphere of the Earth, even if it cannot be replaced by anything. During the recent feast, water resources have ceased to be respected by the borders, even if they are far away sprinkle salty water.

Designation of water resources- support the life of all living things on Earth (people, grown-ups and creatures). Water is the basis of all living things and the main source of sourness in the process of photosynthesis. Water takes part in climate change - absorbing heat from the atmosphere, so that it helps yoga, thereby regulating climate processes.

Varto would guess that the waters of the dzherel play an honorable role in the appearance of our planet. People always settled near the water or the water. In this rank, the water conjures up the mind. Among the scientists, there is a hypothesis that the yakbi of the Earth was the leader, then the vision of America was transferred to the sprat of a century. And Australia would be unseen today.

See water resources

Like it's already been said water resources- Tse all store water on the planet. But on the other side, water is the widest and most specific soils on Earth, even if only it can be found in three countries (rare, gas-like and solid).

Water resources of the Earth are accumulated:

  • surface water(Oceans, seas, lakes, rivers, swamps) - the most common source of fresh water, ale rich for those that are scattered on the surface of the Earth unevenly. So, in the equatorial belt, as well as in the peninsular part of the pomor belt, water is overbuyable (25 thousand m 3 per river per person). And the tropical continents, which are 1/3 of the land, are more acutely aware of the shortage of water reserves. Vyhodyachi z such a situation, the strong state they develop less for the mind of a piece of money;
  • underground waters;
  • created by piece of water by people;
  • ice builders and snowmen (the water of the ice builders of Antarctica, the Arctic and the snow peaks of the mountain froze). Here is the largest part of the fresh water. However, the reserves are practically inaccessible to the victoria. If all the ice-makers spread across the Earth, then the whole ice covered the earth with a ball of 53 cm curls, and having melted yogo, by the same token, we lifted the river of the Light Ocean by 64 meters;
  • vologa, what to take place in roslins and creatures;
  • steam-like atmosphere mill.

Conservation of water resources

The total volume of the hydrosphere is against its own quantity, however, less than 2% of the figure becomes fresh water, moreover, only 0.3% is available for the majority. Vcheniy bli podrakhovanі resources of fresh water, yakі nebhіdnі vsomu people, creatures and roslins. It appears that the reserves of water resources on the planet are only 2.5% of the water required.

The whole world has about 5 thousand. m3, with more than half of the compressed water going irrevocably. The water resources savings have the following characteristics:

  • the agricultural state - 63%;
  • water supply industry - 27% of the total number;
  • utility bills take 6%;
  • reservoirs save 4%.

Few people know that in order to produce 1 ton of wheat, 10 thousand tons of water are required, for 1 ton of wheat - 1500 tons of water, the production of 1 ton of steel requires 250 tons of water, and 1 ton of paper requires no less than 236 thousand tons of water .

A person is obliged to save at least 2.5 liters of water per day, but in the middle of the day, a person stained glass near the great city is not less than 360 liters of water, shards in the qiu figure should be included in all victorious waters, including watering the street, mittya transport and navinya later.

On the basis of which the conservation of water resources does not end. For example, water transport and the process of breeding like sea and fresh fish. Moreover, for the breeding of ribs, pure water is needed, full of sourness and without a lot of shkidlivyh houses.

The majestic butt of the victory of water resources in the recreational zone. There are no such people, like a bi, it was not appropriate to give water to a basin, to relax, to bathe. In the world of mayzha, 90% of recreational zones are located near water bodies.

The need to protect water resources

Vrahovoyuchi situation, which has developed, you can sprout visnovok, scho water vmagaє careful setting to itself. In this hour, you can save the supply of water resources in two ways:

  • speed of recovery of fresh water;
  • creation of modern collections of the greatest quality.

Conservation of water near the dams borders the її stіk near the ocean of light. Take care of the water under the earth and protect it from evaporation. The spore of the canals is easily able to supply water delivery without penetrating into the ground. Thinking people and new ways of growing the agricultural land, allow the territory to be freed, vicarious waters.

Ale skin from overexploited more ways really pour into the biosphere. The system of reservoirs, for example, does not allow the formation of native mulish deposits, the channels cover the top of the ground water. Therefore, today one of the most effective ways to save water resources is the purification of waste water. Science does not stand on the ground in this plan and in different methods and allows you to save money or eliminate up to 96% of shkidlivih speeches.

The problem of water pollution

The growth of the population, the growth of the growth of that rural state ... The data of the factori took away the lack of fresh water. Dodatkovo to the full growth of a part of the fermented water resources.


Main dzherela zabrudnennya:

  • industrial stocks;
  • stіchnі vody communal routes;
  • drain from the watering (maytsya on the water, if the stench is oversaturated with chemicals and fertilizers;
  • burial of radioactive speeches with water;
  • effluents, yakі vіd tvarinnytskiyh kompleksіv (water is characterized by excessive biogenic organic matter);
  • shipping.

Nature transfers self-purification with water. It is worth paying attention to plankton in the water, drinking ultraviolet changes in the water, settling inconsistent particles. Alas, it’s a pity that there is more zabrudnennya and nature is not able to get into such a mass of shkidlivih speeches on its own, like giving water resources to people that її diyalnіst.

Extraordinary dzherela drinking water

In the rest of the hour, the people thought about it, like a vicarist of non-traditional water resources. The axis of the main ones:

  • tow icebergs from the Arctic and Antarctica;
  • carry out desalination of sea waters (actively vicorate at the same time);
  • condense atmospheric water.

With the method of obtaining fresh water, the path of desalination of salt on maritime courts install refreshing stations. In the dark, the world already has close to hundreds of such units. Kuwait is the world's largest cultivator of this kind.

For an hour, fresh water has gained the status of light goods, and it is necessary to move long-distance water pipelines from tankers. Such a scheme is successful for such direct lines:

  • to the Netherlands water comes from Norway;
  • Saudi Arabia is taking a resource from the Philippines;
  • Singapore imports from Malaysia;
  • pumping water from Greenland and Antarctica to Europe;
  • The Amazon transports water to Africa.

One of the remaining achievements is the installation of additional thermal nuclear reactors to be installed overnight for the desalination of sea water and the generation of electricity. Given the price of one liter of water, the cost is not rich, but the productivity of such installations can be great. Water, which has passed through such a path, is recommended to be recycled for watering.

Reservoirs can help to overcome the shortage of fresh water, regulating the river flow. Over 30,000 reservoirs have been sprouted around the world. In the rich countries, there are projects to redistribute the river runoff at the sight of the river flow. And most of these programs were found out through environmental protection mirkuvannya.

Water resources of the Russian Federation

Our country has a unique water resource potential. Prote head їхній nedolіk - supra-primary їхній nerіvnomіrny rozpodіl. So, if the Pivdenniy and the Far-East Federal Districts of Russia are equal, then for the magnitude of the local water resources, the stench is one in 30 times, and for water supply - in 100 times.

Rivers of Russia

Rozmirkovuyuchi about the water resources of Russia, nasampered, next designate the rivers. Їх obsyag become 4270 km 3. There are 4 water pools on the territory of Russia:

  • the seas of Pivnіchnogo and Icy Ocean, as well as the great rivers that flow into them (Pivnіchna Dvina, Pechora, Ob, Yenisey, Olena, Kolima);
  • the seas of the Pacific Ocean (Amur and Anadir);
  • the seas of the Atlantic Ocean (Don, Kuban, Neva);
  • the inner basin of the Caspian Sea and the Volga and the Urals.

Oskilki in the central regions, the population density is greater, lower, for example, near Siberia it is possible to bring up small rivers and wandering around with a haze.

Lakes and swamps of Russia

Half of all fresh waters fall on the lakes. There are about 2 million people on the territory of the country. Of them are great:

  • Baikal;
  • Ladozka;
  • Onezka;
  • Taymir;
  • Khanka;
  • Chani;
  • Ilmen;
  • Bile.

I would especially like to plant a trail to Lake Baikal, even though 90% of our fresh water reserves are stored in the new one. In addition, since the lakes are the largest on earth, they are characterized by a unique ecosystem. Also, Baikal is included in the list of natural heritage of UNESCO.

The lakes of the Russian Federation vikoristovuyut for іrigatsії that yak dzherela for water supply. Deyakі z pererahovanyh lakes mayut decent stock of likuvalnyh mud and therefore zastosovuyut іz metoyu recreation. So, like for rivers, for lakes, a characteristic nerіvnomіrny їх rozpodіl. The main rank of the stench is in the Pvnіchno-Zahіdnіy part of the marvel (Kola Pivostrіv and the Republic of Karelia), the Ural region, Siberia and Transbaikalia.

The swamps of Russia also play an important role, wanting a lot of people to be placed before them with disrespect, draining them. Such podії lead to the death of all great ecosystems, and the rivers cannot self-purify themselves with a natural path. More swamps to revive the rivers, act as their control object under the hour of floods and again. І, obviously, swamps are a dzherelom of peat reserves.

Expand data on the elements of water resources in the Pivnichny Zahodі and Pivnіchno-Central part of Siberia, the total area of ​​the bog on the territory of Russia to become 1.4 million km 2.

Yak bachimo, Russia has a great water resource potential, but don’t forget about the balance of water given resource, It is put up to a new dbaylivo, even an anthropogenic factor, the greatness of the situation leads to the fertilization of the water resources.

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As if marveling at our planet from outer space, then the Earth is given a blaky sack, heavily covered with water. And the continents, instead of small islands near the inexhaustible ocean. Vono understood. Water occupies 70.8% of the total surface of the planet, and less than 29.2% is left on land. Vodna shell Our planet is called the hydrosphere. Її totaled 1.4 billion cubic meters.

Water appeared on our planet about 3.5 billion years ago, looking like it was the result of mantle degassing. At this time, water is tse sami important element in the biosphere of the Earth, oskolki її cannot be replaced by anything. Luckily, the water resources are invaluable, the shards of the past knew how to desalinate the salty waters.

Golovne recognition of water as a natural resource - supporting the life of all living things - roslyn, creatures and people. Vaughn is the basis of all living things on our planet, the main post-head of sourness in the most important process on Earth - photosynthesis.

Water is the most important factor in climate change. Claying heat from the atmosphere and giving it back, water regulates climate processes.

It is impossible not to recognize the role of water gerels in the change of our planet. People slowly settled by water and water. Water serve as one of the main benefits of recovery. It is clear that the scientists think that our planet was succumbing to dry land, then, for example, America was supposed to be a hundred years old. And about Australia, we would hardly have known about the nearest fates 300.

See the water resources of the Earth

Water resources of our planet - save all water. But water is one of the widest and most unique fields on Earth, rocks are present in three countries: rare, solid and gas-like. Therefore, the water resources of the Earth:

. Surface water (oceans, lakes, rivers, seas, swamps)

. Underground water.

. Pieces of water.

. Ice builders and snowmen (the water of ice builders in Antarctica, the Arctic and highlands froze).

. Water, which is found in roslins and creatures.

. Atmospheric steam.

The remaining 3 points are considered to be potential resources, so that people have not yet learned how to win.

Fresh water - naytsіnіsha, її vikoristovuyut richly wider, lower sea, salty. From the world's water supply, 97% of the water falls on a part of the seas and oceans. 2% of fresh water is deposited at ice rinks, and less than 1% is stored fresh water in lakes in tar.

Wikimedia Commons for Water Resources

Water resources are the most important component of that life of a person. People win water from industry and drink.

According to statistics, the largest water resources are in the agricultural state (about 66% of the total fresh water reserves). Closely 25% of victorious craftsmanship and less than 9% are satisfied with the needs of the communal and utility sectors.

For example, to grow 1 tonne of wheat, you need close to 10 thousand tons of water, for 1 ton of wheat - 1500 tons of water. For the production of 1 ton of steel - 250 tons of water, but for the production of 1 ton of paper, at least 236 thousand tons of water are needed.

People need to drink less than 2.5 liters of water every day. Prote in the average for 1 person in the great places is stained no less than 360 liters per boot. Here you can enter the water in the sewers, water pipes, for watering the street and extinguishing the fire, for the mitt of motor transport and others, and others.

Another variant of using water resources is water transport. Only a few waters of Russia are transported over 50 million tons of weight.

Don't forget about the ribs of the state. Breeding of marine and freshwater ribs plays an important role in the economy of the country. Moreover, for the breeding of ribs, pure water is needed, full of sourness and do not avenge shkidlivyh houses.

The example of using water resources is the whole recreation. Who among us does not love the sight of the white of the sea? In the world, 90% of recreational facilities are planted near water bodies.

Protection of water resources

Today, there are only two ways to save water resources:

1. Conservation of existing fresh water reserves.

2. Creation of perfect collectors.

Heaps of water near the dams cross over and runoff near the ocean of light. And conserving water, for example, from empty earthen places, allows you to save water from evaporation. The life of the canals allows the supply of water delivery without seepage from the ground. Also, new methods of growing agricultural soils are being developed, as they allow the extraction of natural water.

Ale skin from these methods pours into the biosphere. So, the system of water reservoirs is reshuffled by the adoption of the kindred mulistic vіdkladen. The canals cross the top of the ground waters. And water filtration in canals and on rowboats is the main risk factor for pain, which leads to destruction in the planet's ecosystem.

Today, the most effective approach for the protection of water resources is the method of purification of waste water. Different methods allow you to see up to 96% of shkidlivih rechovina from water. Ale is often not enough, and the life of a thoroughly clean spores is often economically inconspicuous.

Problems of water pollution

The growth of the population, the development of the growth of that rural state - and the factors zoomed in on the lack of fresh water for the people. With skin rock, a part of the fermented water resources grows.

The main sources of confusion:

. Promislovi stichni vodi;

. Stichni vodi communal routes;

. Sprinkle water (if the water is oversaturated with chemicals and fertilizers);

. Burial near the waterways of radioactive cavities;

. Effluent from natural complexes (such water has a rich biogenic organic matter);

. Shipbuilding.

Nature has provided self-purification with water, as if it were for the water cycle in nature, for the life of plankton, for the life of plankton, for the ultraviolet changes, for the settlement of indistinct particles. But all these processes can no longer cope with this mass of confusion, as the manager of the water resources of the planet is the activity of people.

Water protection- a system of entries, directing to spoilage, fencing and the use of nasledkіv zabrudnennya, zasmіchennya and vysnazhennya waters (GOST 17.1.1.01-77. Nature protection.

Conservation of waters in the form of zabrudnennya - a system of entrances, directing to zabіgannya, fringing and usunennia naslіdkіv zabrudnennya (SanPіN 2.1.5.980-00. Water supply of the population, sanitary protection of water objects.

The protection of water objects is a system of entries, investments in the conservation and renewal of water objects (Water Code of the Russian Federation, dated 3rd March 2006, No. 74-FZ).

Water is one of the main components of natural dowkill, the basis for its protection is provided by the Federal Law “On the protection of dowkill”. Without a doubt, the main principles of the rules for the protection of waters are taken into account by the water legislation.

On all water sources, the legislature is required to oblige to quickly oblige to spend water, to prevent contamination, and the zabrudnennya of water objects. Waste waters (SW) have been harrowed off from water objects, as the remains of water until especially protected, to avenge natural liquor resources, to rebuy the mass population or resort areas, as well as to spawn and winter fish species.

Water conservation is based on the following main principles:

The normalization of the water quality is determined by the established for the water object of the totality of the permissible values ​​of indications in the warehouse of authority, at the borders of which the health of the population is assured, smart mind for the gospodar waters and the ecological well-being of the water object.

Up to the standards of water quality are seen:

  • standards set for chemical indications in the waters, including standards for maximum permissible concentrations of chemical speeches, including radioactive speeches;
  • standards, established in accordance with the physical indications of the state of the nautical medium, including indications of equal radioactivity of heat;
  • standards, established in accordance with the biological indications of the waters, including species of that group of plants, creatures and other organisms, which are vicorous as indicators of the water quality, as well as the standards of marginally permissible concentrations of microorganism.

Permissible values ​​of indications in the water storage are established fallow in view of the water collection. In this hour, one sees such a water supply: gospodarsko-pitne, culturally-pobutov and ribogospodarskoe. Gospodarsko-pitne water supply transfer of water facilities as a dzherel of gospodarsko-pitne water supply of the population and enterprises of food industry. Under the cultural background of the water supply, there are various water objects for bathing, and for sports. Vimogi to the point of water for this type of water supply expands on all water objects that are located in the boundaries of settlements.

In the meantime, all water objects are classified as fish-government and divided, emerging from the fish state, into three categories. Spawning grounds, mass feeding and wintering of valuable species of fish, as well as the protection zones of the state, which are engaged in breeding and growing fish and other aquatic creatures, lie up to the highest category. Up to the first category, watercourses are recognized by waters, as vicarious for the conservation of that valuable species of ribs, which may be highly sensitive to the concentration of sour sour in the water; To another category, one can see waters, which are vicorated for other ribogospodarsky needs.

Establish two groups of standards for quality: the first group was established from the ribogospodarskogo vikoristannya water objects, the other group - from the sanitary and hygienic standards. Rozrobku that zatverzhennya state sanitary and epidemiological rules and hygienic normatives of the Federal Service with a view to the protection of the rights of the welfare of the people (Rosspozhivnaglyad).

Rationing of the anthropogenic influx is reduced in the exchange of the negative influx on water objects in case of state and other activities. Before seeing a negative influx on water objects, one can see: dropping of straying rivers, other rivers and microorganisms near the surface water objects, underground water objects and on the water intake area; noise, thermal, electromagnetic, ionizing and other types of physical influxes. Also, standards are being established for the flow of water from water objects.

Norms of permissible skidіv rechovin that mіkroorganіzmіv vstanovlyuyutsya for statsіonarnih, peresuvnih that іnshih Jerel vplivu on dovkіllya sub'єktami gospodarskoї that іnshoї dіyalnostі vihodyachi normativіv of permissible anthropogenic navantazhennya on water ob'єkt abo vodogospodarsku dіlyanku, normativіv yakostі Bodi and takozh tehnologіchnih normativіv.

The norms of admissible in the present middle ground are responsible for ensuring the safety of the standards for the quality of the waters (waters) for the improvement of the natural features of the territory and water areas. For the revisiting of the established standards of the permissible on the water objects of the sub'єkti of the state and іnshої diyalnosti fallow in the zapodіyanoї navkolishny middle ground shkodi bear vidpovіdnіst vіdpovіdno to legislature.

In order to control the dotrimany of the state water legislation, regular watchdogs are carried out for the camp of water objects, for some indicators of surface and underground waters, which is ensured by the Sovereign system for monitoring water objects.

Ninі at the boundaries of the monitoring system, the following main types of guards are carried out:

  • behind the camp, the surface waters of the dry land and the seas become muddled;
  • behind the chemical warehouse and the acidity of atmospheric fallout and the snow curve;
  • behind the background muddiness of water objects;
  • for radioactive contamination of water objects.

The basis of the Sovereign system of monitoring should be guarded by the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and monitoring of the important medium (Roshydromet), as it violates such a task:

The monitoring system is based on the security guard posts, which are installed on water bodies and watercourses, both in areas with anthropogenic influx, and on undamaged plots.

Crim of Roshydromet monitoring of surface and underground waters, which are vicorated for government and drinking purposes, which helps Rosspozhivnaglyad.

The conduct of local monitoring in the area of ​​їх vplyu vіdpovіdno before the legislation is put on the subject of the state.

The organization and establishment of state monitoring of water objects in accordance with the procedure established by the legislation of the Russian Federation was also put on the basin water management. The role of the guardian of basin water authorities in monitoring transcordon water objects, i.e. water objects that form their own stack of two and more krains, is great.

The cost of water collection is the basis, which is based on the economic regulation of victories, the restoration and protection of water objects. Be-yaké koristuvannya water object є paid. The rates of payment for the payment of water objects, the procedure for the settlement of such payments are established according to the order of the Russian Federation, bodies state power subjects of the Russian Federation, bodies mіstsevoy self-rowing.

Submission objects - see the water objects:

  • water intake from water objects;
  • vikoristannya water areas of water objects, krіm lіsosplavu in rafts i;
  • vikoristannya water facilities without a water fence with a method of hydropower;
  • selection of water objects for the purposes of alloying wood in rafts and gamants.

Payments related to water intake, to become close to 85% of the total amount of the total tax and payments (decisions to pay taxes/payments for water facilities for hydropower and other purposes). Part of the payments are cumulative payments for negative injection on water objects.

Decree of the Council of the Russian Federation dated March 30, 2004 No. 400 of the function of state supervision in the sphere of protection of water objects was placed on the Federal Service for the supervision of nature protection (Rosprirodnaglyad), which is in the hands of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation.

Tsya Service zdіysnyuє his dіyalnіst bezposeredno through svoї teritorіalnі bodies (Upravlіnnya Rosprirodnaglyadu in vіdpovіdnih sub'єktah Rosіyskoї Federatsії) in vzaєmodії of іnshimi federal authorities vikonavchoї Vladi, authorities vikonavchoї Vladi sub'єktіv Rosіyskoї Federatsії, authorities mіstsevogo samovryaduvannya, Gromadska ob'єdnannyami that іnshimi organіzatsіyami .

Territorial bodies of Rosprirodnaglyad together with representatives of the Center for Laboratory Analysis and Technical Vimiriv (FBU TsLATI) in the major federal district are to control water sources.

Sanitary and epidemiological overview of water facilities and water supply systems is based on Rosspozhivnaglyad. Organs of Rosspozhivnaglyadu carry out both planned and post-planned revisions of enterprises in order to achieve the goal of sanitary legislation, defending the rights of citizens.

Dotrimannya principle: zabrudnyuvach pay . This principle includes two provisions: first, payments are due to those who are recognized for the process of renewal, rehabilitation of water facilities and nowhere else; in a different way, it’s not only the one who throws off the straying speech from the water objects, but the skin who repairs the water objects and their water intakes, otherwise see the negative inflow, among them and in the wake of emergency situations (accidents, product pipelines). For the obviousness of these two additional formulations, the higher principle becomes the principle of compensation: Skoda, which is the factory of nature, is responsible for taking healthier. In other words, be-yak diyalnіst, scho zadaє shkodi vodnym ob'єktam, may be at once a dzherelom koshtіv, pratsі schodo їх іх іхінітації (rehabilitation).

The protection of waters (water objects) includes the implementation of upcoming specific entries:

  • the installation of water protection zones and coastal zahisnih smugs, which adjoin to the coastal line of water objects;
  • installation of zones for sanitary protection of dzherel water supply;
  • wakefulness of cleansing spores before the collection of wastewater and communal sewage waters near water objects;
  • supply of turnaround water supply systems at industrial enterprises;
  • collection and purification of sultry waters from the territory of settlements (residential territories), maydanchik enterprises and other objects.

Water protection zones are territories that adjoin to the coastline of seas, rivers, streams, canals, lakes and reservoirs with a special regime for the implementation of state activities.

Zones of sanitary protection are organized at the warehouse of three belts: the first belt (of the suvor regime) includes the territory of the distribution of water intakes, maidanchiks in the usd water pipelines and the water supply canal. Yogo confession - the protection of the water intake and water intake spores in the form of a vipadkovy chi navmisnogo zabrudnennya and poshkodzhennya. The other and third belts (belt borders) include the territory recognized for the fronting of the water dam and the water supply.

Purify spores with a complex of engineering spores near the sewerage system of a populated area or industrial business, purposes for the purification of sewage water from zabrudnen, which is washed in them. Cleaning meta-preparation of sewage water for distillation at the smelter or before the descent of the entrance object.

Vyrobnichi stіchnі vody, zvuchchay, priddayutsya spolochka purifying on local cleansing spores, reducing the concentration of brooding, exfoliating and utilizing their brown rivers, and navіt preparation of these waters to purification on zagalnozavodsk purifying spores (yakshcho tse). After local purification or processing at the zagalnozavodsk purification spores, water can be recycled in the technological process. In the okremy falls, the waters are cleared and the waters go down by the waters, or (without further cleaning) - by the municipal sewerage system.

At this time, it is necessary to expand the systems of circulating water supply, which will ensure the reduction of fresh water from water objects or water supply systems, as well as the decrease in the flow of muddy water from water objects.